Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cesare Valerio Parise |
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | Background Synesthesia is a condition in which the stimulation of one sense elicits an additional experience, often in a different (i.e., unstimulated) sense. Although only a small proportion of the population is synesthetic, there is growing evidence to suggest that neurocognitively-normal individuals also experience some form of synesthetic association between the stimuli presented to different sensory modalities (i.e., between auditory pitch and visual size, where lower frequency tones are associated with large objects and higher frequency tones with small objects). While previous research has highlighted crossmodal interactions between synesthetically corresponding dimensions, the possible role of synesthetic associations in multisensory integration has not been considered previously. Methodology Here we investigate the effects of synesthetic associations by presenting pairs of asynchronous or spatially discrepant visual and auditory stimuli that were either synesthetically matched or mismatched. In a series of three psychophysical experiments, participants reported the relative temporal order of presentation or the relative spatial locations of the two stimuli. Principal Findings The reliability of non-synesthetic participants' estimates of both audiovisual temporal asynchrony and spatial discrepancy were lower for pairs of synesthetically matched as compared to synesthetically mismatched audiovisual stimuli. Conclusions Recent studies of multisensory integration have shown that the reduced reliability of perceptual estimates regarding intersensory conflicts constitutes the marker of a stronger coupling between the unisensory signals. Our results therefore indicate a stronger coupling of synesthetically matched vs. mismatched stimuli and provide the first psychophysical evidence that synesthetic congruency can promote multisensory integration. Synesthetic crossmodal correspondences therefore appear to play a crucial (if unacknowledged) role in the multisensory integration of auditory and visual information. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | e5664 |
Date | May 27, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0005664 |
Short Title | ‘When Birds of a Feather Flock Together’ |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005664 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 16 20:08:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:08:24 2012 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:08:24 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Benjamin Balas |
Author | Pawan Sinha |
Abstract | Our subjective experience of the world as being in full colour across the entire visual field is at odds with the highly fovea-biased distribution of cones in the retina. It is unclear how this percept of “pan-field colour” comes about. We use novel stimuli—“colour chimeras”—to demonstrate a related visual phenomenon in which observers perceive rich colour throughout images with large achromatic regions. This percept appears to critically depend on natural scene statistics. By separately manipulating chromatic and structural content in such images, we demonstrate that both the spatial distribution of colour and the presence of recognizable scene structure contribute to the experience of pan-field colour in these stimuli. Our results suggest that this percept is unlikely to be due to a low-level colour spreading process. Instead, we suggest that mechanisms dependent on natural scenes’ chromatic and luminance statistics provide the basis for the phenomenon. |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 765-778 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280701295453 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13506280701295453 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 4 14:40:38 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Thu Jul 4 14:40:38 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jul 4 14:40:38 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | Timothy T. Rogers |
Author | Samantha Hopper |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | Patients with semantic dementia show a specific pattern of impairment on both verbal and non-verbal “pre-semantic” tasks: e.g., reading aloud, past tense generation, spelling to dictation, lexical decision, object decision, colour decision and delayed picture copying. All seven tasks are characterised by poorer performance for items that are atypical of the domain and “regularisation errors” (irregular/atypical items are produced as if they were domain-typical). The emergence of this pattern across diverse tasks in the same patients indicates that semantic memory plays a key role in all of these types of “pre-semantic” processing. However, this claim remains controversial because semantically-impaired patients sometimes fail to show an influence of regularity. This study demonstrates that (a) the location of brain damage and (b) the underlying nature of the semantic deficit affect the likelihood of observing the expected relationship between poor comprehension and regularity effects. We compared the effect of multimodal semantic impairment in the context of semantic dementia and stroke aphasia on the seven “pre-semantic” tasks listed above. In all of these tasks, the semantic aphasia patients were less sensitive to typicality than the semantic dementia patients, even though the two groups obtained comparable scores on semantic tests. The semantic aphasia group also made fewer regularisation errors and many more unrelated and perseverative responses. We propose that these group differences reflect the different locus for the semantic impairment in the two conditions: patients with semantic dementia have degraded semantic representations, whereas semantic aphasia patients show deregulated semantic cognition with concomitant executive deficits. These findings suggest a reinterpretation of single case studies of comprehension-impaired aphasic patients who fail to show the expected effect of regularity on “pre-semantic” tasks. Consequently, such cases do not demonstrate the independence of these tasks from semantic memory. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 248-261 |
Date | 2010-1 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.011 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | “Pre-semantic” cognition revisited |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19766662 PMCID: PMC2805958 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 7 13:18:25 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jun 7 13:18:25 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Edelman |
Author | N. Intrator |
Abstract | The ability to deal with object structure--to determine what is where in a given object, rather than merely to categorize or identify it--has been hitherto considered the prerogative of 'structural description' approaches, which represent shapes as categorical compositions of generic parts taken from a small alphabet. In this note, we propose a simple extension to a theoretically motivated and extensively tested appearance-based model of recognition and categorization, which should make it capable of representing object structure. We describe a pilot implementation of the extended model, survey independent evidence supporting its modus operandi, and outline a research program focused on achieving a range of object processing capabilities, including reasoning about structure, within a unified appearance-based framework. |
Publication | Spatial Vision |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 255 |
Pages | 264 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Garson J. W. |
Abstract | The binding problem is to explain how information processed by different sensory systems is brought together to unify perception. The problem has two sides. First, we want to explain phenomenal binding: the fact that we experience a single world rather than separate perceptual fields for each sensory modality. Second, we must solve a functional problem: to explain how a neural net like the brain links instances to types. I argue that phenomenal binding and functional binding require very different treatments. The puzzle of phenomenal binding rests on a confusion and so can be dissolved. So only functional binding deserves explanation. The general solution to that problem is that information to be bound is arrayed along different dimensions. So sensory coding into separate topographic maps facilitates functional binding and there is no need based on the unity of perception for special mechanisms that bring "back together" information in different maps. |
Publication | Philosophical Psychology |
Volume | 14 |
Pages | 381-392 |
Date | 1 December 2001 |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cphp/2001/00000014/00000004/art00002 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 19:22:37 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:14 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:14 2009 |
Type | Note |
---|---|
Date Added | Mon Jun 15 15:54:33 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 15 15:55:53 2009 |
Both relationships are significant as analyzed by a GLM: cases, P=.018 (the relationship remains significant when no-case languages are removed: P=.04); inflectional synthesis of the verb: P<.00005. (Figure S1)
Type | Note |
---|---|
Date Added | Wed Jan 28 09:26:54 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 07:48:21 2012 |
from serences and yantis
After Rensink [2], we refer to the joint activity across
stages of the hierarchy as a ‘coherence field’.
Each
participating region of visual cortex contributes domainspecific
information as part of a distributed perceptual
representation. Once a given coherence field is established,
we propose that voluntary attention shifts are
initiated by transient switch signals that ‘reset’ or ‘nudge’
the brain out of the current attractor state, allowing a new
coherence field to be formed based on input from the
sensory environment and from working memory, where
current task goals are maintained.
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kathleen Rastle |
Author | Jonathan Harrington |
Author | Max Coltheart |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1339 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1080/02724980244000099 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
Short Title | 358,534 nonwords |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/02724980244000099 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 23 15:42:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Fri Oct 23 15:42:41 2009 |
Modified | Fri Oct 23 15:42:41 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kathleen Rastle |
Author | Jonathan Harrington |
Author | Max Coltheart |
Abstract | The authors present a model of the phonotactic and orthographic constraints of Australian and Standard Southern British English monosyllables. This model is used as the basis for a web-based psycholinguistic resource, the ARC Nonword Database, which contains 358,534 monosyllabic nonwords—48,534 pseudohomophones and 310,000 non-pseudohomophonic nonwords. Items can be selected from the ARC Nonword Database on the basis of a wide variety of properties known or suspected to be of theoretical importance for the investigation of reading. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1339-1362 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1080/02724980244000099 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
Short Title | 358,534 nonwords |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724980244000099 |
Accessed | Sat Apr 6 10:15:33 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Extra | PMID: 12420998 |
Date Added | Sat Apr 6 10:15:33 2013 |
Modified | Sat Apr 6 10:15:33 2013 |
Type | Blog Post |
---|---|
Author | Peter Lattman |
Blog Title | WSJ Blogs - Law Blog |
Date | May 18, 2007, 11:30 AM |
URL | http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2007/05/18/a-campaign-to-change-attorneys-general-to-attorney-generals/ |
Accessed | Fri Jun 29 01:19:25 2012 |
Date Added | Fri Jun 29 01:19:25 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 29 01:19:25 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Kay |
Author | A. Ellis |
Abstract | The case of a neurological patient with severe anomic word-finding difficulties is reported. A detailed cognitive neuropsychological investigation of the patient's ability to name objects to confrontation was carried out in an attempt to determine where his cognitive deficits might lie. In contrast to the findings of recent case studies of word-finding difficulty (e.g., Howard and Orchard-Lisle, 1984), it was observed that the patient seemed to have a clear understanding of the items that he was trying to name, suggesting that his problems in word-finding were not semantically based. Indeed, the patient would often generate partial phonological information about the sought-after word, indicating that he had a specific target in mind, and this was reminiscent of 'tip-of-the-tongue' states in normal word-finding. A difficulty in retrieving complete phonological forms of words is considered as the probable locus of his anomia. A distinction is made between semantically-based and phonologically-based anomias. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 110 |
Pages | 613-629 |
Date | June 1987 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. W. Burnham |
Author | J.R. Clark |
Abstract | A test of color memory has been developed using chips from the Farnsworth-Munsell hue series. An individual is asked to select from a hue-circle of color samples the one which most resembles a test sample presented a short time before. This procedure is repeated for a number of test samples so that the observer can be reliably scored on a basis of demonstrated accuracy. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 658-659 |
Date | 1954 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSA.44.000658 |
URL | http://www.opticsinfobase.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-44-8-658 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:31:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:31:13 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 15:31:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel J Acheson |
Author | Massihullah Hamidi |
Author | Jeffrey R Binder |
Author | Bradley R Postle |
Abstract | Verbal working memory (VWM), the ability to maintain and manipulate representations of speech sounds over short periods, is held by some influential models to be independent from the systems responsible for language production and comprehension [e.g., Baddeley, A. D. Working memory, thought, and action. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007]. We explore the alternative hypothesis that maintenance in VWM is subserved by temporary activation of the language production system [Acheson, D. J., & MacDonald, M. C. Verbal working memory and language production: Common approaches to the serial ordering of verbal information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 50-68, 2009b]. Specifically, we hypothesized that for stimuli lacking a semantic representation (e.g., nonwords such as mun), maintenance in VWM can be achieved by cycling information back and forth between the stages of phonological encoding and articulatory planning. First, fMRI was used to identify regions associated with two different stages of language production planning: the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) for phonological encoding (critical for VWM of nonwords) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) for lexical-semantic retrieval (not critical for VWM of nonwords). Next, in the same subjects, these regions were targeted with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) during language production and VWM task performance. Results showed that rTMS to the pSTG, but not the MTG, increased error rates on paced reading (a language production task) and on delayed serial recall of nonwords (a test of VWM). Performance on a lexical-semantic retrieval task (picture naming), in contrast, was significantly sensitive to rTMS of the MTG. Because rTMS was guided by language production-related activity, these results provide the first causal evidence that maintenance in VWM directly depends on the long-term representations and processes used in speech production. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1358-1367 |
Date | Jun 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2010.21519 |
ISSN | 1530-8898 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617889 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 18:08:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20617889 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 18:08:36 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 18 18:08:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.G. Millikan |
Abstract | Concepts are highly theoretical entities. One cannot study them empirically without committing oneself to substantial preliminary assumptions. Among the competing theories of concepts and categorization developed by psychologists in the last thirty years, the implicit theoretical assumption that what falls under a concept is determined by description ("descriptionism") has never been seriously challenged. I present a nondescriptionist theory of our most basic concepts, "substances," which include (1) stuffs (gold, milk), (2) real kinds (cat, chair), and (3) individuals (Mama, Bill Clinton, the Empire State Building). On the basis of something important that all three have in common, our earliest and most basic concepts of substances are identical in structure. The membership of the category "cat," like that of "Mama," is a natural unit in nature, to which the concept "cat" does something like pointing, and continues to point despite large changes in the properties the thinker represents the unit as having. For example, large changes can occur in the way a child identifies cats and the things it is willing to call "cat" without affecting the extension of its word "cat." The difficulty is to cash in the metaphor of "pointing" in this context. Having substance concepts need not depend on knowing words, but language interacts with substance concepts, completely transforming the conceptual repertoire. I will discuss how public language plays a crucial role in both the acquisition of substance concepts and their completed structure |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 55-+ |
Date | February 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. A. Hawkins |
Publisher | Univ of Texas Press |
Date | 1986 |
Short Title | A Comparative Typology of English and German |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 26 17:31:34 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Otfried Spreen |
Author | Esther Strauss |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 1991 |
Language | English |
ISBN | 0195054393 9780195054392 |
Short Title | A compendium of neuropsychological tests |
Library Catalog | Open WorldCat |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 23:53:21 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 23:53:21 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Eich-Metcalfe |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 627-61 |
Date | November 00, 1982 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Review |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 11:27:37 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:38:44 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Farah |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Abstract | It is demonstrated how a modality-specific semantic memory system can account for category-specific impairments after brain damage. In Experiment 1, the hypothesis that visual and functional knowledge play different roles in the representation of living things and nonliving things is tested and confirmed. A parallel distributed processing model of semantic memory in which knowledge is subdivided by modality into visual and functional components is described. In Experiment 2, the model is lesioned, and it is confirmed that damage to visual semantics primarily impairs knowledge of living things, and damage to functional semantics primarily impairs knowledge of nonliving things. In Experiment 3, it is demonstrated that the model accounts naturally for a finding that had appeared problematic for a modality-specific architecture, namely, impaired retrieval of functional knowledge about living things. Finally, in Experiment 4, it is shown how the model can account for a recent observation of impaired knowledge of living things only when knowledge is probed verbally. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 120 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 339-357 |
Date | Dec 1991 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | A computational model of semantic memory impairment |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1837294 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 15 10:41:13 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1837294 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 10:41:13 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mareschal |
Author | R.M. French |
Author | P.C. Quinn |
Abstract | Young infants show unexplained asymmetries in the exclusivity of categories formed on the basis of visually presented stimuli. A connectionist model is described that shows similar exclusivity asymmetries when categorizing the same stimuli presented to infants. The asymmetries can be explained in terms of an associative learning mechanism, distributed internal representations, and the statistics of the feature distributions in the stimuli. The model was used to explore the robustness of this asymmetry. The model predicts that the asymmetry will persist when a category is acquired in the presence of mixed category exemplars. An experiment with 3-4-month-olds showed that asymmetric exclusivity persisted in the presence of mixed-exemplar familiarization, thereby confirming the model's prediction |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 635-645 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Ratcliff |
Author | G McKoon |
Abstract | A model for the identification of briefly presented words is presented. The model accounts for data from naming and forced-choice experiments in which factors such as similarity of alternatives and stimulus presentation time are varied. The model assumes that counts are accumulated in counters that correspond to words and that a word is chosen as a response when the number of counts in its counter exceeds the maximum of the numbers of counts in other counters by a criterial value. Prior exposure to a word causes its counter to attract more counts than it otherwise would, and this yields priming effects. Ten experiments are presented, and the model provides correct predictions for the data. Implications of the model for research in implicit memory are considered. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 319-343 |
Date | Apr 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9127584 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 11 20:04:53 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9127584 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 11 20:04:53 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Patricia S Churchland |
Author | V. Ramachandran |
Author | Terrence J Sejnowski |
Editor | C. Koch |
Editor | Joel L Davis |
Book Title | Large-scale neuronal theories of the brain |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1994 |
Pages | 23-60 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 16:24:34 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 16:26:44 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Author | Greville Corbett |
Abstract | Kay and McDaniel (1978) proposed that Berlin and Kay's (1969) linguistic color universals were based on universal perceptual physiology. If this is so then speakers of languages with relatively few basic color terms should have perceptual structures corresponding to the "missing" linguistic categories2014the nascent categories hypothesis. Further, speakers of languages with the full set of terms for the 11 universal categories should still retain the perceptual structure that yields the evolutionary path embodied on the hierarchy2014the recapitulation hypothesis. This article tests these complementary hypotheses by comparing speakers of English, Russian, and Setswana2014 languages that have 11, 12, and 5 basic color terms respectively 2014using a color-grouping task. The fit to the latest version of the theory (Kay et al. 1991) was closer than to earlier versions of the theory, but even so there were still discrepancies. Thus there is support for the universalist's position (there are strong similarities across languages in color grouping despite linguistic differences), but Berlin and Kay's framework may not encapsulate the full extent of color-category universalism. |
Publication | Ethos |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 338-360 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1525/eth.1998.26.3.338 |
Short Title | A Cross-Cultural Study of Color-Grouping |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/eth.1998.26.3.338 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:00:49 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:00:49 2009 |
Modified | Wed Aug 31 18:37:53 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Caselli |
Author | E. Bates |
Author | P. Casadio |
Author | J. Fenson |
Author | L. Fenson |
Author | L. Sanderl |
Author | J. Weir |
Abstract | Cross-linguistic studies have shown that children can vary markedly in rate, style, and sequence of grammatical development, within and across natural languages. It is less clear whether there are robust cross-linguistic differences in early lexical development, with particular reference to the onset and rate of growth in major lexical categories (e.g., nouns, verbs, adjectives and grammatical function words). In this study, we present parental report data on the first stages of expressive and receptive lexical development for 659 English infants and 195 Italian infants between 8 and 16 months of age. Although there are powerful structural differences between English and Italian that could affect the order in which nouns and verbs are acquired, no differences were observed between these languages in the emergence and growth of lexical categories. In both languages, children begin with words that are difficult to classify in adult part-of-speech categories (i.e., ''routines''). This is followed by a period of sustained growth in the proportion of vocabulary contributed by common nouns. Verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words are extremely rare until children have vocabularies of at least 100 words. The same sequences are observed in production and comprehension, although verbs are reported earlier for receptive vocabulary. Our results are compared with other reports in the literature, with special reference to recent claims regarding the early emergence of verbs in Korean |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 159-199 |
Date | April 1995 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Imai |
Author | D. Gentner |
Abstract | This research concerns how children learn the distinction between substance names and object names. Quine (1969) proposed that children learn the distinction through learning the syntactic distinctions inherent in count/mass grammar. However, So-a et al. (1991) found that English-speaking 2-year-olds, who did not seem to have acquired count/mass grammar, distinguished objects from substances in a word extension task, suggesting a pre-linguistic ontological distinction. To test whether the distinction between object names and substance names is conceptually or linguistically driven, we repeated Soja et al.'s study with English- and Japanese-speaking 2-, 2.5.-, and 4-year-olds and adults. Japanese does not make a count-mass grammatical distinction: all inanimate nouns are treated alike. Thus if young Japanese children made the object-substance distinction in word meaning, this would support the early ontology position over the linguistic influence position. We used three types of standards: substances (e.g., sand in an S-shape), simple objects (e.g., a kidney-shaped piece of paraffin) and complex objects (e.g., a wood whisk). The subjects learned novel nouns in neutral syntax denoting each standard entity. They were then asked which of the two alternatives - one matching in shape but not material and the other matching in material but not shape - would also be named by the same label. The results suggest the universal use of ontological knowledge in early word learning. Children in both languages showed differentiation between (complex) objects and substances as early as 2 years of age. However, there were also early cross-linguistic differences. American and Japanese children generalized the simple object instances and the substance instances differently. We speculate that children universally make a distinction between individuals and non-individuals in word learning but that the nature of the categories and the boundary between them is influenced by language. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 169-200 |
Date | February 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WV08900003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alycia Cummings |
Author | Rita Ceponiene |
Author | Frederic Dick |
Author | Ayse Pinar Saygin |
Author | Jeanne Townsend |
Abstract | To clarify how different the processing of verbal information is from the processing of meaningful non-verbal information, the present study characterized the developmental changes in neural responses to words and environmental sounds from pre-adolescence (7-9 years) through adolescence (12-14 years) to adulthood (18-25 years). Children and adults' behavioral and electrophysiological responses (the N400 effect of event-related potentials) were compared during the processing of words and environmental sounds presented in semantically matching and mismatching picture contexts. Behavioral accuracy of picture-sound matching improved until adulthood, while reaction time measures leveled out by age 12. No major electrophysiological changes in the N400 effect were observed between pre-adolescence and adolescence. When compared to adults, children demonstrated significant maturational changes including longer latencies and larger amplitudes of the N400 effect. Interestingly, these developmental differences were driven by stimulus type: the Environmental Sound N400 effect decreased in latency from adolescence to adulthood, while no age effects were observed in response to Words. Thus, while the semantic processing of single words is well established by 7 years of age, the processing of environmental sounds continues to improve throughout development. |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1208 |
Pages | 137-149 |
Date | May 7, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.015 |
ISSN | 0006-8993 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387601 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 15 17:28:25 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18387601 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 17:28:25 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Krist A Noonan |
Author | Louise R Pryer |
Author | Roy W Jones |
Author | Alistair S Burns |
Author | Matthew A Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | Developing rehabilitation techniques to combat cognitive decline is a key goal of healthcare strategies aimed at promoting increased longevity and better quality of life for individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, problems with episodic memory and word-finding greatly affect everyday life and, as such, these symptoms provide a clear clinical target for therapeutic interventions. Errorless learning (EL) has been proposed as a particularly effective technique for relearning in individuals with memory dysfunction, including AD. However, EL learning has rarely been directly contrasted with other more traditional trial-and-error techniques (errorful learning or EF) in individuals with AD, especially in the context of alleviating word-finding problems. In the current study, we directly contrasted the therapeutic gains of an EL learning paradigm (consisting of reading/repetition of object names) with an EF learning technique (comprised of phonemic/orthographic cueing) in eight mild to moderate AD patients with pronounced anomia. Both techniques were administered concurrently in sessions run twice a week over a five-week period. Therapeutic gains were assessed at one week and five weeks post-intervention using confrontation naming. Our results suggest that, both at the group and individual patient level, EL and EF techniques were equally effective. Correlational analyses of overall therapy gains and background assessments of patient neuropsychology revealed that individuals with better scores on measures of semantic memory, pre-intervention naming, and recognition memory demonstrated larger therapy gains. No individual patient showed a significant advantage for EL over EF learning, however, for patients that showed a numerical advantage in this direction. These results suggest that either EL or EF therapy can be used to alleviate word-finding problems in AD. |
Publication | Neuropsychological Rehabilitation |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 215-234 |
Date | Apr 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychol Rehabil |
DOI | 10.1080/09602011.2012.655002 |
ISSN | 1464-0694 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22376314 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 18:28:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22376314 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 18:28:40 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 18:28:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne S. Sindi |
Author | Peter Olofsson |
Abstract | The infectious agent of many neurodegenerative disorders is thought to be aggregates of prion protein, which are transmitted between cells. Recent work in yeast supports this hypothesis but also suggests that only aggregates below a critical size are transmitted efficiently. The total number of transmissible aggregates in a typical cell is a key determinant of strain infectivity. In a discrete-time branching process model of a yeast colony with prions, prion aggregates increase in size according to a Poisson process and only aggregates below a threshold size are transmitted during cell division. The total number of cells with aggregates in a growing population of yeast is expressed. |
Publication | Mathematical Population Studies |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-13 |
Date | 2013 |
DOI | 10.1080/08898480.2013.748566 |
ISSN | 0889-8480 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08898480.2013.748566 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:45:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne S. Sindi |
Author | Peter Olofsson |
Abstract | The infectious agent of many neurodegenerative disorders is thought to be aggregates of prion protein, which are transmitted between cells. Recent work in yeast supports this hypothesis but also suggests that only aggregates below a critical size are transmitted efficiently. The total number of transmissible aggregates in a typical cell is a key determinant of strain infectivity. In a discrete-time branching process model of a yeast colony with prions, prion aggregates increase in size according to a Poisson process and only aggregates below a threshold size are transmitted during cell division. The total number of cells with aggregates in a growing population of yeast is expressed. |
Publication | Mathematical Population Studies |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-13 |
Date | 2013 |
DOI | 10.1080/08898480.2013.748566 |
ISSN | 0889-8480 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08898480.2013.748566 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:45:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Chan |
Author | S J Crutch |
Author | E K Warrington |
Abstract | A 64 year old woman with posterior cortical atrophy secondary to probable Alzheimer's disease is described. Her presenting symptom was of seeing objects as abnormally coloured after prior exposure to a coloured stimulus. Formal testing disclosed that the patient experienced colour after-images of abnormal latency, duration, and amplitude. The demonstration of prolonged colour after-images in a patient with a cortical disease process provides strong evidence that the generation of colour after-images is mediated at least in part by the visual cortex. A mechanism for the generation of colour after-images is proposed in which abnormal prolongation of the images results from excessive rebound inhibition of previously excited wavelength selective neurons in V1. This may occur as a consequence of the relative sparing of inhibitory interneurons in V1 in the context of the degeneration of excitatory neurons that occurs in Alzheimer's disease. |
Publication | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 515-517 |
Date | 10/01/2001 |
Journal Abbr | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1136/jnnp.71.4.515 |
ISSN | , 1468-330X |
Short Title | A disorder of colour perception associated with abnormal colour after-images |
URL | http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/71/4/515 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:23:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | jnnp.bmj.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:23:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:23:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roel M. Willems |
Author | Miriam de Boer |
Author | Jan Peter de Ruiter |
Author | Matthijs L. Noordzij |
Author | Peter Hagoort |
Author | Ivan Toni |
Abstract | Although language is an effective vehicle for communication, it is unclear how linguistic and communicative abilities relate to each other. Some researchers have argued that communicative message generation involves perspective taking (mentalizing), and—crucially—that mentalizing depends on language. We employed a verbal communication paradigm to directly test whether the generation of a communicative action relies on mentalizing and whether the cerebral bases of communicative message generation are distinct from parts of cortex sensitive to linguistic variables. We found that dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, a brain area consistently associated with mentalizing, was sensitive to the communicative intent of utterances, irrespective of linguistic difficulty. In contrast, left inferior frontal cortex, an area known to be involved in language, was sensitive to the linguistic demands of utterances, but not to communicative intent. These findings show that communicative and linguistic abilities rely on cerebrally (and computationally) distinct mechanisms. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 8 -14 |
Date | January 01 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797609355563 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/1/8.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Apr 5 01:18:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 5 01:18:58 2011 |
Modified | Tue Apr 5 01:18:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Cary |
Author | L.M. Reder |
Abstract | Manipulating either list length (e.g., few vs. many study items) or encoding strength (e.g., one presentation vs. multiple presentations of each study item) produces a recognition mirror effect. A formal dual-process theory of recognition memory that accounts for the word-frequency mirror effect is extended to account for the list-length and strength-based mirror effects. According to this theory, the hit portions of these mirror effects result from differential ease of recollection-based recognition, and the false alarm portions result from differential reliance on familiarity-based recognition. This account yields predictions for participants' Remember and Know responses as a function of list length and encoding strength. Empirical data and model fits from four experiments support these predictions. The data also demonstrate a reliable list-length effect when several potential confounding factors are controlled, contributing to the debate regarding the effect of list length on recognition. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 231-248 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Thomas Serre |
Author | Aude Oliva |
Author | Tomaso Poggio |
Abstract | Primates are remarkably good at recognizing objects. The level of performance of their visual system and its robustness to image degradations still surpasses the best computer vision systems despite decades of engineering effort. In particular, the high accuracy of primates in ultra rapid object categorization and rapid serial visual presentation tasks is remarkable. Given the number of processing stages involved and typical neural latencies, such rapid visual processing is likely to be mostly feedforward. Here we show that a specific implementation of a class of feedforward theories of object recognition (that extend the Hubel and Wiesel simple-to-complex cell hierarchy and account for many anatomical and physiological constraints) can predict the level and the pattern of performance achieved by humans on a rapid masked animal vs. non-animal categorization task. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 15 |
Pages | 6424-6429 |
Date | Apr 10, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0700622104 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17404214 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 2 11:00:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17404214 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 2 11:00:03 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Narendra M Dixit |
Author | Piyush Srivastava |
Author | Nisheeth K Vishnoi |
Publication | Journal of Computational Biology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1176–1202 |
Date | October 2012 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1089/cmb.2012.0064 |
URL | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cmb.2012.0064 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M D'Esposito |
Author | J A Detre |
Author | G K Aguirre |
Author | M Stallcup |
Author | D C Alsop |
Author | L J Tippet |
Author | M.J. Farah |
Abstract | The neural substrates of mental image generation were investigated with functional MRI. Subjects listened to words under two different instructional conditions: to generate visual mental images of the words' referents, or to simply listen to each word and wait for the next word. Analyses were performed which directly compared the regional brain activity during each condition, with the goal of discovering whether mental image generation engages modality-specific visual areas, whether it engages primary visual cortex, and whether it recruits the left hemisphere to a greater extent than the right. Results revealed that visual association cortex, and not primary visual cortex, was engaged during the mental image generation condition. Left inferior temporal lobe (Brodmann's area 37) was the most reliably and robustly activated area across subjects, had activity which extended superiorly into occipital association cortex (area 19). The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that visual mental imagery is a function of visual association cortex, and that image generation is asymmetrically localized to the left. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 725-730 |
Date | May 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9153035 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 5 22:53:08 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9153035 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 22:53:08 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yi Jiang |
Author | Patricia Costello |
Author | Fang Fang |
Author | Miner Huang |
Author | Sheng He |
Abstract | Human observers are constantly bombarded with a vast amount of information. Selective attention helps us to quickly process what is important while ignoring the irrelevant. In this study, we demonstrate that information that has not entered observers' consciousness, such as interocularly suppressed (invisible) erotic pictures, can direct the distribution of spatial attention. Furthermore, invisible erotic information can either attract or repel observers' spatial attention depending on their gender and sexual orientation. While unaware of the suppressed pictures, heterosexual males' attention was attracted to invisible female nudes, heterosexual females' attention was attracted to invisible male nudes, gay males behaved similarly to heterosexual females, and gay/bisexual females performed in-between heterosexual males and females. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 45 |
Pages | 17048-17052 |
Date | November 07, 2006 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0605678103 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/103/45/17048.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 16:57:57 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 16:57:57 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 16:57:57 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexandre Linhares |
Publication | Artificial Intelligence |
Volume | 121 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 251–270 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0004370200000424 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 16 12:18:24 2013 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Jun 16 12:18:24 2013 |
Modified | Sun Jun 16 12:18:24 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.A. Younger |
Author | D.D Fearing |
Abstract | A series of 3 experiments are reviewed in which infants between 4 and 10 months of age were familiarized with members of 2 basic-level object categories. The degree of distinctiveness between categories was varied. Preference tests were intended to determine whether infants formed a single category representation (at a more global level) or 2 basic-level representations. Across 3 experiments, 10-month-old infants appeared to have formed multiple basic-level categories, whereas younger infants tended to form broader, more inclusive representations. The tendency to form multiple categories was influenced to some extent by category distinctiveness. Whereas 10-month-olds formed separate categories for all contrasts, 7-month-olds did so only when the 2 familiarized categories were from separate global domains. A perceptual account of the global-to-basic shift in early categorization is offered. Task dependencies in early categorization are also discussed. |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 47-58 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:58 2008 |
Modified | Wed May 20 09:43:03 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Ralph M. McInerny |
Author | Aloysius Robert Caponigri |
Publisher | University of Notre Dame Press |
Date | 1963 |
# of Pages | 412 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Wed Jul 13 14:56:57 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 13 14:56:57 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Mirman |
Author | Ted J Strauss |
Author | Adelyn Brecher |
Author | Grant M Walker |
Author | Paula Sobel |
Author | Gary S Dell |
Author | Myrna F Schwartz |
Abstract | Many research questions in aphasia can only be answered through access to substantial numbers of patients and to their responses on individual test items. Since such data are often unavailable to individual researchers and institutions, we have developed and made available the Moss Aphasia Psycholinguistics Project Database: a large, searchable, web-based database of patient performance on psycholinguistic and neuropsychological tests. The database contains data from over 240 patients covering a wide range of aphasia subtypes and severity, some of whom were tested multiple times. The core of the archive consists of a detailed record of individual-trial performance on the Philadelphia (picture) Naming Test. The database also contains basic demographic information about the patients and patients' overall performance on neuropsychological assessments as well as tests of speech perception, semantics, short-term memory, and sentence comprehension. The database is available at http://www.mappd.org/ . |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 495-504 |
Date | Sep 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Neuropsychol |
DOI | 10.1080/02643294.2011.574112 |
ISSN | 1464-0627 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21714742 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 12 23:23:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21714742 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 12 23:23:24 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John B. Haviland |
Publication | Oceania |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 216-232 |
Date | March 01, 1974 |
ISSN | 0029-8077 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40330127 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 17 11:06:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 1974 / Copyright © 1974 Oceania Publications, University of Sydney |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 11:06:23 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 11:06:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Fabre-Thorpe |
Author | A. Delorme |
Author | C. Marlot |
Author | S. Thorpe |
Abstract | The processing required to decide whether a briefly flashed natural scene contains an animal can be achieved in 150 msec (Thorpe, Fize, & Marlot, 1996). Here we report that extensive training with a subset of photographs over a 3-week period failed to increase the speed of the processing underlying such Rapid Visual Categorizations: Completely novel scenes could be categorized just as fast as highly familiar ones. Such data imply that the visual system processes new stimuli at a speed and with a number of stages that cannot be compressed. This rapid processing mode was seen with a wide range of visual complex images, challenging the idea that short reaction times can only be seen with simple visual stimuli and implying that highly automatic feed-forward mechanisms underlie a far greater proportion of the sophisticated image analysis needed for everyday vision than is generally assumed |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 171-180 |
Date | March 2001 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Siu-Man Raymond Ting |
Publication | College & University |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 27-31 |
Date | 2003 |
Journal Abbr | College & University |
ISSN | ISSN-0010-0889 |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ669948 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 8 12:34:59 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 12:34:59 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 12:34:59 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Meredith L. Greer |
Author | Laurent Pujo-Menjouet |
Author | Glenn F. Webb |
Abstract | How do the normal prion protein ( PrP C ) and infectious prion protein ( PrP Sc ) populations interact in an infected host? To answer this question, we analyse the behavior of the two populations by studying a system of differential equations. The system is constructed under the assumption that PrP Sc proliferates using the mechanism of nucleated polymerization. We prove that with parameter input consistent with experimentally determined values, we obtain the persistence of PrP Sc . We also prove local stability results for the disease steady state, and a global stability result for the disease free steady state. Finally, we give numerical simulations, which are confirmed by experimental data. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 242 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 598-606 |
Date | October 7, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.04.010 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519306001652 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Meredith L. Greer |
Author | Laurent Pujo-Menjouet |
Author | Glenn F. Webb |
Abstract | How do the normal prion protein ( PrP C ) and infectious prion protein ( PrP Sc ) populations interact in an infected host? To answer this question, we analyse the behavior of the two populations by studying a system of differential equations. The system is constructed under the assumption that PrP Sc proliferates using the mechanism of nucleated polymerization. We prove that with parameter input consistent with experimentally determined values, we obtain the persistence of PrP Sc . We also prove local stability results for the disease steady state, and a global stability result for the disease free steady state. Finally, we give numerical simulations, which are confirmed by experimental data. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 242 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 598-606 |
Date | October 7, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.04.010 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519306001652 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.E. Shannon |
Publication | The Bell System Technical Journal |
Volume | 27 |
Pages | 379-423, 623-656 |
Date | 1948 |
Date Added | Sun May 26 23:50:45 2013 |
Modified | Sun May 26 23:52:17 2013 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | H.H. Chaput |
Author | L.B. Cohen |
Date | 2001 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Pages | 182-187 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Sat Apr 7 22:01:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 125-144 |
Date | January 1989 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
URL | ISI:A1989R891000006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Winawer |
Author | A.C. Huk |
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | A photograph of an action can convey a vivid sense of motion. Does the inference of motion from viewing a photograph involve the same neural and psychological representations used when one views physical motion? In this study, we tested whether implied motion is represented by the same direction-selective signals involved in the perception of real motion. We made use of the motion aftereffect, a visual motion illusion. Three experiments showed that viewing a series of static photographs with implied motion in a particular direction produced motion aftereffects in the opposite direction, as assessed with real-motion test probes. The transfer of adaptation from motion depicted in photographs to real motion demonstrates that the perception of implied motion activates direction-selective circuits that are also involved in processing real motion |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 276-283 |
Date | March 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000253711900013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Buchel |
Author | C. Price |
Author | K. Friston |
Abstract | Reading words and naming pictures involves the association of visual stimuli with phonological and semantic knowledge. Damage to a region of the brain in the left basal posterior temporal lobe (BA37), which is strategically situated between the visual cortex and the more anterior temporal cortex, leads to reading and naming deficits(1,2). Additional evidence implicating this region in linguistic processing comes from functional neuroimaging studies of reading in normal subjects(3-7) and subjects with developmental dyslexia(8,9). Here we test whether the visual component of reading is essential for activation of BA37 by comparing cortical activations elicited by word processing in congenitally blind, late-blind and sighted subjects using functional neuroimaging. Despite the different modalities used (visual and tactile), all groups of subjects showed a common activation of BA37 by words relative to non-word letter-strings. These findings agree with the proposal that BA37 is an association area that integrates converging inputs from many regions(10). Our study confirms a prediction of theories of brain function that depend on convergence zones; the absence of one input (that is, visual) does not alter the response properties of such a convergence region |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 394 |
Issue | 6690 |
Pages | 274-277 |
Date | July 16, 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | G K Aguirre |
Author | M D'Esposito |
Author | M.J. Farah |
Abstract | Prevalent theories hold that semantic memory is organized by sensorimotor modality (e.g., visual knowledge, motor knowledge). While some neuroimaging studies support this idea, it cannot account for the category specific (e.g., living things) knowledge impairments seen in some brain damaged patients that cut across modalities. In this article we test an alternative model of how damage to interactive, modality-specific neural regions might give rise to these categorical impairments. Functional MRI was used to examine a cortical area with a known modality-specific function during the retrieval of visual and non-visual knowledge about living and non-living things. The specific predictions of our model regarding the signal observed in this area were confirmed, supporting the notion that semantic memory is functionally segregated into anatomically discrete, but highly interactive, modality-specific regions. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 671-676 |
Date | Jun 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10390028 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 5 22:48:29 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10390028 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 22:48:29 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.W. Tanaka |
Author | T. Curran |
Abstract | Although most adults are considered to be experts in the identification of faces, Sewer people specialize in the recognition of other objects, such as birds and dogs. In this research, the neurophysiological processes associated with expert bird and dog recognition were investigated using event-related potentials. An enhanced early negative component (N170, 164 ms) was found when bird and dog experts categorized objects in their domain of expertise relative to when they categorized objects outside their domain of expertise. This finding indicates that objects from well-learned categories are neurologically differentiated from objects from lesser-known categories at a relatively early stage of visual processing |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 43-47 |
Date | January 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Chelazzi |
Author | E.K. Miller |
Author | J. Duncan |
Author | R. Desimone |
Abstract | WE often search for a face in a crowd or for a particular object in a cluttered environment. In this type of visual search, memory interacts with attention: the mediating neural mechanisms should include a stored representation of the object and a means for selecting that object from among others in the scene1-4. Here we test whether neurons in inferior temporal cortex, an area known to be important for high-level visual processing, might provide these components. Monkeys were presented with a complex picture (the cue) to hold in memory during a delay period. The cue initiated activity that persisted through the delay among the neurons that were tuned to its features. The monkeys were then given 2-5 choice pictures and were required to make an eye movement to the one (the target) that matched the cue. About 90-120 milliseconds before the onset of the eye movement to the target, responses to non-targets were suppressed and the neuronal response was dominated by the target. The results suggest that inferior temporal cortex is involved in selecting the objects to which we attend and foveate |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 363 |
Issue | 6427 |
Pages | 345-347 |
Date | May 27, 1993 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | William W. Graves |
Author | Thomas J. Grabowski |
Author | Sonya Mehta |
Author | Jean K. Gordon |
Abstract | Cognitive models of word production correlate the word frequency effect (i.e., the fact that words which appear with less frequency take longer to produce) with an increased processing cost to activate the whole-word (lexical) phonological representation. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects produced overt naming responses to photographs of animals and manipulable objects that had high name agreement but were of varying frequency, with the purpose of identifying neural structures participating specifically in activating whole-word phonological representations, as opposed to activating lexical semantic representations or articulatory-motor routines. Blood oxygen level-dependent responses were analyzed using a parametric approach based on the frequency with which each word produced appears in the language. Parallel analyses were performed for concept familiarity and word length, which provided indices of semantic and articulatory loads. These analyses permitted us to identify regions related to word frequency alone, and therefore, likely to be related specifically to activation of phonological word forms. We hypothesized that the increased processing cost of producing lower-frequency words would correlate with activation of the left posterior inferotemporal (IT) cortex, the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), and the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Scan-time response latencies demonstrated the expected word frequency effect. Analysis of the fMRI data revealed that activity in the pSTG was modulated by frequency but not word length or concept familiarity. In contrast, parts of IT and IFG demonstrated conjoint frequency and familiarity effects, and parts of both primary motor regions demonstrated conjoint effects of frequency and word length. The results are consistent with a model of word production in which lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological information are accessed by overlapping neural systems within posterior and anterior language-related cortices, with pSTG specifically involved in accessing lexical phonology. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 617-631 |
Date | 2011/07/18 2007 |
DOI | i: 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.617</p> |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | A Neural Signature of Phonological Access |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.4.617 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 17:59:52 2011 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 17:59:52 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 18 17:59:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.A. Olshausen |
Author | C.H. Anderson |
Author | D.C. Van Essen |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 13 |
Pages | 4700-4719 |
Date | 1993 |
Date Added | Fri Aug 29 15:43:04 2008 |
Modified | Fri Aug 29 15:44:23 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julien Mayor |
Author | Kim Plunkett |
Abstract | We present a neurocomputational model with self-organizing maps that accounts for the emergence of taxonomic responding and fast mapping in early word learning, as well as a rapid increase in the rate of acquisition of words observed in late infancy. The quality and efficiency of generalization of word-object associations is directly related to the quality of prelexical, categorical representations in the model. We show how synaptogenesis supports coherent generalization of word-object associations and show that later synaptic pruning minimizes metabolic costs without being detrimental to word learning. The role played by joint-attentional activities is identified in the model, both at the level of selecting efficient cross-modal synapses and at the behavioral level, by accelerating and refining overall vocabulary acquisition. The model can account for the qualitative shift in the way infants use words, from an associative to a referential-like use, for the pattern of overextension errors in production and comprehension observed during early childhood and typicality effects observed in lexical development. Interesting by-products of the model include a potential explanation of the shift from prototype to exemplar-based effects reported for adult category formation, an account of mispronunciation effects in early lexical development, and extendability to include accounts of individual differences in lexical development and specific disorders such as Williams syndrome. The model demonstrates how an established constraint on lexical learning, which has often been regarded as domain-specific, can emerge from domain-general learning principles that are simultaneously biologically, psychologically, and socially plausible. |
Publication | Psychological review |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-31 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
DOI | 10.1037/a0018130 |
ISSN | 1939-1471 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20063962 |
Date Added | Thu Jan 31 14:46:30 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jan 31 14:46:30 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.R. Vidyasagar |
Abstract | Recent studies have reported an attentional feedback that highlights neural responses as early along the visual pathway as the primary visual cortex. Such filtering would help in reducing informational overload and in performing serial visual search by directing attention to individual locations in the visual field. The magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) subdivisions are two of the major parallel pathways in primate vision that originate in the retina and carry distinctly different types of information. The M pathway, characterized by its high sensitivity to movement and to low contrast stimuli, forms the predominant visual input into the dorsal, parietal stream in the neocortex. The P inputs, characterized by their colour selectivity and higher spatial resolution, are channeled mainly into the ventral, temporal stream. It is proposed that the attentional spotlight originates in the dorsal stream and helps in serially searching the field for conjunction of the relevant target features in the temporal stream, effectively performing a gating function on all visual inputs. This model predicts that a defect limited to the magnocellular or the dorsal pathway can lead to widespread deficits in cognitive abilities, including those functions that are largely based on parvocellular information. For example, the model provides a neural mechanism linking a peripheral defect in the magnocellular pathway to the reading disabilities in dyslexia. Even though there has been strong evidence for a magnocellular deficit in dyslexia, the paradox has been that the cognitive disability seems to be related to P pathway function. The scheme proposed here shows how M input may be vital for controlling sequential attention during reading. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain Research Reviews |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 66-76 |
Date | July 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F G Ashby |
Author | L A Alfonso-Reese |
Author | A U Turken |
Author | E M Waldron |
Abstract | A neuropsychological theory is proposed that assumes category learning is a competition between separate verbal and implicit (i.e., procedural-learning-based) categorization systems. The theory assumes that the caudate nucleus is an important component of the implicit system and that the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices are critical to the verbal system. In addition to making predictions for normal human adults, the theory makes specific predictions for children, elderly people, and patients suffering from Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, major depression, amnesia, or lesions of the prefrontal cortex. Two separate formal descriptions of the theory are also provided. One describes trial-by-trial learning, and the other describes global dynamics. The theory is tested on published neuropsychological data and on category learning data with normal adults. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 442-481 |
Date | Jul 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9697427 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 11 01:15:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9697427 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 11 01:15:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.A. Behrend |
Author | K. Rosengren |
Author | M. Perlmutter |
Publication | International Journal of Behavioral Development |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 305-320 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carrie A. Ankerstein |
Author | Rosemary A. Varley |
Author | Patricia E. Cowell |
Abstract | In this article, we present 84 nonobjects we created by using the colored object pictures from Rossion and Pourtois (2004). These nonobjects were explored on a number of measures, including object resemblance, visual complexity, and an object decision task (ODT). Object resemblance for nonobjects is a construct comparable to the “word-likeness” of phonotactically legal pseudowords. The nonobjects were rated as possible objects, showing similarity to real objects. Visual complexity ratings for objects and nonobjects were comparable. In the ODT, response times (RTs) were significantly longer for nonobjects than for real-object pictures. This RT difference is analogous to the word advantage, or lexicality effect, found in lexical decision tasks, in which responses for words are generally faster than those for nonwords. This nonobject set is freely available and has the advantage of having a companion set of real-object pictures. The nonobjects are available in color and in grayscale from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 172-176 |
Date | February 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/BRM.41.1.172 |
URL | http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/41/1/172.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Feb 23 11:22:10 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 23 11:22:10 2010 |
Modified | Tue Feb 23 11:22:10 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Takehiko Nishimoto |
Author | Takashi Ueda |
Author | Kaori Miyawaki |
Author | Yuko Une |
Author | Masaru Takahashi |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 685-691 |
Date | 8/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Behavior Research Methods |
DOI | 10.3758/BRM.42.3.685 |
ISSN | 1554-351X |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/0051198521084601/ |
Accessed | Mon Apr 11 18:05:32 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Apr 11 18:05:32 2011 |
Modified | Mon Apr 11 18:05:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.F. Schwartz |
Author | A. Brecher |
Author | John Whyte |
Author | Mary G Klein |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE To describe a consent-based Patient Research Registry designed to improve the quality and efficiency of cognitive rehabilitation research by balancing patients' privacy rights with researchers' need for access to research participants. DESIGN Description of a protocol for a Patient Research Registry. SETTING Three rehabilitation hospitals. PARTICIPANTS Inpatients with stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) at the 3 participating hospitals. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percentages of eligible patients with stroke or TBI who consented to be enrolled in the Registry, were subsequently contacted about a study, and ultimately participated in a study. A survey examined satisfaction with the Registry among researchers who used it for recruitment. RESULTS After 36 months of operation, 58% of patients approached have consented to be in the Registry (N=1256). Eighty-seven percent of those later identified as potential subjects for research studies expressed interest, and 63% eventually participated. Researchers reported satisfaction with the recruitment opportunities afforded by the Registry. CONCLUSIONS The Registry succeeded in identifying eligible patients interested in participating in research studies, while safeguarding their privacy rights. We identify its strengths and limitations and characterize the type of facility that would most profit from adopting this recruitment model. |
Publication | Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1807-1814 |
Date | Sep 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Arch Phys Med Rehabil |
DOI | 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.03.009 |
ISSN | 0003-9993 |
Short Title | A patient registry for cognitive rehabilitation research |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181947 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 10 23:19:54 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16181947 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 10 23:19:54 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F Gosselin |
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 141–146 |
Date | 2004 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1207/s15516709cog2802_1 |
ISSN | 1551-6709 |
Short Title | A picture is worth thousands of trials |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1207/s15516709cog2802_1/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jul 23 03:19:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | 2004 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. |
Date Added | Mon Jul 23 03:19:30 2012 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey J Borckardt |
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | Heather Frohman |
Author | Scott T Reeves |
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Varun Bansal |
Author | Alok Madan |
Author | Kelly Barth |
Author | Mark S George |
Abstract | Several brain stimulation technologies are beginning to evidence promise as pain treatments. However, traditional versions of 1 specific technique, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), stimulate broad regions of cortex with poor spatial precision. A new tDCS design, called high definition tDCS (HD-tDCS), allows for focal delivery of the charge to discrete regions of the cortex. We sought to preliminarily test the safety and tolerability of the HD-tDCS technique as well as to evaluate whether HD-tDCS over the motor cortex would decrease pain and sensory experience. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers underwent quantitative sensory testing before and after 20 minutes of real (n = 13) or sham (n = 11) 2 mA HD-tDCS over the motor cortex. No adverse events occurred and no side effects were reported. Real HD-tDCS was associated with significantly decreased heat and cold sensory thresholds, decreased thermal wind-up pain, and a marginal analgesic effect for cold pain thresholds. No significant effects were observed for mechanical pain thresholds or heat pain thresholds. HD-tDCS appears well tolerated, and produced changes in underlying cortex that are associated with changes in pain perception. Future studies are warranted to investigate HD-tDCS in other applications, and to examine further its potential to affect pain perception. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents preliminary tolerability and efficacy data for a new focal brain stimulation technique called high definition transcranial direct current stimulation. This technique may have applications in the management of pain. |
Publication | The Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 112-120 |
Date | Feb 2012 |
Journal Abbr | J Pain |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.07.001 |
ISSN | 1528-8447 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22104190 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 25 11:42:13 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22104190 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 25 11:42:13 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V Walsh |
Author | M Rushworth |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers the neuropsychologist a 'virtual lesion' method of investigating the effects of cortical dysfunction. Classical neuropsychology relies on patients with irreversible, and often diffuse brain lesions and these factors place limitations on the inferences that can be drawn about normal brain function. Thus the neuropsychologist is constrained by the extent to which the damaged brain undergoes reorganisation and by the inability to address questions regarding the timing of cognitive functions. TMS can disrupt cognitive functions for a few tens of milliseconds (although some effects of TMS can be seen for longer), with spatial resolution in the order of a centimetre and therefore allows one to study the role of brain areas without the masking effects of cortical reorganisation. The spatial and temporal resolutions are not unique to TMS but because TMS can be used as a temporary interference technique, it has a functional resolution with which one can address questions beyond the range of other neuroimaging and patient studies. Here we outline how TMS produces transitory 'lesion' effects, examine how the effects of stimulation spread in depth and breadth across the cortex and discuss the principles of the use of TMS in neuropsychology. Finally, we also itemise some issues of safety. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 125-135 |
Date | Feb 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10080370 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 20:33:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10080370 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 20:33:26 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Daniel L Hartl |
Abstract | The use of molecular methods to study genetic polymorphisms has made a familiarity with population genetics essential for any biologist whose work is at the population level. A Primer of Population Genetics, Third Edition provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to population genetics. The four chapters of the book address genetic variation, the causes of evolution, molecular population genetics, and the genetic architecture of complex traits. Chapter-end problems reinforce ideas and, while there are some equations, the emphasis is on explanation rather than derivation. |
Publisher | Sinauer Associates |
Date | 2000 |
Language | English |
ISBN | 9780878933044 |
URL | http://books.google.com/books?id=5YtrQgAACAAJ&dq=Gillespie+population+genetics&hl=&cd=16&source=gbs_api |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D. McNicol |
Publisher | Routledge |
Date | 2004-11-30 |
ISBN | 0805853235, 9780805853230 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Mon Jun 22 14:25:44 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 22 14:25:44 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Randolph Blake |
Publication | Brain and Mind |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5-38 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | 10.1023/A:1017925416289 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 2 15:00:58 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jan 2 15:00:58 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roger K. R. Thompson |
Author | David L. Oden |
Publication | Behavioural Processes |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 149-161 |
Date | December 1995 |
DOI | 10.1016/0376-6357(95)00048-8 |
ISSN | 0376-6357 |
Short Title | A profound disparity revisited |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T2J-3VXF9X3-F/2/7983cc02dddb9c288a878aa4a5c4b436 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 14 17:58:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Sep 14 17:58:11 2010 |
Modified | Tue Sep 14 17:58:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David J Freedman |
Author | John A Assad |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 143-146 |
Date | 2/2011 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.2740 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nn.2740 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 09:50:29 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 09:50:29 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Ryle |
Editor | P. F. Strawson |
Book Title | Studies in the Philosophy of Thought and Action |
Place | Oxford |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 1968 |
Pages | 7-23 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 16:00:39 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 2 16:02:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Fodor |
Abstract | Churchland's paper "Perceptual Plasticity and Theoretical Neutrality" offers empirical, semantical and epistemological arguments intended to show that the cognitive impenetrability of perception "does not establish a theory-neutral foundation for knowledge" and that the psychological account of perceptual encapsulation that I set forth in The Modularity of Mind "[is] almost certainly false". The present paper considers these arguments in detail and dismisses them |
Publication | Philosophy of Science |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | June |
Pages | 188–98 |
Date | 1988 |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Fri Dec 28 13:41:47 2012 |
Modified | Tue Feb 19 18:50:32 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Grossman |
Author | K. Robinson |
Author | N. Bernhardt |
Author | P. Koenig |
Abstract | This study examined the categorization processes that Alzheimer`s disease (AD) patients use during assessments of semantic memory. Rule-based categorization involves the careful, analytic processing of strict criteria ro determine category membership, particularly for items from graded categories with ambiguous category membership; similarity-based categorization requires an overall comparison of a test stimulus with a prototype or remembered exemplar of the category and is relatively effective for the rapid categorization of items with unambiguous category membership. To assess these processes in AD. patients were asked to decide the category membership of test stimuli for categories with poorly defined or Fuzzy boundaries (e.g.. VEGETABLE) and for categories with well-defined boundaries (e.g., FEMALE) and then ro judge the representativeness of the test stimulus for its chosen category. A subgroup of AD patients demonstrated a typical pattern of impaired semantic memory compared to healthy control subjects; that is, difficulty deciding the category membership of rest items from furry categories. Among these patients. we Found no deficit in category membership decisions about items taken from well-defined categories. We also found that AD patients and healthy controls do not differ in their representativeness judgments of items within a correctly judged category. These findings are most consistent with the hypothesis that rule-based categorization difficulty limits semantic memory in AD. (C); 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 265-276 |
Date | March 2001 |
URL | ISI:000167444000009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Abstract | Four experiments examined the role of correlations between dynamic and static parts on 12- to 16-month-olds' ability to learn the identity of agents and recipients in a simple causal event. Infants were habituated to events in which objects with a dynamic or static part acted as an agent or a recipient and then were tested with an event in which the part-causal role relations were switched. Experiment I revealed that 16-month-olds, but not 12-month-olds, associate a dynamic part with the role of agent and a static part with the role of recipient. Experiment 2 showed that 12- and 16-month-olds do not associate a static part with the role of agent or a dynamic part with the role of recipient. Experiment 3 demonstrated that 14-month-olds will learn the relations presented in Experiment I and Experiment 2. Experiment 4 revealed that 12-month-olds were able to discriminate the two geometric figures in the events. The results are discussed with respect to infants' developing ability to attend to correlations between dynamic and static cues and the mechanism underlying early object concept acquisition. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 91 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 271-296 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Wolfson R M Reitan |
Publication | Neuropsychology review |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 161-98 |
Date | 1994 |
ISSN | 1040-7308 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 14:10:50 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 14:10:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Milan Verma |
Author | Peter W. McOwan |
Abstract | Previous change blindness studies have failed to address the importance of balancing low-level visual salience when producing experimental stimuli for a change detection task. Therefore, prior results suggesting that top‐down processes influence change detection may be contaminated by low-level saliency differences in the stimuli used. Here we present a novel technique for generating semi-automated balanced modifications to a scene, handled by a genetic algorithm coupled with a computational model for bottom‐up saliency. The saliency model obtains global saliency values for input images by analysing peaks in feature contrast maps. This quantification approach facilitates the generation of experimental stimuli using natural images and is an extension to a recently investigated approach using only low-level stimuli (Verma & McOwan, 2009). In this exemplar study, subjects were asked to detect changes in a flicker task containing the original scene image (A) and a synthesised modified version (A′). We find under the conditions where global saliency is balanced between A and A′ as well as between all modifications (all instantiations of A′) that low-level saliency is indeed a reasonable estimator of change detection performance in comparison with high-level measures such as mouse-click densities. When the saliency of the changes are similar, addition/removal changes are detected more readily than colour changes to the scene. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 6 |
Date | June 04 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1167/10.6.3 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/6/3.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 12:39:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 12:39:29 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 12:39:29 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carl H. Fischer |
Publication | The Annals of Mathematical Statistics |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 97-101 |
Date | 03/1942 |
Journal Abbr | Ann. Math. Statist. |
DOI | 10.1214/aoms/1177731649 |
ISSN | 0003-4851 |
URL | http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS?service=UI&version=1.0&verb=Display&handle=euclid.aoms/1177731649 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 09:37:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 09:37:11 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 24 09:37:11 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hisashi Ohtsuki |
Author | Christoph Hauert |
Author | Erez Lieberman |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 441 |
Issue | 7092 |
Pages | 502-505 |
Date | May 25, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature04605 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04605 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 1 00:26:53 2012 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Wed Feb 1 00:26:53 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 1 00:26:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tao Gong |
Author | James W Minett |
Author | William S Y Wang |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 69–85 |
Date | March 2010 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1080/09540090903198819 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09540090903198819 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Aaron Derdowski |
Author | Suzanne S Sindi |
Author | Courtney L Klaips |
Author | Susanne DiSalvo |
Author | Tricia R Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, atypical phenotypes arise when a prion protein adopts an alternative conformation and persist when that form assembles into self-replicating aggregates. Amyloid formation in vitro provides a model for this protein-misfolding pathway, but the mechanism by which this process interacts with the cellular environment to produce transmissible phenotypes is poorly understood. Using the yeast prion Sup35/[PSI(+)], we found that protein conformation determined the size distribution of aggregates through its interactions with a molecular chaperone. Shifts in this range created variations in aggregate abundance among cells because of a size threshold for transmission, and this heterogeneity, along with aggregate growth and fragmentation, induced age-dependent fluctuations in phenotype. Thus, prion conformations may specify phenotypes as population averages in a dynamic system. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6004 |
Pages | 680-683 |
Date | Oct 29, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1197785 |
ISSN | 1095-9203 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21030659 |
Date Added | Wed May 1 13:55:54 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 1 13:55:54 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Aaron Derdowski |
Author | Suzanne S. Sindi |
Author | Courtney L. Klaips |
Author | Susanne DiSalvo |
Author | Tricia R. Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, atypical phenotypes arise when a prion protein adopts an alternative conformation and persist when that form assembles into self-replicating aggregates. Amyloid formation in vitro provides a model for this protein-misfolding pathway, but the mechanism by which this process interacts with the cellular environment to produce transmissible phenotypes is poorly understood. Using the yeast prion Sup35/[PSI+], we found that protein conformation determined the size distribution of aggregates through its interactions with a molecular chaperone. Shifts in this range created variations in aggregate abundance among cells because of a size threshold for transmission, and this heterogeneity, along with aggregate growth and fragmentation, induced age-dependent fluctuations in phenotype. Thus, prion conformations may specify phenotypes as population averages in a dynamic system. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6004 |
Pages | 680-683 |
Date | 10/29/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1197785 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6004/680 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:39:16 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 21030659 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Aaron Derdowski |
Author | Suzanne S. Sindi |
Author | Courtney L. Klaips |
Author | Susanne DiSalvo |
Author | Tricia R. Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, atypical phenotypes arise when a prion protein adopts an alternative conformation and persist when that form assembles into self-replicating aggregates. Amyloid formation in vitro provides a model for this protein-misfolding pathway, but the mechanism by which this process interacts with the cellular environment to produce transmissible phenotypes is poorly understood. Using the yeast prion Sup35/[PSI+], we found that protein conformation determined the size distribution of aggregates through its interactions with a molecular chaperone. Shifts in this range created variations in aggregate abundance among cells because of a size threshold for transmission, and this heterogeneity, along with aggregate growth and fragmentation, induced age-dependent fluctuations in phenotype. Thus, prion conformations may specify phenotypes as population averages in a dynamic system. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6004 |
Pages | 680-683 |
Date | 10/29/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1197785 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6004/680 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:39:16 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 21030659 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.S. Dell |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 93 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 283-321 |
Date | July 1986 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Allan M. Collins |
Author | Elizabeth F. Loftus |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 82 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 407-428 |
Date | 1975 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Review |
DOI | 10.1037/0033-295X.82.6.407 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/rev/82/6/407/ |
Accessed | Wed Apr 6 11:15:24 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Apr 6 11:15:24 2011 |
Modified | Wed Apr 6 11:15:24 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.W. Brown |
Author | E.H. Lenneberg |
Publication | Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 454-462 |
Date | 1954 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Deco |
Author | T.S. Lee |
Abstract | We present a physiologically constrained neural dynamical model of the visual system for the organization of attention and its mediation of object recognition and visual search. In this model, spatial and feature attention are mediated by a single neural mechanism involving the interaction of the ventral and the dorsal streams with the early visual cortex. The model consists of three representative modules which encode object classes, spatial locations, and elementary features, respectively. These modules are coupled together in a neural dynamical system in the framework of biased competition. The system can be made to operate in either a spatial or an object attention mode by introducing a top-down bias to either the dorsal or the ventral stream modules. In this system, translation invariant object recognition and object spatial localization arise from the interaction among the modules, with the early visual areas playing a key role in mediating such interaction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neurocomputing |
Volume | 44 |
Pages | 775-781 |
Date | June 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.W. Proctor |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 88 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 291-326 |
Date | 1981 |
URL | ISI:A1981LY04100001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Rissanen |
Publication | Annals of Statistics |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 416-431 |
Date | 1983 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Genjiro Suzuki |
Author | Naoyuki Shimazu |
Author | Motomasa Tanaka |
Abstract | Prion conversion from a soluble protein to an aggregated state may be involved in the cellular adaptation of yeast to the environment. However, it remains unclear whether and how cells actively use prion conversion to acquire a fitness advantage in response to environmental stress. We identified Mod5, a yeast transfer RNA isopentenyltransferase lacking glutamine/asparagine-rich domains, as a yeast prion protein and found that its prion conversion in yeast regulated the sterol biosynthetic pathway for acquired cellular resistance against antifungal agents. Furthermore, selective pressure by antifungal drugs on yeast facilitated the de novo appearance of Mod5 prion states for cell survival. Thus, phenotypic changes caused by active prion conversion under environmental selection may contribute to cellular adaptation in living organisms. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 336 |
Issue | 6079 |
Pages | 355-359 |
Date | April 20, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1219491 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;336/6079/355 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:45:06 2013 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Genjiro Suzuki |
Author | Naoyuki Shimazu |
Author | Motomasa Tanaka |
Abstract | Prion conversion from a soluble protein to an aggregated state may be involved in the cellular adaptation of yeast to the environment. However, it remains unclear whether and how cells actively use prion conversion to acquire a fitness advantage in response to environmental stress. We identified Mod5, a yeast transfer RNA isopentenyltransferase lacking glutamine/asparagine-rich domains, as a yeast prion protein and found that its prion conversion in yeast regulated the sterol biosynthetic pathway for acquired cellular resistance against antifungal agents. Furthermore, selective pressure by antifungal drugs on yeast facilitated the de novo appearance of Mod5 prion states for cell survival. Thus, phenotypic changes caused by active prion conversion under environmental selection may contribute to cellular adaptation in living organisms. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 336 |
Issue | 6079 |
Pages | 355-359 |
Date | April 20, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1219491 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;336/6079/355 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:45:06 2013 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C J Marsolek |
Abstract | Visual-form systems in the cerebral hemispheres were examined in 3 experiments. After learning new types of visual forms, participants rapidly classified previously unseen prototypes of the newly learned types more efficiently when the forms were presented directly to the left hemisphere (in the right visual field) than when the forms were presented directly to the right hemisphere (in the left visual field). Neither previously seen nor previously unseen distortions of the prototypes were classified more efficiently when presented directly to the left hemisphere than when presented directly to the right hemisphere. Results indicate that an abstract visual-form system operates effectively in the left hemisphere and stores information that remains relatively invariant across the specific instances of a type of form to distinguish different types. Furthermore, this system functions relatively independently of another system that operates effectively in the right hemisphere and that stores details to distinguish specific instances of a type of form. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 375-386 |
Date | Apr 1995 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7714478 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 25 00:44:34 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7714478 |
Date Added | Wed Jan 25 00:44:34 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.D. Bransford |
Author | J.J. Franks |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 331-350 |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Franks |
Author | J.D. Bransford |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 90 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 65-& |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ann M. Penrose |
Abstract | <p>Motivated by case study reports of first-generation students' discomfort in the academic community, this quantitative descriptive study examines first-generation students' perceptions of their academic literacy skills and their performance and persistence in college. These analyses are situated in a review of the quantitative research base in higher education, which provides substantial grounding for case study reports of first-generation students' weaker academic preparation, tenuous social support, and high risk of attrition, but challenges the common characterization of these students as less confident or less likely to succeed academically In the current study first-generation and continuing-generation students were compared on measures of high school preparation (SATV, SATM, HSGPA) and college performance (grades in freshman composition, GPA upon graduation, attrition rates). Self-assessment items on college orientation surveys were used as a measure of students' perceptions of their verbal and mathematical abilities. First-generation students were found to differ from their continuing-generation peers in general academic preparedness, in retention rates, and in their perceptions of their academic literacy skills, but not in college performance. Results indicate that first-generation students' self-perceptions represent critical factors in the college experience, underscoring the importance of helping students forge identities as members of academic communities. |
Publication | Research in the Teaching of English |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 437-461 |
Date | May 01, 2002 |
ISSN | 0034-527X |
Short Title | Academic Literacy Perceptions and Performance |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40171585 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 8 12:36:50 2011 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: May, 2002 / Copyright © 2002 National Council of Teachers of English |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 12:36:50 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 12:36:50 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.S. Hough |
Author | R.S. Pierce |
Author | M. Difilippo |
Author | M.J. Pabst |
Abstract | This study examined the access and organization of goal-derived categories in semantic memory with a group of chronic traumatic brain injured TBI adults and a group of age and gender-matched neurologically-intact controls. Goal-derived categories are developed by individuals for use in specialized contexts to achieve a goal, such as 'things to take on a camping trip.' Categories were presented to subjects in two task contexts: category verification and exemplar generation. Overall, the TBI subjects were able to accurately identify and organize category exemplars within particular categories. Interestingly, the TBI subjects produced significantly more total responses than the neurologically-intact subjects on exemplar generation; however, a high percentage of their responses (one-third) were inaccurate, consisting of out-of-set responses and repetitions. These findings suggest that difficulties in retrieval may exist in the presence of relatively intact access and organization of goal-derived category structure. The results are discussed relative to deficits in the executive control of verifying goal-directed behaviour and incomplete category representation |
Publication | Brain Injury |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 801-814 |
Date | November 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. L. Voss |
Author | C. L. Baym |
Author | K. A. Paller |
Publication | Learning & Memory |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 454-459 |
Date | 05/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Learning & Memory |
DOI | 10.1101/lm.971208 |
ISSN | 1072-0502 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2414256/ |
Accessed | Tue Dec 8 18:52:15 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Dec 8 18:52:15 2009 |
Modified | Tue Dec 8 18:52:15 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Douglas H. Lawrence |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 770-784 |
Date | 1949 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
DOI | 10.1037/h0058097 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
Short Title | Acquired distinctiveness of cues |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/39/6/770/ |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 20:27:15 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 20:27:15 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 20:27:15 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Ozgen |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | Color perception can be categorical: Between-category discriminations are more accurate than equivalent within-category discriminations. The effects could be inherited, learned, or both. The authors provide evidence that supports the possibility of learned categorical perception (CP). Experiment 1 demonstrated that observers' color discrimination is flexible and improves through repeated practice. Experiment 2 demonstrated that category learning simulates effects of "natural" color categories on color discrimination. Experiment 3 investigated the time course of acquired CP. Experiment 4 found that CP effects are acquired through hue- and lightness-based category learning and obtained interesting data on the dimensional perception of color. The data are consistent with the possibility that language may shape color perception and suggest a plausible mechanism for the linguistic relativity hypothesis |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 131 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 477-493 |
Date | December 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Linda B. Smith |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 665-679 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Cognitive Science |
ISSN | ISSN-0364-0213 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:18:31 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:18:31 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Craig G Chambers |
Author | Michael K Tanenhaus |
Author | James S Magnuson |
Abstract | In 2 experiments, eye movements were monitored as participants followed instructions containing temporary syntactic ambiguities (e.g., "Pour the egg in the bowl over the flour"). The authors varied the affordances of task-relevant objects with respect to the action required by the instruction (e.g., whether 1 or both eggs in the visual workspace were in liquid form, allowing them to be poured). The number of candidate objects that could afford the action was found to determine whether listeners initially misinterpreted the ambiguous phrase ("in the bowl") as specifying a location. The findings indicate that syntactic decisions are guided by the listener's situation-specific evaluation of how to achieve the behavioral goal of an utterance. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 687-696 |
Date | May 2004 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.30.3.687 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15099136 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 29 21:19:02 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15099136 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 29 21:19:02 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G A Calvert |
Author | E T Bullmore |
Author | M J Brammer |
Author | R Campbell |
Author | S C Williams |
Author | P K McGuire |
Author | P W Woodruff |
Author | S D Iversen |
Author | A S David |
Abstract | Watching a speaker's lips during face-to-face conversation (lipreading) markedly improves speech perception, particularly in noisy conditions. With functional magnetic resonance imaging it was found that these linguistic visual cues are sufficient to activate auditory cortex in normal hearing individuals in the absence of auditory speech sounds. Two further experiments suggest that these auditory cortical areas are not engaged when an individual is viewing nonlinguistic facial movements but appear to be activated by silent meaningless speechlike movements (pseudospeech). This supports psycholinguistic evidence that seen speech influences the perception of heard speech at a prelexical stage. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 276 |
Issue | 5312 |
Pages | 593-596 |
Date | Apr 25, 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110978 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 10 22:08:19 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9110978 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 22:08:19 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Author | Leonardo Bonilha |
Author | Julie M Baker |
Author | Dana Moser |
Author | Chris Rorden |
Abstract | Understanding the neural mechanism that supports preserved language processing in aphasia has implications for both basic and applied science. This study examined brain activation associated with correct picture naming in 15 patients with aphasia. We contrasted each patient's activation to the activation observed in a neurologically healthy control group, allowing us to identify regions with unusual activity patterns. The results revealed that increased activation in preserved left hemisphere areas is associated with better naming performance in aphasia. This relationship was linear in nature; progressively less cortical activation was associated with greater severity of anomia. These findings are consistent with others who suggests that residual language function following stroke relies on preserved cortical areas in the left hemisphere. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) |
Date | Aug 17, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhp160 |
ISSN | 1460-2199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687294 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 15 15:15:50 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19687294 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 15 15:15:50 2009 |
Modified | Tue Sep 15 15:15:50 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 211-227 |
Date | 1983 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Casasanto |
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2011 |
Conference Name | Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Boston, MA |
Date Added | Mon Feb 14 11:03:20 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jun 5 16:01:11 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Derek Bickerton |
Edition | First Edition |
Publisher | Hill and Wang |
Date | 2010-03-02 |
# of Pages | 304 |
ISBN | 0809016478 |
Short Title | Adam's Tongue |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:24:40 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:24:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nikolaus F. Troje |
Author | Javid Sadr |
Author | Henning Geyer |
Author | Ken Nakayama |
Abstract | Human visual perception is highly adaptive. While this has been known and studied for a long time in domains such as color vision, motion perception, or the processing of spatial frequency, a number of more recent studies have shown that adaptation and adaptation aftereffects also occur in high-level visual domains like shape perception and face recognition. Here, we present data that demonstrate a pronounced aftereffect in response to adaptation to the perceived gender of biological motion point-light walkers. A walker that is perceived to be ambiguous in gender under neutral adaptation appears to be male after adaptation with an exaggerated female walker and female after adaptation with an exaggerated male walker. We discuss this adaptation aftereffect as a tool to characterize and probe the mechanisms underlying biological motion perception. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 850-857 |
Date | July 28, 2006 |
DOI | 10.1167/6.8.7 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://journalofvision.org/6/8/7/ |
Accessed | Thu Feb 11 15:25:51 2010 |
Library Catalog | Journal of Vision |
Date Added | Thu Feb 11 15:25:51 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 11 15:25:51 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A. Webster |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 5 |
Date | 05/19/2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1167/11.5.3 |
ISSN | , 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/5/3 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 12 21:10:29 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.journalofvision.org |
Date Added | Fri Oct 12 21:10:29 2012 |
Modified | Fri Oct 12 21:10:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A. Webster |
Author | Daniel Kaping |
Author | Yoko Mizokami |
Author | Paul Duhamel |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 428 |
Issue | 6982 |
Pages | 557-561 |
Date | April 01, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature02420 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02420 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 27 16:15:22 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Tue Oct 27 16:15:22 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 27 16:15:22 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Hare |
Author | K Mcrae |
Author | J Elman |
Abstract | Linguistic and psycholinguistic research has documented that there exists a close relationship between a verb's meaning and the syntactic structures in which it occurs, and that learners and comprehenders take advantage of this relationship both in acquisition and in processing. We address implications of these facts for issues in structural ambiguity resolution, arguing that comprehenders are sensitive to meaning-structure correlations based not on the verb itself but on its specific senses, and that they exploit this information on-line. We demonstrate that individual verbs show significant differences in their subcategorisation profiles across three corpora, and that cross-corpora bias estimates are much more stable when sense is taken into account. Finally, we show that consistency between sense-contingent subcategorisation biases and experimenters' classifications largely predicts results of recent experiments. Thus comprehenders learn and exploit meaning-form correlations at the level of individual verb senses, rather than the verb in the aggregate. |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 224, 181 |
Date | April 2004 |
ISSN | 0169-0965 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690960344000152 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 29 17:16:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Sep 29 17:16:27 2009 |
Modified | Tue Sep 29 17:16:27 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.O. Ryalls |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | The semantic congruity effect is exhibited when adults are asked to compare pairs of items from a series, and their response is faster when the direction of the comparison coincides with the location of the stimuli in the series. For example, people are faster at picking the bigger of 2 big items than the littler of 2 big items. In the 4 experiments presented, adults were taught new dimensional adjectives (mal/ler and borg/er). Characteristics of the learning situation, such as the nature of the stimulus series and the relative frequency of labeling. were varied. Results revealed that the participants who learned the relative meaning of the artificial dimensional adjectives also formed categories and developed a semantic congruity effect regardless of the characteristics of training. These findings have important implications for our understanding of adult acquisition of novel relational words, the relationship between learning such words and categorization, and the explanations of the semantic congruity effect |
Publication | Journal of General Psychology |
Volume | 127 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 279-326 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | ISI:000089145400005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dan-E. Nilsson |
Author | Lars Gislen |
Author | Melissa M. Coates |
Author | Charlotta Skogh |
Author | Anders Garm |
Abstract | Cubozoans, or box jellyfish, differ from all other cnidarians by an active fish-like behaviour and an elaborate sensory apparatus1, 2. Each of the four sides of the animal carries a conspicuous sensory club (the rhopalium), which has evolved into a bizarre cluster of different eyes3. Two of the eyes on each rhopalium have long been known to resemble eyes of higher animals, but the function and performance of these eyes have remained unknown4. Here we show that box-jellyfish lenses contain a finely tuned refractive index gradient producing nearly aberration-free imaging. This demonstrates that even simple animals have been able to evolve the sophisticated visual optics previously known only from a few advanced bilaterian phyla. However, the position of the retina does not coincide with the sharp image, leading to very wide and complex receptive fields in individual photoreceptors. We argue that this may be useful in eyes serving a single visual task. The findings indicate that tailoring of complex receptive fields might have been one of the original driving forces in the evolution of animal lenses. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 435 |
Issue | 7039 |
Pages | 201-205 |
Date | 2005-05-12 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature03484 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7039/full/nature03484.html |
Accessed | Sun Mar 18 20:38:36 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2005 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sun Mar 18 20:38:36 2012 |
Modified | Sun Mar 18 20:39:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bryan Gick |
Author | Donald Derrick |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 462 |
Issue | 7272 |
Pages | 502-504 |
Date | November 26, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature08572 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08572 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 13 12:05:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sun Dec 13 12:05:47 2009 |
Modified | Sun Dec 13 12:05:47 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Shimojo |
Author | Y Kamitani |
Author | S Nishida |
Abstract | An afterimage induced by prior adaptation to a visual stimulus is believed to be due to bleaching of photochemical pigments or neural adaptation in the retina. We report a type of afterimage that appears to require cortical adaptation. Fixating a neon-color spreading configuration led not only to negative afterimages corresponding to the inducers (local afterimages), but also to one corresponding to the perceptually filled-in surface during adaptation (global afterimage). These afterimages were mutually exclusive, undergoing monocular rivalry. The strength of the global afterimage correlated to a greater extent with perceptual filling-in during adaptation than with the strength of the local afterimages. Thus, global afterimages are not merely by-products of local afterimages, but involve adaptation at a cortical representation of surface. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 293 |
Issue | 5535 |
Pages | 1677-1680 |
Date | Aug 31, 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1060161 |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11533495 |
Date Added | Sun May 5 15:05:53 2013 |
Modified | Sun May 5 15:05:53 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Irene Sperandio |
Author | Armin Lak |
Author | Melvyn A Goodale |
Abstract | Traditionally, the perceived size of negative afterimages has been examined in relation to E. Emmert's law (1881), a size-distance equation that states that changes in perceived size of an afterimage are a function of the distance of the surface on which it is projected. Here, we present evidence that the size of an afterimage is also modulated by its surrounding context. We employed a new version of the Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion with flickering surrounding stimuli and a static inner target that generated a vivid afterimage of the latter but not the former. Observers were asked to give an initial manual estimate of the size of the inner target during the adaptation phase followed by another manual estimate of the size of the afterimage during the test phase. Manual estimates were affected by the size-contrast illusion both when the surrounding contextual elements were present during afterimage induction and when the surrounding elements were absent during the viewing of the afterimage (Experiment 1). Such a modulation in perceived size, however, did not occur when observers viewed only the flickering surrounding context for a prolonged period of time and then estimated the size of a static target presented on the monitor afterward, demonstrating that flickering stimuli by themselves did not produce any aftereffect on perceived size (Experiment 2). Furthermore, in a final experiment, we showed that the modulation observed in the test phase of Experiment 1 was not due to memory of the manual estimates that had been performed during the adaptation phase (Experiment 3). These findings provide clear evidence for the role of high-level cognitive processes on the perceived size of an afterimage beyond the retinal level. Thus, although retinal stimulation is required to induce an afterimage, post-retinal factors influence its perceived size. |
Publication | Journal of vision |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1167/12.2.18 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22353777 |
Date Added | Mon May 6 23:57:18 2013 |
Modified | Mon May 6 23:57:18 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kuno Kirschfeld |
Abstract | Our visual system not only mediates information about the visual environment but is capable of generating pictures of nonexistent worlds: afterimages, illusions, phosphenes, etc. We are “aware” of these pictures just as we are aware of the images of natural, physical objects. This raises the question: is the neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) of such images the same as that of images of physical objects? Images of natural objects have some properties in common with afterimages (e.g., stability of verticality) but there are also obvious differences (e.g., images maintain size constancy, whereas afterimages follow Emmert's Law: when seen while screens at different distances are observed, an afterimage looks larger, the greater the distance of the screen). The differences can be explained by differences in the retinal extent of images and afterimages, which favors the view that both have the same NCC. It seems reasonable to assume that before neural activity can produce awareness, all the computations necessary for a veridical representation of, e.g., an object, must be completed within the neural substrate and that information characteristic of a particular object must be available within the NCC. Given these assumptions, it can be shown that no retinotopic (in a strict sense) cortical areas can serve as the NCC, although some type of topographic representation is necessary. It seems also to be unlikely that neurons classified as cardinal cells alone can serve as NCC. |
Publication | Consciousness and Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 462-483 |
Date | December 1999 |
DOI | 10.1006/ccog.1999.0388 |
ISSN | 1053-8100 |
Short Title | Afterimages |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810099903884 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:34:01 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:34:01 2012 |
Modified | Thu Sep 20 18:35:52 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.E. Flege |
Author | G.H. Yeni-Komshian |
Author | S. Liu |
Abstract | This study evaluated the critical period hypothesis for second language (L2) acquisition. The participants were 240 native speakers of Korean who differed according to age of arrival (AOA) in the United States (1 to 23 years), but were all experienced in English (mean length of residence = 15 years). The native Korean participants' pronunciation of English was evaluated by having listeners rate their sentences for overall degree of foreign accent; knowledge of English morphosyntax was evaluated using a 144-item grammaticality judgment test. As AOA increased, the foreign accents grew stronger, and the grammaticality judgment test scores decreased steadily. However, unlike the case for the foreign accent ratings, the effect of AOA on the grammaticality judgment test scores became nonsignificant when variables confounded with AOA were controlled. This suggested that the observed decrease in morphosyntax scores was not the result of passing a maturationally defined critical period. Additional analyses showed that the score for sentences testing knowledge of rule based, generalizable aspects of English morphosyntax varied as a function of how much education the Korean participants had received in the United States. The scores for sentences testing lexically based aspects of English morphosyntax, on the other hand, depended on how much the Koreans used English. (C) 1999 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 78-104 |
Date | July 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christine Dimroth |
Publication | Language Learning |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 117-150 |
Date | 03/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Language Learning |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00436.x |
ISSN | 0023-8333 |
Short Title | Age Effects on the Process of L2 Acquisition? |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00436.x/abstract |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 17:20:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:20:11 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 17:20:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catriona M. Morrison |
Author | Tameron D. Chappell |
Author | Andrew W. Ellis |
Abstract | Studies of lexical processing have relied heavily on adult ratings of word learning age or age of acquisition, which have been shown to be strongly predictive of processing speed. This study reports a set of objective norms derived in a large-scale study of British children's naming of 297 pictured objects (including 232 from the Snodgrass & Vanderwart, 1980, set). In addition, data were obtained on measures of rated age of acquisition, rated frequency, imageability, object familiarity, picture-name agreement, and name agreement. We discuss the relationship between the objective measure and adult ratings of word learning age. Objective measures should be used when available, but where not, our data suggest that adult ratings provide a reliable and valid measure of real word learning age. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A |
Volume | 50 |
Pages | 528-559 |
Date | 1 August 1997 |
DOI | 10.1080/027249897392017 |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/pqja/1997/00000050/00000003/art00004 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 15:05:23 2010 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 15:05:23 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 15:05:23 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Cortese |
Author | M.M. Khanna |
Abstract | Age of acquisition (AoA) ratings made on a 1-7 scale for 3,000 monosyllabic words were obtained from 32 participants across four blocks of 750 trials (two blocks of 750 trials were completed in each of 2 days). These results, as well as those of the regression analyses and reliability and validity measures that were originally reported in Cortese and Khanna (2007), are summarized here. Here, we also report high interblock correlations across items, indicating that participants were consistent in their ratings across blocks. The norms for the 3,000 words are important for researchers interested in word processing and may be downloaded from the Psychonomic Society's Norms, Stimuli, and Data archive at www.psychonomic.org/archive. |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 791-794 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.3758/BRM.40.3.791 |
URL | http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/40/3/791.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Feb 1 11:16:45 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 1 11:16:45 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 15:03:56 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T Mäntylä |
Author | L Bäckman |
Abstract | Adult age differences in the consistency effect were examined in 3 experiments. The consistency effect refers to items inconsistent with expectations being better remembered than items consistent with expectations. Younger and older adults walked into an office room and viewed objects that varied in their consistency with expectation. Immediate and delayed recognition tests on item information (i.e., distractors were defined by their semantic identity) revealed that both age groups recognized unexpected items better than expected items. However, when recognition of token information was requested (i.e., distractors were defined by their physical appearance), younger adults, in contrast to older adults, exhibited consistency effects. Also, under divided attention, young adults revealed the same pattern of data as did elderly adults under full attention. The results are discussed in terms of capacity-related differences in distinctive encoding. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1298-1309 |
Date | Nov 1992 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1447553 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 21 10:34:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1447553 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 21 10:34:52 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Deborah P. Tollefsen |
Author | Rick Dale |
Author | Alexandra Paxton |
Publication | Review of Philosophy and Psychology |
Volume | 4 |
Pages | 1–16 |
Date | 2013 |
URL | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13164-012-0126-z |
Accessed | Tue May 28 19:00:00 2013 |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | Y. Lippa |
Author | R.M. Shiffrin |
Abstract | Previous research has shown that objects that are grouped together in the same category become more similar to each other and that objects that are grouped in different categories become increasingly dissimilar, as measured by similarity ratings and psychophysical discriminations. These findings are consistent with two theories of the influence of concept learning on similarity. By a Strategic Judgment Bias account, the categories associated with objects are explicitly used as cues for determining similarity, and objects that are categorized together are judged to be more similar because similarity is not only a function of the objects themselves, but also the objects' category labels. By a Changed Object Description account, category learning alters the description of the objects themselves, emphasizing properties that are relevant for categorization. A new method for distinguishing between these accounts is introduced which measures the difference between the similarity ratings of categorized objects to a neutral object. The results indicate both strategic biases based on category labels and genuine representational change, with the strategic bias affecting mostly objects belonging to different categories and the representational change affecting mostly objects belonging to the same category, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 27-43 |
Date | January 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:18 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joan Bybee |
Author | James L. McClelland |
Publication | The Linguistic Review |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2-4 |
Date | 2005-01-12 |
DOI | 10.1515/tlir.2005.22.2-4.381 |
ISSN | 0167-6318, 1613-3676 |
URL | http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/tlir.2005.22.issue-2-4/tlir.2005.22.2-4.381/tlir.2005.22.2-4.381.xml |
Accessed | Wed Jun 12 15:57:28 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Jun 12 15:57:28 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jun 12 15:57:28 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael Buhrmester |
Author | Tracy Kwang |
Author | Samuel D. Gosling |
Abstract | Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a relatively new website that contains the major elements required to conduct research: an integrated participant compensation system; a large participant pool; and a streamlined process of study design, participant recruitment, and data collection. In this article, we describe and evaluate the potential contributions of MTurk to psychology and other social sciences. Findings indicate that (a) MTurk participants are slightly more demographically diverse than are standard Internet samples and are significantly more diverse than typical American college samples; (b) participation is affected by compensation rate and task length, but participants can still be recruited rapidly and inexpensively; (c) realistic compensation rates do not affect data quality; and (d) the data obtained are at least as reliable as those obtained via traditional methods. Overall, MTurk can be used to obtain high-quality data inexpensively and rapidly. |
Publication | Perspectives on Psychological Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3 -5 |
Date | January 01 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1177/1745691610393980 |
URL | http://pps.sagepub.com/content/6/1/3.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 19:35:00 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 19:35:00 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:35:53 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerald H. Fisher |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 189–192 |
Date | 1968 |
Short Title | Ambiguity of form |
URL | http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03210466 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 7 09:23:37 2013 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Aug 7 09:23:37 2013 |
Modified | Wed Aug 7 09:23:37 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. Elman |
Abstract | An essential aspect of knowing language is knowing the words of that language. This knowledge is usually thought to reside in the mental lexicon, a kind of dictionary that contains information regarding a word's meaning, pronunciation, syntactic characteristics, and so on. In this article, a very different view is presented. In this view, words are understood as stimuli that operate directly on mental states. The phonological, syntactic and semantic properties of a word are revealed by the effects it has on those states. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 301-306 |
Date | July 2004 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.003 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH9-4CJ49XY-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=10a3540334abfc92a5e31a14def10731 |
Accessed | Wed Mar 11 10:34:32 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Mar 11 10:34:31 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 14:49:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.S. Cree |
Author | K. McRae |
Author | C. McNorgan |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 23 |
Pages | 371-414 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.J. Holcomb |
Author | J. Anderson |
Author | J. Grainger |
Abstract | Few studies have focused on language processing across modalities. Two experiments examined between-modality interactions across three prime-target intervals (0, 200, and 800 ms) in a cross-modal repetition priming paradigm. Event-related potentials were recorded to auditory targets following visual primes (Experiment 1) or visual targets following auditory primes (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 robust repetition effects were found for auditory targets as early as 100 ms, and continued through the N400 epoch. Moreover, these visual-auditory repetition effects were large across all three prime-target intervals although they onset 200 ms later at the shortest interval. In Experiment 2 repetition effects to visual targets started later (at 200 ms), but also offset relatively later (similar to 1000 ms). These auditory-visual repetition effects were both smaller overall and absent for the two shortest prime-target intervals during the typical N400 window |
Publication | Psychophysiology |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 493-507 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | ISI:000236073800001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.A. Younger |
Author | G. Hollich |
Author | S.D. Furrer |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 209-216 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:57 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:57 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Ernst Cassirer |
Publisher | Yale University Press |
Date | 1962 |
ISBN | 0300000340 |
Short Title | An Essay on Man |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 11:49:09 2009 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 23:48:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.L. Cohen |
Author | R.M. Nosofsky |
Abstract | R. M. Nosofsky and T. J. Palmeri's (1997) exemplar-based random-walk (EBRW) model of speeded classification is extended to account for speeded same-different judgments among integral-dimension stimuli. According to the model, an important component process of same-different judgments is that people store individual examples of experienced same and different pairs of objects in memory. These exemplar pairs are retrieved from memory on the basis of how similar they are to a currently presented pair of objects. The retrieved pairs drive a random-walk process for making same-different decisions. The EBRW predicts correctly that same responses are faster for objects lying in isolated than in dense regions of similarity space. The model also predicts correctly effects of same-identity versus same-category instructions and is sensitive to observers' past experiences with specific same and different pairs of objects |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1549-1569 |
Date | October 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.C. Carmichael |
Author | H.P. Hogan |
Author | A.A Walters |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 15 |
Pages | 73 -86 |
Date | 1932 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Mon Mar 16 15:20:27 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bruno Galantucci |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 29 |
Pages | 737--767 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.98.174 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 1 00:31:34 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 1 00:43:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Sirois |
Author | D. Mareschal |
Abstract | Habituation and related procedures are the primary behavioral tools used to assess perceptual and cognitive competence in early infancy. This article introduces a neurally constrained computational model of infant habituation. The model combines the two leading process theories of infant habituation into a single functional system that is grounded in functional brain circuitry. The HAB model (for Habituation, Autoassociation, and Brain) proposes that habituation behaviors emerge from the opponent, complementary processes of hippocampal selective inhibition and cortical long-term potentiation. Simulations of a seminal experiment by Fantz [Visual experience in infants: Decreased attention familiar patterns relative to novel ones. Science, 146, 668-670, 1964] are reported. The ability of the model to capture the fine detail of infant data ( especially age-related changes in performance) underlines the useful contribution of neurocomputational models to our understanding of behavior in general, and of early cognition in particular |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1352-1362 |
Date | October 2004 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 88 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 375-407 |
Date | 1981 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 60-94 |
Date | 1982 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | T. Crowley |
Author | University of Papua New Guinea |
Publisher | Oxford University Press New York |
Date | 1997 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robin A. Ward |
Abstract | In this paper, the author presents a study which explored K-8 preservice teachers' concept images and mathematical definitions of polygons. This study was carried out in which K-8 teacher candidates enrolled in an elementary mathematics content course were asked to sort, identify, and provide definitions of such shapes including triangles, quadrilaterals, and other n-gons. Of interest to the author was the collection of concept images these teacher candidates possessed of certain polygons. The results reported in this paper focus on the teacher candidates' completion of those tasks involving triangles and hexagons. The author suggests that mathematics educators need to provide teacher candidates with experiences that will enable them to develop that strong, connected foundational knowledge needed to teach K-8 mathematics. (Contains 6 figures.) |
Publication | Issues in Teacher Education |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 39-56 |
Date | 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Issues in Teacher Education |
ISSN | 1536-3031 |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ796429 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 2 21:27:37 2012 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Sun Dec 2 21:27:37 2012 |
Modified | Sun Dec 2 21:27:37 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W J Levelt |
Author | P Praamstra |
Author | A S Meyer |
Author | P Helenius |
Author | R Salmelin |
Abstract | The purpose of this study was to relate a psycholinguistic processing model of picture naming to the dynamics of cortical activation during picture naming. The activation was recorded from eight Dutch subjects with a whole-head neuromagnetometer. The processing model, based on extensive naming latency studies, is a stage model. In preparing a picture"s name, the speaker performs a chain of specific operations. They are, in this order, computing the visual percept, activating an appropriate lexical concept, selecting the target word from the mental lexicon, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and initiation of articulation. The time windows for each of these operations are reasonably well known and could be related to the peak activity of dipole sources in the individual magnetic response patterns. The analyses showed a clear progression over these time windows from early occipital activation, via parietal and temporal to frontal activation. The major specific findings were that (1) a region in the left posterior temporal lobe, agreeing with the location of Wernicke"s area, showed prominent activation starting about 200 msec after picture onset and peaking at about 350 msec (i.e., within the stage of phonological encoding), and (2) a consistent activation was found in the right parietal cortex, peaking at about 230 msec after picture onset, thus preceding and partly overlapping with the left temporal response. An interpretation in terms of the management of visual attention is proposed. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 553-567 |
Date | Sep 1998 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9802989 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 8 15:49:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9802989 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 15:49:39 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yaara Yeshurun |
Author | Noam Sobel |
Abstract | Olfaction is often referred to as a multidimensional sense. It is multidimensional in that approximately 1000 different receptor types, each tuned to particular odor aspects, together contribute to the olfactory percept. In humans, however, this percept is nearly unidimensional. Humans can detect and discriminate countless odorants, but can identify few by name. The one thing humans can and do invariably say about an odor is whether it is pleasant or not. We argue that this hedonic determination is the key function of olfaction. Thus, the boundaries of an odor object are determined by its pleasantness, which--unlike something material and more like an emotion--remains poorly delineated with words. |
Publication | Annual review of psychology |
Volume | 61 |
Pages | 219-241, C1-5 |
Date | 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Annu Rev Psychol |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163639 |
ISSN | 1545-2085 |
Short Title | An odor is not worth a thousand words |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19958179 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 3 13:36:25 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jul 3 13:36:25 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hadas Shintel |
Author | Howard C. Nusbaum |
Author | Arika Okrent |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 167-177 |
Date | 8/2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jml.2006.03.002 |
ISSN | 0749596X |
URL | http://www.academia.edu/283574/Analog_Acoustic_Expression_In_Speech_Communication |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 12:56:11 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 12:56:11 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 12:56:11 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | S. Kelter |
Author | G. Woll |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 331-347 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Bates |
Author | A.P. Saygin |
Author | S. Moineau |
Author | P. Marangolo |
Author | L. Pizzamiglio |
Abstract | The utility of single-case vs. group studies has been debated in neuropsychology for many years. The purpose of the present study is to illustrate an alternative approach to group studies of aphasia, in which the same symptom dimensions that are commonly used to assign patients to classical taxonomies (fluency, naming, repetition, and comprehension) are used as independent and continuous predictors in a multivariate design, without assigning patients to syndromes. One hundred twenty-six Italian-speaking patients with aphasia were first classified into seven classic aphasia categories, based on fluency, naming, auditory comprehension, and repetition scales. There were two goals: (1) compare group analyses based on aphasia types with multivariate analyses that sidestep classification and treat aphasic symptoms as continuous variables; (2) present correlation-based outlier analyses that can be used to identify individuals who occupy unusual positions in the multivariate "symptom space." In the service of the first goal, group performance on an external validation measure (the Token Test) was assessed in three steps: analyses of variance based on aphasia type, regressions using the same cut-offs for fluency, naming, comprehension and repetition as independent but dichotomous predictors, and regressions using the same subscales as continuous predictors (with no cut-offs). More variance in Token Test performance was accounted for when symptoms were treated as continuous predictors than with the other two methods, though use of independent but dichotomous predictors accounted for more variance than aphasia taxonomies. Thus, if we by-pass classical taxonomies and treat patients as points in a multidimensional symptom space, better predictions are obtained. Outlier analyses show that group results depend on heterogeneity among patients, which can be used as a search tool to identify potentially interesting dissociations. Hence this multivariate group approach is complementary to and compatible with single-case methods. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 106-116 |
Date | February 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.K. Tsosos |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 423-444 |
Date | 1990 |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=11&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=2 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 12:39:18 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 12:39:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 12:41:57 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 681 |
Date | 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Apr 26 00:03:07 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wiggett |
Author | Iwan C. Pritchard |
Author | Paul E. Downing |
Abstract | Evidence from neuropsychology suggests that the distinction between animate and inanimate kinds is fundamental to human cognition. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported that viewing animate objects activates ventrolateral visual brain regions, whereas inanimate objects activate ventromedial regions. However, these studies have typically compared only a small number of animate and inanimate kinds (e.g. animals and tools) and some evidence indicates that task demands determine whether these effects occur at all. In the current study we test whether a lateral-medial animacy bias is evident across a variety of stimuli, and across different tasks (matching two stimuli at a general, intermediate and exemplar level). Images of objects were presented sequentially in pairs, and match/mismatch judgements were made at different levels in different scans. The fMRI data showed ventrolateral activation for animate objects and ventromedial activation for inanimate objects. Additional analyses within these regions revealed no main effect of task, and no interactions between task and animacy. Furthermore, there were no subpopulations of voxels in any of the regions of interest that showed a significant task by animacy interaction. We conclude that ventral animate/inanimate category biases do not always depend on top-down task orientation. Furthermore, we consider whether the animate and inanimate activations reflect biases in the non-preferred responses of strongly category-selective regions such as the fusiform face area or the parahippocampal place area. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 3111-3117 |
Date | December 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.008 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Animate and inanimate objects in human visual cortex |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0D-4WV15YF-1/2/1a07f8da9ddd3ed60a1cc0cdcdd7b320 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 14 03:37:27 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Aug 14 03:37:27 2010 |
Modified | Fri Jan 6 13:25:03 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Leo Tolstoy |
Publisher | Simon & Brown |
Date | 2011-05-20 |
ISBN | 1613820496 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Jun 5 16:44:03 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jun 5 16:44:03 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Author | Paulo Boggio |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | Felix Bermpohl |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | Eva Feredoes |
Author | Marco Marcolin |
Author | Sergio Rigonatti |
Author | Maria Silva |
Author | W Paulus |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract | Previous studies have claimed that weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induces persisting excitability changes in the human motor cortex that can be more pronounced than cortical modulation induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation, but there are no studies that have evaluated the effects of tDCS on working memory. Our aim was to determine whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, which enhances brain cortical excitability and activity, would modify performance in a sequential-letter working memory task when administered to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Fifteen subjects underwent a three-back working memory task based on letters. This task was performed during sham and anodal stimulation applied over the left DLPFC. Moreover seven of these subjects performed the same task, but with inverse polarity (cathodal stimulation of the left DLPFC) and anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1). Our results indicate that only anodal stimulation of the left prefrontal cortex, but not cathodal stimulation of left DLPFC or anodal stimulation of M1, increases the accuracy of the task performance when compared to sham stimulation of the same area. This accuracy enhancement during active stimulation cannot be accounted for by slowed responses, as response times were not changed by stimulation. Our results indicate that left prefrontal anodal stimulation leads to an enhancement of working memory performance. Furthermore, this effect depends on the stimulation polarity and is specific to the site of stimulation. This result may be helpful to develop future interventions aiming at clinical benefits. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 166 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 23-30 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-005-2334-6 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-2334-6 |
Accessed | Mon May 24 09:23:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Mon May 24 09:23:11 2010 |
Modified | Wed Jun 22 13:42:37 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carlo Cerruti |
Author | Gottfried Schlaug |
Abstract | The remote associates test (RAT) is a complex verbal task with associations to both creative thought and general intelligence. RAT problems require not only lateral associations and the internal production of many words but a convergent focus on a single answer. Complex problem-solving of this sort may thus require both substantial verbal processing and strong executive function capacities. Previous studies have provided evidence that verbal task performance can be enhanced by noninvasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). tDCS modulates excitability of neural tissue depending on the polarity of the current. The after-effects of this modulation may have effects on task performance if the task examined draws on the modulated region. Studies of verbal cognition have focused largely on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3 of the 10-20 EEG system) as a region of interest. We planned to assess whether modulating excitability at F3 could affect complex verbal abilities. In Experiment 1 (anodal, cathodal, or sham stimulation over F3 with the reference electrode over the contralateral supraorbital region), we found a significant overall effect of stimulation condition on RAT performance. Post hoc tests showed an increase in performance after anodal stimulation (1 mA) compared to sham (p = .025) and to cathodal stimulation (p = .038). In Experiment 2 (either anodal stimulation at F3 or separately at its homologue F4), we replicated the anodal effect of the first study, but also showed that anodal stimulation of F4 had no effect on RAT performance. These data provide evidence that anodal stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can improve performance on a complex verbal problem-solving task believed to require significant executive function capacity. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1980-1987 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2008.21143 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18855556 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 9 01:44:23 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18855556 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 9 01:44:23 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.A. Ojemann |
Author | P. Fedio |
Author | J.M. Vanburen |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 91 |
Pages | 99-& |
Date | 1968 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Le Dorze |
Author | J.L. Nespoulous |
Abstract | This study has two objectives: (1) to determine through the analysis of surface manifestations of anomia whether one or several anomic syndromes exist, (2) to identify the psycholinguistic process at fault in anomia with reference to M. F. Garrett's (1982, in A. Ellis (Ed.), Normality and pathology in cognitive functions, London/New York: Academic Press) language production model. Two naming tasks were administered to 24 moderate aphasics. Test A was a standard naming task, and test B was a similar task which included subtests designed to indicate which level of representation was affected whenever patients did not name the target word. The subtests required, respectively, the identification of (a) a conceptual property, (b) two semantic attributes, (c) the first and (d) last syllable of the target word, and (e) the target word itself. Descriptive statistics yielded three groups of subjects different in terms of surface anomic manifestations, yet unrelated to clinical type of aphasia. Moreover, no significant differences between groups emerged on the subtests. All groups showed a good performance on the conceptual and the semantic subtests, suggesting preservation of high-level cognitive and semantic processes. In contrast, subjects evidenced poorer performances in syllabic identification, indicating a disruption of lower level mechanisms which are assumed to retrieve and process formal lexical representations. Results support the view that aphasic anomia originates from a difficulty in accessing the formal lexical representation and not from a semantic problem. ⬚⬚ ⬚ |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 381-400 |
Date | October 1989 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Fri Sep 10 11:43:45 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.M. Antonucci |
Author | P.M. Beeson |
Author | S.Z. Rapcsak |
Abstract | Background: Damage to left inferior temporal cortex has been associated with naming deficits resulting either from impaired access to phonological word forms (pure anomia) or from degraded semantic knowledge (semantic anomia). Neuropsychological evidence indicates that pure anomia may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex (BA 37), whereas semantic anomia is associated with damage to more anterior temporal lobe regions (BA 20, 21, 38). By contrast, some investigators have suggested that it is the overall severity of anomia, rather than the nature of the underlying cognitive impairment, that is affected by the anterior extent of the lesion. Aims: To examine the naming performance of patients with left inferior temporal lobe damage and determine whether anterior extension of the lesion influences the nature and/or the severity of the naming impairment. Methods & Procedures: Eight participants with focal damage to left inferior temporal cortex completed a battery of language measures that included confrontation naming, semantic processing, and single-word reading and spelling. Degree and type of anomia was examined relative to anterior lesion extension using both visual inspection and statistical analyses. Outcomes & Results: Naming performance ranged from unimpaired to severely defective, with only two participants demonstrating an additional mild impairment of semantic knowledge. The underlying mechanism of anomia seemed to be degraded access to phonological word forms in all participants, regardless of lesion configuration. The severity of the naming impairment was positively correlated with anterior extension of the lesion towards the temporal pole, although additional analyses suggested that these findings were significantly influenced by participant age. Naming was not correlated with performance on the nonverbal semantic task or any other demographic variable. Conclusions: The behavioural and neuroanatomical findings provide modest support for the hypothesis that a relationship exists between anterior lesion extension and the severity of concomitant anomia in patients with left inferior temporal lobe damage. The data suggest that such lesions may disconnect relatively preserved semantic knowledge from regions critical for access to phonological word forms. However, additional research is needed to discern to what extent age and individual variability temper these effects |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5-7 |
Pages | 543-554 |
Date | May 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:35 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:35 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Lambon-Ralph |
Author | L. Moriarty |
Author | K. Sage |
Abstract | A number of recent studies have attempted to explain patterns of normal and impaired performance in a variety of different language tasks with respect to the same set of "primary'' systems rather than resorting to explanations in terms of dedicated processes, specific to each and every language activity. In this study we consider whether the same approach can be taken to patterns of impaired single-word speech production. Specifically, using cross-sectional data from 21 aphasic patients we tested the hypothesis that the degree and nature of anomia can be explained using independently derived measures of the integrity of the patients' phonological and semantic/conceptual representations, without postulating a role for an abstract lexical level of representation. At a global level, we found that these two measures explained 55-80% of the variance in the patients' naming accuracy, a figure which approaches that found for test reliability. There was also a close fit between observed and expected naming accuracy for all individual patients. The same two measures also predicted the rate of different types of anomic error across individuals. Measures intended to assess lexical integrity did not explain any additional, unique variance in naming accuracy. We discuss these results and the theoretical approach with respect to existing theories of speech production, and evaluate the case-series methodology itself, both as a tool to reveal the underpinnings of speech production and as a neuropsychological technique in general |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 56-82 |
Date | January 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Author | G. Villa |
Author | G. Miceli |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 18-33 |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Author | G. Villa |
Author | G. Miceli |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 18-33 |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anna M Woollams |
Author | Elisa Cooper-Pye |
Author | John R Hodges |
Author | Karalyn Patterson |
Abstract | This study was designed to explore the nature of the anomia that is a defining feature of semantic dementia. Using a pool of 225 sets of picture naming data from 78 patients, we assessed the effects on naming accuracy of several characteristics of the target objects or their names: familiarity, frequency, age of acquisition and semantic domain (living/non-living). We also analysed the distribution of different error types according to the severity of the naming deficit. A particular focus of the study was the impact on naming of a previously unconsidered variable: the typicality of an object within its semantic category. This factor had a major influence both on naming success and on the proportions of different error types. Moreover, and increasingly so with declining naming accuracy, the patients' single-word incorrect responses were more typical than the target names. The observed effects of typicality sit well within models of semantic memory that represent concepts in terms of patterns of co-occurrence of constituent features. The results add to a growing body of evidence that, throughout the progressive deterioration of conceptual knowledge that characterises semantic dementia, both accuracy of performance and the nature of error responses are increasingly determined by the domain-specific aspects of typicality relevant to the task in question. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 2503-2514 |
Date | Aug 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.005 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Anomia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18499196 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 10 14:37:21 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18499196 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 14:37:21 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.B. Porter |
Publication | American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 67 |
Pages | 550-551 |
Date | 1954 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 00:53:09 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 2 00:53:49 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.F. Schwartz |
Author | Daniel Y. Kimberg |
Author | Grant M. Walker |
Author | Olufunsho Faseyitan |
Author | Adelyn Brecher |
Author | Gary S. Dell |
Author | H. Branch Coslett |
Abstract | Analysis of error types provides useful information about the stages and processes involved in normal and aphasic word production. In picture naming, semantic errors (horse for goat) generally result from something having gone awry in lexical access such that the right concept was mapped to the wrong word. This study used the new lesion analysis technique known as voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to investigate the locus of lesions that give rise to semantic naming errors. Semantic errors were obtained from 64 individuals with post-stroke aphasia, who also underwent high-resolution structural brain scans. Whole brain voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping was carried out to determine where lesion status predicted semantic error rate. The strongest associations were found in the left anterior to mid middle temporal gyrus. This area also showed strong and significant effects in further analyses that statistically controlled for deficits in pre-lexical, conceptualization processes that might have contributed to semantic error production. This study is the first to demonstrate a specific and necessary role for the left anterior temporal lobe in mapping concepts to words in production. We hypothesize that this role consists in the conveyance of fine-grained semantic distinctions to the lexical system. Our results line up with evidence from semantic dementia, the convergence zone framework and meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on word production. At the same time, they cast doubt on the classical linkage of semantic error production to lesions in and around Wernicke's area. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 132 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 3411 -3427 |
Date | December 01 , 2009 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awp284 |
Short Title | Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/132/12/3411.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 23:30:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 23:30:46 2012 |
Modified | Sun Feb 12 23:38:02 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Myrna F Schwartz |
Author | Daniel Y Kimberg |
Author | Grant M Walker |
Author | Olufunsho Faseyitan |
Author | Adelyn Brecher |
Author | Gary S Dell |
Author | H. Branch Coslett |
Abstract | Analysis of error types provides useful information about the stages and processes involved in normal and aphasic word production. In picture naming, semantic errors (horse for goat) generally result from something having gone awry in lexical access such that the right concept was mapped to the wrong word. This study used the new lesion analysis technique known as voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to investigate the locus of lesions that give rise to semantic naming errors. Semantic errors were obtained from 64 individuals with post-stroke aphasia, who also underwent high-resolution structural brain scans. Whole brain voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping was carried out to determine where lesion status predicted semantic error rate. The strongest associations were found in the left anterior to mid middle temporal gyrus. This area also showed strong and significant effects in further analyses that statistically controlled for deficits in pre-lexical, conceptualization processes that might have contributed to semantic error production. This study is the first to demonstrate a specific and necessary role for the left anterior temporal lobe in mapping concepts to words in production. We hypothesize that this role consists in the conveyance of fine-grained semantic distinctions to the lexical system. Our results line up with evidence from semantic dementia, the convergence zone framework and meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies on word production. At the same time, they cast doubt on the classical linkage of semantic error production to lesions in and around Wernicke's area. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 132 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 3411-3427 |
Date | 12/01/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awp284 |
ISSN | 0006-8950, 1460-2156 |
Short Title | Anterior temporal involvement in semantic word retrieval |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/132/12/3411 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 7 12:23:18 2012 |
Library Catalog | brain.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Thu Jun 7 12:23:18 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gorana Pobric |
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | M.A. Lambon-Ralph |
Abstract | Studies of semantic dementia and PET neuroimaging investigations suggest that the anterior temporal lobes (ATL) are a critical substrate for semantic representation. In stark contrast, classical neurological models of comprehension do not include ATL, and likewise functional MRI studies often fail to show activations in the ATL, reinforcing the classical view. Using a novel application of low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the ATL, we demonstrate that the behavioral pattern of semantic dementia can be mirrored in neurologically intact participants: Specifically, we show that temporary disruption to neural processing in the ATL produces a selective semantic impairment leading to significant slowing in both picture naming and word comprehension but not to other equally demanding, nonsemantic cognitive tasks. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 50 |
Pages | 20137 -20141 |
Date | December 11 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0707383104 |
Short Title | Anterior temporal lobes mediate semantic representation |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/20137.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 16:12:17 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 16:12:17 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 16 17:22:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Argye E. Hillis |
Abstract | In the last 25 years, characterization of aphasia has shifted from descriptions of the language tasks that are impaired by brain damage to identification of the disrupted cognitive processes underlying language. At the same time advances in technology, including functional imaging, electrophysiologic studies, perfusion imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have led to new insights regarding the relationships between language and the brain. These insights, together with computational models of language processes, converge on the view that a given language task relies on a complex set of cognitive processes and representations carried out by an intricate network of neural regions working together. Recovery from aphasia depends on restoration of tissue function or reorganization of the cognitive/neural network underlying language, which can be facilitated by a number of diverse interventions. The original research by the author reported in this article was supported by NIH R01 DC05375. |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 200 -213 |
Date | July 10 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1212/01.wnl.0000265600.69385.6f |
URL | http://www.neurology.org/content/69/2/200.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Feb 10 23:38:14 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Feb 10 23:38:14 2012 |
Modified | Fri Feb 10 23:38:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D T Wade |
Author | R L Hewer |
Author | R M David |
Author | P M Enderby |
Publication | Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 11-16 |
Date | 01/01/1986 |
Journal Abbr | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1136/jnnp.49.1.11 |
ISSN | , 1468-330X |
Short Title | Aphasia after stroke |
URL | http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/49/1/11 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 4 13:18:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | jnnp.bmj.com |
Date Added | Mon Jun 4 13:18:31 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 4 13:18:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Head |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 43 |
Pages | 88-165 |
Date | 1920 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Kelter |
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | D. Engel |
Author | G. List |
Author | H. Strohner |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 383-394 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N Helm-Estabrooks |
Author | A Ramage |
Author | A Bayles |
Author | R Cruz |
Abstract | Perseveration by type (recurrent, continuous, or stuck-in-set) was examined for 30 stroke patients, 20 of whom exhibited fluent aphasia, and 10 with non-fluent aphasia. Comparisons were made between the two aphasic subject groups on two verbal and two non-verbal tasks. Twenty-eight of the patients (93%) produced at least one instance of perseveration. The most commonly occurring type was recurrent perseveration. Instances of continuous perseveration also were common and were produced by 18 patients. Stuck-in-set perseveration was uncommon with only two patients exhibiting this form of perseveration. No differences were observed in the frequency of perseveration across the four tasks between fluent and non-fluent aphasic patients. Perseveration was significantly correlated with aphasia severity, but not with time post-onset. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 7-8 |
Pages | 689-698 |
Date | 1998 |
URL | http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00001132/ |
Accessed | Tue Jun 5 19:28:56 2012 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 5 19:28:56 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jun 5 19:30:25 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
URL | http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00001132/ |
Accessed | Tue Jun 5 19:21:40 2012 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 5 19:21:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jun 5 19:21:54 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | K. Swathi |
URL | http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00001882/ |
Accessed | Sun Oct 21 15:03:09 2012 |
Date Added | Sun Oct 21 15:03:09 2012 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 15:03:25 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Lemer |
Author | S. Dehaene |
Author | E. Spelke |
Author | L. Cohen |
Abstract | Numerical abilities are thought to rest on the integration of two distinct systems, a verbal system of number words and a non-symbolic representation of approximate quantities. This view has lead to the classification of acalculias into two broad categories depending on whether the deficit affects the verbal or the quantity system. Here, we test the association of deficits predicted by this theory, and particularly the presence or absence of impairments in non-symbolic quantity processing. We describe two acalculic patients, one with a focal lesion of the left parietal lobe and Gerstmann's syndrome and another with semantic dementia with predominantly left temporal hypometabolism. As predicted by a quantity deficit, the first patient was more impaired in subtraction than in multiplication, showed a severe slowness in approximation, and exhibited associated impairments in subitizing and numerical comparison tasks, both with Arabic digits and with arrays of dots. As predicted by a verbal deficit, the second patient was more impaired in multiplication than in subtraction, had intact approximation abilities, and showed preserved processing of non-symbolic numerosities. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 1942-1958 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Lemer |
Author | S. Dehaene |
Author | E. Spelke |
Author | L. Cohen |
Abstract | Numerical abilities are thought to rest on the integration of two distinct systems, a verbal system of number words and a non-symbolic representation of approximate quantities. This view has lead to the classification of acalculias into two broad categories depending on whether the deficit affects the verbal or the quantity system. Here, we test the association of deficits predicted by this theory, and particularly the presence or absence of impairments in non-symbolic quantity processing. We describe two acalculic patients, one with a focal lesion of the left parietal lobe and Gerstmann's syndrome and another with semantic dementia with predominantly left temporal hypometabolism. As predicted by a quantity deficit, the first patient was more impaired in subtraction than in multiplication, showed a severe slowness in approximation, and exhibited associated impairments in subitizing and numerical comparison tasks, both with Arabic digits and with arrays of dots. As predicted by a verbal deficit, the second patient was more impaired in multiplication than in subtraction, had intact approximation abilities, and showed preserved processing of non-symbolic numerosities. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 1942-1958 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Colin Renfrew |
Abstract | The current convergence is outlined between the three approaches to human diversity now offered by the disciplines of archaeology, historical linguistics and molecular genetics. The potentialities and pitfalls in the genetic evidence are reviewed. The outlines of the new account of linguistic diversity which may now be discerned receive a measure of support from the genetic evidence which is, however, especially in its application to the origins of the world's languages, subject to problem of interpretation. |
Publication | Man |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 445-478 |
Date | 1992 |
Series | New Series |
DOI | 10.2307/2803924 |
ISSN | 0025-1496 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/2803924 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 11 15:53:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Sep., 1992 / Copyright © 1992 Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |
Date Added | Wed Apr 11 15:53:06 2012 |
Modified | Wed Apr 11 15:53:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Riesenhuber |
Author | T Poggio |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 87-93, 111-25 |
Date | Sep 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10677029 |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10677029 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 18 20:25:02 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10677029 |
Date Added | Mon Aug 18 20:25:02 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dan Dediu |
Abstract | It is generally accepted that the relationship between human genes and language is very complex and multifaceted. This has its roots in the “regular” complexity governing the interplay among genes and between genes and environment for most phenotypes, but with the added layer of supraontogenetic and supra-individual processes defining culture. At the coarsest level, focusing on the species, it is clear that human-specific--but not necessarily faculty-specific--genetic factors subtend our capacity for language and a currently very productive research program is aiming at uncovering them. At the other end of the spectrum, it is uncontroversial that individual-level variations in different aspects related to speech and language have an important genetic component and their discovery and detailed characterization have already started to revolutionize the way we think about human nature. However, at the intermediate, glossogenetic/population level, the relationship becomes controversial, partly due to deeply ingrained beliefs about language acquisition and universality and partly because of confusions with a different type of gene-languages correlation due to shared history. Nevertheless, conceptual, mathematical and computational models--and, recently, experimental evidence from artificial languages and songbirds--have repeatedly shown that genetic biases affecting the acquisition or processing of aspects of language and speech can be amplified by population-level intergenerational cultural processes and made manifest either as fixed “universal” properties of language or as structured linguistic diversity. Here, I review several such models as well as the recently proposed case of a causal relationship between the distribution of tone languages and two genes related to brain growth and development, ASPM and Microcephalin, and I discuss the relevance of such genetic biasing for language evolution, change, and diversity. |
Publication | Human Biology |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 279-296 |
Date | Apr 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Hum. Biol. |
DOI | 10.3378/027.083.0208 |
ISSN | 1534-6617 |
Short Title | Are languages really independent from genes? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615290 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 15 11:35:18 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21615290 |
Date Added | Thu Mar 15 11:35:18 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C W Eriksen |
Author | W P O'Hara |
Abstract | Eriksen, O’Hara, and Eriksen (1982) have proposed that the latency advantage of same over different judgments when the match is based upon physical identity is due to differential amounts of response competition between the responses by which the judgment of same or different is signified. Responses of "different" are slowed by a high level of priming in the competing response signifying same. In the present experiment, the response competition model is extended to nominal matches and in particular to what Proctor 1198D has termed the "nam~physieal disparity"--a pair of letters are more rapidly judged to have the same name if they are the same ease le.g., a a~ than if they are in different eases le.g., A a~. While response competition effects were found to occur in nominal matches of this kind, the n~m~physieal disparity was greater than could be attributed solely to response competition. Evidence was obtained that part of the nam~physieal disparity could be attributed to the subject’s having two chances to make a-nominal raatch when the letter pair was identical both physically and in name. The match could be made either on the basis of the physic~tl or the name code. It was assumed that name and physical codes were processed at least partially independently. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 335-44 |
Date | Oct 1982 |
Journal Abbr | Percept Psychophys |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7155779 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 12 08:18:58 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7155779 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:03 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T Touge |
Author | W Gerschlager |
Author | P Brown |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Abstract | OBJECTIVES To investigate the mechanisms responsible for suppressing the amplitude of electromyogram (EMG) responses to a standard transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS) after prior conditioning of the motor cortex with repetitive subthreshold TMS (rTMS) at a frequency of 1 Hz. METHODS EMG responses from the first dorsal interosseous, abductor pollicis brevis and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles were recorded after suprathreshold TMS of the motor cortex. In some experiments, H-reflexes were also obtained in the FCR. The amplitude of these responses was compared before and after applying from 150 to 1500 rTMS pulses to motor cortex at an intensity of 95% resting motor threshold through the same figure-of-8 coil. RESULTS When tested with subjects relaxed, rTMS conditioning reduced the amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) to approximately 60% of pre-conditioning values for 2-10 min after the end of the conditioning train, depending on the number of pulses in the train. There was more suppression with 1500 rTMS pulses than with 150 pulses. There was no effect on H-reflexes. There was no effect on MEPs if the test stimuli were given during active contraction of the target muscle. CONCLUSIONS The findings confirm previous observations that low-frequency, low-intensity rTMS to motor cortex can produce transient depression of MEP excitability. Since there was no effect on spinal H-reflexes, this is consistent with the idea that some of the suppression occurs because of an effect on the motor cortex itself. The lack of any conditioning effect on MEPs evoked in actively contracting muscle is not readily consistent with the idea that rTMS depresses transmission in synaptic connections to pyramidal cells activated by the test TMS pulse. An alternative explanation is that rTMS reduces the excitability of cortical neurones in relaxed subjects, so that responses to a given input are smaller than before conditioning. Voluntary contraction normalises excitability levels so that the effect is no longer seen. |
Publication | Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 2138-2145 |
Date | Nov 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 1388-2457 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11682353 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 11 10:30:54 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11682353 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 10:30:54 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | D. Mirman |
Author | L.L. Holt |
Abstract | Lexical information facilitates speech perception, especially when sounds are ambiguous or degraded. The interactive approach to understanding this effect posits that this facilitation is accomplished through bi-directionall flow of information, allowing lexical knowledge to influence pre-lexical processes. Alternative autonomous theories posit feed-forward processing with lexical influence restricted to post-perceptual decision processes. We review evidence supporting the prediction of interactive models that lexical influences can affect pre-lexical mechanisms, triggering compensation, adaptation and retuning of phonological processes generally taken to be pre-lexical. We argue that these and other findings point to interactive processing as a fundamental principle for perception of speech and other modalities |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 363-369 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Francis Crick |
Author | Christof Koch |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 375 |
Issue | 6527 |
Pages | 121-123 |
Date | May 11, 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/375121a0 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375121a0 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 6 10:12:59 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.J. Brainerd |
Author | V.F. Reyna |
Author | T.J. Forrest |
Abstract | False memories have typically been found to be more common during early childhood than during later childhood or adulthood. However, fuzzy-trace theory makes the counterintuitive prediction that some powerful forms of adult false memory will be greatly attenuated in early childhood, an important example being the Deese/Roediger/McDermott (DRM) illusion. Three developmental studies of this illusion (N = 282) found that (1) it was at near-floor levels in young children, (2) it was still below adult levels by early adolescence, and (3) the low levels of the illusion in young children may be due to failure to "get the gist" of DRM materials |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1363-1377 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.J. Brainerd |
Author | V.F. Reyna |
Author | T.J. Forrest |
Abstract | False memories have typically been found to be more common during early childhood than during later childhood or adulthood. However, fuzzy-trace theory makes the counterintuitive prediction that some powerful forms of adult false memory will be greatly attenuated in early childhood, an important example being the Deese/Roediger/McDermott (DRM) illusion. Three developmental studies of this illusion (N = 282) found that (1) it was at near-floor levels in young children, (2) it was still below adult levels by early adolescence, and (3) the low levels of the illusion in young children may be due to failure to "get the gist" of DRM materials |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1363-1377 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.H.V. Wickham |
Author | H. Swift |
Abstract | Verbal overshadowing is the phenomenon that verbally describing a face between presentation and test can impair identification of the face (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). This study examined the effects of articulatory suppression and distinctiveness upon the magnitude of the verbal overshadowing effect. Participants engaged in articulatory suppression or a control task whilst viewing a target face. They then either described the face or completed a distractor task before selecting the target face from a line-up. This was repeated for 12 trials. Articulatory suppression impaired identification performance overall, and reduced the negative effects of description to non-significance, whereas the control group demonstrated the standard verbal overshadowing effect. Typical faces showed verbal overshadowing, whereas distinctive faces did not. These results are consistent with the view that verbal overshadowing arises because the description of the target face creates a verbal code that interferes with a verbal code created spontaneously during encoding. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
Publication | Applied Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 157-169 |
Date | March 2006 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A. Sloman |
Author | B.C. Malt |
Abstract | We evaluate three theories of categorisation in the domain of artifacts. Two theories are versions of psychological essentialism; they posit that artifact categorisation is a matter of judging membership in a kind by appealing to a belief about the true, underlying nature of the object. The first version holds that the essence can be identified with the intended function of objects. The second holds that the essence can be identified with the creator's intended kind membership. The third theory is called "minimalism". It states that judgements of kind membership are based on beliefs about causal laws, not beliefs about essences. We conclude that each theory makes unnecessary assumptions in explaining how people make everyday classifications and inductions with artifacts. Essentialist theories go wrong in assuming that the belief that artifacts have essences is critical to categorisation. All theories go wrong in assuming that artifacts are treated as if they belong to stable, fixed kinds. Theories of artifact categorisation must contend with the fact that artifact categories are not stable, but rather depend on the categorisation task at hand |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5-6 |
Pages | 563-582 |
Date | October 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Leandro Nunes de Castro |
Author | Jonathan Timmis |
Abstract | Recently there has been a growing interest in the use of the biological immune system as a source of inspiration for solving complicated computational problems. The immune system involves many information-processing abilities including pattern recognition, learning, memory and inherent distributed parallel processing and for these, and other reasons, it has received a significant amount of interest as a metaphor within computing. This emerging field is known as Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), and applications of AIS include, machine learning, fault diagnosis, computer security, scheduling, virus detection and optimisation. |
Publisher | Springer Verlag |
Date | November 2002 |
Language | English |
ISBN | 9781852335946 |
URL | http://books.google.com/books?id=aMFP7p8DtaQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=artificial+immune+systems&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D T Stuss |
Abstract | The quality of the neuropsychological investigation of behavioural changes in frontal dementias is dependent on the specificity of the behavioural analyses. A review of methodological issues and published findings identifies possible potential reasons for misinterpretation of research neuropsychological data in these studies. The areas reviewed include the operational definitions of terms such as 'frontal lobes' and 'frontal functions'; identification of experimental limitations in frontal lobe research; and highlights of neuropsychological investigations of frontal lobe functions. These deliberations suggest a practical approach to the behavioural assessment of frontal dementias. |
Publication | Dementia (Basel, Switzerland) |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 220-225 |
Date | 1993 May-Aug |
Journal Abbr | Dementia |
ISSN | 1013-7424 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8401795 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 14:58:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8401795 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 14:58:24 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Don Donderi |
Author | Sheila Seal |
Author | Linda Covit |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 394-400 |
Date | 6/1973 |
Journal Abbr | Perception & Psychophysics |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03212411 |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/g025m185rw557083/ |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 16:19:43 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 16:19:43 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 16:19:43 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carolyn Parkinson |
Author | Peter Jes Kohler |
Author | Beau Sievers |
Author | Thalia Wheatley |
Abstract | Associations between auditory pitch and visual elevation are widespread in many languages, and behavioral associations have been extensively documented between height and pitch among speakers of those languages. However, it remains unclear whether perceptual correspondences between auditory pitch and visual elevation inform these linguistic associations, or merely reflect them. We probed this cross-modal mapping in members of a remote Kreung hill tribe in northeastern Cambodia who do not use spatial language to describe pitch. Participants viewed shapes rising or falling in space while hearing sounds either rising or falling in pitch, and reported on the auditory change. Associations between pitch and vertical position in the Kreung were similar to those demonstrated in populations where pitch is described in terms of spatial height. These results suggest that associations between visual elevation and auditory pitch can arise independently of language. Thus, widespread linguistic associations between pitch and elevation may reflect universally predisposed perceptual correspondences. Keywords: universality, cross-modal correspondences, audiovisual interactions, auditory pitch, conceptual metaphor, spatial representation, SMARC effect |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 854 – 861 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1068/p7225 |
Short Title | Associations between auditory pitch and visual elevation do not depend on language |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p7225 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 13:04:28 2012 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 13:04:28 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 13:04:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timothy J. Vickery |
Author | Yuhong V. Jiang |
Abstract | Perceptual grouping is usually defined by principles that associate distinct elements by virtue of image properties, such as proximity, similarity, and occurrence within common regions. What role does learning play in forming a perceptual group? This study provides evidence that learning of shape associations leads to perceptual grouping. Subjects were repeatedly exposed to pairs of unique shapes that co-occurred within a common region. The common region cue was later removed in displays composed of these shapes, and the subjects searched the display for two adjacent shapes of the same color. The subjects were faster at locating the color repetition when the adjacent shapes with the same color came from the same trained groups than when they were composed of two shapes from different trained groups. The effects were perceptual in nature: Learned pairings produced spatial distortions similar to those observed for groups defined by perceptual similarity. A residual grouping effect was observed even when the shapes in the trained group switched their relative positions but was eliminated when each shape was inverted. These results indicate that statistical co-occurrence with explicit grouping cues may form an important component of perceptual organization, determining perceived scene structure solely on the basis of past experience. |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 896-909 |
Date | May 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/APP.71.4.896 |
Short Title | Associative grouping |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/71/4/896.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:05:34 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:05:34 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 29 00:05:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elisabeth Moores |
Author | Liana Laiti |
Author | Leonardo Chelazzi |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 182-189 |
Date | February 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn996 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn996 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 19 15:37:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Fri Jun 19 15:37:27 2009 |
Modified | Fri Jun 19 15:37:27 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mareschal |
Author | P.C. Quinn |
Author | R.M. French |
Abstract | Three- to 4-month-old infants show asymmetric exclusivity in the acquisition of cat and dog perceptual categories. The cat perceptual category excludes dog exemplars, but the dog perceptual category does not exclude cat exemplars. We describe a connectionist autoencoder model of perceptual categorization that shows the same asymmetries as infants. The model predicts the presence of asymmetric retroactive interference when infants acquire cat and dog categories sequentially. A subsequent experiment conducted with 3- to 4-month-olds verifies the predicted pattern of looking time behaviors. We argue that bottom-up, associative learning systems with distributed representations are appropriate for modeling the operation of short-term visual memory in early perceptual category learning. (C) 2002 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 377-389 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Foster |
Author | P.A. Ward |
Abstract | Visual detection of a line target differing in orientation from a background of lines may be achieved speedily and effortlessly. Such performance is assumed to occur early in vision and to involve filter mechanisms acting in parallel over the visual field. This study establishes orientational limits on this performance and analytically derives some generic properties of the underlying filters. It was found that, in brief displays, target orientation detection thresholds increased approximately linearly with background orientation, from minima at 0-degrees (vertical) and 90-degrees, whereas background orientation detection thresholds decreased approximately linearly with target orientation, from maxima at 0-degrees and 90-degrees. Target and background threshold functions were exactly antisymmetric. These data are shown to indicate a model of early line processing dominated by two classes of orientation-sensitive filter with axes close to the vertical and horizontal and orientation-tuning half-widths each of approximately 30-degrees at half-height |
Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences |
Volume | 243 |
Issue | 1306 |
Pages | 75-81 |
Date | January 22, 1991 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Abstract | In visual search tasks, observers look for a target stimulus among distracter stimuli. A visual search asymmetry is said to occur when a search for stimulus A among stimulus B produces different results from a search for B among A. Anne Treisman made search asymmetries into an important tool in the study of visual attention. She argued that it was easier to find a target that was defined by the presence of a preattentive basic feature than to find a target defined by the absence of that feature. Four of the eight papers in this symposium in Perception & Psychophysics deal with the use of search asymmetries to identify stimulus attributes that behave as basic features in this context. Another two papers deal with the long-standing question of whether a novelty can be considered to be a basic feature. Asymmetries can also arise when one type of stimulus is easier to identify or classify than another. Levin and Angelone's paper on visual search for faces of different races is an examination of an asymmetry of this variety. Finally, Previc and Naegele investigate an asymmetry based on the spatial location of the target. Taken as a whole, these papers illustrate the continuing value of the search asymmetry paradigm |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 381-389 |
Date | April 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tracy L. Luks |
Author | Michael Oliveira |
Author | Katherine L. Possin |
Author | Anne Bird |
Author | Bruce L. Miller |
Author | Michael W. Weiner |
Author | Joel H. Kramer |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 165-170 |
Date | 1/2010 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.001 |
ISSN | 00283932 |
URL | http://ukpmc.ac.uk/articles/PMC3018338//reload=0;jsessionid=txp0RpLxy6xGIWRVKrj5.0 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 9 21:40:48 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 21:40:48 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 21:40:48 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Carrasco |
Author | S. Ling |
Author | S. Read |
Abstract | Does attention alter appearance? This critical issue, debated for over a century, remains unsettled. From psychophysical evidence that covert attention affects early vision-it enhances contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution- and from neurophysiological evidence that attention increases the neuronal contrast sensitivity (contrast gain), one could infer that attention changes stimulus appearance. Surprisingly, few studies have directly investigated this issue. Here we developed a psychophysical method to directly assess the phenomenological correlates of attention in humans. We show that attention alters appearance; it boosts the apparent stimulus contrast. These behavioral results are consistent with neurophysiological findings suggesting that attention changes the strength of a stimulus by increasing its 'effective contrast' or salience |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 308-313 |
Date | 2004 |
URL | ISI:000189197900022 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:10 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joetta Gobell |
Author | Marisa Carrasco |
Abstract | Transient attention is the automatic and short-lasting preferential processing of an area in visual space initiated by sudden stimulation in the same vicinity. Transient attention enhances early visual processing in a variety of dimensions, increasing contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution, and acuity. A recent study established that the increase in contrast sensitivity is accompanied by an increase in apparent contrast. In the present study, we investigated whether the effects of transient attention on spatial resolution and acuity are accompanied by corresponding phenomenological changes in these dimensions. The data indicate that transient attention increases the apparent spatial frequency of Gabor stimuli (Experiment 1) and increases apparent gap size in a Landolt-square acuity task (Experiment 2). Transient attention not only affects basic visual processing2014it changes what one experiences. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 644-651 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01588.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01588.x |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 15:13:21 2008 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:17 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C Koch |
Author | N Tsuchiya |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 16-22 |
Date | 01/2007 |
Journal Abbr | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.012 |
ISSN | 13646613 |
Short Title | Attention and consciousness |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=7&SID=3Bb2peh131DgoE15EI9&page=1&doc=5&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 16:48:37 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 16:48:37 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 16:48:37 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Laural Murray |
Abstract | PURPOSE: This study was designed to further elucidate the relationship between cognition and aphasia with a focus on attention. It was hypothesized that individuals with aphasia would display variable deficit patterns on tests of attention and other cognitive functions and that their attention deficits, particularly those of complex attention functions, would be related to their language and communication status. METHOD: Individuals with varying types and severity of aphasia and age- and education-matched healthy adults with no brain damage completed tests of attention, short-term and working memory, and executive functioning. RESULTS: The aphasic group performed significantly more poorly than the control group across the cognitive measures, but with variability in the presence, types, and severity of attention and other cognitive deficits among the aphasic participants. Correlational and regression analyses yielded significant relations between attention deficits and language and communication status. CONCLUSIONS: The findings accorded well with prior research identifying (a) attention and other cognitive deficits in most but not all individuals with aphasia, (b) heterogeneity in the types and severity of attention and other cognitive symptoms among those with cognitive impairments, and, (c) potent associations among attention, language, and other cognitive domains. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. |
Publication | American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association |
Date | Jan 9, 2012 |
DOI | 10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0067) |
ISSN | 1558-9110 |
Short Title | Attention and Other Cognitive Deficits in Aphasia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22230179 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 11 00:05:04 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22230179 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 11 00:05:04 2012 |
Modified | Sat Feb 11 00:05:04 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. D Baddeley |
Author | V. Lewis |
Author | M. Eldridge |
Author | N. Thomson |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 113 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 518-540 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Feb 23 19:02:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Y. Tanaka |
Author | D. Sagi |
Abstract | Low-contrast visual stimuli have been found to produce a memory trace, enhancing subsequent target detection for as much as 16 s. Here we show that the memory trace depends on dynamic interactions between low-level stimulus properties and a higher-level gating process. Detection of vertical targets (Gabor signals) was enhanced by preceding vertical Gabor primes, but suppressed by preceding tilted primes - pointing to a competitive process of dynamic resource allocation. The priming effect was also dependent on a temporal cue, activating a sensory gating process with maximal effect at 300-500 ms delay. The results suggest a two-step process in which attention affects transition between perception and memory: a non-selective gating process followed by competition between overlapping representations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1089-1100 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Author | C.R.R. Snyder |
Author | B.J. Davidson |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 160-174 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:23:17 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Satoru Suzuki |
Author | Marcia Grabowecky |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 793-807 |
Date | 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-1523.29.4.793 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=3&SID=3D@dLe4HhmJenLpmfeP&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Oct 18 17:47:30 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 18 17:47:30 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 18 17:47:30 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Palmer |
Abstract | Visual search is a common task both in naturalistic settings and in the laboratory. Outside the laboratory, one might look for a car in a parking lot, a name in text, or a navigation marker on the horizon. In the laboratory, search is simplified in several ways; commonly, the subject views a set of distinct objects and is asked to detect the presence of a particular object (the target) among a set of distracters. Two examples are shown in Figure 1. The top two panels illustrate the contrast increment task, in which the target is a disk of high luminance and the distractors are disks of lower luminance; the bottom two panels illustrate the line bisection task, in which the target is a rotated L and the distractors are rotated Ts. One of the most studied aspects of visual search is the effect on performance of the number of objects, here referred to as the display set size. Display set sizes of 2 and 24 are illustrated in Figure 1. In the top panels, the target ''pops out''-even for a large display set size. More precisely, display set size has little or no effect on search time or accuracy when the target is much brighter than the distracters. In contrast, in the bottom panels, finding the target requires ''scrutiny'' for the large set size. Display set size has a large effect on both search time and accuracy when the target and the distracters are these different rotated characters. These variations in the magnitude of set-size effects pose a central question for research on visual search. In this article, I use signal detection theory to analyze set size effects on search accuracy. It remains to be seen how this analysis will extend to the more commonly studied set-size effect on search time |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 118-123 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel H. O'Connor |
Author | Miki M. Fukui |
Author | Mark A. Pinsk |
Author | Sabine Kastner |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1203-1209 |
Date | November 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn957 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn957 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:06:33 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Feb 28 12:06:33 2009 |
Modified | Sat Feb 28 12:06:33 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel H. O'Connor |
Author | Miki M. Fukui |
Author | Mark A. Pinsk |
Author | Sabine Kastner |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1203-1209 |
Date | November 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn957 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn957 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:06:10 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:09 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:09 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stefan Sunaert |
Author | Paul Van Hecke |
Author | Guy Marchal |
Author | Guy A. Orban |
Abstract | We studied the functional neuroanatomy of attention to speed of motion using functional magnetic resonance imaging in eight healthy subjects, who performed a speed discrimination (SID) task using a random textured pattern moving at a reference speed of 6 deg/s. During the control condition (DIM), with retinal stimulation identical to that during SID, subjects detected the dimming of the central fixation point. Attention to speed (SID compared to DIM) activated mainly ventral V3 and V4, dorsal V3 and V3A. Compared to a fixation control condition, speed discrimination recruited a large visuomotor network, including hMT/V5+. However, hMT/V5+ was only marginally more active during speed discrimination than during dimming detection. Thus hMT/V5+ is involved in speed discrimination, in line with the speed discrimination impairments following hMT/V5+ lesions, but our results suggest that this activity simply reflects the processing of motion rather than attention to speed. Manipulating the difficulty of the speed discrimination task over a large range of the psychometric curve revealed that increasing difficulty linearly increases activity in right frontal regions, as well as in lateral occipital and dorsal parietal regions. A weak effect of difficulty was also observed in dorsal V3. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 612-623 |
Date | June 2000 |
DOI | 10.1006/nimg.2000.0587 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Attention to Speed of Motion, Speed Discrimination, and Task Difficulty |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WNP-45K11C6-4/2/d81a0225e200756f6d577b58d03038af |
Accessed | Mon May 4 13:25:56 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon May 4 13:25:56 2009 |
Modified | Mon May 4 13:25:56 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Suzuki |
Abstract | In contrast to the abundant literature investigating how orientation coding depends on edges defined by various image features, relatively little is known about how coding of orientation might also depend on the two distinct functional roles that oriented edges commonly play. Oriented lines can delineate outline contours of a figure or they can form texture. The results of five experiments using orientation aftereffects measured with brief tests (27 ms, backward masked; adapt-to-test interval=201 ms) provided evidence that brief stimuli (135 ms) selectively adapt coding of contour-line orientation rather than coding of line-texture orientation. Furthermore, parametric results revealed that the rapidly adapting aftereffects for contour orientation are characterized by (1) broad orientation tuning (peaking at 30° to 50° from test orientation), (2) indifference as to how the contours are defined (e.g. bright lines, high-pass-filtered lines, faint lines generated by the spatial inhomogeneity of visual sensitivity), (3) rapid saturation at low contrast energy, (4) strong modulation by selective attention, and (5) relative size tolerance. These characteristics appear to parallel those of cells in the high end of the visual form processing pathway (such as inferotemporal cortex). It is thus suggested that the rapidly adapting contour orientation aftereffects reported here may be mediated by high-level neural units that encode global configurations of orientation (e.g. convexity and concavity). |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 41⬚ ⬚ |
Pages | 3883-3902 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Dehaene |
Author | R Akhavein |
Abstract | Participants performed same-different judgments for pairs of numerals in 2 conditions: numerical matching (responding "same" to pairs such as 2-TWO), or physical matching (responding "different" to pairs such as 2-TWO). In most cases, a distance effect was obtained, with the different responses being slower when the 2 numbers were numerically close together (e.g., 1-2) than when they were further apart (e.g., 1-8). This indicates that numbers were automatically converted mentally into quantities, even when the participants had been told to attend exclusively to their physical characteristics. As postulated by several models of number processing, (e.g., Dehaene, 1992; McCloskey, 1992) Arabic and verbal numerals thus appear to converge toward a common semantic representation of quantities. However, the present results suggest that an asemantic transcoding route might allow for a direct mapping of Arabic and verbal numbers, perhaps by means of a common phonological representation. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 314-326 |
Date | Mar 1995 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7738503 |
Accessed | Sat Mar 5 13:08:52 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7738503 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 5 13:08:52 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alan Kingstone |
Author | Daniel Smilek |
Author | Jelena Ristic |
Author | Chris Kelland Friesen |
Author | John D. Eastwood |
Abstract | Theories of attention, too often generated from artificial laboratory experiments, may have limited validity when attention in the natural world is considered. For instance, for more than two decades, conceptualizations of "reflexive" and "volitional" shifts of spatial attention have been grounded in methodologies that do not recognize or utilize the basic fact that people routinely use the eyes of other people as rich and complex attentional cues. This fact was confirmed by our novel discovery that eyes will trigger a reflexive shift of attention even when they are presented centrally and are known to be spatially nonpredictive. This exploration of real-world attention also led to our finding that, contrary to popular wisdom, arrows, like eyes, are capable of producing reflexive shifts of attention2014a discovery that brings into question much of the existing attention research. We argue that research needs to be grounded in the real world and not in experimental paradigms. It is time for cognitive psychology to reaffirm the difficult task of studying attention in a manner that has relevance to real-life situations. |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 176-180 |
Date | 2003 |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-8721.01255 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01255 |
Accessed | Sat Dec 20 18:59:35 2008 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Dec 20 18:59:35 2008 |
Modified | Sat Dec 20 18:59:35 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Nosofky |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-57 |
Date | MAR 1986 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=84&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 15:09:16 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 15:09:16 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 15:09:34 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Eimer |
Author | M. Kiss |
Abstract | We measured the N2pc component as an electrophysiological indicator of attentional selection to investigate whether fearful faces can attract attention even when they are entirely task-irrelevant and attention is focused on another demanding visual monitoring task. Participants had to detect infrequent luminance changes of the fixation cross, while ignoring stimulus arrays containing a face singleton (a fearful face among neutral faces, or neutral face among fearful faces) to the left or right of fixation. On trials without a target luminance change, an N2pc was elicited by fearful faces presented next to fixation, irrespective of whether they were singletons or not, demonstrating that irrelevant fearful faces can bias the spatial distribution of attention. The N2pc to fearful faces was attenuated when face arrays were presented simultaneously with a target luminance change, suggesting that concurrent target processing reduces attentional capture by emotional salient events. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Biological Psychology |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 108-112 |
Date | January 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dominique Lamy |
Author | Howard E Egeth |
Abstract | Six experiments were conducted to determine the circumstances under which an irrelevant singleton captures attention. Subjects searched for a target while ignoring a salient distractor that appeared at different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) prior to each search display. Spatial congruency and interference effects were measured. The strategies available to find the target were controlled (only singleton-detection mode, only feature-search mode, or both search strategies available). An irrelevant abrupt onset captured attention in search for a color target, across SOAs, whatever strategies were available. In contrast, in search for a shape target, an irrelevant color singleton captured attention in the singleton-detection condition but delayed response at its location in the feature-search condition, across SOAs. When both strategies were available, capture was short lived (50- to 100-msec SOAs). The theoretical implications of these findings in relation to current views on attentional capture are discussed. ((c) 2003 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1003-20 |
Date | Oct 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-1523.29.5.1003 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14585019 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 21 20:41:26 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14585019 |
Date Added | Sun Dec 21 20:41:26 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jan Theeuwes |
Author | Arthur F Kramer |
Author | Alan Kingstone |
Abstract | The present study was designed to determine the spatial distribution of attention in displays in which an irrelevant color singleton was present. The results show that the presence of an irrelevant color singleton modulates target detectability (d'). The presence of an irrelevant singleton reduces the gain for input at the target location, particularly when the irrelevant color singleton was close to the target singleton. In line with earlier claims, it is argued that the capture of attention by the irrelevant singleton causes a reduced sensory input at the target location. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 551-4 |
Date | Jun 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15376809 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 17:02:28 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15376809 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:10 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anne Pier Salverda |
Author | Gerry T M Altmann |
Abstract | Participants saw a small number of objects in a visual display and performed a visual detection or visual-discrimination task in the context of task-irrelevant spoken distractors. In each experiment, a visual cue was presented 400 ms after the onset of a spoken word. In experiments 1 and 2, the cue was an isoluminant color change and participants generated an eye movement to the target object. In experiment 1, responses were slower when the spoken word referred to the distractor object than when it referred to the target object. In experiment 2, responses were slower when the spoken word referred to a distractor object than when it referred to an object not in the display. In experiment 3, the cue was a small shift in location of the target object and participants indicated the direction of the shift. Responses were slowest when the word referred to the distractor object, faster when the word did not have a referent, and fastest when the word referred to the target object. Taken together, the results demonstrate that referents of spoken words capture attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1122-1133 |
Date | Aug 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
DOI | 10.1037/a0023101 |
ISSN | 1939-1277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21517215 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 24 11:51:06 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21517215 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 24 11:51:06 2011 |
Modified | Wed Aug 24 11:51:06 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joshua Wede |
Author | Gregory Francis |
Abstract | We explore attentional effects on afterimages in the framework of the FACADE model of visual perception. We first show that the FACADE model can account for the experimental findings of Suzuki and Grabowecky [Suzuki, S., & Grabowecky, M. (2003). Attention during adaptation weakens negative afterimages. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 29, 793–807] that afterimages are weaker when the inducing stimulus is attended. We then analyze the model’s behavior with attentional influences on a two-stimulus afterimage studied by Francis and Rothmayer [Francis, G., & Rothmayer, M. (2003). Interactions of afterimages for orientation and color: Experimental data and model simulations. Perception & Psychophysics 65, 508–522]. The model predicts that attentional focus directed towards the first stimulus has little effect on afterimage strength. In contrast, the model predicts that attentional focus on the second stimulus should increase the strength of the afterimage compared to when attention is focused elsewhere. Moreover, the model predicts that the attentional effects on the second stimulus should vary with time after offset of the second inducing stimulus. All of the model predictions are validated in an experiment. The model and experimental results extend and clarify previous explanations of attentional effects and afterimages. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 17 |
Pages | 2249-2258 |
Date | Auguest 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.visres.2007.04.024 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | Attentional effects on afterimages |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698907001940 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 01:08:29 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:08:29 2012 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Charles C Liu |
Author | Bradley J Wolfgang |
Author | Philip L Smith |
Abstract | Recent spatial cuing studies have shown that detection sensitivity can be increased by the allocation of attention. This increase has been attributed to one of two mechanisms: signal enhancement or uncertainty reduction. Signal enhancement is an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio at the cued location; uncertainty reduction is a reduction in the uncertainty associated with the location of the target. In displays with low uncertainty, cuing effects are typically found only if targets are backwardly masked. This phenomenon is known as the mask-dependent cuing effect. This effect was investigated in four experiments using the response signal paradigm, which controlled for speed-accuracy tradeoffs. For unmasked targets, cues failed to improve detection accuracy when uncertainty was absent (Experiment 1), but large cuing effects were obtained when uncertainty was present (Experiment 2). For masked targets, stronger cuing effects were obtained with a backward pattern mask (Experiment 3) than with a simultaneous noise mask (Experiment 4). We conclude that the cuing effects in simple detection with well-localized targets are due to a dynamic signal enhancement mechanism. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1329-1345 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
DOI | 10.1037/a0014255 |
ISSN | 1939-1277 |
Short Title | Attentional mechanisms in simple visual detection |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19803640 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 20:41:49 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19803640 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 20:41:49 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Geoffrey M. Ghose |
Author | John H. R. Maunsell |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 419 |
Issue | 6907 |
Pages | 616-620 |
Date | October 10, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature01057 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01057 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 16 09:09:52 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Apr 16 09:09:52 2009 |
Modified | Thu Apr 16 09:09:52 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John H Reynolds |
Author | Leonardo Chelazzi |
Abstract | Single-unit recording studies in the macaque have carefully documented the modulatory effects of attention on the response properties of visual cortical neurons. Attention produces qualitatively different effects on firing rate, depending on whether a stimulus appears alone or accompanied by distracters. Studies of contrast gain control in anesthetized mammals have found parallel patterns of results when the luminance contrast of a stimulus increases. This finding suggests that attention has co-opted the circuits that mediate contrast gain control and that it operates by increasing the effective contrast of the attended stimulus. Consistent with this idea, microstimulation of the frontal eye fields, one of several areas that control the allocation of spatial attention, induces spatially local increases in sensitivity both at the behavioral level and among neurons in area V4, where endogenously generated attention increases contrast sensitivity. Studies in the slice have begun to explain how modulatory signals might cause such increases in sensitivity. |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 27 |
Pages | 611-47 |
Date | 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Annu. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 15217345 |
ISSN | 0147-006X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217345 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 13:35:01 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15217345 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:35:01 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G Caputo |
Author | S Guerra |
Abstract | Selective attention was studied in displays containing singletons popping out for their odd form or color, The target was defined as the form-singleton, the distracter as the color-singleton. The task was to discriminate the length of a longer line inside the target, Target-distractor similarity was controlled using a threshold measurement as dependent variable in experiments in which distracter presence vs absence, bottom-up vs top-down selection (through knowledge of target features), and target-distracter distance were manipulated, The results in the bottom-up condition showed that length threshold was elevated when a distracter was present and that this elevation progressively increased as the number of distracters was increased from one to two, This set-size effect was not accounted by the hypothesis that selective attention intervenes only at the stage of decision before response, Selective attention produced a suppressive surround in which discriminability of neighboring objects was strongly reduced, and a larger surround in which discriminability was reduced by an approximately constant amount, Different results were found in the top-down condition in which target discriminability was unaffected by distracter presence and no effect of target-distracter distance was found, On the other hand, response times in both bottom-up and top-down conditions were slower the shorter the target-distracter distance was, On the basis of the experimental results, selective attention is a parallel process of spatial filtering at an intermediate processing level operating after objects have been segmented, This filtering stage explores high level interactions between objects taking control on combinatorial explosion by operating over only a limited spatial extent: it picks out a selected object and inhibits the neighboring objects; then, non-selected objects are suppressed across the overall image, When no feature-based selection is available in the current behavior, this filtering influences perception in decreasing discriminability of non-selected objects, When feature-based selection is available, spatial interactions are set before stimulus arrival, hence only the unmatching objects have their discriminability diminished, (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. |
Publication | VISION RESEARCH |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 669-689 |
Date | MAR 1998 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=2&doc=16 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 12:30:18 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 12:30:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 12:30:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cesare Parise |
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | A growing body of empirical research on the topic of multisensory perception now shows that even non-synaesthetic individuals experience crossmodal correspondences, that is, apparently arbitrary compatibility effects between stimuli in different sensory modalities. In the present study, we replicated a number of classic results from the literature on crossmodal correspondences and highlight the existence of two new crossmodal correspondences using a modified version of the implicit association test (IAT). Given that only a single stimulus was presented on each trial, these results rule out selective attention and multisensory integration as possible mechanisms underlying the reported compatibility effects on speeded performance. The crossmodal correspondences examined in the present study all gave rise to very similar effect sizes, and the compatibility effect had a very rapid onset, thus speaking to the automatic detection of crossmodal correspondences. These results are further discussed in terms of the advantages of the IAT over traditional techniques for assessing the strength and symmetry of various crossmodal correspondences. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 220 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 319-333 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-012-3140-6 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
Short Title | Audiovisual crossmodal correspondences and sound symbolism |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/j54j432l37822483/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:00:48 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:00:48 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:00:48 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stefan R Schweinberger |
Author | Christoph Casper |
Author | Nadine Hauthal |
Author | Jürgen M Kaufmann |
Author | Hideki Kawahara |
Author | Nadine Kloth |
Author | David M C Robertson |
Author | Adrian P Simpson |
Author | Romi Zäske |
Abstract | Perceptual aftereffects following adaptation to simple stimulus attributes (e.g., motion, color) have been studied for hundreds of years. A striking recent discovery was that adaptation also elicits contrastive aftereffects in visual perception of complex stimuli and faces [1-6]. Here, we show for the first time that adaptation to nonlinguistic information in voices elicits systematic auditory aftereffects. Prior adaptation to male voices causes a voice to be perceived as more female (and vice versa), and these auditory aftereffects were measurable even minutes after adaptation. By contrast, crossmodal adaptation effects were absent, both when male or female first names and when silently articulating male or female faces were used as adaptors. When sinusoidal tones (with frequencies matched to male and female voice fundamental frequencies) were used as adaptors, no aftereffects on voice perception were observed. This excludes explanations for the voice aftereffect in terms of both pitch adaptation and postperceptual adaptation to gender concepts and suggests that contrastive voice-coding mechanisms may routinely influence voice perception. The role of adaptation in calibrating properties of high-level voice representations indicates that adaptation is not confined to vision but is a ubiquitous mechanism in the perception of nonlinguistic social information from both faces and voices. |
Publication | Current Biology: CB |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 684-688 |
Date | May 6, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Biol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.015 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18450448 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 27 17:41:54 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18450448 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 27 17:41:54 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Clarke |
Author | A. Bellmann |
Author | R.A. Meuli |
Author | G. Assal |
Author | A.J. Steck |
Abstract | Auditory recognition and auditory spatial functions were studied in four patients with circumscribed left hemispheric lesions. Patient FD was severely deficient in recognition of environmental sounds but normal in auditory localisation and auditory motion perception. The lesion included the left superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri and lateral auditory areas (as identified in previous anatomical studies), but spared Heschl's gyrus. the acoustic radiation and the thalamus. Patient SD had the same profile as FD, with deficient recognition of environmental sounds but normal auditory localisation and motion perception. The lesion comprised the postero-inferior part of the frontal convexity and the anterior third of the temporal lobe, data from non-human primates indicate that thr latter are interconnected with lateral auditory areas. Patient MA was deficient in recognition of environmental sounds, auditory localisation and auditory motion perception, confirming that auditory spatial Functions can be disturbed by left unilateral damage; the lesion involved the supratemporal region as well as the temporal. postero-inferior frontal and antero-inferior parietal convexities. Patient CZ was severely deficient in auditory motion perception and partially deficient in auditory localisation, but normal in recognition of environmental sounds; the lesion involved large parts of the parieto-frontal convexity and the supratemporal region. We propose that auditory information is processed in the human auditory cortex along two distinct pathways. one lateral devoted to auditory recognition and one medial and posterior devoted to auditory spatial functions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 797-807 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Publication | Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 16:40:08 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M A Howard |
Author | I O Volkov |
Author | R Mirsky |
Author | P C Garell |
Author | M D Noh |
Author | M Granner |
Author | H Damasio |
Author | M Steinschneider |
Author | R A Reale |
Author | J E Hind |
Author | J F Brugge |
Abstract | The human superior temporal cortex plays a critical role in hearing, speech, and language, yet its functional organization is poorly understood. Evoked potentials (EPs) to auditory click-train stimulation presented binaurally were recorded chronically from penetrating electrodes implanted in Heschl's gyrus (HG), from pial-surface electrodes placed on the lateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), or from both simultaneously, in awake humans undergoing surgery for medically intractable epilepsy. The distribution of averaged EPs was restricted to a relatively small area on the lateral surface of the posterior STG. In several cases, there were multiple foci of high amplitude EPs lying along this acoustically active portion of STG. EPs recorded simultaneously from HG and STG differed in their sensitivities to general anesthesia and to changes in rate of stimulus presentation. Results indicate that the acoustically active region on the STG is a separate auditory area, functionally distinct from the HG auditory field(s). We refer to this acoustically sensitive area of the STG as the posterior lateral superior temporal area (PLST). Electrical stimulation of HG resulted in short-latency EPs in an area that overlaps PLST, indicating that PLST receives a corticocortical input, either directly or indirectly, from HG. These physiological findings are in accord with anatomic evidence in humans and in nonhuman primates that the superior temporal cortex contains multiple interconnected auditory areas. |
Publication | The Journal of Comparative Neurology |
Volume | 416 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 79-92 |
Date | Jan 3, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | J. Comp. Neurol |
ISSN | 0021-9967 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10578103 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 17:25:50 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10578103 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 17:25:50 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | RICHARD E. Pastore |
Author | JESSE D. Flint |
Author | JEREMY R. Gaston |
Author | MATTHEW J. Solomon |
Abstract | There is a small but growing literature on the perception of natural acoustic events, but few attempts have been made to investigate complex sounds not systematically controlled within a laboratory setting. The present study investigates listeners' ability to make judgments about the posture (upright-stooped) of the walker who generated acoustic stimuli contrasted on each trial. We use a comprehensive three-stage approach to event perception, in which we develop a solid understanding of the source event and its sound properties, as well as the relationships between these two event stages. Developing this understanding helps both to identify the limitations of common statistical procedures and to develop effective new procedures for investigating not only the two information stages above, but also the decision strategies employed by listeners in making source judgments from sound. The result is a comprehensive, ultimately logical, but not necessarily expected picture of both the source-sound-perception loop and the utility of alternative research tools. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 70 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 13-29 |
Date | January 2008 |
DOI | 10.3758/PP.70.1.13 |
Short Title | Auditory event perception |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/70/1/13.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 19:12:51 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 19:12:51 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 17 22:35:50 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R D Badgaiyan |
Author | D L Schacter |
Author | N M Alpert |
Abstract | Previous neuroimaging studies of perceptual priming have reported priming-related decreases in the extrastriate cortex. However, because these experiments have used visual stimuli, it is unclear whether the observed decreases are associated specifically with some aspect of visual perceptual processing or with more general aspects of priming. We studied within- and cross-modality priming using an auditory word stem completion paradigm. Positron emission tomography (PET) images were obtained during stem completion and a fixation task. Within-modality auditory priming was associated with blood flow decreases in the extrastriate cortex (bilateral), medial/right anterior prefrontal cortex, right angular gyrus, and precuneus. In cross-modality priming, the study list was presented visually, and subjects completed auditory word stems. Cross-modality priming was associated with trends for blood flow decreases in the left angular gyrus and increases in the medial/right anterior prefrontal cortex. Results thus indicate that reduced activity in the extrastriate cortex accompanies within-modality priming in both visual and auditory modalities. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 337-348 |
Date | Jul 1999 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Auditory priming within and across modalities |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10471844 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 13:37:23 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10471844 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 13:37:23 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. A Cohen |
Author | T. S Horowitz |
Author | J. M Wolfe |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 6008 |
Date | 2009 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:36:06 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 16 17:36:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A. Cohen |
Author | Todd S. Horowitz |
Author | Jeremy M. Wolfe |
Abstract | Visual memory for scenes is surprisingly robust. We wished to examine whether an analogous ability exists in the auditory domain. Participants listened to a variety of sound clips and were tested on their ability to distinguish old from new clips. Stimuli ranged from complex auditory scenes (e.g., talking in a pool hall) to isolated auditory objects (e.g., a dog barking) to music. In some conditions, additional information was provided to help participants with encoding. In every situation, however, auditory memory proved to be systematically inferior to visual memory. This suggests that there exists either a fundamental difference between auditory and visual stimuli, or, more plausibly, an asymmetry between auditory and visual processing. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 6008-6010 |
Date | April 07, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0811884106 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/106/14/6008.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Nov 5 16:11:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 5 16:11:41 2009 |
Modified | Thu Nov 5 16:11:41 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Boatman |
Author | R P Lesser |
Author | B Gordon |
Abstract | Auditory syllable discrimination, identification, and comprehension were investigated by direct cortical electrical interference in three patients with indwelling subdural electrode arrays. Without electrical interference, patients performed similarly to matched normal subjects. With electrical interference, selective deficits were observed in the posterior superior temporal (PST) lobes of all three patients. At specific PST sites, only comprehension was impaired, while at proximal sites comprehension and identification were impaired, but discrimination remained intact. At a single PST site, all three auditory speech functions were impaired. These findings suggest that lower-level auditory speech functions can operate independent of higher-level processes, as claimed by traditional hierarchical models. However, analysis of discrimination errors revealed lexical-semantic and phonological effects, suggesting that higher-level functions also influence lower-level processing. These data can be explained by a bidirectional processing model, with differentially weighted connections. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 269-290 |
Date | Nov 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1006/brln.1995.1061 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Auditory speech processing in the left temporal lobe |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8564472 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 19 00:44:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8564472 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 00:44:58 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Lapointe |
Author | R.J. Erickson |
Abstract | Little research has been reported on auditory vigilance skills of aphasic individuals, particularly under a dual task paradigm designed to divide attention. Six aphasic males and six gender and age-matched control subjects listened to two, twenty-minute 400 word lists and were asked to identify a target word that was randomly interspersed 50 times. During Condition A, subjects were only required to remain auditorily vigilant and identify target words. During Condition B subjects were required to listen for and identify target words while simultaneously conducting a card sorting task. Aphasic and non-brain-damaged subjects performed similarly under Condition A, auditory vigilance alone. For the dual task, divided attention condition, the non-aphasic group performed virtually the same as in Condition A. The aphasic group revealed significantly less accurate performance under Condition B's dual task requirements. Apparently the added task of card sorting so divided or preoccupied the attention of most aphasic subjects that the auditory targets could not be identified readily. These findings lend support to the notion that deficient processing superimposed upon linguistic deficit may be a useful model for understanding the nature of aphasia and perhaps offers a germinal explanation of the variability so characteristic of aphasic performance |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 511-520 |
Date | November 1991 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M H Giard |
Author | F Peronnet |
Abstract | The aim of this study was (1) to provide behavioral evidence for multimodal feature integration in an object recognition task in humans and (2) to characterize the processing stages and the neural structures where multisensory interactions take place. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 30 scalp electrodes while subjects performed a forced-choice reaction-time categorization task: At each trial, the subjects had to indicate which of two objects was presented by pressing one of two keys. The two objects were defined by auditory features alone, visual features alone, or the combination of auditory and visual features. Subjects were more accurate and rapid at identifying multimodal than unimodal objects. Spatiotemporal analysis of ERPs and scalp current densities revealed several auditory-visual interaction components temporally, spatially, and functionally distinct before 200 msec poststimulus. The effects observed were (1) in visual areas, new neural activities (as early as 40 msec poststimulus) and modulation (amplitude decrease) of the N185 wave to unimodal visual stimulus, (2) in the auditory cortex, modulation (amplitude increase) of subcomponents of the unimodal auditory N1 wave around 90 to 110 msec, and (3) new neural activity over the right fronto-temporal area (140 to 165 msec). Furthermore, when the subjects were separated into two groups according to their dominant modality to perform the task in unimodal conditions (shortest reaction time criteria), the integration effects were found to be similar for the two groups over the nonspecific fronto-temporal areas, but they clearly differed in the sensory-specific cortices, affecting predominantly the sensory areas of the nondominant modality. Taken together, the results indicate that multisensory integration is mediated by flexible, highly adaptive physiological processes that can take place very early in the sensory processing chain and operate in both sensory-specific and nonspecific cortical structures in different ways. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 473-490 |
Date | Sep 1999 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Auditory-visual integration during multimodal object recognition in humans |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10511637 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 18:14:00 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10511637 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 18:14:00 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Clara Suied |
Author | Isabelle Viaud-Delmon |
Abstract | Recognizing an object requires binding together several cues, which may be distributed across different sensory modalities, and ignoring competing information originating from other objects. In addition, knowledge of the semantic category of an object is fundamental to determine how we should react to it. Here we investigate the role of semantic categories in the processing of auditory-visual objects. We used an auditory-visual object-recognition task (go/no-go paradigm). We compared recognition times for two categories: a biologically relevant one (animals) and a non-biologically relevant one (means of transport). Participants were asked to react as fast as possible to target objects, presented in the visual and/or the auditory modality, and to withhold their response for distractor objects. A first main finding was that, when participants were presented with unimodal or bimodal congruent stimuli (an image and a sound from the same object), similar reaction times were observed for all object categories. Thus, there was no advantage in the speed of recognition for biologically relevant compared to non-biologically relevant objects. A second finding was that, in the presence of a biologically relevant auditory distractor, the processing of a target object was slowed down, whether or not it was itself biologically relevant. It seems impossible to effectively ignore an animal sound, even when it is irrelevant to the task. These results suggest a specific and mandatory processing of animal sounds, possibly due to phylogenetic memory and consistent with the idea that hearing is particularly efficient as an alerting sense. They also highlight the importance of taking into account the auditory modality when investigating the way object concepts of biologically relevant categories are stored and retrieved. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | e5256 |
Date | April 22, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0005256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005256 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 11 20:40:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Wed Aug 11 20:40:11 2010 |
Modified | Wed Aug 11 20:40:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jelena Ristic |
Author | Mathieu Landry |
Author | Alan Kingstone |
Abstract | Attention can be controlled either exogenously, driven by the stimulus features, or endogenously, driven by the internal expectancies about events in the environment. Extending this prevailing framework, we (Ristic and Kingstone, 2012) recently demonstrated that performance could also be independently controlled by overlearned behaviorally relevant stimuli, like arrows, producing automated effects. Using a difficult target discrimination task within a double cuing paradigm, here we tested whether automated orienting engages selective attention, and if in doing so it draws on its own pool of attentional resources. Our data unequivocally support both possibilities, and indicate that human attention networks are uniquely specialized for processing behaviorally relevant information. |
Publication | Frontiers in Cognition |
Volume | 3 |
Pages | 560 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Psychology |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00560 |
Short Title | Automated symbolic orienting |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Cognition/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00560/full |
Accessed | Fri Dec 21 13:59:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Fri Dec 21 13:59:16 2012 |
Modified | Fri Dec 21 13:59:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Soto |
Author | Glyn W. Humphreys |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 730-737 |
Date | June 00, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
ISSN | ISSN-0096-1523 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Tue Mar 10 08:36:25 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 10 08:36:25 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Soto |
Author | Glyn W. Humphreys |
Abstract | Previous studies have shown that visual attention can be captured by stimuli matching the contents of working memory (WM). Here, the authors assessed the nature of the representation that mediates the guidance of visual attention from WM. Observers were presented with either verbal or visual primes (to hold in memory, Experiment 1; to verbalize, Experiment 2; or merely to attend, Experiment 3) and subsequently were required to search for a target among different distractors, each embedded within a colored shape. In half of the trials, an object in the search array matched the prime, but this object never contained the target. Despite this, search was impaired relative to a neutral baseline in which the prime and search displays did not match. An interesting finding is that verbal primes were effective in generating the effects, and verbalization of visual primes elicited similar effects to those elicited when primes were held in WM. However, the effects were absent when primes were only attended. The data suggest that there is automatic encoding into WM when items are verbalized and that verbal as well as visual WM can guide visual attention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 730-737 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.3.730 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 (PRINT); 1939-1277 (ELECTRONIC) |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=2007-07213-016 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 11 23:20:40 2008 |
Library Catalog | APA PsycNET |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:10 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:10 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Adriaan Spruyt |
Author | Dirk Hermans |
Author | Jan De Houwer |
Author | Paul Eelen |
Abstract | Affective priming for associatively unrelated prime-target pairs was investigated using (a) the naming task, (b) a short stimulus onset asynchrony (250 ms), and (c) primes that had acquired their affective connotation during a differential evaluative conditioning procedure. Despite the fact that the primes and the targets were related on the affective dimension only, significant priming emerged. This finding indicates that mere affective overlap is sufficient to produce automatic priming. As such, our results are in line with theoretical accounts of automatic priming that are based on semantic relatedness. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 116 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-54 |
Date | May 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.012 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
Short Title | Automatic non-associative semantic priming |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111229 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:38:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15111229 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:38:41 2009 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Thalia Wheatley |
Author | Jill Weisberg |
Author | Michael S Beauchamp |
Author | Alex Martin |
Abstract | We used rapid, event-related fMRI to identify the neural systems underlying object semantics. During scanning, subjects silently read rapidly presented word pairs (150 msec, SOA = 250 msec) that were either unrelated in meaning (ankle-carrot), semantically related (fork-cup), or identical (crow-crow). Activity in the left posterior region of the fusiform gyrus and left inferior frontal cortex was modulated by word-pair relationship. Semantically related pairs yielded less activity than unrelated pairs, but greater activity than identical pairs, mirroring the pattern of behavioral facilitation as measured by word reading times. These findings provide strong support for the involvement of these areas in the automatic processing of object meaning. In addition, words referring to animate objects produced greater activity in the lateral region of the fusiform gyri, right superior temporal sulcus, and medial region of the occipital lobe relative to manmade, manipulable objects, whereas words referring to manmade, manipulable objects produced greater activity in the left ventral premotor, left anterior cingulate, and bilateral parietal cortices relative to animate objects. These findings are consistent with the dissociation between these areas based on sensory- and motor-related object properties, providing further evidence that conceptual object knowledge is housed, in part, in the same neural systems that subserve perception and action. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1871-1885 |
Date | Dec 2005 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/089892905775008689 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16356325 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 13:15:28 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16356325 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 13:15:28 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 13:15:28 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wim Gevers |
Author | Jan Lammertyn |
Author | Wim Notebaert |
Author | Tom Verguts |
Author | Wim Fias |
Abstract | In the present paper, we focus on how irrelevant implicit spatial information is processed. By irrelevant we mean information that is not required to fulfill the task and by implicit we mean information that is not directly available in the external stimulus. A good example of a task in which such information exists is the SNARC task [Dehaene, S., Bossini, S., & Giraux, P. (1993). The mental representation of parity and number magnitude. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 122, 371-396]. The SNARC effect shows that the magnitude of a number, although irrelevant to the task, activates spatial codes that may interfere with the task-related response. These spatial associations exist both for the horizontal and the vertical direction. In Experiment 1, response keys were discriminating in the vertical or the horizontal direction. It is shown that the impact of the numerical spatial codes on overt behavior, although automatic, depends on the response discrimination of the horizontal or the vertical dimension. In Experiment 2, response keys were assigned such that both the horizontal and the vertical direction of the response were discriminating. In this case, the horizontal and the vertical dimension of the irrelevant numerical spatial codes were shown to interact. In general, the results are in line with the response-discrimination account [Ansorge, U., & Wühr, P. (2004). A response-discrimination account of the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 365-377]. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 122 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 221-233 |
Date | July 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2005.11.004 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
Short Title | Automatic response activation of implicit spatial information |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-4J2TSPY-1/2/ec49bf06f3a39e3b8cfd45478a19d5a5 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 27 18:32:38 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Sep 27 18:32:38 2010 |
Modified | Mon Sep 27 18:32:38 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | MARIA STYLIANOU Korsnes |
Author | SVEIN Magnussen |
Abstract | Korsnes, M. S. & Magnussen, S. (2007). Automatic semantic priming in the left and right hemispheres. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 1972013202. We investigated hemispheric differences and inter-hemispheric transfer of facilitation in automatic semantic priming, using prime-target pairs composed of words of the same category but not associated (e.g. skirt-glove), and a blank-target baseline condition. Reaction time and accuracy were measured at short (300 ms) intervals between prime and target onsets, using a go/no-go task to discriminate between word or non-word targets. Reaction times were facilitated more for target words presented in the right visual field (RVF) compared to the left visual field (LVF), and targets presented in RVF were primed in both visual fields, whereas targets presented in LVF were primed by primes in the LVF only. These results suggest that both hemispheres are capable of automatic priming at very short stimulus onset asymmetries (SOA), but cross-hemisphere priming occurs only in the left hemisphere. |
Publication | Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 197-202 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00557.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00557.x |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:12:06 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:12:06 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:12:52 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ken McRae |
Author | Stephen Boisvert |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 558-572 |
Date | 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.24.3.558 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=fulltext.printArticle&jcode=xlm&vol=24&issue=3&format=html&page=558&language=eng |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:39:15 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:39:15 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:39:15 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jennifer J Richler |
Author | Isabel Gauthier |
Author | Thomas J Palmeri |
Abstract | Are there consequences of calling objects by their names? Lupyan (2008) suggested that overtly labeling objects impairs subsequent recognition memory because labeling shifts stored memory representations of objects toward the category prototype (representational shift hypothesis). In Experiment 1, we show that processing objects at the basic category level versus exemplar level in the absence of any overt labeling produces the same qualitative pattern of results. Experiment 2 demonstrates that labeling does not always disrupt memory as predicted by the representational shift hypothesis: Differences in memory following labeling versus preference are more likely an effect of judging preference, not an effect of overt labeling. Labeling does not influence memory by shifting memory representations toward the category prototype. Rather, labeling objects at the basic level produces memory representations that are simply less robust than those produced by other kinds of study tasks. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1579-1587 |
Date | Nov 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
DOI | 10.1037/a0024347 |
ISSN | 1939-1285 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767063 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 17 18:21:19 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21767063 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 18:21:19 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 18:21:19 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/372.html |
Accessed | Sat Sep 6 09:15:30 2008 |
Date Added | Sat Sep 6 09:15:30 2008 |
Modified | Sat Sep 6 09:15:30 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.psychology.emory.edu/cognition/barsalou/onlinepapers.html |
Accessed | Tue Mar 1 18:39:39 2011 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 18:39:39 2011 |
Modified | Tue Mar 1 18:39:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H Lüders |
Author | R P Lesser |
Author | J Hahn |
Author | D S Dinner |
Author | H H Morris |
Author | E Wyllie |
Author | J Godoy |
Abstract | Language interference was elicited by electrical stimulation of the dominant basal temporal region in 8 out of 22 cases and in none of 7 cases with subdural electrodes implanted over the nondominant temporal lobe. Language interference was elicited by stimulation of electrodes placed over the fusiform gyrus 3-7 cm from the tip of the temporal lobe. Electrical stimulation of the basal temporal language area produced a global receptive and expressive aphasia with speech arrest at high stimulus intensities. Other higher cortical function, for example copying complex designs or memory of nonverbal information was intact, in spite of the total inability to process verbal information. At lower stimulus intensities partial aphasias with a predominant receptive component occurred. Surgical resection of the basal temporal language area produces no lasting language deficit. |
Publication | Brain: A Journal of Neurology |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 743-754 |
Date | Apr 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
ISSN | 0006-8950 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2043946 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:29:58 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2043946 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:29:58 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juha Silvanto |
Author | Zaira Cattaneo |
Author | Lorella Battelli |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is increasingly used to modify brain activity noninvasively and to study brain-behavior relations. However, results can be variable and the conditions that affect the functional efficacy of TMS remain unclear. Here we show that on-line TMS can either facilitate or suppress perceptual functions depending on the baseline level of activity of the targeted brain region. When TMS was applied over the motion selective region V5/MT during a simple motion-detection task, subjects’ motion-detection ability was impaired. Similarly, suppression of V5/MT activity using off-line 1 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) disrupted performance in a subsequent motion-detection task. However, paradoxically, on-line V5/MT TMS had a facilitatory effect on motion detection if V5/MT had been suppressed by off-line 1-Hz rTMS prior to the motion-detection task. These results demonstrate that TMS can have an unexpected facilitatory effect on behavior when the targeted neural population is in a suppressed state. Our findings provide further evidence for the view that the effects of TMS are modulated by the initial activation state of the targeted neural population. |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 2725 -2730 |
Date | May 01 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1152/jn.01392.2007 |
URL | http://jn.physiology.org/content/99/5/2725.abstract |
Accessed | Sat Jul 9 10:44:56 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sat Jul 9 10:44:56 2011 |
Modified | Sat Jul 9 10:44:56 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | B. Berlin |
Author | P. Kay |
Place | Berkeley and Los Angeles |
Publisher | University of California |
Date | 1969 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.L. Murphy |
Author | E.E. Smith |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 21 |
Pages | 1-20 |
Date | 1982 |
Date Added | Wed Mar 9 13:53:27 2011 |
Modified | Wed Mar 9 13:54:15 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Rosch |
Author | C. B Mervis |
Author | W. D Gray |
Author | D. M Johnson |
Author | P. Boyes-Braem |
Publication | Cognitive psychology |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 382–439 |
Date | 1976 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Thu Mar 3 22:06:23 2011 |
Modified | Thu Mar 3 22:06:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Behl-Chadha |
Abstract | A series of experiments using the paired-preference procedure examined 3- to 4-month-old infants' ability to form perceptually based categorical representations in the domains of natural kinds and artifacts and probed the underlying organizational structure of these representations. Experiments 1 and 2 found that infants could form categorical representations for chairs that excluded exemplars of couches, beds, and tables and also for couches that excluded exemplars of chairs, beds, and tables. Thus, the adult-like exclusivity shown by infants in the categorization of various animal pictures at the basic-level extends to the domain of artifacts as well - an ecologically significant ability given the numerous artifacts that populate the human environment. Experiments 3 and 4 examined infants' ability to form superordinate-like or global categorical representations for mammals and furniture. It was found that infants could form a global representation for mammals that included novel mammals and excluded other non-mammalian animals such as birds and fish as well as items from cross-ontological categories such as furniture. In addition, it was found that infants formed a representation for furniture that included novel categories of furniture and excluded exemplars from the cross-ontological category of mammals; however, it was less clear if infants' global representation for furniture also excluded other artifacts such as vehicles and thus the category of furniture may have been less exclusively represented. Overall, the present findings, by showing the availability of perceptually driven basic and superordinate-like representations in early infancy that closely correspond to adult conceptual categories, underscore the importance of these early representations for later conceptual representations |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 105-141 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Behl-Chadha |
Abstract | A series of experiments using the paired-preference procedure examined 3- to 4-month-old infants' ability to form perceptually based categorical representations in the domains of natural kinds and artifacts and probed the underlying organizational structure of these representations. Experiments 1 and 2 found that infants could form categorical representations for chairs that excluded exemplars of couches, beds, and tables and also for couches that excluded exemplars of chairs, beds, and tables. Thus, the adult-like exclusivity shown by infants in the categorization of various animal pictures at the basic-level extends to the domain of artifacts as well - an ecologically significant ability given the numerous artifacts that populate the human environment. Experiments 3 and 4 examined infants' ability to form superordinate-like or global categorical representations for mammals and furniture. It was found that infants could form a global representation for mammals that included novel mammals and excluded other non-mammalian animals such as birds and fish as well as items from cross-ontological categories such as furniture. In addition, it was found that infants formed a representation for furniture that included novel categories of furniture and excluded exemplars from the cross-ontological category of mammals; however, it was less clear if infants' global representation for furniture also excluded other artifacts such as vehicles and thus the category of furniture may have been less exclusively represented. Overall, the present findings, by showing the availability of perceptually driven basic and superordinate-like representations in early infancy that closely correspond to adult conceptual categories, underscore the importance of these early representations for later conceptual representations |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 105-141 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.M. Gale |
Author | K.R. Laws |
Author | R.J. Frank |
Author | V.C. Leeson |
Abstract | The role of visual crowding in category deficits has been widely discussed (e.g., Humphreys, Riddoch, Quinlan, 1988; Laws Gale, 2002; Tranel, Logan, Frank, & Damasio, 1997). Most studies have measured overlap at the superordinate level (compare different examples of 'animal') rather than at the basic level (compare different examples of 'dog'). In this study, we therefore derived two measures of basic-level overlap for a range of categories. The first was a computational measure generated by a self-organising neural network trained to process pictures of living and non-living things; the second was a rating of perceived visual similarity generated by human subjects to the item names. The computational measure indicated that the pattern of crowded/uncrowded does not honour a living/non-living distinction. Nevertheless, different superordinates showed varied degrees of basic-level overlap, suggesting that specific token choice affects some superordinates more than others e.g., individual fruit and vegetable tokens show greater variability than any other items, while tools and vehicles produce more reliable or overlapping basic-level visual representations. Finally, subject ratings correlated significantly with the computational measures indicating that the neural model represents structural properties of the objects that are psychologically meaningful. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 229-231 |
Date | November 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Gauthier |
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Abstract | Sensitivity to configural changes in face processing has been cited as evidence for face-exclusive mechanisms. Alternatively, general mechanisms could be fine-tuned by experience with homogeneous stimuli, We tested sensitivity to configural transformations far novices and experts with nonface stimuli (''Greebles''), Parts of transformed Greebles were identified via forced-choice recognition, Regardless of expertise level, the recognition of parts in the Studied configuration was better than in isolation, suggesting an object advantage, For experts, recognizing Greeble parts in a Transformed configuration was slower than in the Studied configuration, but only at upright. Thus, expertise with visually similar objects, not faces per se, may produce configural sensitivity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1673-1682 |
Date | June 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zohar Eitan |
Author | Renee Timmers |
Abstract | Though auditory pitch is customarily mapped in Western cultures onto spatial verticality (high–low), both anthropological reports and cognitive studies suggest that pitch may be mapped onto a wide variety of other domains. We collected a total number of 35 pitch mappings and investigated in four experiments how these mappings are used and structured. In particular, we inquired (1) how Western subjects apply Western and non-Western metaphors to “high” and “low” pitches, (2) whether mappings applied in an abstract conceptual task are similarly applied by listeners to actual music, (3) how mappings of spatial height relate to these pitch mappings, and (4) how mappings of “high” and “low” pitch associate with other dimensions, in particular quantity, size, intensity and valence. The results show strong agreement among Western participants in applying familiar and unfamiliar metaphors for pitch, in both an abstract, conceptual task (Exp. 1) and in a music listening task (Exp. 2), indicating that diverse cross-domain mappings for pitch exist latently besides the common verticality metaphor. Furthermore, limited overlap between mappings of spatial height and pitch height was found, suggesting that, the ubiquity of the verticality metaphor in Western usage notwithstanding, cross-domain pitch mappings are largely independent of that metaphor, and seem to be based upon other underlying dimensions. Part of the discrepancy between spatial height and pitch height is that, for pitch, “up” is not necessarily “more,” nor is it necessarily “good.” High pitch is only “more” for height, intensity and brightness. It is “less” for mass, size and quantity. We discuss implications of these findings for music and speech prosody, and their relevance to notions of embodied cognition and of cross-domain magnitude representation. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 405-422 |
Date | March 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.013 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Beethoven’s last piano sonata and those who follow crocodiles |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027709002650 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 13:09:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 13:09:42 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 13:09:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Max M. Louwerse |
Author | Rick Dale |
Author | Ellen G. Bard |
Author | Patrick Jeuniaux |
Publication | Cognitive science |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1404–1426 |
Date | 2012 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01269.x/full |
Accessed | Tue May 28 19:00:00 2013 |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shimon Edelman |
Author | Heidi Waterfall |
Abstract | One of the greatest challenges facing the cognitive sciences is to explain what it means to know a language, and how the knowledge of language is acquired. The dominant approach to this challenge within linguistics has been to seek an efficient characterization of the wealth of documented structural properties of language in terms of a compact generative grammar--ideally, the minimal necessary set of innate, universal, exception-less, highly abstract rules that jointly generate all and only the observed phenomena and are common to all human languages. We review developmental, behavioral, and computational evidence that seems to favor an alternative view of language, according to which linguistic structures are generated by a large, open set of constructions of varying degrees of abstraction and complexity, which embody both form and meaning and are acquired through socially situated experience in a given language community, by probabilistic learning algorithms that resemble those at work in other cognitive modalities. |
Publication | Physics of Life Reviews |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 253-277 |
Date | December 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.plrev.2007.10.001 |
ISSN | 1571-0645 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75DC-4PVPVT0-1/2/be9d0e95369e1dff3252a54b458a7384 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 11 15:05:17 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 11 15:05:17 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 11 15:05:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Kemmerer |
Author | David Rudrauf |
Author | Ken Manzel |
Author | Daniel Tranel |
Abstract | To further investigate the neural substrates of lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions, we administered a battery of six tasks to 226 brain-damaged patients with widely distributed lesions in the left and right cerebral hemispheres. The tasks probed lexical and conceptual knowledge of actions in a variety of verbal and non-verbal ways, including naming, word-picture matching, attribute judgments involving both words and pictures, and associative comparisons involving both words and pictures. Of the 226 patients who were studied, 61 failed one or more of the six tasks, with four patients being impaired on the entire battery, and varied numbers of patients being impaired on varied combinations of tasks. Overall, the 61 patients manifested a complex array of associations and dissociations across the six tasks. The lesion sites of 147 of the 226 patients were also investigated, using formal methods for lesion-deficit statistical mapping and power analysis of lesion overlap maps. Significant effects for all six tasks were found in the following left-hemisphere regions: the inferior frontal gyrus; the ventral precentral gyrus, extending superiorly into what are likely to be hand-related primary motor and premotor areas; and the anterior insula. In addition, significant effects for 4-5 tasks were found in not only the regions just mentioned, but also in several other left-hemisphere areas: the ventral postcentral gyrus; the supramarginal gyrus; and the posterior middle temporal gyrus. These results converge with previous research on the neural underpinnings of action words and concepts. However, the current study goes considerably beyond most previous investigations by providing extensive behavioral and lesion data for an unusually large and diverse sample of brain-damaged patients, and by incorporating multiple measures of verb comprehension. Regarding theoretical implications, the study provides new support for the Embodied Cognition Framework, which maintains that conceptual knowledge is grounded in sensorimotor systems. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Date | Nov 18, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.001 |
ISSN | 1973-8102 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159333 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 8 13:20:48 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21159333 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 13:20:48 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 8 14:48:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eörs Szathmáry |
Author | Szabolcs Számadó |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 456 |
Issue | 7218 |
Pages | 40-41 |
Date | 2008-11-6 |
DOI | 10.1038/456040a |
ISSN | 0028-0836, 1476-4687 |
Short Title | Being Human |
URL | http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/456040a |
Accessed | Sat Dec 29 21:30:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Dec 29 21:30:31 2012 |
Modified | Sat Dec 29 21:30:31 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Andy Clark |
Edition | First Paper Back Edition |
Publisher | A Bradford Book |
Date | 1998-01-09 |
# of Pages | 291 |
ISBN | 0262531569 |
Short Title | Being There |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 22:21:34 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 22:21:34 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Tversky |
Author | D Kahneman |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 105–110 |
Date | 1971 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0031322 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 5 21:54:07 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 5 21:54:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Jonides |
Author | H. Gleitman |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 289-298 |
Date | 1976 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2010 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on the Evolution of Language |
Place | Utrecht, Netherlands |
Date Added | Thu May 27 11:21:28 2010 |
Modified | Thu May 27 11:24:56 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Guy Dove |
Abstract | Recent evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that certain cognitive processes employ perceptual representations. Inspired by this evidence, a few researchers have proposed that cognition is inherently perceptual. They have developed an innovative theoretical approach that rests on the notion of perceptual simulation and marshaled several general arguments supporting the centrality of perceptual representations to concepts. In this article, I identify a number of weaknesses in these arguments and defend a multiple semantic code approach that posits both perceptual and non-perceptual representations. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 110 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 412-431 |
Date | Mar 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.11.016 |
ISSN | 1873-7838 |
Short Title | Beyond perceptual symbols |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19135654 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 15 23:07:58 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jun 15 23:07:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Ratcliff |
Author | G McKoon |
Abstract | Seven experiments examined priming effects for 3-dimensional line drawings in the object decision task. One of the most important previous findings about object decisions has been that the decision about a possible object is primed by previous presentation of the object, but the decision about an impossible object is not. Through the use of manipulations that can eliminate processes that retrieve episodic information (response time deadlines, memory load, forced choice, and similarity), equal size effects on impossible and possible objects were obtained. This is interpreted to mean that priming effects reflect a bias to respond "possible," which can be opposed for impossible objects by episodic information so as to yield the approximately null priming effect for impossible objects found in past experiments. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 754-767 |
Date | May 1995 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7602269 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 11 20:03:00 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7602269 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 11 20:03:00 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Foxe |
Author | G.V. Simpson |
Author | S.P. Ahlfors |
Author | C.D. Saron |
Abstract | Brain activity associated with directing attention to one of two possible sensory modalities was examined using high-density mapping of human event-related potentials. The deployment of selective attention was based on visually presented symbolic cue-words instructing subjects on a trial-by-trial basis, which sensory modality to attend. We measured the spatio-temporal pattern of activation in the approximately 1 second period between the cue-instruction and a subsequent compound auditory-visual imperative stimulus. This allowed us to assess the flow of processing across brain regions involved in deploying and sustaining inter-sensory selective attention, prior to the actual selective processing of the compound audio-visual target stimulus. Activity over frontal and parietal areas showed sensory specific increases in activation during the early part of the anticipatory period (similar to 230 ms), probably representing the activation of fronto-parietal attentional deployment systems for top-down control of attention. In the later period preceding the arrival of the "to-be-attended" stimulus, sustained differential activity was seen over fronto-central regions and parieto-occipital regions, suggesting the maintenance of sensory-specific biased attentional states that would allow for subsequent selective processing. Although there was clear sensory biasing in this late sustained period, it was also clear that both sensory systems were being prepared during the cue-target period. These late sensory-specific biasing effects were also accompanied by sustained activations over frontal cortices that also showed both common and sensory specific activation patterns, suggesting that maintenance of the biased state includes top-down inputs from generators in frontal cortices, some of which are sensory-specific regions. These data support extensive interactions between sensory, parietal and frontal regions during processing of cue information, deployment of attention, and maintenance of the focus of attention in anticipation of impending attentionally relevant input |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 166 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 370-392 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | ISI:000232721400010 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Foxe |
Author | G.V. Simpson |
Abstract | This study used high-density mapping of human event-related potentials to examine the brain activity associated with selective information processing when subjects were cued on a trial-by-trial basis to perform a discrimination in either the visual or auditory modality. On each trial, word-cues (S1) instructed subjects to attend to features within one sensory-modality of an impending compound auditory-visual stimulus (S2) that arrived approximately 1-second following the cue. Subjects made a discrimination within the cued modality of the S2 stimulus. The spatio-temporal patterns of activity in response to the compound S2 stimulus were examined as a function of the sensory modality being attended. The earliest effects of intersensory attention on visual processing were seen subsequent to the initial activation of visual cortex, beginning at 80 ms and continuing into the P1 and N1 components of the visual ERP. The scalp-topography of this earliest modulation was consistent with modulation of activity in ventral visual stream areas. Thus, the locus of effects on visual S2 processing differed from the anticipatory parieto-occipital biasing activity that preceded S2 presentation. This pattern of effects strongly suggests that the anticipatory activity (following the cue) associated with sustaining the focus of attention during intersensory attention, at least in the context of this paradigm, does not operate as a simple gain mechanism in early visual sensory areas. Rather, attentional biasing can operate through a higher-order process whereby parieto-occipital cortices influence the subsequent flow of visual processing in the ventral stream |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 166 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 393-401 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | ISI:000232721400011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amanda Brown |
Author | Marianne Gullberg |
Publication | Studies in Second Language Acquisition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 02 |
Date | 4/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Stud. Sec. Lang. Acq. |
DOI | 10.1017/S0272263108080327 |
ISSN | 0272-2631 |
Short Title | BIDIRECTIONAL CROSSLINGUISTIC INFLUENCE IN L1-L2 ENCODING OF MANNER IN SPEECH AND GESTURE |
URL | http://edoc.mpg.de/359278 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 19:12:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 19:12:39 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 19:12:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicolas Lang |
Author | Hartwig R Siebner |
Author | Zoltan Chadaide |
Author | Klara Boros |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Author | W Paulus |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Abstract | PURPOSE: In the motor cortex (M1), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can effectively prime excitability changes that are evoked by a subsequent train of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The authors examined whether tDCS can also prime the cortical response to rTMS in the human visual cortex. METHODS: In nine healthy subjects, the authors applied tDCS (10 minutes; +/-1 mA) to the occipital cortex. After tDCS, they applied a 20-second train of 5 Hz rTMS at 90% of phosphene threshold (PT) intensity. A similar rTMS protocol had previously demonstrated a strong priming effect of tDCS on rTMS-induced excitability changes in M1. PTs were determined with single-pulse TMS before and immediately after tDCS and twice after rTMS. RESULTS: Anodal tDCS led to a transient decrease in PT, and subsequent 5 Hz rTMS induced an earlier return of the PT back to baseline. Cathodal tDCS produced a short-lasting increase in PT, but 5 Hz rTMS did not influence the tDCS-induced increase in PT. In a control experiment on four subjects, a 20-second train of occipital 5 Hz rTMS left the PT unchanged, whereas a 60-second train produced a similar decrease in PT as anodal tDCS alone. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with previous work on the M1, tDCS and rTMS of the visual cortex only produce short-lasting changes in cortical excitability. Moreover, the priming effects of tDCS on subsequent rTMS conditioning are relatively modest. These discrepancies point to substantial differences in the modifiability of human motor and visual cortex. |
Publication | Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 5782-5787 |
Date | Dec 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci |
DOI | 10.1167/iovs.07-0706 |
ISSN | 0146-0404 |
Short Title | Bidirectional modulation of primary visual cortex excitability |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055832 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 28 17:48:05 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18055832 |
Date Added | Sat Aug 28 17:48:05 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicolas Lang |
Author | Hartwig R Siebner |
Author | Zoltan Chadaide |
Author | Klara Boros |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Author | W Paulus |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Abstract | PURPOSE: In the motor cortex (M1), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can effectively prime excitability changes that are evoked by a subsequent train of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The authors examined whether tDCS can also prime the cortical response to rTMS in the human visual cortex. METHODS: In nine healthy subjects, the authors applied tDCS (10 minutes; +/-1 mA) to the occipital cortex. After tDCS, they applied a 20-second train of 5 Hz rTMS at 90% of phosphene threshold (PT) intensity. A similar rTMS protocol had previously demonstrated a strong priming effect of tDCS on rTMS-induced excitability changes in M1. PTs were determined with single-pulse TMS before and immediately after tDCS and twice after rTMS. RESULTS: Anodal tDCS led to a transient decrease in PT, and subsequent 5 Hz rTMS induced an earlier return of the PT back to baseline. Cathodal tDCS produced a short-lasting increase in PT, but 5 Hz rTMS did not influence the tDCS-induced increase in PT. In a control experiment on four subjects, a 20-second train of occipital 5 Hz rTMS left the PT unchanged, whereas a 60-second train produced a similar decrease in PT as anodal tDCS alone. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with previous work on the M1, tDCS and rTMS of the visual cortex only produce short-lasting changes in cortical excitability. Moreover, the priming effects of tDCS on subsequent rTMS conditioning are relatively modest. These discrepancies point to substantial differences in the modifiability of human motor and visual cortex. |
Publication | Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 5782-5787 |
Date | Dec 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci |
DOI | 10.1167/iovs.07-0706 |
ISSN | 0146-0404 |
Short Title | Bidirectional modulation of primary visual cortex excitability |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18055832 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 28 17:48:05 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18055832 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 14 00:27:42 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Henrike K Blumenfeld |
Author | Viorica Marian |
Abstract | Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals at suppressing task-irrelevant information. The present study aimed to identify how processing linguistic ambiguity during auditory comprehension may be associated with inhibitory control. Monolinguals and bilinguals listened to words in their native language (English) and identified them among four pictures while their eye-movements were tracked. Each target picture (e.g., hamper) appeared together with a similar-sounding within-language competitor picture (e.g., hammer) and two neutral pictures. Following each eye-tracking trial, priming probe trials indexed residual activation of target words, and residual inhibition of competitor words. Eye-tracking showed similar within-language competition across groups; priming showed stronger competitor inhibition in monolinguals than in bilinguals, suggesting differences in how inhibitory control was used to resolve within-language competition. Notably, correlation analyses revealed that inhibition performance on a nonlinguistic Stroop task was related to linguistic competition resolution in bilinguals but not in monolinguals. Together, monolingual-bilingual comparisons suggest that cognitive control mechanisms can be shaped by linguistic experience. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 245-257 |
Date | Feb 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.012 |
ISSN | 1873-7838 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21159332 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 11 10:03:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21159332 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 11 10:03:26 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ellen Bialystok |
Author | Fergus I.M. Craik |
Author | Gigi Luk |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | Bilingualism |
URL | http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(12)00056-3 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 8 00:18:33 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.cell.com |
Date Added | Fri Jun 8 00:18:33 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 8 00:18:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carolyn Backer Cave |
Author | Randolph Blake |
Author | Timothy P. McNamara |
Abstract | Many results implicate perceptual processing in repetition priming, but little is known of potential mechanisms for priming. A new method was used to help determine the processing stage at which priming occurs. Priming pictures were presented under dominance or suppression generated by binocular rivalry. Although low-level, sensory attributes can be processed under rivalry suppression, there is no evidence that repetition priming can be supported by such low-level pro- cessing. Priming was found only for stimuli that were processed sufficiently to be identified in the priming stage. The results demonstrate that repetition priming requires processing of stimulus attributes into relatively high-level representations. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 299-302 |
Date | Jul., 1998 |
ISSN | 09567976 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063341 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 4 23:49:22 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jul., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Association for Psychological Science |
Date Added | Thu Mar 4 23:49:22 2010 |
Modified | Thu Mar 4 23:49:22 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julien Meyer |
Publication | Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 406-412 |
Date | 06/2004 |
DOI | 10.1590/S0001-37652004000200033 |
ISSN | 0001-3765 |
Short Title | Bioacoustics of human whistled languages |
URL | http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652004000200033 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 11 13:15:56 2012 |
Library Catalog | SciELO |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 13:15:56 2012 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 13:15:56 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/WA15210.html |
Accessed | Wed Sep 3 16:43:00 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 3 16:43:00 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 3 16:43:00 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/WA15210.html |
Accessed | Sat Sep 6 09:06:39 2008 |
Date Added | Sat Sep 6 09:06:37 2008 |
Modified | Sat Sep 6 09:06:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gregory A. Newby |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | Prions and amyloids are often associated with disease, but related mechanisms provide beneficial functions in nature. Prion-like mechanisms (PriLiMs) are found from bacteria to humans, where they alter the biological and physical properties of prion-like proteins. We have proposed that prions can serve as heritable bet-hedging devices for diversifying microbial phenotypes. Other, more dynamic proteinaceous complexes may be governed by similar self-templating conformational switches. Additional PriLiMs continue to be identified and many share features of self-templating protein structure (including amyloids) and dependence on chaperone proteins. Here, we discuss several PriLiMs and their functions, intending to spur discussion and collaboration on the subject of beneficial prion-like behaviors. |
Publication | Trends in Cell Biology |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 251-259 |
Date | June 2013 |
Journal Abbr | Trends in Cell Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.007 |
ISSN | 0962-8924 |
Short Title | Blessings in disguise |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962892413000111 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:43:22 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gregory A. Newby |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | Prions and amyloids are often associated with disease, but related mechanisms provide beneficial functions in nature. Prion-like mechanisms (PriLiMs) are found from bacteria to humans, where they alter the biological and physical properties of prion-like proteins. We have proposed that prions can serve as heritable bet-hedging devices for diversifying microbial phenotypes. Other, more dynamic proteinaceous complexes may be governed by similar self-templating conformational switches. Additional PriLiMs continue to be identified and many share features of self-templating protein structure (including amyloids) and dependence on chaperone proteins. Here, we discuss several PriLiMs and their functions, intending to spur discussion and collaboration on the subject of beneficial prion-like behaviors. |
Publication | Trends in Cell Biology |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 251-259 |
Date | June 2013 |
Journal Abbr | Trends in Cell Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.01.007 |
ISSN | 0962-8924 |
Short Title | Blessings in disguise |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962892413000111 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:43:22 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Annie Archambault |
Author | Christopher O'Donnell |
Author | Philippe G. Schyns |
Abstract | The perceptual features people extract from objects depend on how they typically categorize them. It is now commonly acknowledged that the human perceiver can interact with the objects of his or her world at different, hierarchically organized levels of categorization. People who have learned to categorize an object as general or specific may therefore perceive different features in this object. We report two experiments that examined the hypothesis that the nature of categorization (general vs. specific) can influence the perceived properties of an identical distal object. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 249-255 |
Date | May, 1999 |
ISSN | 09567976 |
Short Title | Blind to Object Changes |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063420 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 11:28:46 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: May, 1999 / Copyright © 1999 Association for Psychological Science |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 11:28:46 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 11:28:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roel M. Willems |
Author | Ivan Toni |
Author | Peter Hagoort |
Author | Daniel Casasanto |
Abstract | If motor imagery uses neural structures involved in action execution, then the neural correlates of imagining an action should differ between individuals who tend to execute the action differently. Here we report fMRI data showing that motor imagery is influenced by the way people habitually perform motor actions with their particular bodies; that is, motor imagery is ‘body-specific’ (Casasanto, 2009). During mental imagery for complex hand actions, activation of cortical areas involved in motor planning and execution was left-lateralized in right-handers but right-lateralized in left-handers. We conclude that motor imagery involves the generation of an action plan that is grounded in the participant's motor habits, not just an abstract representation at the level of the action's goal. People with different patterns of motor experience form correspondingly different neurocognitive representations of imagined actions. |
Publication | Frontiers in Human Neuroscience |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 39 |
Date | 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Front Hum Neurosci |
DOI | 10.3389/neuro.09.039.2009 |
Short Title | Body-Specific Motor Imagery of Hand Actions |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19949484 PMCID: 2784680 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 15:45:46 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:14:55 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | H. Goodglass |
Author | E. Kaplan |
Place | Media, PA |
Publisher | William and Wilkins |
Date | 1983 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Mon Jun 15 15:57:07 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 15 15:57:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.W. James |
Author | I. Gauthier |
Abstract | Theories of visual recognition place different emphasis on the role of non-stimulus factors. Previously, we showed that arbitrary semantic associations influenced visual recognition of novel objects. Here, the neural substrate of this effect was investigated. During a visual task, novel objects associated with arbitrary semantic features produced more activation in frontal and parietal cortex than objects associated with names. Because the task required no semantic retrieval, access to semantics appears to be involuntary. The brain regions involved have been implicated in semantic processing, thus recently acquired semantics activate a similar network to semantics learned over a lifetime. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 429-439 |
Date | March 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Angela D. Friederici |
Author | Karsten Steinhauer |
Author | Erdmut Pfeifer |
Abstract | Adult second language learning seems to be more difficult and less efficient than first language acquisition during childhood. By using event-related brain potentials, we show that adults who learned a miniature artificial language display a similar real-time pattern of brain activation when processing this language as native speakers do when processing natural languages. Participants trained in the artificial language showed two event-related brain potential components taken to reflect early automatic and late controlled syntactic processes, whereas untrained participants did not. This result challenges the common view that late second language learners process language in a principally different way from native speakers. Our findings demonstrate that a small system of grammatical rules can be syntactically instantiated by the adult speaker in a way that strongly resembles native-speaker sentence processing. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 529-534 |
Date | 2002-1-8 |
Journal Abbr | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.012611199 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
Short Title | Brain signatures of artificial language processing |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 11773629 PMCID: 117594 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:28:00 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 17:28:00 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.D. Gilbert |
Author | M. Sigman |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 677-696 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000247329900004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Williams |
Author | Christopher Jarrold |
Abstract | Studies of inner speech use in ASD have produced conflicting results. Lidstone et al., J Autism Dev Disord ( 2009 ) hypothesised that Cognitive Profile (i.e., discrepancy between non-verbal and verbal abilities) is a predictor of inner speech use amongst children with ASD. They suggested other, contradictory results might be explained in terms of the different composition of ASD samples (in terms of Cognitive Profile) in each study. To test this, we conducted a new analysis of Williams et al.’s, J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(1): 51–58 ( 2008 ) data on inner speech use in ASD. This revealed verbal ability predicted inner speech use on a short-term memory task over and above Cognitive Profile, but not vice versa. This suggests multiple factors determine whether children with ASD employ verbal mediation. |
Publication | Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 907-913 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1007/s10803-010-0936-8 |
ISSN | 0162-3257 |
Short Title | Brief Report |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/818x3071v1430x60/abstract/ |
Accessed | Fri Apr 27 16:24:02 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Fri Apr 27 16:24:02 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Muller |
Author | N. Kleinhans |
Author | E. Courchesne |
Abstract | The left inferior frontal lobe has been traditionally viewed as a "language area," although its involvement in the discrimination of rapid nonverbal frequency changes has been also shown. Using functional MRI, we studied seven healthy adults during discrimination of relatively slow (200 ms) tonal frequency glides. Compared to a control task, in which subjects indiscriminately responded to white noise bursts, tonal discrimination was associated with bilateral superior and middle temporal and medial frontal activations. Inferior frontal activations were bilateral, but stronger on the left. Contrary to previous studies comparing discrimination of slow frequency changes to rest, our results suggest that such discriminations-when compared to an auditory control task-activate the left inferior frontal gyms. Our findings are consistent with a participation of Broca's area in nonlinguistic processes besides its known roles in semantic, syntactic, and phonological functions, (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 70-76 |
Date | January 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Muller |
Author | N. Kleinhans |
Author | E. Courchesne |
Abstract | The left inferior frontal lobe has been traditionally viewed as a "language area," although its involvement in the discrimination of rapid nonverbal frequency changes has been also shown. Using functional MRI, we studied seven healthy adults during discrimination of relatively slow (200 ms) tonal frequency glides. Compared to a control task, in which subjects indiscriminately responded to white noise bursts, tonal discrimination was associated with bilateral superior and middle temporal and medial frontal activations. Inferior frontal activations were bilateral, but stronger on the left. Contrary to previous studies comparing discrimination of slow frequency changes to rest, our results suggest that such discriminations-when compared to an auditory control task-activate the left inferior frontal gyms. Our findings are consistent with a participation of Broca's area in nonlinguistic processes besides its known roles in semantic, syntactic, and phonological functions, (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 70-76 |
Date | January 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jared M. Novick |
Author | John C. Trueswell |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Publication | Language and Linguistics Compass |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 906-924 |
Date | 10/2010 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00244.x |
ISSN | 1749818X |
URL | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00244.x |
Date Added | Wed Nov 10 00:47:51 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 13:13:10 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F Gosselin |
Author | P G Schyns |
Abstract | Everyday, people flexibly perform different categorizations of common faces, objects and scenes. Intuition and scattered evidence suggest that these categorizations require the use of different visual information from the input. However, there is no unifying method, based on the categorization performance of subjects, that can isolate the information used. To this end, we developed Bubbles, a general technique that can assign the credit of human categorization performance to specific visual information. To illustrate the technique, we applied Bubbles on three categorization tasks (gender, expressive or not and identity) on the same set of faces, with human and ideal observers to compare the features they used. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 17 |
Pages | 2261-2271 |
Date | Aug 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Vision Res. |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | Bubbles |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11448718 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 23 01:09:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11448718 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 23 01:09:10 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A Webster |
Publication | Current Biology: CB |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | R150-152 |
Date | Feb 24, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Biol. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.051 |
ISSN | 1879-0445 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19243686 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 15 01:28:25 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19243686 |
Date Added | Sun Apr 15 01:28:25 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Casasola |
Abstract | Two experiments explored the effect of linguistic input on 18-month olds' ability to form an abstract categorical representation of support. Infants were habituated to 4 support events (i.e.. one object placed 14 on another) and were tested with a novel support and a novel containment event. Infants formed an abstract category of support (i.e.. looked significantly longer at the novel than familiar relation) when hearing the word "on" during habituation but not when viewing the events in silence (Experiment 1) or when hearing general phrases or a novel word (Experiment 2). Results indicate that a familiar word can facilitate infants' formation of an abstract spatial category. leading them to form a category that they do not form in the absence of the word. |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 183-192 |
Date | JAN 2005 |
DOI | 10.1037/0012-1649.41.1.188 |
ISSN | 0012-1649 |
Short Title | Can language do the driving? |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3DgkEFEDnFPG3jJbknC&page=1&doc=2 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 5 10:33:33 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Mon Apr 5 10:33:33 2010 |
Modified | Wed Apr 21 13:08:35 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Majid |
Author | Melissa Bowerman |
Author | Sotaro Kita |
Author | D.B.M. Haun |
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Abstract | Frames of reference are coordinate systems used to compute and specify the location of objects with respect to other objects. These have long been thought of as innate concepts, built into our neurocognition. However, recent work shows that the use of such frames in language, cognition and gesture varies crossculturally, and that children can acquire different systems with comparable ease. We argue that language can play a significant role in structuring, or restructuring, a domain as fundamental as spatial cognition. This suggests we need to rethink the relation between the neurocognitive underpinnings of spatial cognition and the concepts we use in everyday thinking, and, more generally, to work out how to account for cross-cultural cognitive diversity in core cognitive domains. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Date | 2004 |
Short Title | Can language restructure cognition? |
Library Catalog | pubman.mpdl.mpg.de |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 22:57:26 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 23:21:48 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L. Gleitman |
Author | Sharon Lee Armstrong |
Author | Andrew C. Connolly |
Editor | M. Werning |
Editor | W. Hinzen |
Editor | Edouard Machery |
Book Title | Oxford handbook of compositionality |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2012 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 12 18:43:40 2012 |
Modified | Mon Nov 12 18:48:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Karen Yu |
Abstract | Semantic factors are presumed to have little influence on motion perception. Two experiments examined the effects of an object's semantic identity on motion correspondence using the Ternus paradigm. Motion correspondence was not influenced by whether the object depicted is typically moving or stationary, but it was influenced by the way(s) in which an object's components typically move relative to one another: perceived correspondence differed depending on whether the motion tokens constituted the feet of a person walking or the wheels of a car. Apparently, semantic knowledge can influence motion correspondence, although such influence is weak and may be restricted to certain types of semantic information. The adaptive significance of such restricted influences is considered. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 693 – 707 |
Date | 2000 |
DOI | 10.1068/p3063 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/abstract.cgi?id=p3063 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 14 01:38:45 2013 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Mon Jan 14 01:38:45 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jan 14 01:38:45 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Muller |
Author | R. Hübner |
Abstract | Visual attention enables observers to extract and process high-priority information in the visual field. Controversy remains as to whether or not observers can ignore information that falls within the spatial beam of attention. We used an objective physiological measure, the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), to investigate this question. A stream of flickering small, uppercase letters was embedded in the center of a stream of large, uppercase letters. A unitary beam would result in no difference of the SSVEP amplitude elicited by the small letter stream when it was attended versus ignored (i.e., when subjects attended the large letter stream). Contrary to this prediction, SSVEP amplitude increased by almost 100% when the small letter stream was attended compared with when it was ignored. The results support the notion that the attentional spotlight can be formed like a doughnut, processing central information differentially depending on whether it is attended or ignored |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 119-124 |
Date | March 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Contributor | A. Cangelosi |
Contributor | G Bugmann |
Contributor | R. Borisyuk |
Book Title | Modelling Language, Cognition and Action: Proceedings of the 9th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop. |
Place | Singapore |
Publisher | World Scientific |
Date | 2005 |
Pages | 87-96 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. McCloskey |
Author | N.J. Cohen |
Publication | The Psychology of Learning and Motivation |
Volume | 24 |
Pages | 109-165 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Sat Aug 16 01:29:08 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Astley |
Author | E.A. Wasserman |
Abstract | Three experiments investigated categorical discrimination and generalization in pigeons. Multiple fixed interval-extinction training was conducted with a pool of 48 different negative discriminative stimuli (12 slides each of people, flowers, cars, and chairs). The most errors were committed to negative stimuli (S-s) from the same category as the 12 positive stimulus (S+) slides. Such categorical generation was stronger when the 12 S+s entailed 1 copy of 12 different slides (Experiment 2) than when the S+s entailed 12 copies of 1 slide (Experiment 1). In addition, reliable but incomplete loss of inhibitory control was observed to novel stimuli chosen from the same category as the S- slides (Experiment 3). These results are consistent with perceptual theories of categorical coherence, according to which preexisting similarities among stimuli chiefly determine the acquisition and application of categories |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Behavior Processes |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 193-207 |
Date | April 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Edward A. Wasserman |
Author | Leyre Castro |
Book Title | Psychology of Learning and Motivation |
Volume | 56 |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Date | 2012 |
Pages | 145-184 |
ISBN | 9780123943934 |
URL | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123943934000054 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 15 11:30:47 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Jun 15 11:30:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jun 15 11:30:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.A. Daoutis |
Author | A. Franklin |
Author | A. Riddett |
Author | A. Clifford |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | In adults, visual search for a colour target is facilitated if the target and distractors fall in different colour categories (e.g. Daoutis, Pilling, & Davies, in press). The present study explored category effects in children's colour search. The relationship between linguistic colour categories and perceptual categories was addressed by comparing native speakers of languages differing in the number of colour terms. Experiment 1 compared English and Kwanyama (Namibian) children aged 4 to 7 years on a visual search task, using target-distractor pairs (blue-green, blue-purple, red-pink) for which the Kwanyama did not have distinct names. The presence of a category advantage in the English, but not in the Kwanyama, suggested that linguistic boundaries may affect search performance. Experiment 2 examined visual search performance in the green-yellow and the blue-green region, in English and Himba (Namibian) 6-year-olds. The number of distractors was varied to assess search efficiency. Cross-category search was more efficient than within-category search in the English group, but this advantage was absent in the Himba. Increasing the number of distractors affected search speed in the English group, but not in the Himba. Overall, these findings suggest cross-language differences in categorical effects on colour search, but also in the way the children performed the search. The nature of the category effect in search is discussed with respect to these findings. |
Publication | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 373-400 |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 13 15:27:00 2009 |
Modified | Fri Mar 13 15:28:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.A. Daoutis |
Author | M. Pilling |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | The role of categorization in visual search was studied in 3 colour search experiments where the target was or was not linearly separable from the distractors. The linear separability effect refers to the difficulty of searching for a target that falls between the distractors in CIE colour space (Bauer, Jolicoeur, & Cowan, 1996b). Observers performed nonlinearly separable searches where the target fell between the two types of distractors in CIE colour space. When the target and distractors fell within the same category, search was difficult. When they fell within three distinct categories, response times and search slopes were significantly reduced. The results suggest that categorical information, when available, facilitates search, reducing the linear separability effect. |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 19 22:30:24 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Oliver Wright |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 947-987 |
Date | 09/2012 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506285.2012.715600 |
ISSN | 1350-6285, 1464-0716 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13506285.2012.715600 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 9 23:22:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Sep 9 23:22:16 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 9 23:22:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | Andrew T Hendrickson |
Publication | Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 69-78 |
Date | 2010/01/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/wcs.26 |
ISSN | 1939-5086 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1002/wcs.26/abstract |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 16:34:07 2011 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 16:34:07 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 17:03:18 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Author | S.J. Hanson |
Author | J. Lubin |
Contributor | D.W. Powers |
Contributor | L. Reeker |
Book Title | Working Papers of the AAI Spring Symposium on Machine Learning of Natural Language and Ontology |
Publisher | Stanford University |
Date | 1991 |
Pages | 65-74 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.R. Livingston |
Author | J.K. Andrews |
Author | S. Harnad |
Abstract | The authors report a series of studies designed to determine whether effects similar to those observed in the innate categorical perception of color and phonemes are induced during the learning of simple unidimensional categories and more complex multidimensional ones. In Experiment 1 no evidence was found for such effects when stimuli varied on 1 dimension. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated a within-category compression effect but no between-category expansion effect for stimuli varying in 2 dimensions. Compression only was also shown in Experiment 4, which used pictures of actual objects. Multidimensional scaling analyses illustrate how within-category compression without expansion was sufficient to produce categorical clustering of items in the similarity space. These analyses also show that learning changed the dimensional structure of similarity space. Results are compared with those from other studies exploring similar phenomena and with neural network simulations |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 732-753 |
Date | May 1998 |
URL | ISI:000073628600012 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Kikutani |
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J.R. Hanley |
Abstract | Robust findings show that categorical perception (CP) occurs in identification of familiar faces. CP has also been observed for unfamiliar morphed faces after sufficient learning of the original, unmorphed faces has taken place. We previously suggested that CP arises when the activation of inconsistent visual and verbal representations creates a conflict between perceptual and category information. In the present study, we conducted two experiments in which the endpoint faces of an unfamiliar morphed continuum were presented in either a covert training regime (famous vs. nonfamous judgments) or an overt training regime (previously seen vs. unseen judgments). In both experiments, participants’ reaction times to repeated targets decreased relative to reaction times to control items during training. After overt training, CP was observed for the previously unfamiliar faces. No CP was observed for covertly trained faces. We conclude that individual faces must be explicitly categorized before CP can be established for the morphed continuum between them. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 865 -872 |
Date | June 01 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797610371964 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/6/865.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Nov 18 15:36:05 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Nov 18 15:36:05 2011 |
Modified | Fri Nov 18 15:36:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julie Goldstein |
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Abstract | As part of the more general issue of whether culture can affect perception, the present paper addresses the Whorfian question of whether the language available to describe perceptual experience can influence the experience itself. It investigated the effect of vocabulary on perceptual classification by the study of a remote culture (Himba) which possesses a poor colour vocabulary but a rich vocabulary of animal pattern terms. Thus, the present study examined Categorical Perception (CP) with a type of visual stimulus not previously used to assess the effect of labels on perceptual judgments. For the animal patterns, the Whorfian view predicted that it would only be the Himba who showed superiority for cross-category decisions as only they have the appropriate labels. The Whorfian view was upheld and confirmed previous findings that linked perceptual differences to labelling differences. |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology (London, England: 1953) |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | Pt 2 |
Pages | 229-243 |
Date | May 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Br J Psychol |
DOI | 10.1348/000712607X228555 |
ISSN | 0007-1269 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17678575 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 11 22:41:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17678575 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 11 22:41:39 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | Hyensou Pak |
Author | J. Richard Hanley |
Abstract | In this study we demonstrate that Korean (but not English) speakers show Categorical perception (CP) on a visual search task for a boundary between two Korean colour categories that is not marked in English. These effects were observed regardless of whether target items were presented to the left or right visual field. Because this boundary is unique to Korean, these results are not consistent with a suggestion made by Drivonikou [Drivonikou, G. V., Kay, P., Regier, T., Ivry, R. B., Gilbert, A. L., Franklin, A. et al. (2007) Further evidence that Whorfian effects are stronger in the right visual field than in the left. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, 1097-1102] that CP effects in the left visual field provide evidence for the existence of a set of universal colour categories. Dividing Korean participants into fast and slow responders demonstrated that fast responders show CP only in the right visual field while slow responders show CP in both visual fields. We argue that this finding is consistent with the view that CP in both visual fields is verbally mediated by the left hemisphere language system. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 752-762 |
Date | May 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.09.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Categorical perception of colour in the left and right visual field is verbally mediated |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T24-4PVY2XR-1/2/3b1d0525225794ef4c5d19956a236564 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 5 15:07:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Feb 5 15:07:44 2009 |
Modified | Sat May 15 21:11:41 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.N. Newell |
Author | H.H. Bulthoff |
Abstract | We report three experiments where the categorical perception of familiar, three-dimensional objects was investigated. A continuum of shape change between 15 pairs of objects was created and the images along the continuum were used as stimuli. In Experiment 1 participants were first required to discriminate pairs of images of objects that lay along the shape continuum. Then participants were asked to classify each morph-image into one of two pre-specified classes. We found evidence for categorical perception in some but not all of our object pairs. In Experiment 2 we varied the viewpoint of the objects in the discrimination task and found that effects of categorical perception generalized across changes in view. In Experiment 3 similarity ratings for each object pair were collected. These similarity scores correlated with the degree of perceptual categorization found for the object pairs. Our findings suggest that some familiar objects are perceived categorically and that categorical perception is closely tied to inter-object perceptual similarity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 113-143 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.J. Calder |
Author | A.W. Young |
Author | D.I. Perrett |
Author | N.L. Etcoff |
Author | D. Rowland |
Abstract | Using computer-generated line-drawings, Etcoff and Magee (1992) found evidence of categorical perception of facial expressions. We report four experiments that replicated and extended Etcoff and Magee's findings with photographic-quality stimuli. Experiments 1 and 2 measured identification of the individual stimuli falling along particular expression continua (e.g. from happiness to sadness) and discrimination of these stimuli with an ABX task in which stimuli A, B, and X were presented sequentially; subjects had to decide whether X was the same as A or B. Our identification data showed that each expression continuum was perceived as two distinct sections separated by a category boundary. From these identification data we were able to predict subjects' performance in the ABX discrimination task and to demonstrate better discrimination of cross-boundary than within-category pairs; that is, two faces identified as different expressions (e.g. happy and sad) were easier to discriminate than two faces of equal physical difference identified as the same expression (e.g. both happy) |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-117 |
Date | June 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | M. Steyvers |
Author | K. Larimer |
Date | 1996 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Pages | 243-248 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:13 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 9 17:50:02 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Editor | S. Harnad |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1987 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:24:47 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.J. Freedman |
Author | M. Riesenhuber |
Author | T. Poggio |
Author | E.K. Miller |
Abstract | The ability to group stimuli into meaningful categories is a fundamental cognitive process. To explore its neural basis. we trained monkeys to categorize computer-generated stimuli as "cats" and "dogs." A morphing system was used to systematically vary stimulus shape and precisely define the category boundary. Neural activity in the Lateral prefrontal cortex reflected the category of visual stimuli, even when a monkey was retrained with the stimuli assigned to new categories |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 291 |
Issue | 5502 |
Pages | 312-316 |
Date | January 12, 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Edward F Chang |
Author | Jochem W Rieger |
Author | Keith Johnson |
Author | Mitchel S Berger |
Author | Nicholas M Barbaro |
Author | Robert T Knight |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1428-1432 |
Date | November 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.2641 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2641 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 17:14:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 17:14:58 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 7 17:14:58 2011 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Abstract | Categories and concepts |
URL | http://www.academia.edu/1902208/Categories_and_concepts |
Accessed | Sun Oct 21 14:41:11 2012 |
Date Added | Sun Oct 21 14:41:11 2012 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 14:41:11 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A. Gelman |
Author | E.M. Markman |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 183-209 |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Huttenlocher |
Author | L.V. Hedges |
Author | S. Duncan |
Abstract | A model of category effects on reports from memory is presented. The model holds that stimuli are represented at 2 levels of detail: a fine-grain value and a category. When memory is inexact but people must report an exact value, they use estimation processes that combine the remembered stimulus value with category information. The proposed estimation processes include truncation at category boundaries and weighting with a central (prototypic) category value. These processes introduce bias in reporting even when memory is unbiased, but nevertheless may improve overall accuracy (by decreasing the variability of reports). Four experiments are presented in which people report the location of a dot in a circle. Subjects spontaneously impose horizontal and vertical boundaries that divide the circle into quadrants. They misplace dots toward a central (prototypic) location in each quadrant, as predicted by the model. The proposed model has broad implications; notably, it has the potential to explain biases of the sort described in psychophysics (contraction bias and the bias captured by Weber's law) as well as asymmetries in similarity judgments, without positing distorted representations of physical scales |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 352-376 |
Date | July 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
URL | ISI:A1991FX73300003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:38 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Diesendruck |
Abstract | Various claims have been made in the developmental literature about the relationship between language and categorisation in children. Drawing on the notion of the domain-specificity of cognition, the paper reviews evidence on the effect of language in the classification of and reasoning about categories from different domains. The review looks at the anthropological, infant classification, and preschool categorisation literature. Overall, the analyses suggest that the causal nature and inductive power of animal categories seem to be the least influenced by linguistic and cultural factors, of artifact categories the most, and of human categories somewhere in between these other two kinds. Some gaps on the evidence reviewed are noted and possible theoretical accounts of the emerging pattern are discussed |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5-6 |
Pages | 759-787 |
Date | October 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Morton |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 60 |
Pages | 329-& |
Date | 1969 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | F. Xu |
Editor | D.H Rakison |
Editor | L.M. Oakes |
Abstract | Psychologists and philosophers have been debating about the nature of categories, kinds, and the role of language in concept representation and concept acquisition for decades if not centuries. When studying the nature of kind representations, much of the literature in cognitive and developmental psychology has focused on the important process of categorization (see the many chapters in this volume). In this chapter, I would like to focus on a less studied aspect of kind representations, namely the process of individuation. I suggest that a theory of kind representations should account for both categorization and individuation. What is a category and what is a kind? To begin, I will try to lay out a taxonomy to clarify the relationship between the various terms and to pinpoint the focus of this chapter (Figure 1). |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 63 -89 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:21:43 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N.W. Ingling |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 239-& |
Date | 1972 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dalila Bovet |
Author | Jacques Vauclair |
Author | Agnès Blaye |
Abstract | Three-year-old children were tested on three categorization tasks of increasing levels of abstraction (used with adult baboons in an earlier study): the first was a conceptual categorization task (food vs toys), the second a perceptual matching task (same vs different objects), and the third a relational matching task in which the children had to sort pairs according to whether or not the two items belonged to the same or different categories. The children were tested using two different procedures, the first a replication of the procedure used with the baboons (pulling one rope for a category or a relationship between two objects, and another rope for the other category or relationship), the second a task based upon children's prior experiences with sorting objects (putting in the same box objects belonging to the same category or a pair of objects exemplifying the same relation). The children were able to solve the first task (conceptual categorization) when tested with the sorting into boxes procedure, and the second task (perceptual matching) when tested with both procedures. The children were able to master the third task (relational matching) only when the rules were clearly explained to them, but not when they could only watch sorting examples. In fact, the relational matching task without explanation requires analogy abilities that do not seem to be fully developed at 3 years of age. The discrepancies in performances between children tested with the two procedures, with the task explained or not, and the discrepancies observed between children and baboons are discussed in relation to differences between species and/or problem-solving strategies. |
Publication | Animal Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 53-59 |
Date | Jan 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Anim Cogn |
DOI | 10.1007/s10071-004-0226-y |
ISSN | 1435-9448 |
Short Title | Categorization and abstraction abilities in 3-year-old children |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300466 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 14 18:37:02 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15300466 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 14 18:37:02 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kurt Hugenberg |
Author | Jennifer Miller |
Author | Heather M. Claypool |
Abstract | <p><br/>Recent theory and evidence suggest that the Cross-Race Effect (better recognition for same-race (SR) faces than for cross-race (CR) faces) is due to social-cognitive processes of categorization of out-group members, causing perceivers to attend to category-specifying information of CR faces at the expense of individuating information. Three experiments seek to extend this social-cognitive explanation of the CRE by investigating the extent to which the Cross-Race Effect can be reduced by inducing perceivers to individuate rather than categorize CR faces. In all three experiments, participants who received warning of the Cross-Race Effect prior to encoding, and instructions to individuate out-group members, showed no CRE. Experiment 2 suggests that this elimination of the CRE was not due merely to increased motivation to process all stimuli. This is one of few empirical displays of an elimination of the CRE outside of visual training. Moreover, these results are congenial with Levin's (2000) feature-selection model, which suggests that the CRE is due to differential social cognitions about in-group and out-group members, rather than to differences in perceptual expertise. By eliciting individuation of out-group members at encoding, the CRE can be eliminated.</p> |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 334-340 |
Date | March 2007 |
DOI | 16/j.jesp.2006.02.010 |
ISSN | 0022-1031 |
Short Title | Categorization and individuation in the cross-race recognition deficit |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103106000382 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 14 00:39:01 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Jul 14 00:39:01 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | E.M. Markman |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.L. Medin |
Author | E.B. Lynch |
Author | J.D. Coley |
Author | S. Atran |
Abstract | To what degree do conceptual systems reflect universal patterns of featural covariation in the world (similarity) or universal organizing principles of mind, and to what degree do they reflect specific goals, theories, and beliefs of the categorizer? This question was addressed in experiments concerned with categorization and reasoning among different types of tree experts (e.g., taxonomists, landscape workers, parks maintenance personnel). The results show an intriguing pattern of similarities and differences. Differences in sorting between taxonomists and maintenance workers reflect differences in weighting of morphological features. Landscape workers, in contrast, sort trees into goal-derived categories based on utilitarian concerns. These sorting patterns carry over into category-based reasoning for the taxonomists and maintenance personnel but not the landscape workers. These generalizations interact with taxonomic rank and suggest that the genus (or folk generic) level is relatively and in some cases absolutely privileged. Implications of these Endings for theories of categorization are discussed. (C) 1997 Academic Press |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 49-96 |
Date | February 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WH20000002 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Author | L. Rodet |
Abstract | Many theories of object recognition and categorization claim that complex objects are represented in terms of characteristic features. The origin of these features has been neglected in theories of object categorization. Do they form a fixed and independent set that exists before experience with objects, or are features progressively extracted and developed as an organism categorizes its world? This article maintains that features can be learned flexibly as a consequence of categorizing and representing objects. All 3 experiments reported in this article used categories of unfamiliar, computer-synthesized 2-dimensional objects (''Martian cells''). The results showed that varying the order of category learning induced the creation of different features that changed the perceptual appearance and the featural representation of identical category exemplars. Network simulations supported a flexible rather than a fixed-feature interpretation of the data |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 681-696 |
Date | May 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.S. Hough |
Abstract | This investigation examined aphasic adults' access and organization for goal-derived and common categories. Fluent and non-fluent aphasic subject groups and a group of non-brain-damaged controls participated in category verification and exemplar generation tasks. Although both groups with aphasia consistently required additional time to verify category examples for both types of categories, performance accuracy was similar for all three groups, regardless of category type. Both aphasic groups displayed difficulty accessing peripheral category examples for the common categories on exemplar generation. The results support recent suggestions that both fluent and non-fluent aphasic individuals retain partially normal semantic category information which is reflected in their appropriate production of central or in-set category examples; however, these adults present with impoverished representations of the boundaries around a category's referential field |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 335-357 |
Date | July 1993 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D. Mirman |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | Humans have an unparalleled ability to represent objects as members of multiple categories. A given object, such as a pillow may be-depending on current task demands-represented as an instance of something that is soft, as something that contains feathers, as something that is found in bedrooms, or something that is larger than a toaster. This type of processing requires the individual to dynamically highlight task-relevant properties and abstract over or suppress object properties that, although salient, are not relevant to the task at hand. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence suggests that this ability may depend on cognitive control processes associated with the left inferior prefrontal gyrus. Here, we show that stimulating the left inferior frontal cortex using transcranial direct current stimulation alters performance of healthy subjects on a simple categorization task. Our task required subjects to select pictures matching a description, e.g., "click on all the round things." Cathodal stimulation led to poorer performance on classification trials requiring attention to specific dimensions such as color or shape as opposed to trials that required selecting items belonging to a more thematic category such as objects that hold water. A polarity reversal (anodal stimulation) lowered the threshold for selecting items that were more weakly associated with the target category. These results illustrate the role of frontally-mediated control processes in categorization and suggest potential interactions between categorization, cognitive control, and language. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 124 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 36-49 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2012.04.002 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 7 09:36:27 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jul 24 12:38:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.B. Mervis |
Author | E. Rosch |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 32 |
Pages | 89-115 |
Date | 1981 |
URL | http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513?cookieSet=1&journalCode=psych |
Accessed | Tue Aug 12 22:34:58 2008 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 12 22:34:58 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 12 22:38:22 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Homa |
Author | R. Vosburgh |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Learning and Memory |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 322-330 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.C. Malt |
Abstract | Major proposals that psychologists have made about how humans segment their world into categories are reviewed. The anthropological literature that bears on the same issues is explored, noting its implications for psychological theory. Cross-cultural data provide substantial constraints for theories of category coherence. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 85-148 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 26 16:26:22 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 26 16:27:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.L. Murphy |
Author | Hiram H. Brownell |
Abstract | Three object-recognition experiments with 36 undergraduates tested the category-differentiation and preferred-level hypotheses of the basic level advantage in object identification. It is noted that, when people are asked to decide whether an object is in a given category, they generally respond faster when the category is at the basic level (e.g., car) than when it is at the superordinate level (e.g., vehicle) or the subordinate level (e.g., sedan). Basic categories have shorter and more frequent names, are learned earlier, and are usually more highly differentiated than other categories (they are both specific and distinctive), but it is not clear which of these factors is responsible for the faster response to basic categories. Results of the present experiments indicate that objects could be identified fastest as members of differentiated categories, even when such categories had longer names and were learned later than less differentiated categories; atypical subordinate categories (e.g., racing car) that were highly differentiated were responded to as fast as basic categories in object recognition. Findings rule out the hypothesis that objects are necessarily identified as members of basic categories before further identification. Implications of these findings for the use of category names as definite description in discourse are discussed. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 70-84 |
Date | January 1985 |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.11.1.70 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
Short Title | Category differentiation in object recognition |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Mon Nov 29 11:33:14 2010 |
Modified | Wed Oct 24 23:44:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.L. Taylor |
Author | J. Hamm |
Abstract | When subjects identify a target during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), they show a reduced ability to detect a subsequent probe stimulus relative to when they ignore the target. The present study demonstrated an effect of target/probe categorical relation upon this probe detection deficit (attentional blink). Experiment 1 used letters for both target and probe, replicating the general methods and results of Raymond, Shapiro, and Arnell (1992). Experiment 2 varied target/probe categorical relation via instructional set: The target was a letter; for some subjects, the probe stimulus O was referred to as the letter ''oh,'' whereas for other subjects it was referred to as the number ''zero.'' Treating O as a number attenuated the probe detection deficit. This different-category attenuation was confirmed in Experiment 3 where the target was a letter and the probe was a number. The observed category effect suggests that the probe detection deficit in RSVP may map a time course for spreading intra-category inhibition following temporal target selection |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Experimentale |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 36-46 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Duncan |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 221-232 |
Date | 1983 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Esterman |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | Selective visual attention directed to a location (even in the absence of a stimulus) has been shown to increase activity in the visual cortex and to enhance perception of targets behaviorally. We further explored this effect by manipulating observers' expectations about the category of an upcoming target. Observers viewed a display in which an object (either a face or a house) gradually coheres from a state of dynamic noise; a cue established expectation about the object category. Behavioral data demonstrate that observers were faster to make discriminations about these images when the type of object matched their expectation. fMRI data reveal that this priming was associated with anticipatory increases in object-specific visual cortex, even in the absence of object-specific visual information. Expecting a face evoked increased activity in several face-selective cortical regions including the fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and inferior occipital cortex. Conversely, expecting a house produced increased activity in parahippocampal regions. Brain regions associated with expecting faces and houses are contained within those associated with the perception of faces and houses, suggesting that visual anticipation involves similar mechanisms as involved in perception. Visual expectation leads to 'seeing' what we expect to see. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 555a |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 3 14:05:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 3 14:06:25 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Clapper |
Author | G.H. Bower |
Abstract | This research aimed to discriminate between 2 general approaches to unsupervised category learning. one based on learning explicit correlational rules or associations within a stimulus domain (autocorrelation) and the other based on inventing separate categories to capture the correlational structure of the domain (category invention). An ''attribute-listing'' paradigm was used to index unsupervised learning in 3 experiments. Each experiment manipulated the order in which instances from 2 different categories were presented and evaluated the effects of this manipulation in terms of the 2 competing theoretical approaches to unsupervised learning. Strong evidence was found for the use by Ss of a discrete category invention process to learn the categories in these experiments. These results also suggest that attribute listing may be a valuable method for future investigations of unsupervised category learning |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 443-460 |
Date | March 1994 |
URL | ISI:A1994MZ25600012 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Yamauchi |
Author | A.B. Markman |
Abstract | The nature of category formation is linked to the tasks applied to learn the categories. To explore this idea, we investigated how three different methods of category learning-Classification Learning, Inference Learning, and Mixed Learning (a mixture of the two)-affect the way people form categories. In Classification Learning, subjects learned categories by predicting the class to which an individually presented exemplar belonged given feature information about the exemplar. In Inference Learning, subjects learned categories by predicting a feature value of a stimulus given the class to which it belonged and information about its other features. In Mixed Learning, subjects received the Classification task on some trials and the Inference task on other trials. The results of two experiments and model fitting indicate that inference and classification, though closely related, require different strategies to be carried out, and that when categories are learned by inference or by classification, subjects acquire categories in a way that accommodates these strategies. (C) 1998 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 124-148 |
Date | July 1998 |
URL | ISI:000074589600007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V R de Sa |
Author | D.H. Ballard |
Abstract | Humans and other animals learn to form complex categories without receiving a target output, or teaching signal, with each input pattern. In contrast, most computer algorithms that emulate such performance assume the brain is provided with the correct output at the neuronal level or require grossly unphysiological methods of information propagation. Natural environments do not contain explicit labeling signals, but they do contain important information in the form of temporal correlations between sensations to different sensory modalities, and humans are affected by this correlational structure (Howells, 1944; McGurk & MacDonald, 1976; MacDonald & McGurk, 1978; Zellner & Kautz, 1990; Durgin & Proffitt, 1996). In this article we describe a simple, unsupervised neural network algorithm that also uses this natural structure. Using only the co-occurring patterns of lip motion and sound signals from a human speaker, the network learns separate visual and auditory speech classifiers that perform comparably to supervised networks. |
Publication | Neural Computation |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1097-1117 |
Date | Jul 1, 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Neural Comput |
ISSN | 0899-7667 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9654768 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 15:08:40 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9654768 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 15:08:40 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | E.M Pothos |
Author | N Chater |
Date | 2001 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Publisher | Mahwah, NJ |
Pages | 774-779 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jean Keates |
Author | Susan A. Graham |
Abstract | ABSTRACT2014To clarify the role of labels in early induction, we compared 16-month-old infants' (n= 114) generalization of target properties to test objects when objects were introduced by the experimenter in one of the following ways: (a) with a general attentional phrase, (b) highlighted with a flashlight and a general attentional phrase, (c) via a recorded voice that labeled the objects using a naming phrase, (d) with a label consisting of a count noun embedded within a naming phrase, (e) with a label consisting of a single word that was not marked as belonging to a particular grammatical form class, and (f) with a label consisting of an adjective. Infants relied on object labels to guide their inductive inferences only when the labels were presented referentially, embedded within an intentional naming phrase, and marked as count nouns. These results suggest that infants do not view labels as attributes of objects; rather, infants understand that count-noun labels are intentional markers denoting category membership. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1287-1293 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02237.x |
Short Title | Category Markers or Attributes |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02237.x |
Accessed | Mon Oct 5 17:56:07 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Mon Oct 5 17:56:07 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 5 17:56:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.K. Warrington |
Author | T. Shallice |
Abstract | We report a quantitative investigation of the visual identification and auditory comprehension deficits of 4 patients who had made a partial recovery from herpes simplex encephalitis. Clinical observations had suggested the selective impairment and selective preservation of certain categories of visual stimuli. In all 4 patients a significant discrepancy between their ability to identify inanimate objects and inability to identify living things and foods was demonstrated. In 2 patients it was possible to compare visual and verbal modalities and the same pattern of dissociation was observed in both. For 1 patient, comprehension of abstract words was significantly superior to comprehension of concrete words. Consistency of responses was recorded within a modality in contrast to a much lesser degree of consistency between modalities. We interpret our findings in terms of category specificity in the organization of meaning systems that are also modality specific semantic systems. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 829 -853 |
Date | 1984 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/107.3.829 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/3/829.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Sep 15 10:37:31 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 10:37:31 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:15:56 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.B. Markman |
Author | B.H. Ross |
Abstract | Categorization models based on laboratory research focus on a narrower range of explanatory constructs than appears necessary for explaining the structure of natural categories. This mismatch is caused by the reliance on classification as the basis of laboratory studies. Category representations are formed in the process of interacting with category members. Thus, laboratory studies must explore a range of category uses. The authors review the effects of a variety of category uses on category learning. First, there is an extensive discussion contrasting classification with a predictive inference task that is formally equivalent to classification but leads to a very different pattern of learning. Then, research on the effects of problem solving, communication, and combining inference and classification is reviewed |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 592-613 |
Date | July 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183463800006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gregory L. Murphy |
Author | Brian H. Ross |
Abstract | In one form of category-based induction, people make predictions about unknown properties of objects. There is a tension between predictions made based on the object’s specific features (e.g., objects above a certain size tend not to fly) and those made by reference to category-level knowledge (e.g., birds fly). Seven experiments with artificial categories investigated these two sources of induction by looking at whether people used information about correlated features within categories, suggesting that they focused on feature–feature relations rather than summary categorical information. The results showed that people relied heavily on such correlations, even when there was no reason to think that the correlations exist in the population. The results suggested that people’s use of this strategy is largely unreflective, rather than strategically chosen. These findings have important implications for models of category-based induction, which generally ignore feature–feature relations. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-17 |
Date | July 2010 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jml.2009.12.002 |
ISSN | 0749-596X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X09001235 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 4 13:19:55 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Apr 4 13:19:55 2012 |
Modified | Wed Apr 4 13:19:55 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Martin |
Author | L.G. Ungerleider |
Author | J.V. Haxby |
Editor | M.S. Gazzaniga |
Book Title | The new cognitive neurosciences |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2000 |
Pages | 1023-1036 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 17:14:47 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:15:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lee J. Byrne |
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Diana J. Cole |
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Author | Byron J. T. Morgan |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Abstract | Guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn·HCl) blocks the propagation of yeast prions by inhibiting Hsp104, a molecular chaperone that is absolutely required for yeast prion propagation. We had previously proposed that ongoing cell division is required for Gdn·HCl-induced loss of the [PSI +] prion. Subsequently, Wu et al.[Wu Y, Greene LE, Masison DC, Eisenberg E (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12789–12794] claimed to show that Gdn·HCl can eliminate the [PSI +] prion from α-factor-arrested cells leading them to propose that in Gdn·HCl-treated cells the prion aggregates are degraded by an Hsp104-independent mechanism. Here we demonstrate that the results of Wu et al. can be explained by an unusually high rate of α-factor-induced cell death in the [PSI +] strain (780-1D) used in their studies. What appeared to be no growth in their experiments was actually no increase in total cell number in a dividing culture through a counterbalancing level of cell death. Using media-exchange experiments, we provide further support for our original proposal that elimination of the [PSI +] prion by Gdn·HCl requires ongoing cell division and that prions are not destroyed during or after the evident curing phase. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 28 |
Pages | 11688-11693 |
Date | 07/10/2007 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0701392104 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/28/11688 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:06 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Extra | PMID: 17606924 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lee J. Byrne |
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Diana J. Cole |
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Author | Byron J. T. Morgan |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Abstract | Guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn·HCl) blocks the propagation of yeast prions by inhibiting Hsp104, a molecular chaperone that is absolutely required for yeast prion propagation. We had previously proposed that ongoing cell division is required for Gdn·HCl-induced loss of the [PSI +] prion. Subsequently, Wu et al.[Wu Y, Greene LE, Masison DC, Eisenberg E (2005) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:12789–12794] claimed to show that Gdn·HCl can eliminate the [PSI +] prion from α-factor-arrested cells leading them to propose that in Gdn·HCl-treated cells the prion aggregates are degraded by an Hsp104-independent mechanism. Here we demonstrate that the results of Wu et al. can be explained by an unusually high rate of α-factor-induced cell death in the [PSI +] strain (780-1D) used in their studies. What appeared to be no growth in their experiments was actually no increase in total cell number in a dividing culture through a counterbalancing level of cell death. Using media-exchange experiments, we provide further support for our original proposal that elimination of the [PSI +] prion by Gdn·HCl requires ongoing cell division and that prions are not destroyed during or after the evident curing phase. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 28 |
Pages | 11688-11693 |
Date | 07/10/2007 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0701392104 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/28/11688 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:06 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Extra | PMID: 17606924 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.D. Ekstrom |
Author | M.J. Kahana |
Author | Caplan J.B. |
Author | T.A. Fields |
Author | E.A. Isham |
Author | E.L. Newman |
Author | I. Fried |
Abstract | Place cells of the rodent hippocampus constitute one of the most striking examples of a correlation between neuronal activity and complex behaviour in mammals. These cells increase their firing rates when the animal traverses specific regions of its surroundings, providing a context-dependent map of the environment. Neuroimaging studies implicate the hippocampus and the parahippocampal region in human navigation. However, these regions also respond selectively to visual stimuli. It thus remains unclear whether rodent place coding has a homologue in humans or whether human navigation is driven by a different, visually based neural mechanism. We directly recorded from 317 neurons in the human medial temporal and frontal lobes while subjects explored and navigated a virtual town. Here we present evidence for a neural code of human spatial navigation based on cells that respond at specific spatial locations and cells that respond to views of landmarks. The former are present primarily in the hippocampus, and the latter in the parahippocampal region. Cells throughout the frontal and temporal lobes responded to the subjects' navigational goals and to conjunctions of place, goal and view. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 425⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 6954 |
Pages | 184-188 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Francis |
Author | R.J. Irwin |
Abstract | The accuracy with which observers judged the parity of pairs of rotated images in the two visual fields was determined from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of confidence ratings. In one experiment, observers judged whether pairs of letters were of the same parity (that is, both normal or both backwards) or of different parities (one normal and one backwards). A small right visual field advantage in the observers' accuracy was found in this mental rotation task. In a second experiment, observers judged whether pairs of pictures were of the same parity or of different parities. Unlike the first experiment, no evidence of a consistent visual field advantage was found in this mental rotation task. The decision strategy adopted by the observers in making same-different judgements about rotated stimuli was examined. The symmetrical shape of the ROCs obtained was consistent with the adoption of the likelihood-ratio decision strategy, a result which supplemented previous evidence that this decision strategy is adopted when same-different judgements are made about multidimensional stimuli |
Publication | European Journal of Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 225-240 |
Date | June 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R W Homan |
Author | J Herman |
Author | P Purdy |
Abstract | We employed CT scanning to correlate scalp markers placed according to the international 10-20 system with underlying cerebral structures. Subjects were 12 normal volunteers. Measurements included assessment for cranial asymmetry to determine the effect of skull asymmetry on cortical location of electrodes. Results were correlated with the cortical histological map of Brodmann. Primary cortical locations agree well with previously published data and provide cortical localization in greater detail than previous studies. Variability of cortical electrode location was substantial in some cases and not related to cranial asymmetry. The results indicate that CT scanning or other neuroimaging techniques which reveal detailed cerebral anatomy would be potentially highly useful in defining the generators of electrocerebral potentials recorded from the scalp. |
Publication | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 66 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 376-382 |
Date | Apr 1987 |
Journal Abbr | Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 0013-4694 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2435517 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 22 14:13:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2435517 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 22 14:13:57 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susana Carvalho |
Author | Eugénia Cunha |
Author | Cláudia Sousa |
Author | Tetsuro Matsuzawa |
Publication | Journal of Human Evolution |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 148-163 |
Date | 7/2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005 |
ISSN | 00472484 |
URL | http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ai/en/publication/matsuzawa/Carvalho2008.html |
Accessed | Sun Sep 2 12:31:36 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 12:31:36 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 2 12:31:36 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel J. Simons |
Author | Ronald A. Rensink |
Abstract | Change blindness is the striking failure to see large changes that normally would be noticed easily. Over the past decade this phenomenon has greatly contributed to our understanding of attention, perception, and even consciousness. The surprising extent of change blindness explains its broad appeal, but its counterintuitive nature has also engendered confusions about the kinds of inferences that legitimately follow from it. Here we discuss the legitimate and the erroneous inferences that have been drawn, and offer a set of requirements to help separate them. In doing so, we clarify the genuine contributions of change blindness research to our understanding of visual perception and awareness, and provide a glimpse of some ways in which change blindness might shape future research. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 16-20 |
Date | January 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2004.11.006 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | Change blindness |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4DXTHVD-2/2/d3451247e53c70b0b390450a275a475a |
Accessed | Tue Nov 17 21:47:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 17 21:47:55 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 17 21:47:55 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sara Spotorno |
Author | Sylvane Faure |
Abstract | The perceptual salience and semantic relevance of objects for the meaning of a scene were evaluated with multiple criteria and then manipulated in a change-detection experiment that used an original combination of one-shot and tachistoscopic divided-visual-field paradigms to study behavioural hemispheric asymmetry. Coloured drawings that depicted meaningful situations were presented centrally and very briefly (120 ms) and only the changes were lateralised by adding an object in the right or in the left visual hemifield. High salience and high relevance improved both response times (RTs) and accuracy, although the overall contribution of salience was greater than that of relevance. Moreover, only for low-salience changes did relevance affect speed. RTs were shorter when a change occurred in the left visual hemifield, suggesting a right-hemisphere advantage for detection of visual change. Also, men responded faster than women. The theoretical and methodological implications are discussed. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5 – 22 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1068/p6524 |
Short Title | Change detection in complex scenes |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/abstract.cgi?id=p6524 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 11:01:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 11:01:13 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 11:01:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Fernandez |
Author | A M Glenberg |
Abstract | place at which an event was experienced, forms an integral feature of the mnemonic representation of events. One way of investigating context is by manipulating the environmental context (which typically means the room in which the experiment takes place). The predominant result of this manipulation reported in the literature has been consistent with theory: Memory performance is better when the learning and testing environments are the same than when they differ. This article reports eight experiments that in aggregate challenge the reliability of this samecontext advantage. Experiment 1 reported a failure to obtain a same-context advantage. Experiments 2-7 investigated various features of the design that might have reduced the effect. None of these experiments produced a reliable same-context advantage. Experiment 8 repeated the methodology of a published report of a same-context advantage with more than double the number of subjects, but failed to replicate the effect. An analysis of features of the experiments led to two suggestions for future investigations of the effects of changes in environmental context on memory. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 333-345 |
Date | Jul 1985 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4079749 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 18:00:20 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 4079749 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:00:20 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | S.J. Butcher |
Author | C. Lee |
Author | M. Hyle |
Abstract | Observers, searching for targets among distractor items, guide attention with a mix of top-down information-based on observers' knowledge-and bottom-up information-stimulus-based and largely independent of that knowledge. There are 2 types of top-down guidance: explicit information (e.g., verbal description) and implicit priming by preceding targets (top-down because it implies knowledge of previous searches). Experiments I and 2 separate bottom-up and top-down contributions to singleton search. Experiment 3 shows that priming effects are based more strongly on target than on distractor identity. Experiments 4 and 5 show that more difficult search for one type of target (color) can impair search for other types (size, orientation). Experiment 6 shows that priming guides attention and does not just modulate response |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 483-502 |
Date | April 2003 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul T Sowden |
Author | Philippe G Schyns |
Abstract | Vision provides us with an ever-changing neural representation of the world from which we must extract stable object categorizations. We argue that visual analysis involves a fundamental interaction between the observer's top-down categorization goals and the incoming stimulation. Specifically, we discuss the information available for categorization from an analysis of different spatial scales by a bank of flexible, interacting spatial-frequency (SF) channels. We contend that the activity of these channels is not determined simply bottom-up by the stimulus. Instead, we argue that, following perceptual learning a specification of the diagnostic, object-based, SF information dynamically influences the top-down processing of retina-based SF information by these channels. Our analysis of SF processing provides a case study that emphasizes the continuity between higher-level cognition and lower-level perception. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 538-45 |
Date | Dec 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2006.10.007 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17071128 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 5 19:27:30 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17071128 |
Date Added | Thu Mar 5 19:27:29 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Stephen P. Stich |
Editor | Ted A. Warfield |
Author | E. Margolis |
Author | S. Laurence |
Abstract | Comprising a series of specially commissioned chapters by leading scholars, this comprehensive volume presents an up-to-date survey of the central themes in the philosophy of mind. It leads the reader through a broad range of topics, including Artificial Intelligence, Consciousness, Dualism, Emotions, Folk Psychology, Free Will, Individualism, Personal Identity and The Mind-Body Problem. Provides a state of the art overview of philosophy of mind. Contains 16 newly-commissioned articles, all of which are written by internationally distinguished scholars. Each chapter reviews a central issue, examines the current state of the discipline with respect to the topic, and discusses possible futures of the field. Provides a solid foundation for further study. |
Book Title | The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Mind |
Publisher | John Wiley & Sons |
Date | 2008-04-15 |
Pages | 190-213 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780470998755 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Wed Jun 5 17:42:48 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jun 5 17:49:11 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark A. Changizi |
Author | Shinsuke Shimojo |
Abstract | A writing system is a visual notation system wherein a repertoire of marks, or strokes, is used to build a repertoire of characters. Are there any commonalities across writing systems concerning the rules governing how strokes combine into characters; commonalities that might help us identify selection pressures on the development of written language? In an effort to answer this question we examined how strokes combine to make characters in more than 100 writing systems over human history, ranging from about 10 to 200 characters, and including numerals, abjads, abugidas, alphabets and syllabaries from five major taxa: Ancient Near–Eastern, European, Middle Eastern, South Asian, Southeast Asian. We discovered underlying similarities in two fundamental respects. (i) The number of strokes per characters is approximately three, independent of the number of characters in the writing system; numeral systems are the exception, having on average only two strokes per character. (ii) Characters are ca. 50% redundant, independent of writing system size; intuitively, this means that a character's identity can be determined even when half of its strokes are removed. Because writing systems are under selective pressure to have characters that are easy for the visual system to recognize and for the motor system to write, these fundamental commonalities may be a fingerprint of mechanisms underlying the visuo–motor system. |
Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 272 |
Issue | 1560 |
Pages | 267-275 |
Date | 02/07/2005 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. R. Soc. B |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1098/rspb.2004.2942 |
ISSN | 0962-8452, 1471-2954 |
URL | http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1560/267 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 15 17:55:20 2013 |
Library Catalog | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org |
Date Added | Tue Jan 15 17:55:20 2013 |
Modified | Tue Jan 15 17:55:20 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lucica Iordanescu |
Author | Emmanuel Guzman-Martinez |
Author | Marcia Grabowecky |
Author | Satoru Suzuki |
Abstract | In a natural environment, objects that we look for often make characteristic sounds. A hiding cat may meow, or the keys in the cluttered drawer may jingle when moved. Using a visual search paradigm, we demonstrated that characteristic sounds facilitated visual localization of objects, even when the sounds carried no location information. For example, finding a cat was faster when participants heard a meow sound. In contrast, sounds had no effect when participants searched for names rather than pictures of objects. For example, hearing "meow" did not facilitate localization of the word cat. These results suggest that characteristic sounds cross-modally enhance visual (rather than conceptual) processing of the corresponding objects. Our behavioral demonstration of object-based cross-modal enhancement complements the extensive literature on space-based cross-modal interactions. When looking for your keys next time, you might want to play jingling sounds. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 548-54 |
Date | Jun 2008 |
DOI | 18567253 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567253 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 19 22:29:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18567253 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 19 22:29:30 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 19 22:29:30 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.B. McCreery |
Author | W.F. Agnew |
Author | T.G.H. Yuen |
Author | L. Bullara |
Abstract | Stimulating electrodes of various sizes were used to investigate the interactions of two stimulus parameters, charge density and charge per phase, in determining the threshold of neural injury induced by electrical stimulation. Platinum electrodes ranging in size from 0.002 to 0.5 cm<sup> 2</sup> were implanted over the parietal cortex of adult cats. Ten days after implantation, the electrodes were pulsed continuously for 7 h using charge-balanced, current-regulated, symmetric pulse pairs 400 mu s per phase in duration and at a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The results show that charge density (as measured at the surface of the stimulating electrode) and charge per phase interact in a synergistic manner to determine the threshold of stimulation-induced neural injury. This interaction occurs over a wide range of both parameters: for charge density from at least 10 to 800 mu C/cm<sup> 2</sup>, and for charge per phase from at least 0.05 to 5.0 mu C per phase. The significance of these findings in elucidating the mechanisms underlying stimulation-induced injury is discussed. |
Publication | Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 996 -1001 |
Date | oct. 1990 |
DOI | 10.1109/10.102812 |
ISSN | 0018-9294 |
Library Catalog | IEEE Xplore |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 08:52:49 2012 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.R. Hodges |
Author | N. Graham |
Author | K. Patterson |
Abstract | A patient, JL, with the syndrome of semantic dementia was assessed longitudinally over a two-year period. The data presented here address the controversy concerning the hierarchical organisation of semantic memory. On a range of category fluency tests, when first tested JL was just within the normal range on the broadest categories of animals and household items, but was virtually unable to produce any instances of specific categories such as breeds of dog or musical instruments. Longitudinal fluency data for the animal category demonstrate that while JL continued to produce the most prototypical responses (cat, dog, horse), other animal labels dropped out early from his vocabulary. On the picture-sorting tests from our semantic memory test battery, JL's discrimination between living things and man-made objects was preserved for a substantial time in conjunction with a marked decline in his sorting ability for more specific categories, particularly features or attributes (e.g. size, foreign-ness, or ferocity of animals). An analysis of naming responses to the 260 Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures on four occasions suggests a progressive loss of the features of semantic representations that enable discrimination between specific category instances. There was a progressive decline in circumlocutory and category co-ordinate responses with a rise in broad superordinate and cross-category errors. The latter are of particular theoretical interest; on session I, all cross-category errors respected the living/man-made distinction, but by session IV almost half of such errors failed to respect this distinction. The emergence of category prototypes was another notable feature, particularly in the living domain: at one stage, land (or four-legged) animals were all named either cat, dog, or horse. By contrast, within the man-made domain, items were frequently described in terms of their broad use or function, until eventually no defining features were produced. These findings are discussed in the context of competing theories of semantic organisation |
Publication | Memory |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 463-495 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.I. Slobin |
Author | Thomas G. Bever |
Abstract | We propose that children construct a canonical sentence schema as a preliminary organizing structure for language behavior. The canonical sentence embodies the typical features of complete clauses in the input language, and serves as a framework for the application of productive and perceptual strategies. The canonical sentence schema offers a functional explanation of word-order and inflectional strategies based on the child's attempts to quickly master basic communication skills in his or her language. The present research explores sensitivity to the canonical sentence form and to word-order and inflectional perceptual strategies for comprehending simple transitive sentences in monolingual children aged 2;0 to 4;4 in four languages: English (ordered, uninflectional), Italian (weakly ordered, weakly inflectional), Serbo-Croatian (weakly ordered, inflectional), Turkish (minimally ordered, inflectional). The results show that children fail to respond systematically to sequences that violate the canonical sentence form of their particular language. They develop distinct word-order and inflectional strategies appropriate to the regularities of their language. The early behavioral emergence of linguistically appropriate canonical sentences and processing strategies suggests a behavioral foundation for linguistic constraints on the surface form of sentences. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 229-265 |
Date | 1982 |
DOI | 10.1016/0010-0277(82)90033-6 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Children use canonical sentence schemas |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010027782900336 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 12 00:54:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Sep 12 00:54:38 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 23 20:20:39 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daphne Bavelier |
Author | C. Shawn Green |
Author | Matthew W.G. Dye |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 692-701 |
Date | 09/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.035 |
ISSN | 08966273 |
Short Title | Children, Wired |
URL | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896627310006781 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 14 12:24:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Sep 14 12:24:11 2010 |
Modified | Tue Sep 14 12:24:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.M. Markman |
Author | J.E. Hutchinson |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-27 |
Date | 1984 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
URL | ISI:A1984SD88500001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas Christenfeld |
Abstract | Many of the decisions that people must make involve selections from arrays of identical options The six studies presented explored people's preferences in two contexts choosing one item from rows of identical items and choosing a route from a series of identical routes The first three studies examined preferences for items in particular positions Whether people were choosing a product from a grocery shelf, deciding which bathroom stall to use, or marking a box on a questionnaire, they avoided the ends and tended to make their selection from the middle For example, when there were four rows of a product in the supermarket, only 29% of the purchases were from the first and last rows, and 71% were from the middle two The last three studies examined whether a similar preference exists in picking a route when all of the available routes are the same length and require the same number of turns In solving mazes, planning routes on maps, and walking around campus, people showed the pattern opposite to that found for choosing items in rows They avoided the middle routes and tended to take either the first or the last one Overall, the last available route was the favorite The notion that these behaviors may minimize mental effort is explored |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 50-55 |
Date | 1995-01-01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00304.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976, 1467-9280 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/6/1/50 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 21 16:01:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | pss.sagepub.com |
Date Added | Tue Feb 21 16:01:59 2012 |
Modified | Tue Feb 21 16:01:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Author | R.F. Mitchell |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 392-& |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum |
Date | 1978 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 17 00:19:24 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 00:20:50 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jack Lyons |
Publication | Philosophical Issues |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 289–311 |
Date | 2011 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1533-6077.2011.00205.x |
ISSN | 1758-2237 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-6077.2011.00205.x/abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 15 14:46:23 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. |
Date Added | Tue Jan 15 14:46:23 2013 |
Modified | Tue Jan 15 14:46:23 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Basil B Bernstein |
Publisher | Schocken Books |
Date | 1975 |
ISBN | 080520458X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 13:58:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 13:58:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Montanes |
Author | M.C. Goldblum |
Author | F. Boller |
Abstract | The present study was conducted to assess the hypothesis that visual similarity between exemplars within a semantic category may affect differentially the recognition process of living and nonliving things, according to task demands, in patients with semantic memory disorders. Thirty-nine Alzheimer's patients and 39 normal elderly subjects were presented with a task in which they had to classify pictures and words, depicting either living or nonliving things, at two levels of classification: subordinate (e.g., mammals versus birds or tools versus vehicles) and attribute (e.g., wild versus domestic animals or fast versus slow vehicles). Contrary to previous results (Montanes, Goldblum, & Boller, 1995) in a naming task, but as expected, living things were better classified than nonliving ones by both controls and patients. As expected, classifications at the subordinate level also gave rise to better performance than classifications at the attribute level. Although (and somewhat unexpectedly) no advantage of picture over word classification emerged, some effects consistent with the hypothesis that visual similarity affects picture classification emerged, in particular within a subgroup of patients with predominant verbal deficits and the most severe semantic memory disorders. This subgroup obtained a better score on classification of pictures than of words depicting living items (that share many visual features) when classification is at the subordinate level (for which visual similarity is a reliable clue to classification), but met with major difficulties when classifying those pictures at the attribute level (for which shared visual features are not reliable clues to classification). These results emphasize the fact that some ''normal'' effects specific to items in living and nonliving categories have to be considered among the factors causing selective category-specific deficits in patients, as well as their relevance in achieving tasks which require either differentiation between competing exemplars in the same semantic category (naming) or detection of resemblance between those exemplars (categorization). (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 335-358 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Bolla |
Author | F. Pellegrino |
Author | M.C. Goldblum |
Author | G. Denes |
Author | G. Dalla Barba |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 65 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 105-107 |
Date | October 15, 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Erin L Jones |
Author | Brian H Ross |
Abstract | Categories are learned and used in a variety of ways, but the research focus has been on classification learning. Recent work contrasting classification with inference learning of categories found important later differences in category performance. However, theoretical accounts differ on whether this is due to an inherent difference between the tasks or to the implementation decisions. The inherent-difference explanation argues that inference learners focus on the internal structure of the categories--what each category is like--while classification learners focus on diagnostic information to predict category membership. In two experiments, using real-world categories and controlling for earlier methodological differences, inference learners learned more about what each category was like than did classification learners, as evidenced by higher performance on a novel classification test. These results suggest that there is an inherent difference between learning new categories by classifying an item versus inferring a feature. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 764-777 |
Date | Jul 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
DOI | 10.3758/s13421-010-0058-8 |
ISSN | 1532-5946 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264579 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 24 17:26:41 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21264579 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 24 17:26:41 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eric G. Taylor |
Author | Brian H. Ross |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1374-1380 |
Date | 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
ISSN | ISSN-0278-7393 |
Short Title | Classifying Partial Exemplars |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ860040 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 19 13:20:24 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Wed Jan 19 13:20:24 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jan 19 13:20:24 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carol, R. Ember |
Author | Melvin Ember |
Abstract | Previous cross-cultural research by Robert Munroe and colleagues has linked two features of language to warm climates2014a higher proportion of consonant-vowel syllables and a higher proportion of sonorous (more audible) sounds. The underlying theory is that people in warmer climates communicate at a distance more often than people in colder climates, and it is adaptive to use syllables and sounds that are more easily heard and recognized at a distance. However, there is considerable variability in warm as opposed to cold climates, which needs to be explained. In the present research report, we show that additional factors increase the predictability of sonority. We find that more specific features of the environment2014such as type of plant cover and degree of mountainous terrain2014help to predict sonority. And, consistent with previous research on folk-song style, measures of sexual restrictiveness also predict low sonority. |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 180-185 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1525/aa.2007.109.1.180 |
Short Title | Climate, Econiche, and Sexuality |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2007.109.1.180 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 16:52:54 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 16:52:54 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 15:31:19 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Treue |
Abstract | A recent study using displays that are ambiguous for motion direction demonstrates that the current perceptual interpretation of such a stimulus is encoded in the highest areas of visual cortex whereas earlier areas encode only its sensory properties. This finding implies that cortical processing pathways perform a transition from a sensory representation to a representation that emphasizes the input's perceptual interpretation and ultimately the organism's behavioral state |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 469-471 |
Date | November 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G.B Torrent |
Author | L. Alonso i Alemany |
Date | 2003 |
Proceedings Title | EACL03 Student Research Workshop |
Place | Budapest |
Pages | 9 -16 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Mon Mar 16 15:54:50 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter J Becich |
Author | Brian P Stark |
Author | Harish S Bhat |
Author | David H Ardell |
Abstract | Code-message coevolution (CMC) models represent coevolution of a genetic code and a population of protein-coding genes ("messages"). Formally, CMC models are sets of quasispecies coupled together for fitness through a shared genetic code. Although CMC models display plausible explanations for the origin of multiple genetic code traits by natural selection, useful modern implementations of CMC models are not currently available. To meet this need we present CMCpy, an object-oriented Python API and command-line executable front-end that can reproduce all published results of CMC models. CMCpy implements multiple solvers for leading eigenpairs of quasispecies models. We also present novel analytical results that extend and generalize applications of perturbation theory to quasispecies models and pioneer the application of a homotopy method for quasispecies with non-unique maximally fit genotypes. Our results therefore facilitate the computational and analytical study of a variety of evolutionary systems. CMCpy is free open-source software available from http://pypi.python.org/pypi/CMCpy/. |
Publication | Evol Bioinform Online |
Volume | 9 |
Pages | 111–125 |
Date | January 2013 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.4137/EBO.S11169 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3596977/ |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Oliva |
Author | P G Schyns |
Abstract | Efficient categorizations of complex visual stimuli require effective encodings of their distinctive properties. However, the question remains of how processes of object and scene categorization use the information associated with different perceptual spatial scales. The psychophysics of scale perception suggests that recognition uses coarse blobs before fine scale edges, because the former is perceptually available before the latter. Although possible, this perceptually determined scenario neglects the nature of the task the recognition system must solve. If different spatial scales transmit different information about the input, an identical scene might be flexibly encoded and perceived at the scale that optimizes information for the considered task-i.e., the diagnostic scale. This paper tests the hypothesis that scale diagnosticity can determine scale selection for recognition. Experiment 1 tested whether coarse and fine spatial scales were both available at the onset of scene categorization. The second experiment tested that the selection of one scale could change depending on the diagnostic information present at this scale. The third and fourth experiments investigated whether scale-specific cues were independently processed, or whether they perceptually cooperated in the recognition of the input scene. Results suggest that a mandatory low-level registration of multiple spatial scales promotes flexible scene encodings, perceptions, and categorizations. |
Publication | Cognitive psychology |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 72-107 |
Date | Oct 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Psychol |
DOI | 10.1006/cogp.1997.0667 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Coarse blobs or fine edges? |
Library Catalog | BioInfoBank |
Extra | PMID: 9325010 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 19 19:10:46 2013 |
Modified | Tue Feb 19 19:10:46 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Publication | Journal of Quantitative Linguistics |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 240-245 |
Date | 12/1998 |
Journal Abbr | J. of Quantitative Linguistics |
DOI | 10.1080/09296179808590132 |
ISSN | 0929-6174 |
URL | http://prod.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a795188132~db=all~order=page |
Accessed | Sun Nov 29 11:54:56 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Nov 29 11:54:56 2009 |
Modified | Sun Nov 29 11:54:56 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Publication | Journal of Quantitative Linguistics |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 240-245 |
Date | 12/1998 |
Journal Abbr | J. of Quantitative Linguistics |
DOI | 10.1080/09296179808590132 |
ISSN | 0929-6174 |
URL | http://prod.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a795188132~db=all~order=page |
Accessed | Mon Nov 30 18:54:09 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 18:54:09 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 18:54:09 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Editor | H. Cohen |
Editor | C. Lefebvre |
Book Title | Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science |
Place | San Diego, CA |
Publisher | Elsevier Science |
Date | 2005 |
Pages | 20-45 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:26:12 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Author | S.S. Jones |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 181-188 |
Date | April 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | André Aleman |
Author | Koen B.E Böcker |
Author | Ron Hijman |
Author | Edward H.F de Haan |
Author | René S Kahn |
Abstract | Hallucinations in schizophrenia have been regarded to result from the erroneous attribution of internally generated information to an external source. Distortions in mental imagery may underlie such confusions. We investigated performance of 77 subjects on multiple behavioral measures of auditory and visual mental imagery and perception, and a measure of reality monitoring. Comparisons were made between performance of schizophrenia patients with (N=22) and without (N=35) hallucinations and matched normal comparison subjects (N=20), after controlling for attentional factors. No differences emerged on any of the mental imagery measures, nor on reality monitoring accuracy. This suggests that there is no stable disposition towards abnormal mental imagery associated with hallucinations. However, for patients with active hallucinations (N=12), hallucination severity correlated positively with a measure of imagery–perception interaction in the auditory modality, r=0.70, p=0.01. Although preliminary, this finding is consistent with recent theoretical proposals in which hallucinations have been suggested to result from an increased influence of top-down sensory expectations on conscious perception. |
Publication | Schizophrenia Research |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 2–3 |
Pages | 175-185 |
Date | November 15, 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Schizophrenia Research |
DOI | 10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00060-4 |
ISSN | 0920-9964 |
Short Title | Cognitive basis of hallucinations in schizophrenia |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996403000604 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 16:02:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 16:02:23 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 16:02:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carla J. Johnson |
Author | Allan Paivio |
Author | James M. Clark |
Abstract | A substantial research literature documents the effects of diverse item attributes, task conditions, and participant characteristics on the ease of picture naming. The authors review what the research has revealed about 3 generally accepted stages of naming a pictured object: object identification, name activation, and response generation. They also show that dual coding theory gives a coherent and plausible account of these findings without positing amodal conceptual representations, and they identify issues and methods that may further advance the understanding of picture naming and related cognitive tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). (from the journal abstract) |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 120 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 113-139 |
Date | July 1996 |
DOI | 10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.113 |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 15:37:38 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 15:37:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John Sutton |
Abstract | The early development of autobiographical memory is a useful case study both for examining general relations between language and memory, and for investigating the promise and the difficulty of interdisciplinary research in the cognitive sciences of memory. An otherwise promising social-interactionist view of autobiographical memory development relies in part on an overly linguistic conception of mental representation. This paper applies an alternative, ‘supra-communicative’ view of the relation between language and thought, along the lines developed by Andy Clark, to this developmental framework. A pluralist approach to current theories of autobiographical memory development is sketched: shared early narratives about the past function in part to stabilize and structure the child's own autobiographical memory system. |
Publication | Language & Communication |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 375-390 |
Date | July 2002 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0271-5309(02)00013-7 |
ISSN | 0271-5309 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530902000137 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 10:46:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 10:46:40 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 10:46:40 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Editor | Tetsuro Matsuzawa |
Editor | Masaki Tomonaga |
Editor | Masayuki Tanaka |
Publisher | Springer |
Date | 2011-05-19 |
# of Pages | 548 |
ISBN | 4431539913 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:19:56 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:19:56 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | S. Kelter |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 235-245 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | S. Kelter |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 235-245 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A M Raymer |
Author | A L Foundas |
Author | L M Maher |
Author | M L Greenwald |
Author | M Morris |
Author | L J Rothi |
Author | K M Heilman |
Abstract | We describe an analysis of lexical processing performed in a patient with the acute onset of an isolated anomia. Based on a model of lexical processing, we evaluated hypotheses as to the source of the naming deficit. We observed impairments in oral and written picture naming and oral naming to definition with relatively intact semantic processing across input modalities, suggesting that output from the semantic system was impaired. In contrast to previous reports, we propose that this pattern represents an impairment that arises late in semantic processing prior to accessing mode-specific verbal and graphemic output lexicons. These deficits were associated with a lesion in the posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus or area 37, an area of supramodal association cortex that is uniquely suited as a substrate for the multimodal deficit in naming. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 137-156 |
Date | Jun 1, 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1006/brln.1997.1786 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9184100 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 11 16:10:54 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9184100 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 11 16:10:54 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Neil G. Muggleton |
Author | Michael J. Banissy |
Author | Vincent Z. Walsh |
Abstract | <p>Summary<br/>Recurrent signals in the brain are often associated with slower sensory and cognitive processes. Such patterns of activity may also form the basis of rapid perception.</p> |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | R282-R283 |
Date | April 26, 2011 |
DOI | 16/j.cub.2011.03.024 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
Short Title | Cognitive Neuroscience |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221100296X |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 11:46:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 11:46:22 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 11:46:22 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susanna Siegel |
Abstract | In this paper I argue that it's possible that the contents of some visual experiences are influenced by the subject's prior beliefs, hopes, suspicions, desires, fears or other mental states, and that this possibility places constraints on the theory of perceptual justification that 'dogmatism' or 'phenomenal conservativism' cannot respect. |
Publication | Noûs |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 201–222 |
Date | 2012 |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Tue Jan 15 14:57:33 2013 |
Modified | Tue Jan 15 14:57:33 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Athanassios Raftopoulos |
Abstract | The issue of the cognitive impenetrability or penetrability of perception lay dormant for a long period of time. Though philosophers reacted to the relativism implied by the work of Hanson, Kuhn, and Feyerabend, they concentrated their efforts in dealing with the danger of the incommensurability of theories. They tried to show by philosophical and detailed historical analysis that scientists within different paradigms do communicate with each other and put their respective theories to the empirical test. Curiously enough the same philosophers did not seek to examine the very foundation of the relativistic trend, namely the thesis that perception is cognitively penetrable and theory-laden. In the last decade there has been a keen interest in studying the cognition/perception boundary. However, the discussion focused mainly on the grounding of conceptual content on perception and on the embodiment of cognition. The repercussions of these issues for the problem of the cognitive effects on perception were largely ignored. The chapters in this book address directly the issue of the cognitive penetrability of perception. The volume consists of eleven chapters, each one addressing the issue from a different perspective. Eight of the chapters were written by philosophers and cognitive scientists, and three by psychologists and neuropsychologists. These differences notwithstanding, the chapters share many common themes. The role of attention in perception, the contribution of action to perception, the relation between perception and scientific data, the examination of the content of perception and its nature and the detailed examination of the ways background knowledge affects perception, are among these themes. Most chapters combine philosophical analysis with psychological and/or neuropsychological evidence, which shows that there is consensus as to the kind of approaches that are currently deemed necessary for an adequate examination of the problem. |
Publisher | Nova Publishers |
Date | 2005 |
# of Pages | 258 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9781590339916 |
Short Title | Cognitive Penetrability Of Perception |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Thu Feb 14 15:45:07 2013 |
Modified | Thu Feb 14 15:45:07 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fiona Macpherson |
Publication | Philosophy and Phenomenological Research |
Volume | 84 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 24–62 |
Date | 2012 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00481.x |
ISSN | 1933-1592 |
Short Title | Cognitive Penetration of Colour Experience |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00481.x/abstract |
Accessed | Tue Aug 14 11:43:07 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | © 2011 Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, LLC |
Date Added | Tue Aug 14 11:43:07 2012 |
Modified | Tue Aug 14 11:43:07 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. Elman |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 143-165 |
Date | April 1988 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Kathleen M. Galotti |
Edition | 3 |
Publisher | Wadsworth Publishing |
Date | 2003-07-21 |
ISBN | 9780534600846 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 14:04:13 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 29 14:04:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Keith J. Holyoak |
Author | Wesley A. Mah |
Abstract | Research on speeded symbolic magnitude comparisons indicates that decisions are made more quickly when the magnitudes of the stimuli being compared are relatively close to an explicit or implicit reference point. Alternative explanations of this phenomenon are tested by seeking similar effects in nonspeeded rating tasks. In accord with the predictions of discriminability models, rated magnitude differences between stimuli in the vicinity of a reference point are expanded relative to differences between stimuli far from it. The inferred locations of cities along a west-east axis varies systematically depending on which coast, Pacific or Atlantic, is specified as the reference point. Scales derived from the rating data are correlated with the pattern of reaction times obtained in a comparable speeded comparison task. In addition, the distance between the cities nearest the locale of our subjects is subjectively stretched. Reference point effects are also observed when the form of the comparative specifies an implicit reference point at either end of a continuum of subjective size; however, these effects are very small and do not clearly support a discriminability interpretation. Stronger evidence for discriminability effects is obtained when an explicit reference point is established at an arbitrary size value. An implicit scaling model, related to range-frequency theory, is proposed to account for the influence of reference points on relative discriminability of stimulus magnitudes. The implicit scaling model is used to develop an account of how symbolic magnitudes may be learned and of how habitual reference points can produce asymmetries in distance judgments. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 328-352 |
Date | July 1982 |
DOI | 10.1016/0010-0285(82)90013-5 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WCR-4D5XC30-2Y/2/6b97f79cb8a1d3e4ec899db733232c24 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 16 20:21:16 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shelley Channon |
Author | Marie-Claude Jones |
Author | Susan Stephenson |
Abstract | Rhis study investigated the nature and extent of impairments in the use of hypotheses and cognitive strategies in medicated subjects with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and matched control subjects. PD subjects did not differ from controls in solving one- or two-dimensional discrimination learning problems, but showed impairment on four-dimensional problems which did not appear to be attributable to memory deficits. They achieved fewer correct solutions, used fewer hypotheses, and were less likely to use appropriate lose-shift strategies following negative feedback. The pattern of findings was similar to those previously reported for subjects with frontal lobe lesions. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 75-82 |
Date | January 1993 |
DOI | 10.1016/0028-3932(93)90082-B |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002839329390082B |
Accessed | Mon Jun 11 01:20:56 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jun 11 01:20:56 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 11 01:20:56 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dan Ariely |
Author | George Loewenstein |
Author | Drazen Prelec |
Abstract | Economic theory assumes that prices derive from fundamental values. However, it is rarely possible to measure fundamental values directly, so empirical tests examine necessary but not sufficient conditions for fundamental valuation – e.g., whether labor supply responds appropriately to transitory fluctuations in wages. We show that relative valuations can appear to be sensible, as if supported by fundamental values, even when they are quite arbitrary. In four studies, subjects stated willingness to accept (WTA) values for listening to annoying sounds of varying durations. At the onset of each session, subjects listened to a sample of the sound and were asked to state whether, hypothetically, they would be willing to listen to the sound again for either a large or small payment. Suggestive of coherence, prices were systematically related to noise duration. But, suggestive of arbitrariness, prices were powerfully influenced by the arbitrary high/low anchor accompanying the hypothetical question. We show that this pattern of "coherent arbitrariness " is consistent with a model that posits that preferences are initially malleable but become “imprinted ” — i.e., precisely defined and largely invariant — after the individual makes an initial choice. The first experiment documents coherent arbitrariness at the individual level, the second in experimental markets, the third with random initial anchors and |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Economics |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 73-106 |
Date | 2003 |
Short Title | "coherent Arbitariness" |
Library Catalog | CiteSeer |
Date Added | Wed Jun 5 18:15:11 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jun 15 22:30:50 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Winter Mason |
Author | Duncan J. Watts |
Abstract | Complex problems in science, business, and engineering typically require some tradeoff between exploitation of known solutions and exploration for novel ones, where, in many cases, information about known solutions can also disseminate among individual problem solvers through formal or informal networks. Prior research on complex problem solving by collectives has found the counterintuitive result that inefficient networks, meaning networks that disseminate information relatively slowly, can perform better than efficient networks for problems that require extended exploration. In this paper, we report on a series of 256 Web-based experiments in which groups of 16 individuals collectively solved a complex problem and shared information through different communication networks. As expected, we found that collective exploration improved average success over independent exploration because good solutions could diffuse through the network. In contrast to prior work, however, we found that efficient networks outperformed inefficient networks, even in a problem space with qualitative properties thought to favor inefficient networks. We explain this result in terms of individual-level explore-exploit decisions, which we find were influenced by the network structure as well as by strategic considerations and the relative payoff between maxima. We conclude by discussing implications for real-world problem solving and possible extensions. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 764 -769 |
Date | January 17 , 2012 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1110069108 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/109/3/764.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 31 11:11:57 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 11:11:57 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 11:11:57 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jorge Luis Borges |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 1999 |
# of Pages | 576 |
ISBN | 0140286802 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 09:14:32 2011 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:22:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maria Olkkonen |
Author | Thorsten Hansen |
Author | Karl R. Gegenfurtner |
Abstract | People perceive roughly constant surface colors despite large changes in illumination. The familiarity of colors of some natural objects might help achieve this feat through direct modulation of the objects' color appearance. Research on memory colors and color appearance has yielded controversial results and due to the employed methods has often confounded perceptual with semantic effects. We studied the effect of memory colors on color appearance by presenting photographs of fruit on a monitor under various simulated illuminations and by asking observers to make either achromatic or typical color settings without placing demands on short-term memory or semantic processing. In a control condition, we presented photographs of 3D fruit shapes without texture and 2D outline shapes. We found that (1) achromatic settings for fruit were systematically biased away from the gray point toward the opposite direction of a fruit's memory color; (2) the strength of the effect depended on the degree of naturalness of the stimuli; and (3) the effect was evident under all tested illuminations, being strongest for illuminations whose chromaticity was closest to the stimulus chromaticity. We conclude that the visual identity of an object has a measurable effect on color perception, and that this effect is robust under illuminant changes, indicating its potential significance as an additional mechanism for color constancy. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 5 |
Date | May 26 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1167/8.5.13 |
Short Title | Color appearance of familiar objects |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/8/5/13.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Dec 8 15:12:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Dec 8 15:12:40 2011 |
Modified | Thu Dec 8 15:12:40 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maria Olkkonen |
Author | Thorsten Hansen |
Author | Karl R. Gegenfurtner |
Abstract | People perceive roughly constant surface colors despite large changes in illumination. The familiarity of colors of some natural objects might help achieve this feat through direct modulation of the objects' color appearance. Research on memory colors and color appearance has yielded controversial results and due to the employed methods has often confounded perceptual with semantic effects. We studied the effect of memory colors on color appearance by presenting photographs of fruit on a monitor under various simulated illuminations and by asking observers to make either achromatic or typical color settings without placing demands on short-term memory or semantic processing. In a control condition, we presented photographs of 3D fruit shapes without texture and 2D outline shapes. We found that (1) achromatic settings for fruit were systematically biased away from the gray point toward the opposite direction of a fruit's memory color; (2) the strength of the effect depended on the degree of naturalness of the stimuli; and (3) the effect was evident under all tested illuminations, being strongest for illuminations whose chromaticity was closest to the stimulus chromaticity. We conclude that the visual identity of an object has a measurable effect on color perception, and that this effect is robust under illuminant changes, indicating its potential significance as an additional mechanism for color constancy. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 5 |
Date | May 26 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1167/8.5.13 |
Short Title | Color appearance of familiar objects |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/8/5/13.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Dec 8 15:16:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Dec 8 15:16:36 2011 |
Modified | Thu Dec 8 15:16:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Author | L.R. Shapiro |
Abstract | The question of whether language affects our categorization of perceptual continua is of particular interest for the domain of color where constraints on categorization have been proposed both within the visual system and in the visual environment. Recent research (Roberson, Davies, & Davidoff, 2000; Roberson et al., in press) found substantial evidence of cognitive color differences between different language communities, but concerns remained as to how representative might be a tiny, extremely remote community. The present study replicates and extends previous findings using additional paradigms among a larger community in a different visual environment. Adult semi-nomadic tribesmen in Southern Africa carried out similarity judgments, short-term memory and long-term learning tasks. They showed different cognitive organization of color to both English and another language with the five color terms. Moreover, Categorical Perception effects were found to differ even between languages with broadly similar color categories. The results provide further evidence of the tight relationship between language and cognition. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 378-411 |
Date | June 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Toyomi Matsuno |
Author | Nobuyuki Kawai |
Author | Tetsuro Matsuzawa |
Abstract | We investigated chimpanzees' color classification using a matching-to-sample procedure. One of the two subjects had learned symbolic color names through long-term training, while the other had received less training and had a limited understanding of color names. The results showed similar distributions of classified colors in a color space, irrespective of the subjects' differential color-naming experience. However, the chimpanzee with little color-naming experience showed less stable classifications. These results suggest common features of color classification in chimpanzees, as well as the influence of color experience and/or the learning of color names on the stability of classification of colors. |
Publication | Behavioural Brain Research |
Volume | 148 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 157-165 |
Date | Jan 5, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Behav. Brain Res |
ISSN | 0166-4328 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684256 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 5 14:39:42 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14684256 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 5 14:39:42 2011 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:21:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elaine W. Jin |
Author | Steven K. Shevell |
Abstract | Color constancy is the perceived stability of the color of objects despite changes in the light illuminating them. An object’s color is considered constant if the current perceived color is judged to be in accord with the remembered one. Thus the accuracy and precision of color memory are fundamental to understanding this classic problem. Two hypotheses of color memory are tested here: (1) the photoreceptor hypothesis, which states that the color recalled from memory reproduces the light absorbed by each type of cone and (2) the surface-reflectance hypothesis, which states that the color recalled from memory is based on an inferred spectral reflectance of a surface that does not depend on the spectral distribution of the illuminant. In the experiments a test color is surrounded by either (i) a complex pattern composed of several colored patches or (ii) a uniform “gray” field at the chromaticity of the illuminant. In a control condition the test color is presented on a dark background. Long-term memory of the test color is measured in a production task begun 10 min after the end of the learning phase. In general, the results with a complex surround are consistent with the surface-reflectance hypothesis but not with the photoreceptor hypothesis. Color memory with the “gray” surround, on the other hand, shows a much stronger effect of the illuminant used during learning. These results are consistent with computational models of color constancy that require three or more chromaticities in view. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America A |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1981-1991 |
Date | October 01, 1996 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. A |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSAA.13.001981 |
URL | http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-13-10-1981 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:33:17 2011 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:33:17 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 15:33:17 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joaquín Pérez-Carpinell |
Author | Rosa Baldoví |
Author | M. Dolores de Fez |
Author | José Castro |
Abstract | The methods of simultaneous and successive, or memory, color matching have been compared for 10 color reference samples distributed in two groups each performed by 50 observers (25 men and 25 women). Our results, obtained with a total of two hundred Munsell color chips arrayed on ten gray cardboard panels, indicate that: (a) while by simultaneous matching the mean color differences obtained are, in most cases, lower than 1 CIELAB unit, those obtained by memory are generally higher; (b) the worst remembered colors are yellow, light green, blue, and pink, and the best remembered color is orange; (c) the influence of the delay time (15 s, 15 min, and 24 h) is significant for the remembered mean color (p < 0.03); (d) we find significant men-women differences for the remembered mean color (p < 0.05). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 23, 234-247, 1998 |
Publication | Color Research & Application |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 234-247 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199808)23:4<234::AID-COL8>3.0.CO;2-P |
Short Title | Color memory matching |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199808)23:4<234::AID-COL8>3.0.CO;2-P |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:18:46 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:18:46 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:18:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tetsuro Matsuzawa |
Publication | Journal of Human Evolution |
Volume | 14 |
Pages | 283-291 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 5 14:51:54 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 5 14:52:54 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jane E. Joseph |
Abstract | This study examined the effect of different object verification tasks on perceptual and conceptual color processing. Participants decided whether two successively presented stimuli (two pictures or a word then a picture) referred to the same object. Although the task did not require object-color processing, prototypical object-color was semantically activated and influenced verification decisions. This automatic conceptual color processing was more powerful than perceptual processing of the surface color presented in the picture. Moreover, conceptual color processing occurred in tasks involving only two pictures, implying that activation of prototypical color does not depend on verbal processing. Rather, activation of prototypical color depends on whether pictures are semantically encoded during verification, which in turn, occurs when verification cannot proceed from structural object information. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 97 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 95-127 |
Date | October 1997 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0001-6918(97)00026-7 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-3SX6N93-P/2/2175370cc62928b60924a2389f8060e4 |
Accessed | Mon May 25 21:56:28 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon May 25 21:56:28 2009 |
Modified | Mon May 25 21:56:28 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Abstract | In their lead articles, both Kowalski and Zimiles, 2006 and O'Hanlon and Roberson, 2006 declare a general relation between color term knowledge and the ability to conceptually represent color. Kowalski and Zimiles, in particular, argue for a priority for the conceptual representation in color term acquisition. The complexities of the interaction are taken up in the current commentary, especially with regard to the neuropsychological evidence. Data from aphasic patients also argue for a priority for abstract thought, but nevertheless it may still be that the use of color terms is the only way in which to form color categories even if both linguistic and attentional factors play an important role. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 334-338 |
Date | August 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jecp.2006.03.001 |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ9-4JRVCPN-2/2/f1ded4615eca04204529aa7c3476f1b3 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 23 13:40:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Apr 23 13:40:48 2009 |
Modified | Thu Apr 23 13:40:48 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Author | D. Roberson |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 398 |
Issue | 6724 |
Pages | 203-204 |
Date | March 18, 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 31 18:37:49 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Author | D. Roberson |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 402 |
Issue | 6762 |
Pages | 604 |
Date | December 09, 1999 |
URL | ISI:000084189800049 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jan 6 10:39:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timothy T. Rogers |
Author | Karalyn Patterson |
Author | Kim Graham |
Abstract | In three experiments we assessed the colour knowledge of patients with semantic dementia, a neuro-degenerative condition that gradually erodes conceptual knowledge. In Experiment 1, the patients’ colour naming performance correlated strongly with their object naming for frequency-matched items, with no patient showing better-than-expected naming of colours relative to objects. In Experiment 2, where patients were asked to colour black-and-white line drawings of common objects, all patients were impaired relative to controls, and performance correlated strongly with degree of semantic deficit. The fact that patients often erroneously selected green for fruits or vegetables, and brown for animals, suggests some preservation of general knowledge about the colours that typify a given domain. In Experiment 3, patients were given pairs of identical line drawings of familiar animals, fruits and vegetables—one of each pair coloured correctly, and one incorrectly—and were asked to choose the correct one. When the target's colour was characteristic of the domain, patients scored well; but when the distractor had a typical hue and the target's colour was unusual (e.g. a green versus an orange carrot), performance was far poorer. The results are discussed with reference to alternative theories about the neural basis of conceptual knowledge. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 3285-3298 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Colour knowledge in semantic dementia |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393207002242 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 8 10:12:02 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Jun 8 10:12:02 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 8 10:12:02 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | T.T Rogers |
Author | K Patterson |
Author | J.R. Hodges |
Author | K.S. Graham |
Abstract | In three experiments we assessed the colour knowledge of patients with a neurodegenerative condition that gradually erodes conceptual knowledge (semantic dementia). In Experiment 1, where patients were asked to colour black-and-white line drawings of common objects, all patients were impaired relative to controls, and performance correlated strongly with degree of semantic deficit. The fact that patients often erroneously selected green when colouring fruits or vegetables, and brown when colouring animals, suggests some preservation of general knowledge about the colours that typify a given domain. In Experiment 2, patients were given pairs of identical line drawings of familiar animals, fruits and vegetables -- one of each pair coloured correctly, and one incorrectly -- and were asked to choose the correct one. When the target's colour was characteristic of the domain, patients scored well; but when the distractor had a typical hue and the target's colour was unusual (e.g. a green vs. an orange carrot), performance was far poorer. Experiment 3 tested colour concepts by asking patients to choose which of two colour patches matched a sample hue that was either identical or closely related. Most patients performed well, but the most severely impaired participant showed a striking pattern: he succeeded consistently when sample and target matched exactly, but failed dramatically if target and sample were from the same colour family but differed even slightly. The results suggest that knowledge of colour names, the characteristic colours of objects, and possibly colour concepts themselves, are all susceptible to generalised semantic impairment. ⬚ ⬚ |
Date | 2003 |
Proceedings Title | Tenth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society |
Volume | 222⬚ ⬚ |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christian Agrillo |
Author | Debi Roberson |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 412-430 |
Date | 4/2008 |
Journal Abbr | PVIS |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280802049247 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
Short Title | Colour language and colour cognition |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=23&SID=2Bo5e8obeebMGm@8CD@&page=1&doc=9 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:48:24 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:48:24 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:48:24 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Hesse |
Author | C Werner |
Author | E M Schonhardt |
Author | A Bardeleben |
Author | W Jenrich |
Author | S G B Kirker |
Abstract | BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Preliminary reports suggest that central stimulation may enhance the effect of conventional physical therapies after stroke. This pilot study examines the safety and methodology of using transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS) with robot-assisted arm training (AT), to inform planning a larger randomised controlled trial. SUBJECTS Ten patients, after an ischaemic stroke 4-8 weeks before study onset, no history of epilepsy, participated. Eight had a cortical lesion and 2 had subcortical lesions: all had severe arm paresis and, co-incidentally, 5 had severe aphasia. METHODS Over six weeks, they received thirty 20 min-sessions of AT. During the first 7 minutes, 1.5mA of tDCS was applied, with the anode over the lesioned hemisphere and the cathode above the contralateral orbit. Arm and language impairment were assessed with the Fugl-Meyer motor score (FM, full range 0-66) and the Aachener Aphasie Test. RESULTS No major side effects occurred. Arm function of three patients (two with a subcortical lesion) improved significantly, with FM scores increasing from 6 to 28, 10 to 49 and 11 to 48. In the remaining seven patients, all with cortical lesions, arm function changed little, FM scores did not increase more than 5 points. Unexpectedly, aphasia improved in 4 patients. CONCLUSIONS These procedures are safe, and easy to use in a clinical setting. In future studies, patients should be stratified by degree of arm weakness and lesion site, also the unexpected aphasia improvement warrants following-up. |
Publication | Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 9-15 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. |
ISSN | 0922-6028 |
Short Title | Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17473391 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 18 10:19:26 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17473391 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 10:19:26 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Huttenlocher |
Author | L.V. Hedges |
Abstract | Forming a conjoint category (square tables) from constituent categories (squares and tables) has traditionally been modeled by formal set intersection. In this traditional view, in which categories are treated as precisely defined sets, an item is a member of the conjoint category if and only if it is a member of both constituent categories. However, as is now widely believed, many categories should be treated as graded, with members that vary in typicality and boundaries that are inexact. In the present article, it is argued that set intersection is inappropriate for combining graded categories. The authors propose an alternative formal mechanism in which a conjoint category is constructed from constituent categories by forming a joint distribution of values. The proposed model accounts for both membership and typicality of instances in conjoint categories, but only when the constituent categories are independent, or the relation between them is known |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 101 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 157-165 |
Date | January 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
URL | ISI:A1994MQ60500007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | George L. Malcolm |
Author | John M. Henderson |
Abstract | Eye movements can be guided by various types of information in real-world scenes. Here we investigated how the visual system combines multiple types of top-down information to facilitate search. We manipulated independently the specificity of the search target template and the usefulness of contextual constraint in an object search task. An eye tracker was used to segment search time into three behaviorally defined epochs so that influences on specific search processes could be identified. The results support previous studies indicating that the availability of either a specific target template or scene context facilitates search. The results also show that target template and contextual constraints combine additively in facilitating search. The results extend recent eye guidance models by suggesting the manner in which our visual system utilizes multiple types of top-down information. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Date | February 10 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1167/10.2.4 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/2/4.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Aug 11 11:14:59 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 11 11:14:59 2010 |
Modified | Wed Aug 11 11:14:59 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E.M. Markman |
Author | V.K. Jaswal |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Contributor | L.M. Oakes |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 384⬚ ⬚-402 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.H. Johnson |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 205-206 |
Date | May 1991 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul A. Kolers |
Author | Susan J. Brison |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 105-113 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90539-5 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5R/2/2e8cf472380099081d293eb3502d3395 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:39:03 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:39:03 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sam Glucksberg |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 100-104 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90529-2 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5P/2/65c3f8902075d88e500b8a435b6878c5 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:59 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:38:59 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fiona McNab |
Author | Gaëlle Leroux |
Author | Fredrik Strand |
Author | Lisa Thorell |
Author | Sissela Bergman |
Author | Torkel Klingberg |
Abstract | Behavioural findings indicate that the core executive functions of inhibition and working memory are closely linked, and neuroimaging studies indicate overlap between their neural correlates. There has not, however, been a comprehensive study, including several inhibition tasks and several working memory tasks, performed by the same subjects. In the present study, 11 healthy adult subjects completed separate blocks of 3 inhibition tasks (a stop task, a go/no-go task and a flanker task), and 2 working memory tasks (one spatial and one verbal). Activation common to all 5 tasks was identified in the right inferior frontal gyrus, and, at a lower threshold, also the right middle frontal gyrus and right parietal regions (BA 40 and BA 7). Left inferior frontal regions of interest (ROIs) showed a significant conjunction between all tasks except the flanker task. The present study could not pinpoint the specific function of each common region, but the parietal region identified here has previously been consistently related to working memory storage and the right inferior frontal gyrus has been associated with inhibition in both lesion and imaging studies. These results support the notion that inhibitory and working memory tasks involve common neural components, which may provide a neural basis for the interrelationship between the two systems. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 2668-2682 |
Date | September 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.04.023 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Common and unique components of inhibition and working memory |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393208001693 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 9 23:26:58 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 23:26:58 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 23:26:58 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.M. Gureckis |
Author | B.C. Love |
Abstract | Computational models of infant categorization often fail to elaborate the transitional mechanisms that allow infants to achieve adult performance. In this paper, we apply a successful connectionist model of adult category learning to developmental data. The Supervised and Unsupervised STrati- fied Adaptive Increment Network (SUSTAIN) model is able to account for the emergence of infants' sensitivity to correlated attributes (e.g., has wings and can fly). SUSTAIN offers two complimentary explanations of the developmental trend. One explanation centers on memory storage limitations, whereas the other focuses on limitations in perceptual systems. Both explanations parallel published findings concerning the cognitive and sensory limitations of infants. SUSTAIN's simulations suggest that conceptual development follows a continuous and smooth trajectory, despite qualitative changes in behavior, and that the mechanisms that underlie infant and adult categorization may not differ significantly. |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 173-198 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Modified | Mon Mar 16 15:55:12 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Ishai |
Author | D. Sagi |
Abstract | Detection of a visual target can be facilitated by flanking visual masks. A similar enhancement in detection thresholds was obtained when observers imagined the previously perceived masks. Imagery-induced facilitation was detected for as long as 5 minutes after observation of the masks by the targeted eye. These results indicated the existence of a low-level (monocular) memory that stores the sensory trace for several minutes and enables reactivation of early representations by higher processes. This memory, with its iconic nature, may subserve the interface between mental images and percepts |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 268 |
Issue | 5218 |
Pages | 1772-1774 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Thu Nov 13 10:49:49 2008 |
Modified | Thu Nov 13 10:54:40 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Kotovsky |
Author | D. Gentner |
Abstract | 4 experiments investigated the development of children's ability to recognize perceptual relational commonalities such as symmetry or monotonicity. In Experiment 1, 6- and 8-year-olds were able to recognize higher-order relational similarity across different dimensions (e.g., size/saturation) and across different polarities (e.g., increase/decrease), whereas 4-year-olds could recognize higher-order relational matches only when they were supported by lower-order commonalities (e.g., size/size but not size/saturation matches). Further experiments tested how the processes of comparison and categorization affected 4-year-olds' ability to recognize relational similarity. The results of the experiments supported the hypothesis that comparison and categorization processes lead to changes in children's representations of relational structure, enabling them to recognize more abstract commonalities. A computational model lent further support to the claims |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 2797-2822 |
Date | 1996 |
URL | ISI:A1996WN23500012 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Fri Aug 15 21:54:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | U. Leonards |
Author | J. Palix |
Author | C. Michel |
Author | V. Ibanez |
Abstract | Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have indicated that efficient feature search (FS) and inefficient conjunction search ( CS) activate partially distinct frontoparietal cortical networks. However, it remains a matter of debate whether the differences in these networks reflect differences in the early processing during FS and CS. In addition, the relationship between the differences in the networks and spatial shifts of attention also remains unknown. We examined these issues by applying a spatio-temporal analysis method to high-resolution visual event-related potentials (ERPs) and investigated how spatio-temporal activation patterns differ for FS and CS tasks. Within the first 450 msec after stimulus onset, scalp potential distributions (ERP maps) revealed 7 different electric field configurations for each search task. Configuration changes occurred simultaneously in the two tasks, suggesting that contributing processes were not significantly delayed in one task compared to the other. Despite this high spatial and temporal correlation, two ERP maps (120 - 190 and 250 - 300 msec) differed between the FS and CS. Lateralized distributions were observed only in the ERP map at 250 - 300 msec for the FS. This distribution corresponds to that previously described as the N2pc component ( a negativity in the time range of the N2 complex over posterior electrodes of the hemisphere contralateral to the target hemifield), which has been associated with the focusing of attention onto potential target items in the search display. Thus, our results indicate that the cortical networks involved in feature and conjunction searching partially differ as early as 120 msec after stimulus onset and that the differences between the networks employed during the early stages of FS and CS are not necessarily caused by spatial attention shifts |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1039-1051 |
Date | October 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. M. Newhall |
Author | R. W. Burnham |
Author | J.R. Clark |
Abstract | The two matching methods were compared to see whether they gave substantially different results. Such a difference would be of interest because successive matching is common in everyday life whereas simultaneous matching is standard calorimetric practice. An experiment was performed in which 25 test colors were matched by both methods. The successive or memory method yielded (1) the higher variability of replicative matchings, (2) the shorter matching times, (3) systematically higher purities, and (4) somewhat higher luminances. Three supplementary experiments are cited which are confirmatory with respect to the principal finding of extra purity and luminance usually required for the memory matches. This increased apparent strength of the remembered colors seems to be a direct consequence of the selectivity of memory. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 43-54 |
Date | 1957 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSA.47.000043 |
URL | http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-47-1-43 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 12 05:28:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Sun Apr 12 05:28:05 2009 |
Modified | Fri Apr 17 20:36:00 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V. Marian |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Publication | Bilingualism: Language and Cognition |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 97-115 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jul 10 11:05:23 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rufin VanRullen |
Author | Christof Koch |
Abstract | When a visual scene, containing many discrete objects, is presented to our retinae, only a subset of these objects will be explicitly represented in visual awareness. The number of objects accessing short-term visual memory might be even smaller. Finally, it is not known to what extent “ignored” objects (those that do not enter visual awareness) will be processed —or recognized. By combining free recall, forced-choice recognition and visual priming paradigms for the same natural visual scenes and subjects, we were able to estimate these numbers, and provide insights as to the fate of objects that are not explicitly recognized in a single fixation. When presented for 250 ms with a scene containing 10 distinct objects, human observers can remember up to 4 objects with full confidence, and between 2 and 3 more when forced to guess. Importantly, the objects that the subjects consistently failed to report elicited a significant negative priming effect when presented in a subsequent task, suggesting that their identity was represented in high-level cortical areas of the visual system, before the corresponding neural activity was suppressed during attentional selection. These results shed light on neural mechanisms of attentional competition, and representational capacity at different levels of the human visual system. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 1 |
Date | February 11 , 2003 |
DOI | 10.1167/3.1.8 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/3/1/8.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Oct 22 19:18:08 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Oct 22 19:18:08 2010 |
Modified | Fri Oct 22 19:18:08 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V. Di Lollo |
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | R.A. Rensink |
Abstract | Advances in neuroscience implicate reentrant signaling as the predominant form of communication between brain areas. This principle was used in a series of masking experiments that defy explanation by feed-foward theories. The masking occurs when a brief display of target plus mask is continued with the mask alone. Two masking processes were found: an early process affected by physical factors such as adapting luminance and a later process affected by attentional factors such as set size. This later process is called masking by object substitution, because it occurs whenever there is a mismatch between the reentrant visual representation and the ongoing lower level activity. Iterative reentrant processing was formalized in a computational model that provides an excellent fit to the data. The model provides a more comprehensive account of all forms of visual masking than do the long-held feed-forward views based on inhibitory contour interactions |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 481-507 |
Date | December 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Keith A Schneider |
Author | Daphne Bavelier |
Abstract | The prior entry hypothesis contends that attention accelerates sensory processing, shortening the time to perception. Typical observations supporting the hypothesis may be explained equally well by response biases, changes in decision criteria, or sensory facilitation. In a series of experiments conducted to discriminate among the potential mechanisms, observers judged the simultaneity or temporal order of two stimuli, to one of which attention was oriented by exogenous, endogenous, gaze-directed, or multiple exogenous cues. The results suggest that prior entry effects are primarily caused by sensory facilitation and attentional modifications of the decision mechanism, with only a small part possibly due to an attention-dependent sensory acceleration. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 333-366 |
Date | Dec 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Psychol |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14642288 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 09:45:02 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14642288 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 09:45:02 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G H Bower |
Author | M B Karlin |
Author | A Dueck |
Abstract | The thesis advanced is that people remember nonsensical pictures much better if they comprehend what they are about. Two experiments supported this thesis. In the first, nonsensical "droodles" were studied by subjects with or without an accompanying verbal interpretation of the pictures. Free recall was much better for subjects receiving the interpretation during study. Also, a later recognition test showed that subjects receiving the interpretation rated as more similar to the original picture a distractor which was close to the prototype of the interpreted category. In Experiment II, subjects studied pairs of nonsensical pictures, with or without a linking interpretation provided. Subjects who heard a phrase identifying and interrelating the pictures of a pair showed greater associative recall and matching than subjects who received no interpretation. The results suggest that memory is aided whenever contextual cues arouse appropriate schemata into which the material to be learned can be fitted. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 216-220 |
Date | Mar 1975 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03212900 |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21287062 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 09:29:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21287062 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 09:29:36 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 18 09:29:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | M.A. Lemmo |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 451-460 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 417 |
Issue | 6889 |
Pages | 611-617 |
Date | June 06, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature00771 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00771 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 15:28:29 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 15:28:29 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jun 9 15:28:29 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Abstract | Language is our legacy. It is the main evolutionary contribution of humans, and perhaps the most interesting trait that has emerged in the past 500 million years. Understanding how darwinian evolution gives rise to human language requires the integration of formal language theory, learning theory and evolutionary dynamics. Formal language theory provides a mathematical description of language and grammar. Learning theory formalizes the task of language acquisition—it can be shown that no procedure can learn an unrestricted set of languages. Universal grammar specifies the restricted set of languages learnable by the human brain. Evolutionary dynamics can be formulated to describe the cultural evolution of language and the biological evolution of universal grammar. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 417 |
Issue | 6889 |
Pages | 611-617 |
Date | June 6, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature00771 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6889/abs/nature00771.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:25:57 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2002 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Abstract | Language is our legacy. It is the main evolutionary contribution of humans, and perhaps the most interesting trait that has emerged in the past 500 million years. Understanding how darwinian evolution gives rise to human language requires the integration of formal language theory, learning theory and evolutionary dynamics. Formal language theory provides a mathematical description of language and grammar. Learning theory formalizes the task of language acquisition—it can be shown that no procedure can learn an unrestricted set of languages. Universal grammar specifies the restricted set of languages learnable by the human brain. Evolutionary dynamics can be formulated to describe the cultural evolution of language and the biological evolution of universal grammar. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 417 |
Issue | 6889 |
Pages | 611-617 |
Date | June 6, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature00771 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v417/n6889/abs/nature00771.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:25:57 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2002 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.T. Fitch |
Author | M.D. Hauser |
Abstract | The capacity to generate a limitless range of meaningful expressions from a finite set of elements differentiates human language from other animal communication systems. Rule systems capable of generating an infinite set of outputs ("grammars") vary in generative power. The weakest possess only local organizational principles, with regularities limited to neighboring units. We used a familiarization/discrimination paradigm to demonstrate that monkeys can spontaneously master such grammars. However, human language entails more sophisticated grammars, incorporating hierarchical structure. Monkeys tested with the same methods, syllables, and sequence lengths were unable to master a grammar at this higher, "phrase structure grammar" level |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 303 |
Issue | 5656 |
Pages | 377-380 |
Date | January 16, 2004 |
URL | ISI:000188111800045 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Abstract | If the chemical guanidine hydrochloride is added to a dividing culture of yeast cells in which some of the protein Sup35p is in its prion form, the proportion of cells that carry replicating units of the prion, termed propagons, decreases gradually over time. Stochastic models to describe this process of ‘curing’ have been developed in earlier work. The present paper investigates the use of numerical methods of Laplace transform inversion to calculate curing curves and contrasts this with an alternative, more direct, approach that involves numerical integration. Transform inversion is found to provide a much more efficient computational approach that allows different models to be investigated with minimal programming effort. The method is used to investigate the robustness of the curing curve to changes in the assumed distribution of cell generation times. Matlab code is available for carrying out the calculations. |
Publication | Mathematical Biosciences |
Volume | 215 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 152-157 |
Date | October 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Mathematical Biosciences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.07.008 |
ISSN | 0025-5564 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025556408001132 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:36 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Abstract | If the chemical guanidine hydrochloride is added to a dividing culture of yeast cells in which some of the protein Sup35p is in its prion form, the proportion of cells that carry replicating units of the prion, termed propagons, decreases gradually over time. Stochastic models to describe this process of ‘curing’ have been developed in earlier work. The present paper investigates the use of numerical methods of Laplace transform inversion to calculate curing curves and contrasts this with an alternative, more direct, approach that involves numerical integration. Transform inversion is found to provide a much more efficient computational approach that allows different models to be investigated with minimal programming effort. The method is used to investigate the robustness of the curing curve to changes in the assumed distribution of cell generation times. Matlab code is available for carrying out the calculations. |
Publication | Mathematical Biosciences |
Volume | 215 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 152-157 |
Date | October 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Mathematical Biosciences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.07.008 |
ISSN | 0025-5564 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025556408001132 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:36 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Frederic Kaplan |
Author | Pierre-yves Oudeyer |
Author | Benjamin Bergen |
Date | 2007 |
URL | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.126.3445 |
Date Added | Sat Aug 20 11:05:32 2011 |
Modified | Sat Aug 20 11:05:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Gluck |
Author | M. Meeter |
Author | C.E. Myers |
Abstract | The hippocampal region, a group of brain structures important for learning and memory, has been the focus of a large number of computational models. These tend to fall into two groups: (1) models of the role of the hippocampal region in incremental learning, which focus on the development of new representations that are sensitive to stimulus regularities and environmental context; (2) models that focus on the role of the hippocampal region in the rapid storage and retrieval of episodic memories. Rather than being in conflict, it is becoming apparent that both approaches are partially correct and might reflect the different functions of substructures of the hippocampal region. Future computational models will help to elaborate how these different substructures interact |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 269-276 |
Date | June 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000183859500010 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas C Hindy |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | Andrea S Houghtling |
Author | H Branch Coslett |
Author | Sharon L Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | Converging evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies is essential for understanding human frontal cortical function. We introduce a new method for studying the effects of transient disruptions of frontal activity during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Using a novel combination of TMS and computer-mouse tracking, through two experiments we tested process models of semantic competition in left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC). On TMS stimulation of left mid-VLPFC just after presentation of an ambiguous stimulus, participants' mouse-movement trajectories deviated more toward the incorrect target for weak associate trials than for any other trial type. This effect was extinguished when participants were simultaneously shown both target and cue stimuli. Results suggest that left mid-VLPFC is necessary to resolve semantic competition when a response is underdetermined by the stimulus and the interpretive context of the stimulus is ambiguous. Computer-mouse movements reveal the dynamics of competitive interactions as they resolve, making this technique ideally suited for studying cognitive control processes and a more sensitive index of TMS disruption than reaction time and accuracy alone. |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 3405-3413 |
Date | Dec 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1152/jn.00516.2009 |
ISSN | 1522-1598 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812291 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 15 12:52:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19812291 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 15 12:52:26 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Lubinski |
Author | R Chapey |
Author | L.A. Tedesco |
Publication | International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 175-182 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Wed May 19 12:47:51 2010 |
Modified | Wed May 19 12:48:51 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.K.E. Hjelmquist |
Publication | Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 243-254 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Rasmussen |
Author | E.J. Archer |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 61 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 437-& |
Date | 1961 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.L. Medin |
Author | E.E. Smith |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 35 |
Pages | 113-138 |
Date | 1984 |
ISSN | 0066-4308 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=76&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=2 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 15:07:07 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 15:07:07 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 15:09:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D L Medin |
Abstract | Research and theory on categorization and conceptual structure have recently undergone two major shifts. The first shift is from the assumption that concepts have defining properties (the classical view) to the idea that concept representations may be based on properties that are only characteristic or typical of category examples (the probabilistic view). Both the probabilistic view and the classical view assume that categorization is driven by similarity relations. A major problem with describing category structure in terms of similarity is that the notion of similarity is too unconstrained to give an account of conceptual coherence. The second major shift is from the idea that concepts are organized by similarity to the idea that concepts are organized around theories. In this article, the evidence and rationale associated with these shifts are described, and one means of integrating similarity-based and theory-driven categorization is outlined. |
Publication | The American Psychologist |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1469-1481 |
Date | Dec 1989 |
Journal Abbr | Am Psychol |
ISSN | 0003-066X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2690699 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 29 16:29:05 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2690699 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 16:29:05 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J G Snodgrass |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-22 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90479-1 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5H/2/91230fe736775a636c6ece7c1d39489e |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:39 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:39:15 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Hampton |
Contributor | B.H. Ross |
Book Title | The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, 46 |
Place | London |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Date | 2006 |
Pages | 79 -113 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 19:08:39 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | F.C. Keil |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1992-01-30 |
ISBN | 0262610760 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Oct 2 17:24:21 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:47:49 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Diesendruck |
Author | S.A. Gelman |
Author | K. Lebowitz |
Abstract | Four studies examined the influence of essentialist information and perceptual similarity on preschoolers' interpretations of labels. In Study 1, 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds were less likely to interpret 2 labels for animals as referring to mutually exclusive categories: when the animals were said to share internal, rather than superficial, properties and when the animals were perceptually similar rather than dissimilar. In Study 2, neither internal nor functional property information influenced 4-year-olds' interpretations of labels for artifacts. Studies 3 and 4 provide baseline data, demonstrating that the domain differences were not due to prior differences in children's lexical knowledge in the 2 domains. These results suggest that children have essentialist beliefs about animals, but not about artifacts, and that these beliefs interact with children's assumptions about word meaning in determining their interpretations of labels |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 823-839 |
Date | 1998 |
URL | ISI:000076060700002 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Jonides |
Author | H. Gleitman |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 457-460 |
Date | 1972 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Susan Carey |
Edition | First paperback edition |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1987-10-05 |
ISBN | 0262530732 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Oct 2 17:24:43 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jan 18 15:52:48 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Talia Konkle |
Author | Timothy F Brady |
Author | George A Alvarez |
Author | Aude Oliva |
Abstract | Humans have a massive capacity to store detailed information in visual long-term memory. The present studies explored the fidelity of these visual long-term memory representations and examined how conceptual and perceptual features of object categories support this capacity. Observers viewed 2,800 object images with a different number of exemplars presented from each category. At test, observers indicated which of 2 exemplars they had previously studied. Memory performance was high and remained quite high (82% accuracy) with 16 exemplars from a category in memory, demonstrating a large memory capacity for object exemplars. However, memory performance decreased as more exemplars were held in memory, implying systematic categorical interference. Object categories with conceptually distinctive exemplars showed less interference in memory as the number of exemplars increased. Interference in memory was not predicted by the perceptual distinctiveness of exemplars from an object category, though these perceptual measures predicted visual search rates for an object target among exemplars. These data provide evidence that observers' capacity to remember visual information in long-term memory depends more on conceptual structure than perceptual distinctiveness. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 139 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 558-578 |
Date | Aug 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
DOI | 10.1037/a0019165 |
ISSN | 1939-2222 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677899 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 17 12:36:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20677899 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 17 12:36:58 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | M. Steyvers |
Author | B.J. Rogosky |
Abstract | Concepts are interrelated to the extent that the characterization of each concept is influenced by the other concepts, and are isolated to the extent that the characterization of one concept is independent of other concepts. The relative categorization accuracy of the prototype and caricature of a concept can be used as a measure of concept interrelatedness. The prototype is the central tendency of a concept, whereas a caricature deviates from the concept's central tendency in the direction opposite the central tendency of other acquired concepts. The prototype is predicted to be relatively well categorized when a concept is relatively independent of other concepts, but the caricature is predicted to be relatively well categorized when a concept is highly related to other concepts. Support for these predictions comes from manipulations of the labels given to simultaneously acquired concepts (Experiment 1) and of the order of categories during learning (Experiment 2) |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 169-180 |
Date | March 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:20 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:20 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph |
Author | Gorana Pobric |
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Abstract | Conceptual knowledge provides the basis on which we bring meaning to our world. Studies of semantic dementia patients and some functional neuroimaging studies indicate that the anterior temporal lobes, bilaterally, are the core neural substrate for the formation of semantic representations. This hypothesis remains controversial, however, as traditional neurological models of comprehension do not posit a role for these regions. To adjudicate on this debate, we conducted 2 novel experiments that used off-line, low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to disrupt neural processing temporarily in the left or right temporal poles (TPs). The time required to make semantic decisions was slowed considerably, yet specifically, by this procedure. The results confirm that both TPs form a critical substrate within the neural network that supports conceptual knowledge. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 832 -838 |
Date | April 01 , 2009 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhn131 |
Short Title | Conceptual Knowledge Is Underpinned by the Temporal Pole Bilaterally |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/4/832.abstract |
Accessed | Sat Jul 9 10:24:04 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sat Jul 9 10:24:04 2011 |
Modified | Sat Jul 9 10:24:04 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.L Medin |
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Contributor | W. Bechtel |
Contributor | G. Graham |
Book Title | A Companion to Cognitive Science |
Place | Oxford, England |
Publisher | Blackwell |
Date | 2004 |
Pages | 167⬚ ⬚-175 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | D. Swingley |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 682-691 |
Date | 2010 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 23:21:09 2009 |
Modified | Thu May 27 11:28:55 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.J. Hespos |
Author | E.S. Spelke |
Abstract | Because human languages vary in sound and meaning, children must learn which distinctions their language uses. For speech perception, this learning is selective: initially infants are sensitive to most acoustic distinctions used in any language(1-3), and this sensitivity reflects basic properties of the auditory system rather than mechanisms specific to language(4-7); however, infants' sensitivity to non-native sound distinctions declines over the course of the first year(8). Here we ask whether a similar process governs learning of word meanings. We investigated the sensitivity of 5-month-old infants in an English-speaking environment to a conceptual distinction that is marked in Korean but not English; that is, the distinction between 'tight' and 'loose' fit of one object to another(9,10). Like adult Korean speakers but unlike adult English speakers, these infants detected this distinction and divided a continuum of motion-into-contact actions into tight- and loose-fit categories. Infants' sensitivity to this distinction is linked to representations of object mechanics(11) that are shared by non-human animals(12-14). Language learning therefore seems to develop by linking linguistic forms to universal, pre-existing representations of sound and meaning |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 430 |
Issue | 6998 |
Pages | 453-456 |
Date | July 22, 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:33 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:33 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Guido Orgs |
Author | Kathrin Lange |
Author | Jan-Henryk Dombrowski |
Author | Martin Heil |
Abstract | In this study we examined conceptual priming using environmental sounds and visually displayed words. Priming for sounds and words was observed in response latency as well as in event-related potentials. Reactions were faster when a related word followed an environmental sound and vice versa. Moreover both stimulus types produced an N400-effect for unrelated compared to related trials. The N400-effect had an earlier onset for environmental sounds than for words. The results support the theoretical notion that conceptual processing may be similar for verbal and non-verbal stimuli. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 267-272 |
Date | Dec 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Cogn |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.05.003 |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
Short Title | Conceptual priming for environmental sounds and words |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16793186 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 21:43:53 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16793186 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 21:43:53 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul M. Churchland |
Publication | The Journal of Philosophy |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5 |
Date | 01/1998 |
DOI | 10.2307/2564566 |
ISSN | 0022362X |
Short Title | Conceptual Similarity across Sensory and Neural Diversity |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2564566?uid=3739560&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101598479317 |
Accessed | Fri Dec 28 13:43:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Dec 28 13:43:24 2012 |
Modified | Fri Dec 28 13:43:24 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Kelter |
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | D. Engel |
Author | G. List |
Author | H. Strohner |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 279-303 |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christian C. Ruff |
Author | Felix Blankenburg |
Author | Otto Bjoertomt |
Author | Sven Bestmann |
Author | Elliot Freeman |
Author | John-Dylan Haynes |
Author | Geraint Rees |
Author | Oliver Josephs |
Author | Ralf Deichmann |
Author | Jon Driver |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 15 |
Pages | 1479-1488 |
Date | 8/2006 |
Journal Abbr | Current Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.057 |
ISSN | 09609822 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982206018185 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 13 09:15:44 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Jul 13 09:15:44 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 13 09:15:44 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Winter Mason |
Author | Siddharth Suri |
Abstract | Amazon's Mechanical Turk is an online labor market where requesters post jobs and workers choose which jobs to do for pay. The central purpose of this article is to demonstrate how to use this Web site for conducting behavioral research and to lower the barrier to entry for researchers who could benefit from this platform. We describe general techniques that apply to a variety of types of research and experiments across disciplines. We begin by discussing some of the advantages of doing experiments on Mechanical Turk, such as easy access to a large, stable, and diverse subject pool, the low cost of doing experiments, and faster iteration between developing theory and executing experiments. While other methods of conducting behavioral research may be comparable to or even better than Mechanical Turk on one or more of the axes outlined above, we will show that when taken as a whole Mechanical Turk can be a useful tool for many researchers. We will discuss how the behavior of workers compares with that of experts and laboratory subjects. Then we will illustrate the mechanics of putting a task on Mechanical Turk, including recruiting subjects, executing the task, and reviewing the work that was submitted. We also provide solutions to common problems that a researcher might face when executing their research on this platform, including techniques for conducting synchronous experiments, methods for ensuring high-quality work, how to keep data private, and how to maintain code security. |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-23 |
Date | Mar 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Res Methods |
DOI | 10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6 |
ISSN | 1554-3528 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21717266 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 16:50:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21717266 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:50:06 2012 |
Modified | Tue May 29 16:50:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard D. Morey |
Abstract | Presenting confidence intervals around means is a common method of expressing uncertainty in data. Loftus and Masson (1994) describe confidence intervals for means in within‐subjects designs. These confidence intervals are based on the ANOVA mean squared error. Cousineau (2005) presents an alternative to the Loftus and Masson method, but his method produces confidence intervals that are smaller than those of Loftus and Masson. I show why this is the case and offer a simple correction that makes the expected size of Cousineau confidence intervals the same as that of Loftus and Masson confidence intervals. |
Publication | Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 61-64 |
Date | 2008 |
Short Title | Confidence Intervals from Normalized Data |
URL | http://www.doaj.org/doaj?func=abstract&id=693704 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 14 14:34:24 2013 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 14 14:34:24 2013 |
Modified | Sun Feb 17 14:18:24 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zheng Ye |
Author | Xiaolin Zhou |
Abstract | This study investigates the neuro-cognitive mechanisms employed to monitor and resolve conflicts between competing sentential representations during sentence comprehension. Participants took part in a sentence comprehension task as well as the flanker and the color-word Stroop tasks while their brain activities were scanned with fMRI. Medial superior frontal gyrus (mSFG), left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and left angular gyrus/inferior parietal lobule (AG/IPL) were more activated for implausible sentences, in which syntactic processes and semantic strategies give rise to incompatible sentential representations, as compared with plausible sentences, in which syntactic processes and semantic strategies point to coherent interpretations. Among them, dorsal mSFG, left IFG, and left IPL constantly responded to the plausibility in sentence comprehension and the congruency in the two perceptual tasks, while anterior mSFG and left AG were specifically sensitive to the sentence plausibility. These results suggest that the domain-general mechanisms of executive control are recruited to deal with conflicts between representations of linguistic inputs. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 280-290 |
Date | Oct 15, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.032 |
ISSN | 1095-9572 |
Short Title | Conflict control during sentence comprehension |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19540923 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 00:54:12 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19540923 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 00:54:12 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. M. Botvinick |
Author | T. S. Braver |
Author | D. M. Barch |
Author | C. S. Carter |
Author | J. D. Cohen |
Publication | Psychological review |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 624 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | http://doi.apa.org/psycinfo/2001-07628-005 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 23 14:17:14 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Dec 23 14:17:14 2012 |
Modified | Sun Dec 23 14:17:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M M Marcell |
Author | D Borella |
Author | M Greene |
Author | E Kerr |
Author | S Rogers |
Abstract | The development of a set of everyday, nonverbal, digitized sounds for use in auditory confrontation naming applications is described. Normative data are reported for 120 sounds of varying lengths representing a wide variety of acoustic events such as sounds produced by animals, people, musical instruments, tools, signals, and liquids. In Study 1, criteria for scoring naming accuracy were developed and rating data were gathered on degree of confidence in sound identification and the perceived familiarity, complexity, and pleasantness of the sounds. In Study 2, the previously developed criteria for scoring naming accuracy were applied to the naming responses of a new sample of subjects, and oral naming times were measured. In Study 3 data were gathered on how subjects categorized the sounds: In the first categorization task - free classification - subjects generated category descriptions for the sounds; in the second task - constrained classification - a different sample of subjects selected the most appropriate category label for each sound from a list of 27 labels generated in the first task. Tables are provided in which the 120 stimuli are sorted by familiarity, complexity, pleasantness, duration, naming accuracy, speed of identification, and category placement. The.WAV sound files are freely available to researchers and clinicians via a sound archive on the World Wide Web; the URL is http://www.cofc.edu/~marcellm/confront.htm. |
Publication | Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 830-864 |
Date | Dec 2000 |
Journal Abbr | J Clin Exp Neuropsychol |
ISSN | 1380-3395 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320440 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 21:06:38 2009 |
Loc. in Archive | http://spinner.cofc.edu/~marcellm/confrontation%20sound%20naming/confront.htm?referrer=webcluster& |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11320440 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 21:06:38 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Ward |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 664-672 |
Date | November 1989 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Author | N. Chater |
Abstract | .... we suggest that philosophy may be ill advised to ignore the development of connectionist, particularly if connectionist systems prove to be able to learn to handle sutrctured representations. |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 & 4 |
Pages | 227-252 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:31:10 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Abstract | In this article I review the connectionist framework for modeling psychological processes, and I examine the role of connectionist models in empirical psychology. I illustrate how modeling can reveal the empirical implications of general principles, and I point out that the connectionist framework is particularly apt for formalizing certain proposed processing principles. The framework has led to the discovery of new classes of explanations for basic findings; it has led to unified accounts of disparate or contradictory phenomena; and it has shed light on the relevance of certain types of evidence for basic questions about the nature of the processing system. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 107-123 |
Date | April 1988 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Author | N. Chater |
Abstract | This Special Issue on Connectionist Models of Human Language Processing provides an opportunity for an appraisal both of specific connectionist models and of the status and utility of connectionist models of language in general. This introduction provides the background for the papers in the Special Issue. The development of connectionist models of language is traced, from their intellectual origins, to the state of current research. Key themes that arise throughout different areas of connectionist psycholinguistics are highlighted, and recent developments in speech processing, morphology, sentence processing, language production, and reading are described. We argue that connectionist psycholinguistics has already had a significant impact on the psychology of language, and that connectionist models ore likely to have an important influence on future research |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 417-437 |
Date | October 1999 |
URL | ISI:000084349600002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard A. Carlson |
Author | Don E. Dulany |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 45-58 |
Date | 1985 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.11.1.45 |
ISSN | 1939-1285 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=fulltext.journal&jcode=xlm&vol=11&issue=1&format=html&page=45&expand=1 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 13 00:38:33 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Feb 13 00:38:33 2010 |
Modified | Sat Feb 13 00:38:33 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Author | Jean-Pierre Changeux |
Author | Lionel Naccache |
Author | Jérôme Sackur |
Author | Claire Sergent |
Abstract | Of the many brain events evoked by a visual stimulus, which are specifically associated with conscious perception, and which merely reflect non-conscious processing? Several recent neuroimaging studies have contrasted conscious and non-conscious visual processing, but their results appear inconsistent. Some support a correlation of conscious perception with early occipital events, others with late parieto-frontal activity. Here we attempt to make sense of these dissenting results. On the basis of the global neuronal workspace hypothesis, we propose a taxonomy that distinguishes between vigilance and access to conscious report, as well as between subliminal, preconscious and conscious processing. We suggest that these distinctions map onto different neural mechanisms, and that conscious perception is systematically associated with surges of parieto-frontal activity causing top-down amplification. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 204-211 |
Date | May 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2006.03.007 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16603406 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 14 13:09:57 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16603406 |
Date Added | Mon Sep 14 13:09:57 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:27:44 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D. Dennett |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Back Bay Books |
Date | 1992-10-20 |
ISBN | 0316180661 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 17:38:24 2010 |
Modified | Sun Dec 25 19:49:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Janine Reis |
Author | Edwin Robertson |
Author | John W. Krakauer |
Author | John Rothwell |
Author | Lisa Marshall |
Author | Christian Gerloff |
Author | Eric Wassermann |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | Friedhelm Hummel |
Author | Pablo A. Celnik |
Author | Joseph Classen |
Author | Agnes Floel |
Author | Ulf Ziemann |
Author | Walter Paulus |
Author | Hartwig R. Siebner |
Author | Jan Born |
Author | Leonardo G. Cohen |
Abstract | Noninvasive brain stimulation has developed as a promising tool for cognitive neuroscientists. Transcranial magnetic (TMS) and direct current (tDCS) stimulation allow researchers to purposefully enhance or decrease excitability in focal areas of the brain. The purpose of this paper is to review information on the use of TMS and tDCS as research tools to facilitate motor memory formation, motor performance and motor learning in healthy volunteers. Studies implemented so far have mostly focused on the ability of TMS and tDCS to elicit relatively short lasting motor improvements and the mechanisms underlying these changes have been only partially investigated. Despite limitations including the scarcity of data, work that has been already accomplished raises the exciting hypothesis that currently available noninvasive transcranial stimulation techniques could modulate motor learning and memory formation in healthy humans and potentially in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. |
Publication | Brain stimulation |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 363-369 |
Date | 2008-10 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Stimul |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brs.2008.08.001 |
ISSN | 1935-861X |
Short Title | Consensus |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19802336 PMCID: 2621080 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 16:02:01 2012 |
Modified | Sun Feb 12 16:02:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Desmurget |
Author | M. Jordan |
Author | C. Prablanc |
Author | M. Jeannerod |
Abstract | This experiment was carried out to test whether or not the rules governing the execution of compliant and unconstrained movements are different (a compliant motion is defined as a motion constrained by external contact). To answer this question we examined the characteristics of visually directed movements performed with either the index fingertip (unconstrained) or a hand-held cursor (compliant). For each of these categories of movements, two experimental conditions were investigated: no instruction about hand path. and instruction to move the fingertip along a straight-line path. The results of the experiment were as follows. 1) The spatiotemporal characteristics of the compliant and unconstrained movements were fundamentally different when the subjects were not required to follow a specific hand path. 2) The instruction to perform straight movements modified the characteristics of the unconstrained movements, but not those of the compliant movements. 3) The target eccentricity influenced selectively the curvature of the ''unconstrained-no path instruction'' movements. Taken together, these results suggest that compliant and unconstrained movements involve different control strategies. Our data support the hypothesis that unconstrained motions are, unlike compliant motions. not programmed to follow a straight-line path in the task space. These observations provide a theoretical reference frame within which some apparently contradictory results reported in the movement generation literature may be explained |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 77 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1644-1650 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.B. Markman |
Author | C.M. Brendl |
Abstract | Influences of perceptual and motor activity on evaluation have led to theories of embodied cognition suggesting that putatively complex judgments call be carried out using only perceptual and motor representations. We present an experiment that revisited a movement-compatibility effect in which people are faster to respond to positive words by pulling a lever than by pushing a lever and tire faster to respond to negative words by pushing than by pulling. We demonstrate that the compatibility effect depends on people's representation of their selves in space rather than on their physical location. These data suggest that accounting for embodied phenomena requires and understanding the complex interplay between perceptual and motor representations and people's representations of their selves in space |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 6-10 |
Date | January 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anna Franklin |
Abstract | Kowalski and Zimiles (2006) and O'Hanlon and Roberson (2006) address an age-old question: Why do children find it difficult to learn color terms? Here these articles are reflected on, providing a focused examination of the issues central to this question. First, the criteria by which children are said to find color naming difficult are considered. Although the age of color term acquisition is decreasing, and color naming might not be more difficult than other abstract attributes, several stages of difficulty are identified. Second, it is argued that there are potentially multiple constraints (e.g., conceptual, attentional, and linguistic) for these multiple stages of difficulty with color term acquisition. Third, it is argued that the validity and reliability of techniques for identifying constraints need to be considered and that converging evidence for the constraints should be provided. Finally, a series of new questions that need to be asked to provide a well-rounded explanation of the difficulties children face when learning color terms is outlined. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 322-327 |
Date | August 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jecp.2006.02.003 |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ9-4JMV601-2/2/5336f526019afce2350cb47f0844168b |
Accessed | Mon Apr 13 06:40:25 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 13 06:40:25 2009 |
Modified | Fri Apr 17 20:36:00 2009 |
Type | Report |
---|---|
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Author | DR Sewell |
Report Number | 2 |
Series Title | Emory Cognition Project Technical Report |
Place | Emory University |
Institution | Emory University |
Date | 1984 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 18:40:23 2011 |
Modified | Tue Mar 1 18:41:07 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.E. Goldberg |
Abstract | A new theoretical approach to language has emerged in the past 10-15 years that allows linguistic observations about form-meaning pairings, known as 'constructions', to be stated directly. Constructionist approaches aim to account for the full range of facts about language, without assuming that a particular subset of the data is part of a privileged 'core'. Researchers in this field argue that unusual constructions shed light on more general issues, and can illuminate what is required for a complete account of language |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 219-224 |
Date | May 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183157900009 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Contributor | D.L. Schacter |
Book Title | Memory Distortion |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | Harvard |
Date | 1995 |
Pages | 69-90 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:22:07 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Editor | L.E. Breivik |
Editor | E.H. Jahr |
Book Title | Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes |
Series | Trends in linguistics, studies and monographs |
Series Number | 43 |
Volume | 43 |
Place | Amsterdam |
Publisher | Mouton de Gruyter |
Date | 1989 |
Pages | 227-237 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Editor | L.E. Breivik |
Editor | E.H. Jahr |
Book Title | Language change: Contributions to the study of its causes |
Series | Trends in linguistics, studies and monographs |
Series Number | 43 |
Volume | 43 |
Place | Amsterdam |
Publisher | Mouton de Gruyter |
Date | 1989 |
Pages | 227-237 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publication | Linguistic Typology |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 371-374 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 23:05:09 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 23:06:20 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elger L. Abrahamse |
Author | Willem B. Verwey |
Abstract | This study investigated the development of contextual dependencies for sequential perceptual-motor learning on static features in the learning environment. In three experiments we assessed the effect of manipulating task irrelevant static context features in a serial reaction-time task. Experiment 1 demonstrated impaired performance after simultaneously changing display color, placeholder shape, and placeholder location. Experiment 2 showed that this effect was mainly caused by changing placeholder shape. Finally, Experiment 3 indicated that changing context affected both the application of sequence knowledge and the selection of individual responses. It is proposed either that incidental stimulus features are integrated with a global sequence representation, or that the changed context causes participants to strategically inhibit sequence skills. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 397-404 |
Date | 2008-7 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00426-007-0123-5 |
ISSN | 0340-0727 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 17674034 PMCID: 2367391 |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 09:48:56 2009 |
Modified | Mon Dec 21 09:48:56 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wendy A. McKenzie |
Author | Guy Tiberghien |
Abstract | A variant of the process dissociation procedure was coupled with a manipulation of response signal lag to assess whether manipulations of context affect one or both of the familiarity and search processes described by the dual process model of recognition. Participants studied a list of word pairs (context + target) followed by a recognition test with target words presented in the same or different context, and in the same or different form as study (singular/plural). Participants were asked to recognize any target word regardless of changes to form (inclusion), or to only recognise words that were presented in the same form (exclusion). The standard context reinstatement effect was evident even at the short response lags. Analyses of the estimates of the contributions of familiarity and search processes suggest that the context effect demonstrated here can be attributed in part to the influence of familiarity on recognition, whereas the effect on recollection was less clear. |
Publication | Consciousness and Cognition |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 20-38 |
Date | March 2004 |
DOI | 10.1016/S1053-8100(03)00023-0 |
ISSN | 1053-8100 |
Short Title | Context effects in recognition memory |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WD0-496NJRB-1/2/b818c9943f8173c24df4e75c31b7264b |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 17:44:40 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 17:44:40 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 17:44:40 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J V Bainbridge |
Author | S Lewandowsky |
Author | K Kirsner |
Abstract | This article reports three experiments that investigate the role of context in repetition priming using a lexical decision task. The experiments show that repetition priming is either eliminated or significantly reduced if a change in context also alters the perceived sense of a nonhomographic target word. If perceived sense is not altered, a change in context is inconsequential. This points to the important role played by perceived sense in repetition priming. An explanation within a sense-specific activation framework is proposed in preference to a modified processing view. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 619-626 |
Date | Sep 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8412714 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 16 15:19:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8412714 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 16 15:19:11 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey-Knowlton |
Author | J.C. Trueswell |
Author | M.K. Tanenhaus |
Abstract | This article examines how certain types of semantic and discourse context affect the processing of relative clauses which are temporarily ambiguous between a relative clause and a main clause (e.g., ''The actress selected by the director...''). We review recent results investigating local semantic context and temporal context, and we present some new data investigating referential contexts. The set of studies demonstrate that, contrary to many recent claims in the literature, all of these types of context can have early effects on syntactic ambiguity resolution during on-line reading comprehension. These results are discussed within a ''constraint-based'' framework for ambiguity resolution in which effects of context are determined by the strength and relevance of the contextual constraint and by the availability of the syntactic alternatives |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology-Revue Canadienne de Psychologie Experimentale |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 276-309 |
Date | June 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James Haney |
Author | Ken Lukowiak |
Abstract | Aerial respiratory behavior in was operantly conditioned so that the animals perform aerial respiration significantly less often. Using the standard training procedure (pond water made hypoxic by bubbling N through it) both food-deprived and fed animals learned and exhibited long-term memory (LTM). However, food-deprived animals exhibited neither learning nor memory when trained under a condition in which the hypoxic pond water also contained a food odorant (carrot, the food-odorant procedure). Fed animals, however, learned and exhibited LTM with the food-odorant procedure. Thus, the presence of the food odorant per se did not prevent learning or the establishment of LTM. Further experimentation, however, revealed that the ability of the snails to have recall (i.e., memory) for the learned behavior was dependent on the context in which memory was tested. That is, if animals were trained with the food-odorant procedure they could only exhibit recall if tested in the food-odorant context and vice versa with the standard training procedure. Thus, although fed animals could learn and show LTM with either training and testing procedure, LTM could only be seen when they were tested in the context in which they were trained. |
Publication | Learning & Memory |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 35-43 |
Date | January 01, 2001 |
DOI | 10.1101/lm.34701 |
URL | http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/8/1/35.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Dec 21 09:26:54 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 09:26:54 2009 |
Modified | Mon Dec 21 09:26:54 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Silvia P Gennari |
Author | Maryellen C MacDonald |
Author | Bradley R Postle |
Author | Mark S Seidenberg |
Abstract | The meaning of a word usually depends on the context in which it occurs. This study investigated the neural mechanisms involved in computing word meanings that change as a function of syntactic context. Current semantic processing theories suggest that word meanings are retrieved from diverse cortical regions storing sensory-motor and other types of semantic information and are further integrated with context in left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG). Our fMRI data indicate that brain activity in an area sensitive to motion and action semantics--the posterior middle temporal gyrus (PMTG)--is modulated by a word's syntactic context. Ambiguous words such as bowl were presented in minimal disambiguating contexts indicating object (the bowl) or action (to bowl) meanings and were compared to low-ambiguity controls. Ambiguous words elicited more activity than low-ambiguity controls in LIFG and various meaning-related areas such as PMTG. Critically, ambiguous words also elicited more activity in to--contexts than the--contexts in PMTG and LIFG, suggesting that contextual integration strengthened the action meaning in both areas. The pattern of results suggests that the activation of lexical information in PMTG was sensitive to contextual disambiguating information and that processing context-dependent meanings may involve interactions between frontal and posterior areas. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1278-1286 |
Date | Apr 15, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.015 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Context-dependent interpretation of words |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17321757 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 7 22:26:06 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17321757 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 7 22:26:06 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. R Godden |
Author | A. D Baddeley |
Abstract | In a free recall experiment, 18 divers learned lists of words in 2 natural environments—on dry land and underwater—and recalled the words in either the environment of original learning or the alternative environment. Results show that lists learned underwater were recalled significantly better underwater, and lists learned on dry land were recalled significantly better on dry land. Results confirm the existence of the phenomenon of context-dependent memory under these conditions. Results of a subsequent experiment with 16 Ss show that the disruption of moving from one environment to the other was unlikely to be responsible for context-dependent memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology. Vol 66(3) |
Pages | 325-331 |
Date | Aug 1975 |
ISSN | 0007-1269 |
Short Title | Context-dependent memory in two natural environments |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (PsycINFO) |
Date Added | Fri Dec 25 11:48:27 2009 |
Modified | Fri Dec 25 11:48:27 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J E Eich |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Learning and Memory |
Volume | 11 |
Pages | 764-770 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 10:10:35 2009 |
Modified | Mon Dec 21 10:11:42 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Cox |
Author | Ethan Meyers |
Author | Pawan Sinha |
Abstract | Human visual recognition processes are remarkably robust and can function effectively even under highly degraded viewing conditions. Contextual information may play a critical role in such circumstances. Here, we provide neurophysiological evidence that contextual cues can elicit object-specific neural responses, which have hitherto been believed to be based on intrinsic cues alone. Specifically, we find that the "fusiform face area" (FFA) maintains its selectivity for faces without regard to whether the faces are defined intrinsically or contextually. This finding further elucidates the role of the FFA and reveals neural correlates of contextual processing in the service of robust object recognition. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 304 |
Issue | 5667 |
Pages | 115-117 |
Date | Apr 2, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1093110 |
ISSN | 1095-9203 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15001712 |
Date Added | Wed Dec 26 23:02:24 2012 |
Modified | Wed Dec 26 23:02:24 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | M. Grosjean |
Author | G. Knoblich |
Abstract | Certain models of spoken-language processing, like those for many other perceptual and cognitive processes, posit continuous uptake of sensory input and dynamic competition between simultaneously active representations. Here, we provide compelling evidence for this continuity assumption by using a continuous response, hand movements, to track the temporal dynamics of lexical activations during real-time spoken-word recognition in a visual context. By recording the streaming x, y coordinates of continuous goal-directed hand movement in a spoken-language task, online accrual of acoustic-phonetic input and competition between partially active lexical representations are revealed in the shape of the movement trajectories. This hand-movement paradigm allows one to project the internal processing of spoken-word recognition onto a two-dimensional layout of continuous motor output, providing a concrete visualization of the attractor dynamics involved in language processing |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 29 |
Pages | 10393-10398 |
Date | July 19, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | M. Grosjean |
Author | G. Knoblich |
Abstract | Certain models of spoken-language processing, like those for many other perceptual and cognitive processes, posit continuous uptake of sensory input and dynamic competition between simultaneously active representations. Here, we provide compelling evidence for this continuity assumption by using a continuous response, hand movements, to track the temporal dynamics of lexical activations during real-time spoken-word recognition in a visual context. By recording the streaming x, y coordinates of continuous goal-directed hand movement in a spoken-language task, online accrual of acoustic-phonetic input and competition between partially active lexical representations are revealed in the shape of the movement trajectories. This hand-movement paradigm allows one to project the internal processing of spoken-word recognition onto a two-dimensional layout of continuous motor output, providing a concrete visualization of the attractor dynamics involved in language processing |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 29 |
Pages | 10393-10398 |
Date | July 19, 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Naotsugu Tsuchiya |
Author | Christof Koch |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1096-1101 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1500 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1500 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 21 22:33:27 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Tue Sep 21 22:33:27 2010 |
Modified | Tue Sep 21 22:33:27 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N.P. Bichot |
Author | S.C. Rao |
Author | J.D. Schall |
Abstract | A central issue in mental chronometry is whether information is transferred between processing stages such as stimulus evaluation and response preparation in a continuous or discrete manner. We tested whether partial information about a stimulus influences the response stage by recording the activity of movement-related neurons in the frontal eye field of macaque monkeys performing a conjunction visual search and a feature visual search with a singleton distracter. While movement-related neurons were activated maximally when the target of the search array was in their movement field, they were also activated for distracters even though a saccade was successfully made to the target outside the movement field. Most importantly, the level of activation depended on the properties of the distractor. with greater activation for distracters that shared a target feature or were the target during the previous session during conjunction search, and fur the singleton distracter during feature search. These results support the model of continuous information processing and argue against a strictly discrete model, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 972-982 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yu Jin |
Author | Bettina Olk |
Author | Claus C Hilgetag |
Abstract | Various brain regions contribute to aspects of attentional control in conflict resolution. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the functions of posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and dorsal medial frontal cortex (dMFC) in a visual flanker task. Participants responded to a central target that was flanked by congruent, neutral or incongruent stimuli on the left or right. Offline low-frequency repetitive TMS (1 Hz, 110% motor threshold, 20 min) was applied to right PPC or dMFC. Performance, as measured by reaction times and accuracy, was established at baseline, after rTMS, and sham stimulation before or after active rTMS. After rTMS to right PPC, the interference of flankers presented in the left visual hemispace diminished selectively. By contrast, after rTMS over the right dMFC, flanker effects in both visual fields remained. Our results suggest that right PPC specifically contributes to the assignment of spatial attention during stimulus encoding. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale |
Volume | 205 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 131-138 |
Date | Aug 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-010-2336-x |
ISSN | 1432-1106 |
Short Title | Contributions of human parietal and frontal cortices to attentional control during conflict resolution |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617309 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 7 13:03:35 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20617309 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 7 13:03:35 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maurizio Corbetta |
Author | Gordon L Shulman |
Abstract | We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 201-215 |
Date | Mar 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nrn755 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11994752 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 9 22:25:53 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11994752 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 22:25:53 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.H. Song |
Author | K. Nakayama |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 125-128 |
Date | May 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.H. Song |
Author | K. Nakayama |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 125-128 |
Date | May 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ulla Martens |
Author | Ulrich Ansorge |
Author | Markus Kiefer |
Abstract | Are unconscious processes susceptible to attentional influences? In two subliminal priming experiments, we investigated whether task sets differentially modulate the sensitivity of unconscious processing pathways. We developed a novel procedure for masked semantic priming of words (Experiment 1) and masked visuomotor priming of geometrical shapes (Experiment 2). Before presentation of the masked prime, participants performed an induction task in which they attended to either semantic or perceptual object features designed to activate a semantic or perceptual task set, respectively. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects showed that the induction tasks differentially modulated subliminal priming: Semantic priming, which involves access to conceptual meaning, was found after the semantic induction task but not after the perceptual induction task. Visuomotor priming was observed after the perceptual induction task but not after the semantic induction task. These results demonstrate that unconscious cognition is influenced by attentional control. Unconscious processes in perceptual and semantic processing streams are coordinated congruently with higher-level action goals. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 282-291 |
Date | Feb 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797610397056 |
ISSN | 1467-9280 |
Short Title | Controlling the unconscious |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21245492 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 1 20:33:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21245492 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 1 20:33:03 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Bloom |
Abstract | How Children Learn the Meanings of Words (HCLMW) defends the theory that words are learned through sophisticated and early-emerging cognitive abilities that have evolved for other purposes; there is no dedicated mental mechanism that is special to word learning. The commentators raise a number of challenges to this theory: Does it correctly characterize the nature and development of early abilities? Does it attribute too much to children, or too little? Does it only apply to nouns, or can it also explain the acquisition of words such as verbs and determiners? More general issues are discussed as well, including the role of the input, the relationship between words and concepts, and debates over nativism, adaptationism, and modularity |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1124-1134 |
Date | December 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Steels |
Author | T. Belpaeme |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 04 |
Pages | 469-489 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X05000087 |
Short Title | Coordinating Perceptually Grounded Categories Through Language |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 01:40:07 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 01:40:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Author | Leigh Morrow |
Abstract | Background Previous research using functional MRI (fMRI) suggests changes in cortical activation as a function of increased task difficulty. This relationship has not been explored in persons with aphasia even though it may have significant implications for pre- and post-treatment interpretation of fMRI data. Aims The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the relationship between changes in language task difficulty and cortical activation in persons with aphasia. Methods & Procedures Four persons with chronic anomic or Broca’s aphasia and four matched control participants underwent fMRI while performing a picture–word matching task. Outcomes & Results Compared to the more difficult task condition, all participants performed with greater accuracy on the easier condition. Moreover, greater mean blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity and area recruitment were noted during the more difficult condition for three out of four persons with aphasia as well as three of the four controls. The increase in cortical activity was mainly noted in the superior temporal and posterior inferior frontal lobes. Conclusions The present findings mirror those found in previous studies of normal subjects in that cortical activation increased in parallel to task difficulty for most of our participants. It is unclear what mechanism accounts for this effect; this phenomenon might need to be considered in future fMRI studies of neural plasticity associated with aphasia treatment. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 3-5 |
Pages | 239-250 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Aphasiology |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030444000714 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 16823468 PMCID: PMC1486765 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 00:32:05 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 00:32:05 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G Ojemann |
Author | J Ojemann |
Author | E Lettich |
Author | M Berger |
Abstract | The localization of cortical sites essential for language was assessed by stimulation mapping in the left, dominant hemispheres of 117 patients. Sites were related to language when stimulation at a current below the threshold for afterdischarge evoked repeated statistically significant errors in object naming. The language center was highly localized in many patients to form several mosaics of 1 to 2 sq cm, usually one in the frontal and one or more in the temporoparietal lobe. The area of individual mosaics, and the total area related to language was usually much smaller than the traditional Broca-Wernicke areas. There was substantial individual variability in the exact location of language function, some of which correlated with the patient's sex and verbal intelligence. These features were present for patients as young as 4 years and as old as 80 years, and for those with lesions acquired in early life or adulthood. These findings indicate a need for revision of the classical model of language localization. The combination of discrete localization in individual patients but substantial individual variability between patients also has major clinical implications for cortical resections of the dominant hemisphere, for it means that language cannot be reliably localized on anatomic criteria alone. A maximal resection with minimal risk of postoperative aphasia requires individual localization of language with a technique like stimulation mapping. |
Publication | Journal of Neurosurgery |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 316-326 |
Date | Sep 1989 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosurg |
DOI | 10.3171/jns.1989.71.3.0316 |
ISSN | 0022-3085 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2769383 |
Accessed | Thu Oct 15 17:01:08 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2769383 |
Date Added | Thu Oct 15 17:01:08 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Shomstein |
Author | M. Behrmann |
Abstract | Natural visual scenes consist of many objects occupying a variety of spatial locations. Given that the plethora of information cannot be processed simultaneously, the multiplicity of inputs compete for representation. Using event-related functional MRI, we show that attention, the mechanism by which a subset of the input is selected, is mediated by the posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Of particular interest is that PPC activity is differentially sensitive to the object-based properties of the input, with enhanced activation for those locations bound by an attended object. Of great interest too is the ensuing modulation of activation in early cortical regions, reflected as differences in the temporal profile of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response for within-object versus between-object locations. These findings indicate that object-based selection results from an object-sensitive reorienting signal issued by the PPC. The dynamic circuit between the PPC and earlier sensory regions then enables observers to attend preferentially to objects of interest in complex scenes |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 30 |
Pages | 11387-11392 |
Date | July 25, 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Gleitman |
Author | J. Jonides |
Abstract | A partial processing hypothesis is proposed to account for performance under a visual search condition where target and field items belong to the different conceptual categories, letter and digit (between-category search), as compared to a condition in which they belong to the same category (within-category search). This hypothesized mechanism implies that less information is registered and/or retained in between- than in within-category search. This prediction was tested and confirmed in three experiments. The results indicate that both targets and field items are processed less deeply in between- than in within-category search. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 281-288 |
Date | 1976 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 566-588 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:25:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Egly |
Author | R. Rafal |
Author | J. Driver |
Author | Y. Starrveveld |
Abstract | Theories in cognitive science have debated whether visual selective attention is a space-based or object-based process. To investigate this issue, we applied a new experimental paradigm that permits the simultaneous measurement of both space-based and object-based attention to a split-brain patient with disconnected cerebral hemispheres. The data demonstrate both space-based and object-based components to the allocation of attention, and reveal that the two processes have different neural substrates. These findings are related to previous research on split-brain and unilateral parietal patients |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 380-383 |
Date | November 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:50:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. I. Knudsen |
Author | M. S. Brainard |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 19-43 |
Date | 1995 |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.000315 |
URL | http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.000315 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 16 20:27:19 2012 |
Library Catalog | Annual Reviews |
Extra | PMID: 7605060 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:27:19 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.L.III Roediger |
Author | K.B. McDermott |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 21⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 803-814 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J S Johnson |
Author | E L Newport |
Abstract | Lenneberg (1967) hypothesized that language could be acquired only within a critical period, extending from early infancy until puberty. In its basic form, the critical period hypothesis need only have consequences for first language acquisition. Nevertheless, it is essential to our understanding of the nature of the hypothesized critical period to determine whether or not it extends as well to second language acquisition. If so, it should be the case that young children are better second language learners than adults and should consequently reach higher levels of final proficiency in the second language. This prediction was tested by comparing the English proficiency attained by 46 native Korean or Chinese speakers who had arrived in the United States between the ages of 3 and 39, and who had lived in the United States between 3 and 26 years by the time of testing. These subjects were tested on a wide variety of structures of English grammar, using a grammaticality judgment task. Both correlational and t-test analyses demonstrated a clear and strong advantage for earlier arrivals over the later arrivals. Test performance was linearly related to age of arrival up to puberty; after puberty, performance was low but highly variable and unrelated to age of arrival. This age effect was shown not to be an inadvertent result of differences in amount of experience with English, motivation, self-consciousness, or American identification. The effect also appeared on every grammatical structure tested, although the structures varied markedly in the degree to which they were well mastered by later learners. The results support the conclusion that a critical period for language acquisition extends its effects to second language acquisition. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 60-99 |
Date | Jan 1989 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Psychol |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Critical period effects in second language learning |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2920538 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 17:31:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2920538 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:31:21 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | V. Marian |
Abstract | Bilingualism provides a unique opportunity for exploring hypotheses about how the human brain encodes language. For example, the "input switch" theory states that bilinguals can deactivate one language module while using the other. A new measure of spoken language comprehension, headband-mounted eyetracking, allows a firm test of this theory. When given spoken instructions to pick lip an object, in a monolingual session, late bilinguals looked briefly at a distractor object whose name in the irrelevant language was initially phonetically similar to the spoken word more often than they looked at a control distracter object This result indicates some overlap between the two languages in bilinguals, and provides support for parallel, interactive accounts of spoken word recognition in general |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 281-284 |
Date | May 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Viola S. Störmer |
Author | John J. McDonald |
Author | Steven A. Hillyard |
Abstract | The question of whether attention makes sensory impressions appear more intense has been a matter of debate for over a century. Recent psychophysical studies have reported that attention increases apparent contrast of visual stimuli, but the issue continues to be debated. We obtained converging neurophysiological evidence from human observers as they judged the relative contrast of visual stimuli presented to the left and right visual fields following a lateralized auditory cue. Cross-modal cueing of attention boosted the apparent contrast of the visual target in association with an enlarged neural response in the contralateral visual cortex that began within 100 ms after target onset. The magnitude of the enhanced neural response was positively correlated with perceptual reports of the cued target being higher in contrast. The results suggest that attention increases the perceived contrast of visual stimuli by boosting early sensory processing in the visual cortex. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 52 |
Pages | 22456-22461 |
Date | December 29, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0907573106 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/106/52/22456.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 19:27:50 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 19:27:50 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 19:27:50 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joël Fagot |
Author | Julie Goldstein |
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Author | Alan Pickering |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 275-280 |
Date | 4/2006 |
Journal Abbr | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03193843 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/mw428r60v7383401/ |
Accessed | Tue Jul 5 14:47:45 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Jul 5 14:47:45 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 5 14:47:45 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.I. Slobin |
Editor | D.I. Slobin |
Book Title | The crosslinguistic study of language acquisition. Vol 2: Theoretical Issues |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Date | 1985 |
Pages | 1157-1256 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 21:27:41 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 22:03:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | In many everyday situations, our senses are bombarded by many different unisensory signals at any given time. To gain the most veridical, and least variable, estimate of environmental stimuli/properties, we need to combine the individual noisy unisensory perceptual estimates that refer to the same object, while keeping those estimates belonging to different objects or events separate. How, though, does the brain "know" which stimuli to combine? Traditionally, researchers interested in the crossmodal binding problem have focused on the roles that spatial and temporal factors play in modulating multisensory integration. However, crossmodal correspondences between various unisensory features (such as between auditory pitch and visual size) may provide yet another important means of constraining the crossmodal binding problem. A large body of research now shows that people exhibit consistent crossmodal correspondences between many stimulus features in different sensory modalities. For example, people consistently match high-pitched sounds with small, bright objects that are located high up in space. The literature reviewed here supports the view that crossmodal correspondences need to be considered alongside semantic and spatiotemporal congruency, among the key constraints that help our brains solve the crossmodal binding problem. |
Publication | Attention, perception & psychophysics |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 971-995 |
Date | May 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Atten Percept Psychophys |
DOI | 10.3758/s13414-010-0073-7 |
ISSN | 1943-393X |
Short Title | Crossmodal correspondences |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21264748 |
Date Added | Wed Oct 3 15:03:28 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.A. Calvert |
Author | M.J. Brammer |
Author | S.D. Iversen |
Abstract | Everyday experience involves the continuous integration of information from multiple sensory inputs. Such crossmodal interactions are advantageous since the combined action of different sensory cues can provide information unavailable from their individual operation, reducing perceptual ambiguity and enhancing responsiveness. The behavioural consequences of such multimodal processes and their putative neural mechanisms have been investigated extensively with respect to orienting behaviour and, to a lesser extent, the crossmodal coordination of spatial attention. These operations are concerned mainly with the determination of stimulus location. However, information from different sensory streams can also be combined to assist stimulus identification. Psychophysical and physiological data indicate that these two crossmodal processes are subject to different temporal and spatial constraints both at the behavioural and neuronal level and involve the participation of distinct neural substrates. Here we review the evidence for such a dissociation and discuss recent neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and neuroimaging findings that shed light on the mechanisms underlying crossmodal identification, with specific reference to audio-visual speech perception |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 247-253 |
Date | 1998 |
URL | ISI:000078871700002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Shams |
Author | Robyn Kim |
Abstract | Vision is generally considered the dominant sensory modality; self-contained and independent of other senses. In this article, we will present recent results that contradict this view, and show that visual perception can be strongly altered by sound and touch, and such alterations can occur even at early stages of processing, as early as primary visual cortex. We will first review the behavioral evidence demonstrating modulation of visual perception by other modalities. As extreme examples of such modulations, we will describe two visual illusions induced by sound, and a visual illusion induced by touch. Next, we will discuss studies demonstrating modulation of activity in visual areas by stimulation of other modalities, and discuss possible pathways that could underpin such interactions. This will be followed by a discussion of how crossmodal interactions can affect visual learning and adaptation. We will review several studies showing crossmodal effects on visual learning. We will conclude with a discussion of computational principles governing these crossmodal interactions, and review several recent studies that demonstrate that these interactions are statistically optimal. |
Publication | Physics of life reviews |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 269-284 |
Date | Sep 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Phys Life Rev |
DOI | 10.1016/j.plrev.2010.04.006 |
ISSN | 1873-1457 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447880 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 21 00:28:11 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20447880 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 21 00:28:11 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Alexander Bentley |
Author | Michael J. O’Brien |
Abstract | Human culture has evolved through a series of major tipping points in information storage and communication. The first was the appearance of language, which enabled communication between brains and allowed humans to specialize in what they do and to participate in complex mating games. The second was information storage outside the brain, most obviously expressed in the “Upper Paleolithic Revolution” – the sudden proliferation of cave art, personal adornment, and ritual in Europe some 35,000–45,000 years ago. More recently, this storage has taken the form of writing, mass media, and now the Internet, which is arguably overwhelming humans’ ability to discern relevant information. The third tipping point was the appearance of technology capable of accumulating and manipulating vast amounts of information outside humans, thus removing them as bottlenecks to a seemingly self-perpetuating process of knowledge explosion. Important components of any discussion of cultural evolutionary tipping points are tempo and mode, given that the rate of change, as well as the kind of change, in information storage and transmission has not been constant over the previous million years. |
Publication | Frontiers in Evolutionary Psychology |
Volume | 3 |
Pages | 569 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Psychology |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00569 |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/evolutionary_psychology/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00569/abstract?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Psychology-w51-2012 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 20 09:32:29 2012 |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Thu Dec 20 09:32:29 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 20 09:32:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Alexander Bentley |
Author | Stephen J. Shennan |
Abstract | Archaeological theory has traditionally presupposed the existence of "battleship curves" in stylistic evolution, with little understanding about what governs the width (variant frequency) or length (variant lifespan) of these curves. In terms of these variables, we propose that there is a testable difference between independent decisions, unbiased transmission, and biased transmission in cultural evolution. We expect independent decision making to be represented by an exponential distribution of variant prevalence in the population. In contrast, unbiased transmission tends to be characterized by a power law or log-normal distribution of prevalence, while biased transmission should deviate significantly from the unbiased case. The difference between these categories may be fundamental to how cultural traits spread and persist. In order to make analytical predictions for unbiased transmission, we adapt a model of stochastic network growth that, by quantitatively demonstrating the inherent nonlinearity in unbiased transmission, can explain why a few highly popular styles can be expected to emerge in the course of cultural evolution. For the most part, this model predicts the frequencies of pottery decorations remarkably well over a 400-year span of Linearbandkeramik settlement in the Merzbach valley. Because the highest frequencies of actual motifs are somewhat less than predicted by our unbiased transmission model, we identify an anti-conformist, or pro-novelty, bias in the later phases of the Neolithic Merzbach Valley.///La teoría arqueológica ha presupuesto tradicionalmente la existencia de las "battleship curves" en la evolución estilística, con poca comprensión sobre qué dicta la anchura (variable frecuencia) o la longitud (variable lapso de vida) de estas curvas. Con estas variables, proponemos que hay una diferencia comprobable entre decisiones independientes, transmisión no sesgada y transmisión sesgada en la evolución cultural. Encontramos que la toma de decisión independiente es representada por una distribución exponential del predominio variable en la población. En contraste, la transmisión no sesgada tiende para ser caracterizada por una distribución power-law o una distribución log-normal del predominio, mientras que el caso de transmisión sesgada se diferencia del caso de transmisión no-sesgada. La diferencia entre estas categorí as puede ser fundamental para la evolución cultural. Para hacer las predicciones de la transmisión no-sesgada, adaptamos un modelo de la red de crecimiento en el que, demostrando cuantitativamente la no-linealidad inherente en la transmisión no-sesgada, pueda explicar como se puede esperar que algunos estilos altamente populares emerjan en el curso de la evolución cultural. Este modelo predice notablemente bien las frecuencias de las decoraciones de la cerámica durante 400 años de la era Neolitica en el valle de Merzbach. Porque nuestro modelo predice más estilos de la cerámica con alta frecuencia de los que hay realmente, identificamos un sesgo anticonformista, o favorable a la novedad en las fases mas tardías del valle Neolitico de Merzbach. |
Publication | American Antiquity |
Volume | 68 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 459-485 |
Date | July 1, 2003 |
Journal Abbr | American Antiquity |
DOI | 10.2307/3557104 |
ISSN | 0002-7316 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557104 |
Accessed | Tue Apr 30 15:25:44 2013 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Rights | Copyright © 2003 Society for American Archaeology |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jul., 2003 / Copyright © 2003 Society for American Archaeology |
Date Added | Tue Apr 30 15:25:44 2013 |
Modified | Tue Apr 30 15:25:44 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | U. Frith |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 113-116 |
Date | 1974 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Kristjansson |
Author | P.U. Tse |
Abstract | Using the visual search method, we show that stimuli that contain curvature discontinuities (i.e., points where the second derivative along an image contour is not defined) are easily found among stimuli containing only smooth changes in curvature. Curved stimuli that lack curvature discontinuities, however, are difficult to find among distracters that have them. These results suggest that the visual system detects and analyzes abrupt changes in curvature in the image quickly to extract vital information about the 3-D structure of the visual environment |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 390-403 |
Date | April 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Derek C. Penn |
Author | Keith J. Holyoak |
Author | Daniel J. Povinelli |
Abstract | Over the last quarter century, the dominant tendency in comparative cognitive psychology has been to emphasize the similarities between human and nonhuman minds and to downplay the differences as “one of degree and not of kind” (Darwin 1871). In the present target article, we argue that Darwin was mistaken: the profound biological continuity between human and nonhuman animals masks an equally profound discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. To wit, there is a significant discontinuity in the degree to which human and nonhuman animals are able to approximate the higher-order, systematic, relational capabilities of a physical symbol system (PSS) (Newell 1980). We show that this symbolic-relational discontinuity pervades nearly every domain of cognition and runs much deeper than even the spectacular scaffolding provided by language or culture alone can explain. We propose a representational-level specification as to where human and nonhuman animals' abilities to approximate a PSS are similar and where they differ. We conclude by suggesting that recent symbolic-connectionist models of cognition shed new light on the mechanisms that underlie the gap between human and nonhuman minds. |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 02 |
Pages | 109-130 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X08003543 |
Short Title | Darwin's Mistake |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 23:26:32 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 23:26:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jiali Li |
Author | Shawn Browning |
Author | Sukhvir P. Mahal |
Author | Anja M. Oelschlegel |
Author | Charles Weissmann |
Abstract | Prions are infectious proteins consisting mainly of PrPSc, a β sheet–rich conformer of the normal host protein PrPC, and occur in different strains. Strain identity is thought to be encoded by PrPSc conformation. We found that biologically cloned prion populations gradually became heterogeneous by accumulating “mutants,” and selective pressures resulted in the emergence of different mutants as major constituents of the evolving population. Thus, when transferred from brain to cultured cells, “cell-adapted” prions outcompeted their “brain-adapted” counterparts, and the opposite occurred when prions were returned from cells to brain. Similarly, the inhibitor swainsonine selected for a resistant substrain, whereas, in its absence, the susceptible substrain outgrew its resistant counterpart. Prions, albeit devoid of a nucleic acid genome, are thus subject to mutation and selective amplification. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 327 |
Issue | 5967 |
Pages | 869-872 |
Date | 02/12/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1183218 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/327/5967/869 |
Accessed | Fri May 24 13:18:52 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 20044542 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jiali Li |
Author | Shawn Browning |
Author | Sukhvir P. Mahal |
Author | Anja M. Oelschlegel |
Author | Charles Weissmann |
Abstract | Prions are infectious proteins consisting mainly of PrPSc, a β sheet–rich conformer of the normal host protein PrPC, and occur in different strains. Strain identity is thought to be encoded by PrPSc conformation. We found that biologically cloned prion populations gradually became heterogeneous by accumulating “mutants,” and selective pressures resulted in the emergence of different mutants as major constituents of the evolving population. Thus, when transferred from brain to cultured cells, “cell-adapted” prions outcompeted their “brain-adapted” counterparts, and the opposite occurred when prions were returned from cells to brain. Similarly, the inhibitor swainsonine selected for a resistant substrain, whereas, in its absence, the susceptible substrain outgrew its resistant counterpart. Prions, albeit devoid of a nucleic acid genome, are thus subject to mutation and selective amplification. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 327 |
Issue | 5967 |
Pages | 869-872 |
Date | 02/12/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1183218 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/327/5967/869 |
Accessed | Fri May 24 13:18:52 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 20044542 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. Goldstein |
Publication | Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologieund Psychiatrie |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 163-175 |
Date | 1924 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 01:10:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph K. Goodman |
Author | Cynthia E. Cryder |
Author | Amar Cheema |
Publication | Journal of Behavioral Decision Making |
Pages | n/a-n/a |
Date | 03/2012 |
DOI | 10.1002/bdm.1753 |
ISSN | 08943257 |
Short Title | Data Collection in a Flat World |
URL | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bdm.1753 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 00:10:46 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 00:10:46 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 00:10:46 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Chenglin Ye |
Author | Lora Giangregorio |
Author | Anne Holbrook |
Author | Eleanor Pullenayegum |
Author | Charlie H Goldsmith |
Author | Lehana Thabane |
Abstract | It is not uncommon for a participant to withdraw from a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The withdrawal of a participant results in missing data and the potential for withdrawal bias. Data withdrawal, or a request from a participant to withdraw all of their previously collected data from a study, is particularly problematic because it leaves little opportunity to characterize or statistically address those that have withdrawn to minimize withdrawal bias. The aim of this commentary is to (1) provide a synthesis of available information on the ethical and methodological issues related to data withdrawal in RCTs and (2) provide some suggestions on how to minimize the impact of data withdrawal during the execution or analysis phases of an RCT. We searched PubMed, EMBASE and JSTOR for published articles on data withdrawal. In addition, we used internet sources as an additional tool to identify content on data withdrawal from research ethics guidelines, legislation, research ethics boards, funding agencies, professional organizations and researchers. We did not find any definitive guidelines for dealing with data withdrawal. We propose recommendations for minimizing the occurrence of data withdrawal, including explicit and clear descriptions in consent forms of how data will be handled after participant withdrawal. We also suggest using imputation techniques to deal with the missing data during analysis. The current commentary can be used to minimize the impact of data withdrawal in RCTs. |
Publication | Contemporary Clinical Trials |
Date | Feb 4, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Contemp Clin Trials |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cct.2011.01.016 |
ISSN | 1559-2030 |
Short Title | Data withdrawal in randomized controlled trials |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300179 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 13:37:30 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21300179 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:37:30 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:37:30 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Author | S.W. Keele |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 158 |
Issue | 3797 |
Pages | 137-& |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yu-Chin Chiu |
Author | Michael Esterman |
Author | Yuefeng Han |
Author | Heather Rosen |
Author | Steven Yantis |
Abstract | Attention is a neurocognitive mechanism that selects task-relevant sensory or mnemonic information to achieve current behavioral goals. Attentional modulation of cortical activity has been observed when attention is directed to specific locations, features, or objects. However, little is known about how high-level categorization task set modulates perceptual representations. In the current study, observers categorized faces by gender (male vs. female) or race (Asian vs. Caucasian). Each face was perceptually ambiguous in both dimensions, such that categorization of one dimension demanded selective attention to task-relevant information within the face. We used multivoxel pattern classification to show that task-specific modulations evoke reliably distinct spatial patterns of activity within three face-selective cortical regions (right fusiform face area and bilateral occipital face areas). This result suggests that patterns of activity in these regions reflect not only stimulus-specific (i.e., faces vs. houses) responses but also task-specific (i.e., race vs. gender) attentional modulation. Furthermore, exploratory whole-brain multivoxel pattern classification (using a searchlight procedure) revealed a network of dorsal fronto-parietal regions (left middle frontal gyrus and left inferior and superior parietal lobule) that also exhibit distinct patterns for the two task sets, suggesting that these regions may represent abstract goals during high-level categorization tasks. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Pages | 1-7 |
Date | in press |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2010.21503 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21503 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 15 16:44:08 2010 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 16:44:08 2010 |
Modified | Sat Feb 4 18:52:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yu-Chin Chiu |
Author | Michael Esterman |
Author | Yuefeng Han |
Author | Heather Rosen |
Author | Steven Yantis |
Abstract | Attention is a neurocognitive mechanism that selects task-relevant sensory or mnemonic information to achieve current behavioral goals. Attentional modulation of cortical activity has been observed when attention is directed to specific locations, features, or objects. However, little is known about how high-level categorization task set modulates perceptual representations. In the current study, observers categorized faces by gender (male vs. female) or race (Asian vs. White). Each face was perceptually ambiguous in both dimensions, such that categorization of one dimension demanded selective attention to task-relevant information within the face. We used multivoxel pattern classification to show that task-specific modulations evoke reliably distinct spatial patterns of activity within three face-selective cortical regions (right fusiform face area and bilateral occipital face areas). This result suggests that patterns of activity in these regions reflect not only stimulus-specific (i.e., faces vs. houses) responses but also task-specific (i.e., race vs. gender) attentional modulation. Furthermore, exploratory whole-brain multivoxel pattern classification (using a searchlight procedure) revealed a network of dorsal fronto-parietal regions (left middle frontal gyrus and left inferior and superior parietal lobule) that also exhibit distinct patterns for the two task sets, suggesting that these regions may represent abstract goals during high-level categorization tasks. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1198-1204 |
Date | May 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2010.21503 |
ISSN | 1530-8898 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20429856 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 4 18:52:53 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20429856 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 4 18:52:53 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | Karalyn Patterson |
Author | M.A. Lambon-Ralph |
Abstract | Deficits of semantic cognition in semantic dementia and in aphasia consequent on CVA (stroke) are qualitatively different. Patients with semantic dementia are characterised by progressive degradation of central semantic representations, whereas multimodal semantic deficits in stroke aphasia reflect impairment of executive processes that help to direct and control semantic activation in a task-appropriate fashion (Jefferies and Lambon Ralph, 2006). We explored interactions between these two aspects of semantic cognition by examining the effects of cumulative phonemic cueing on picture naming in case series of these two types of patient. The stroke aphasic patients with multimodal semantic deficits cued very readily and demonstrated near-perfect name retrieval when cumulative phonemic cues reached or exceeded the target name’s uniqueness point. Therefore, knowledge of the picture names was largely intact for the aphasic patients, but they were unable to retrieve this information without cues that helped to direct activation towards the target response. Equivalent phonemic cues engendered significant but much more limited benefit to the semantic dementia patients: their naming was still severely impaired even when most of the word had been provided. In contrast to the pattern in the stroke aphasia group, successful cueing was mainly confined to the more familiar un-named pictures. We propose that this limited cueing effect in semantic dementia follows from the fact that concepts deteriorate in a graded fashion (Rogers et al., 2004). For partially degraded items, the residual conceptual knowledge may be insufficient to drive speech production to completion but these items might reach threshold when they are bolstered by cues. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 649-658 |
Date | 2008-1-31 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.09.007 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Deficits of knowledge vs. executive control in semantic cognition |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 17961610 PMCID: 2350189 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 10 23:04:59 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 16 17:22:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. C. Scott-Phillips |
Publication | Journal of Evolutionary Biology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 387-395 |
Date | 03/2008 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01497.x |
ISSN | 1010-061X, 1420-9101 |
URL | http://groups.lis.illinois.edu/amag/langev/paper/phillips08biologicalCommunicationREVIEW.html |
Accessed | Mon Jul 2 02:33:41 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jul 2 02:33:41 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jul 2 02:33:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Knecht |
Author | A Flöel |
Author | B Dräger |
Author | C Breitenstein |
Author | J Sommer |
Author | H Henningsen |
Author | E B Ringelstein |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract | Language is considered a function of either the left or, in exceptional cases, the right side of the brain. Functional imaging studies show, however, that in the general population a graded continuum from left hemispheric to right hemispheric language lateralization exists. To determine the functional relevance of lateralization differences, we suppressed language regions using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy human subjects who differed in lateralization of language-related brain activation. Language disruption correlated with both the degree and side of lateralization. Subjects with weak lateralization (more bilaterality) were less affected by either left- or right-side TMS than were subjects with strong lateralization to one hemisphere. Thus in some people, language processing seems to be distributed evenly between the hemispheres, allowing for ready compensation after a unilateral lesion. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 695-9 |
Date | Jul 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn868 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12055632 |
Accessed | Mon Mar 16 12:01:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12055632 |
Date Added | Mon Mar 16 12:01:40 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Revere D. Perkins |
Publisher | John Benjamins Pub Co |
Date | 1992-12 |
ISBN | 1556194129 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Mar 26 21:18:32 2009 |
Modified | Thu Mar 26 21:18:32 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T H Nilsson |
Author | T M Nelson |
Abstract | Short-term memory for 16 monochromatic hues from 425 to 640 nm was measured after six delays from .1 to 24.3 sec by means of an iterative, momentary stimulus-matching technique. Small shifts were revealed in the remembered hue produced by certain wavelengths at some delays. These shifts did not follow trends consistent with a storage dependent on sensory pathway characteristics, perceptually unique hues, or semantic encoding but may reflect entropic effects in a storage that is remarkably unbiased. By indicating the discriminability of hues in memory, standard deviations of the delayed matches reveal other characteristics of what is stored: Their smooth, exponential growth questions the existence of "levels" and permits estimating the half-life of hue memory; their continued resemblance to the discrimination function for simultaneously perceived hues suggests that the stored activity; closely resembled the sensory response of color. The results also indicate how successive comparisons may be corrected in applied color work. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 141-150 |
Date | Feb 1981 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6452491 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:10:16 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6452491 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:10:16 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.L. Howe |
Author | M.L. Courage |
Abstract | A longstanding issue in psychology has been, When does human memory begin? More particularly, when do we begin to remember personal experiences in a way that makes them accessible to recollection later in life? Current popular and scientific thinking would have us believe that memories are possible not only at the time of our birth, but also in utero. Indeed, some writers in the popular press (as well as some recent television programs) suggest that we can remember past lives and that such memories are affecting our current behaviors. The purpose of this special issue is to examine, in a scientific context, what the most recent empirical data have to say about the nature of early memory and its development. In this article, we provide the background to the questions that prompted this special issue and suggest that memory for personal events, although it may start quite early in life, does so much later than claimed in popular writings about early memory. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Developmental Review |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-5 |
Date | March 2004 |
URL | ISI:000188810900001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:35 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:35 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.I.M. Craik |
Author | E. Tulving |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 268-294 |
Date | 1975 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | FIM Craik |
Author | E Tulving |
Abstract | Ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). The basic notions are that the episodic memory trace may be thought of as a rather automatic by-product of operations carried out by the cognitive system and that the durability of the trace is a positive function of "depth" of processing, where depth refers to greater degrees of semantic involvement. Subjects were induced to process words to different depths by answering various questions about the words. For example, shallow encodings were achieved by asking questions about typescript; intermediate levels of encoding were accomplished by asking questions about rhymes; deep levels were induced by asking whether the word would fit into a given category or sentence frame. After the encoding phase was completed, subjects were unexpectedly given a recall or recognition test for the words. In general, deeper encodings took longer to accomplish and were associated with higher levels of performance on the subsequent memory test. Also, questions leading to positive responses were associated with higher retention levels than questions leading to negative responses, at least at deeper levels of encoding. Further experiments examined this pattern of effects in greater analytic detail. It was established that the original results did not simply reflect differential encoding times; an experiment was designed in which a complex but shallow task took longer to carry out but yielded lower levels of recognition than an easy, deeper task. Other studies explored reasons for the superior retention of words associated with positive responses on the initial task. Negative responses were remembered as well as positive responses when the questions led to an equally elaborate encoding in the two cases. The idea that elaboration or "spread" of encoding provides a better description of the results was given a further boost by the finding of the typical pattern of results under intentional learning conditions, and where each word was exposed for 6 sec in the initial phase. While spread and elaboration may indeed be better descriptive terms for the present findings, retention depends critically on the qualitative nature of the encoding operations performed; a minimal semantic analysis is more beneficial than an extensive structural analysis. Finally, Schulman's (1974) principle of congruity appears necessary for a complete description of the effects obtained. Memory performance is enhanced to the extent that the context, or encoding question, forms an integrated unit with the word presented. A congruous encoding yields superior memory performance because a more elaborate trace is laid down and because in such cases the structure of semantic memory can be utilized more effectively to facilitate retrieval. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader implications of these data and ideas for the study of human learning and memory, |
Publication | The entity from which ERIC acquires the content, including journal, organization, and conference names, or by means of online submission from the author. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 268-294 |
Date | 1975 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 10:01:59 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | STEVEN C. Hayes |
Author | RICHARD T. Bissett |
Abstract | Presents information on a study which examines whether priming in a lexical decision task occurs in equivalence relations. Method; Results and discussion. |
Publication | Psychological Record |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 617 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | Article |
ISSN | 00332933 |
URL | https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=1303519&site=ehost-live |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 18:41:09 2009 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 18:41:09 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 13 18:41:28 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dermot Barnes-Holmes |
Author | Carmel Staunton |
Author | Robert Whelan |
Author | Yvonne Barnes-Holmes |
Author | Sean Commins |
Author | Derek Walsh |
Author | Ian Stewart |
Author | Paul M Smeets |
Author | Simon Dymond |
Abstract | Derived equivalence relations, it has been argued, provide a behavioral model of semantic or symbolic meaning in natural language, and thus equivalence relations should possess properties that are typically associated with semantic relations. The present study sought to test this basic postulate using semantic priming. Across three experiments, participants were trained and tested in two 4-member equivalence relations using word-like nonsense words. Participants also were exposed to a single- or two-word lexical decision task, and both direct (Experiment 1) and mediated (Experiments 2 and 3) priming effects for reaction times and event-related potentials were observed within but not across equivalence relations. The findings support the argument that derived equivalence relations provides a useful preliminary model of semantic relations. |
Publication | Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
Volume | 84 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 417-433 |
Date | Nov 2005 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Anal Behav |
ISSN | 0022-5002 |
Short Title | Derived stimulus relations, semantic priming, and event-related potentials |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16596973 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:10:10 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16596973 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:10:10 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dermot Barnes-Holmes |
Author | Carmel Staunton |
Author | Robert Whelan |
Author | Yvonne Barnes-Holmes |
Author | Sean Commins |
Author | Derek Walsh |
Author | Ian Stewart |
Author | Paul M Smeets |
Author | Simon Dymond |
Publication | Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior |
Volume | 84 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 417–433 |
Date | 2005 November |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Anal Behav. |
DOI | 10.1901/jeab.2005.78-04 |
Short Title | Derived Stimulus Relations, Semantic Priming, and Event-Related Potentials |
URL | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1389774 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:06:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMCID: PMC1389774 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:06:45 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:06:45 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christian Dobel |
Author | Heidi Gumnior |
Author | Jens Bölte |
Author | Pienie Zwitserlood |
Abstract | Knowledge about scene categories, the so-called gist, can be extracted very rapidly, while recognition and naming of individual scene objects is a more effortful process. We investigate this phenomenon by presenting action scenes involving two actors for durations varying between 100 and 300 ms. Incoherence was created by mirroring individual scene actors. Upon masked presentation participants had to report content, actors and objects and to indicate whether the scene was meaningful or not. Scene coherence was judged correctly at all presentation durations. Actors were correctly identified in about one-third of the cases even with presentation durations of 100 ms, and identification rate increased up to 80% with longer durations. Identification depended on scene coherence, on the position of agents in the scene, and on the position of actors relative to the fixation cross. These interdependencies of scene and object perception indicate that the visual system seems to be very sensitive to meaningful interactions of living entities. A series of fixations is not necessary to identify actors of a scene. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 125 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 129-143 |
Date | June 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.07.004 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-4KRY3VJ-1/2/247833653e61ea9967784f93ab8da973 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 22 18:52:54 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Oct 22 18:52:54 2010 |
Modified | Fri Oct 22 18:52:54 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Debra A. Titone |
Author | Cynthia M. Connine |
Abstract | Descriptive norms for 171 idiomatic expressions rated by 226 subjects on the dimensions of familiarity, compositionality, predictability, and literality are reported. Different theoretical positions concerning the comprehension of idioms are discussed, and the relevance of each dimension to idiom processing is described. The dimension of predictability correlated significantly with alternative ratings of familiarity. Literality negatively correlated with abnormal decomposability. Inconsistencies between the compositionality ratings obtained in the present study and prior studies (e.g., Gibbs, Nayak, & Cutting, 1989) are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Metaphor & Symbolic Activity |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 247 |
Date | December 1994 |
ISSN | 08857253 |
Short Title | Descriptive Norms for 171 Idiomatic Expressions |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Thu Apr 28 19:00:19 2011 |
Modified | Thu Apr 28 19:00:19 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Potter |
Author | Laura F. Fox |
Abstract | Viewers can easily spot a target picture in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), but can they do so if more than 1 picture is presented simultaneously? Up to 4 pictures were presented on each RSVP frame, for 240 to 720 ms/frame. In a detection task, the target was verbally specified before each trial (e.g., man with violin); in a memory task, recognition was tested after each sequence. Target detection was much better than recognition memory, but in both tasks the more pictures on the frame, the lower the performance. When the presentation duration was set at 160 ms with a variable interframe interval such that the total times were the same as in the initial experiments, the results were similar. The results suggest that visual processing occurs in 2 stages: fast, global processing of all pictures in Stage 1 (usually sufficient for detection) and slower, serial processing in Stage 2 (usually necessary for subsequent memory). |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-38 |
Date | 2009-2 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
DOI | 10.1037/a0013624 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19170468 PMCID: 2696395 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 30 22:56:21 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 20:01:57 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simone Keane |
Author | William Hayward |
Author | Darren Burke |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 101-127 |
Date | 1/2003 |
Journal Abbr | PVIS |
DOI | 10.1080/713756672 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713756672 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 12:27:02 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 12:27:02 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 12:27:02 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Neil A. Macmillan |
Author | C. Douglas Creelman |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum |
Date | 2004-09 |
ISBN | 0805842314 |
Short Title | Detection Theory |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Dec 29 12:15:12 2009 |
Modified | Tue Dec 29 12:15:12 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Séverine Dubuc |
Author | Thomas Karlsson |
Author | Robert Lalonde |
Abstract | Dubuc, S., Karlsson, T.&Lalonde, R. (2005). Determinants of capacious memory: A process-dissociation and experiential approach.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,46, 217–227.The aim of this study is to delineate some important circumstances where exceptionally good memory performance, or capacious memory occurs. A further aim is to study memory processes involved in this memory phenomenon. In a first experiment, participants looked through two series of pictures differing in number and were evaluated in two-alternative forced-choice and yes-no recognition memory tasks combined in a process-dissociation procedure. Moreover, participants were asked to provide remember and know responses to tap recollective experience. The results as to forced-choice recognition task accuracy and according to process-dissociation procedure estimates were replicated in a second experiment with a more intrinsic contextual manipulation, and in a third, forgetting experiment. In addition to replicating previous findings, the results show (a) that capacious memory is associated with strong feelings of recollection; and (b) that familiarity (in terms of the process-dissociation framework) contributes to this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 217-227 |
Date | July 2005 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00451.x |
ISSN | 00365564 |
Short Title | Determinants of capacious memory |
URL | https://proxy.library.upenn.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=keh&AN=16730839&site=ehost-live |
Accessed | Mon Jan 4 11:13:48 2010 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Mon Jan 4 11:13:48 2010 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 14:41:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Abstract | Three experiments with a novel variation of the inductive generalization procedure examined 18-and 22-month-olds' knowledge of objects' motion properties. Infants observed simple air and land movements modeled with an appropriate category member (e.g. dog) or an ambiguous block and were allowed to imitate with one or more of four exemplars. The experiments show that 18-month-olds' knowledge of land motions is grounded in causally relevant object parts, whereas 22-month-olds relate such motions more broadly to appropriate category members. Infants' basis for generalizing air motions suggested that at 22 months they have little knowledge about objects from that domain. The results are discussed in relation to the early development of the animate-inanimate distinction and the nature of the inductive generalization task. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 183-214 |
Date | July 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-110 |
Date | 2008 |
Series | vii |
Short Title | Developing object concepts in infancy |
Date Added | Thu Feb 11 14:47:26 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:21:14 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Berk |
Author | M.K. Potts |
Publication | Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 357-377 |
Date | 1991 |
ISSN | 0091-0627 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=6&SID=2Eah8FbgF5LMjBPKBM5&page=1&doc=4 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 8 12:48:25 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Sun Aug 8 12:48:25 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 8 12:49:28 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cynthia L Huang-Pollock |
Author | W Todd Maddox |
Author | Sarah L Karalunas |
Abstract | We present two studies that examined developmental differences in the implicit and explicit acquisition of category knowledge. College-attending adults consistently outperformed school-age children on two separate information-integration paradigms due to children's more frequent use of an explicit rule-based strategy. Accuracy rates were also higher for adults on a unidimensional rule-based task due to children's more frequent use of the irrelevant dimension to guide their behavior. Results across these two studies suggest that the ability to learn categorization structures may be dependent on a child's ability to inhibit output from the explicit system. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 321-335 |
Date | Jul 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Child Psychol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jecp.2011.02.002 |
ISSN | 1096-0457 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21377688 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 11 18:05:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21377688 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 11 18:05:39 2011 |
Modified | Mon Apr 11 18:05:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Berk |
Author | R.A. Garvin |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 271-286 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Weigel-Crump |
Author | M. Dennis |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-23 |
Date | January 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Linda B. Smith |
Author | Deborah G. Kemler |
Abstract | Two studies are reported to explore the hypothesis that young children perceive integrally some stimuli that older children perceive separably. In both, kinder-garteners, second graders, and fifth graders (approximately 5, 8, and 11 years old) are required to classify sets of stimuli that vary in size and brightness. Triads are used in Experiment 1 and tetrads are used in Experiment 2. Also, in Experiment 2, second classifications, judgments of which classification is “best,” and verbal justifications for classifications are obtained. The general finding is that the kinder-garten data systematically implicate integrality of size and brightness while the fifth-grade data systematically implicate separability of size and brightness. The second-grade data are more ambiguous. Issues related to refining the developmental hypothesis and to extending its supportive data base are considered in a final discussion. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 279-298 |
Date | October 1977 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
DOI | 10.1016/0022-0965(77)90007-8 |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
Short Title | Developmental trends in free classification |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022096577900078 |
Accessed | Fri Mar 22 11:03:14 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 11:03:14 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 11:03:14 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.A. Younger |
Author | L.B. Cohen |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 803-815 |
Date | June 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:57 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:57 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Kail |
Author | J. Pellegrino |
Author | P. Carter |
Abstract | Subjects from Grades 3, 4, 6, and college judged whether pairs of stimuli were identical or mirror-image reversals. One stimulus of a pair was presented upright; the other was rotated 0 to 150° from the standard. The pairs were either alphanumeric symbols or unfamiliar, letter-like characters of the type found on the PMA Spatial Ability Test. Response latencies were measured. The primary results were that (a) the speed of mental rotation increased with development, (b) unfamiliar characters were rotated more slowly than alphanumeric characters, by approximately the same amount at each grade, and (c) unfamiliar characters were encoded and compared more slowly than alphanumeric symbols, by an amount that declined with development. The results are discussed in terms of the component processes that underlie developmental change and individual variation in mental rotation skill. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 102-116 |
Date | 1980 |
URL | ISI:A1980JE29000009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.J. Bauer |
Abstract | The second year of life is marked by changes in the robustness of recall memory. Both, retrieval and storage processes have been implicated as the major source of age-related improvements in recall. Children 13 to 20 months of age were matched for levels of learning of laborator events (thereby eliminating encoding as a source of developmental difference) and tested for recall after delays as long as 6 months. In Experiment 1, 16-month-olds evidence less loss of information and more relearning than 13-month-olds. In Experiment 2, 20-month-olds evidenced less loss of infomation and more relearning than 16-month-olds. Patterns of performance across test trials and in relearning implicate a decline in susceptibility to storage failure as the primary source of the observed developmental trend |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 41-47 |
Date | January 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Chin-Parker |
Author | B.H. Ross |
Abstract | Category knowledge allows for both the determination of category membership and an understanding of what the members of a category are like. Diagnostic information is used to determine category membership; prototypical information reflects the most likely features given category membership. Two experiments examined 2 means of category learning, classification and inference learning, in terms of sensitivity to diagnostic and prototypical information. Classification learners were highly sensitive to diagnostic features but not sensitive to nondiagnostic, but prototypical, features. Inference learners were less sensitive to the diagnostic features than were classification learners and were also sensitive to the nondiagnostic, prototypical, features. Discussion focuses on aspects of the 2 learning tasks that might lead to this differential sensitivity and the implications for learning real-world categories |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 216-226 |
Date | January 2004 |
URL | ISI:000187883500017 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Editor | G. Aurrekoetxea |
Editor | X. Videgain |
Book Title | Nazioarteko Dialektologia Blitzarra: Agiriak |
Date | 1993 |
Pages | 659-666 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 13:55:17 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 13:57:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | André Delorme |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 957-964 |
Date | 1994 |
DOI | 10.1068/p230957 |
ISSN | 0301-0066, 1468-4233 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p230957 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 13 02:06:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Dec 13 02:06:36 2011 |
Modified | Tue Dec 13 02:06:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | André Delorme |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 957-964 |
Date | 1994 |
DOI | 10.1068/p230957 |
ISSN | 0301-0066, 1468-4233 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p230957 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 13 18:18:32 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Dec 13 18:18:32 2011 |
Modified | Tue Dec 13 18:18:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | George A. Miller |
Abstract | Abstract How lexical knowledge is acquired, and how it is organized in memory for rapid retrieval during language use, are central questions for congitive psychologists. Research into these questions has revealed interesting differences and similarities between the subjective dictionaries in our heads and the objective dictionaries on our shelves. The differences might be reduced in the future by publishing dictionaries as computer programs. |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 171-185 |
Date | 1986 |
DOI | 10.1080/01690968608407059 |
ISSN | 0169-0965 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01690968608407059 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 7 14:08:08 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Wed Aug 7 14:08:08 2013 |
Modified | Wed Aug 7 14:08:08 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Basso |
Author | E. Capitani |
Author | C. Luzzatti |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Author | M.E. Zanobio |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 51-59 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Faye Corbett |
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | Sheeba Ehsan |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | Disorders of semantic cognition in different neuropsychological conditions result from diverse areas of brain damage and may have different underlying causes. This study used a comparative case-series design to examine the hypothesis that relatively circumscribed bilateral atrophy of the anterior temporal lobe in semantic dementia (SD) produces a gradual degradation of core semantic representations, whilst a deficit of cognitive control produces multi-modal semantic impairment in a subset of patients with stroke aphasia following damage involving the left prefrontal cortex or regions in and around the temporoparietal area; this condition, which transcends traditional aphasia classifications, is referred to as semantic aphasia' (SA). There have been very few direct comparisons of these patient groups to date and these previous studies have focussed on verbal comprehension. This study used a battery of object-use tasks to extend this line of enquiry into the non-verbal domain for the first time. A group of seven SA patients were identified who failed both word and picture versions of a semantic association task. These patients were compared with eight SD cases. Both groups showed significant deficits in object use but these impairments were qualitatively different. Item familiarity correlated with performance on object-use tasks for the SD group, consistent with the view that core semantic representations are degrading in this condition. In contrast, the SA participants were insensitive to the familiarity of the objects. Further, while the SD patients performed consistently across tasks that tapped different aspects of knowledge and object use for the same items, the performance of the SA participants reflected the control requirements of the tasks. Single object use was relatively preserved in SA but performance on complex mechanical puzzles was substantially impaired. Similarly, the SA patients were able to complete straightforward item matching tasks, such as word-picture matching, but performed more poorly on associative picture-matching tasks, even when the tests involved the same items. The two groups of patients also showed a different pattern of errors in object use. SA patients made substantial numbers of erroneous intrusions in their demonstrations, such as inappropriate object movements. In contrast, response omissions were more common in SD. This study provides converging evidence for qualitatively different impairments of semantic cognition in SD and SA, and uniquely demonstrates this pattern in a non-verbal expressive domain--object use. |
Publication | Brain |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 2593-2608 |
Date | June 8, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awp146 |
Short Title | Different impairments of semantic cognition in semantic dementia and semantic aphasia |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/awp146v1 |
Accessed | Thu May 6 14:30:42 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Thu May 6 14:30:42 2010 |
Modified | Wed Nov 10 00:49:42 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. S Humphreys |
Author | J. D Bain |
Author | R. Pike |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 208–233 |
Date | 1989 |
Short Title | Different ways to cue a coherent memory system |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 11:55:21 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:55:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Egeth |
Author | D. Blecker |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 321-& |
Date | 1971 |
URL | ISI:A1971J005900001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Douglas L. Hintzman |
Author | Genevieve Ludlam |
Abstract | A common finding in studies of classification learning is that ability to classify the prototype of a category declines much less over a retention interval than does the ability to classify the previously seen exemplars themselves. We demonstrate here that this finding does not necessarily indicate the existence, in memory, of a representation of the prototype. MINERVA, a computer-simulation model that encodes memory traces only of presented exemplars, was tested on an appropriate task. Differential forgetting of prototypes and old instances was shown by a version of the model that assumed that (1) classification is based on the exemplar trace most similar to the test stimulus and (2) individual properties are lost from the traces over time in an all-or-none fashion. It is suggested that, in general, the key to the prediction of differential forgetting may be the concomitance of forgetting and generalization. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 378-382 |
Date | 1980/07/01 |
Journal Abbr | Memory & Cognition |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03198278 |
ISSN | 0090-502X, 1532-5946 |
Short Title | Differential forgetting of prototypes and old instances |
URL | http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03198278 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 30 21:41:36 2013 |
Library Catalog | link.springer.com |
Date Added | Wed Jan 30 21:41:36 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jan 30 21:41:36 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michal Ben-Shachar |
Author | Robert F. Dougherty |
Author | Gayle K. Deutsch |
Author | Brian A. Wandell |
Abstract | Efficient extraction of shape information is essential for proficient reading but the role of cortical mechanisms of shape analysis in word reading is not well understood. We studied cortical responses to written words while parametrically varying the amount of visual noise applied to the word stimuli. In only a few regions along the ventral surface, cortical responses increased with word visibility. We found consistently increasing responses in bilateral posterior occipito-temporal sulcus (pOTS), at an anatomical location that closely matches the "visual word form area". In other cortical regions, such as V1, responses remained constant regardless of the noise level. We performed 3 additional tests to assess the functional specialization of pOTS responses for written word processing. We asked whether pOTS responses are 1) left lateralized, 2) more sensitive to words than to line drawings or false fonts, and 3) invariant for visual hemifield of words but not other stimuli. We found that left and right pOTS response functions both had highest sensitivity for words, intermediate for line drawings, and lowest for false fonts. Visual hemifield invariance was similar for words and line drawings. These results suggest that left and right pOTS are both involved in shape processing, with enhanced efficiency for processing visual word forms. |
Publication | Cereb. Cortex |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1604-1611 |
Date | July 1, 2007 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhl071 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/7/1604 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 9 18:30:34 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Tue Feb 9 18:30:34 2010 |
Modified | Tue Feb 9 18:30:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R J Perry |
Author | J R Hodges |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND To determine whether difficulty in the early differentiation between frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and AD may arise from a failure to discriminate between the temporal and frontal variants of FTD. METHODS Neuropsychological profiles of patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT; n = 10), the temporal variant of FTD (tv-FTD or semantic dementia; n = 5), and the frontal variant of FTD (fv-FTD; n = 10) were compared to each other and normal controls (n = 10). Structural MRI demonstrated temporal lobe atrophy in the tv-FTD patients and frontal lobe atrophy in the fv-FTD group. RESULTS Subjects with tv-FTD showed severe deficits in semantic memory with preservation of attention and executive function. Subjects with fv-FTD showed the reverse pattern. Attention and executive function impairment separated the fv-FTD patients from the early DAT subjects, who were densely amnesic. CONCLUSION The double dissociation in performance on semantic memory and attention/executive function clearly separated the temporal and frontal variants of FTD and aids the early differentiation of FTD from AD. The characteristic cognitive profiles reflect the distribution of pathology within each syndrome and support the putative role of the inferolateral temporal neocortex in semantic memory, the medial temporal lobe structures of the hippocampal complex in episodic memory, and the frontal lobes in executive function. |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2277-2284 |
Date | Jun 27, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Neurology |
ISSN | 0028-3878 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10881252 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 7 12:29:25 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10881252 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 7 12:29:25 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Thomas Lachmann |
Author | Cees van Leeuwen |
Abstract | Pairs of letters, pseudo-letters, and basic geometrical shapes were presented in a sequential same-different task, in which the time between the first and second items was varied. The second item was either presented in isolation or surrounded by an irrelevant geometrical shape that could be congruent or incongruent to the target. Congruence effects were obtained for shapes and pseudo-letters, but not for letters if the interval between the first and second items was short. Absence of congruence effects was interpreted, in accordance with earlier findings, as categorical influence on early visual integration processes; letters are processed less holistically than non-letter shapes. The present result indicates that categorical influence of letters depends on the time course of stimulus processing. As a highly automatized process, it is effective for stimuli appearing at a relatively fast rate, whereas, a slower rate of stimulus presentation eliminates task-irrelevant categorical influences. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 121-129 |
Date | Sep 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.05.003 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18586218 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 16 19:12:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18586218 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 16 19:12:22 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Mckinney |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 140 |
Issue | 356 |
Pages | 403-& |
Date | 1963 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://goggles4u.com/ |
Accessed | Thu Aug 28 12:47:24 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 28 12:47:24 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 28 12:47:24 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | U. Nocentini |
Author | E. Sena |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Publication | International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 99-104 |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. H. Bornstein |
Author | N. O. Korda |
Abstract | Same-different reaction times (RTs) were obtained for pairs of color samples ranging perceptually from blue to green. In Experiment 1, observers responded with “same” if both stimuli in a pair were from the same hue category (i.e., blue-blue or green-green) or “different” if the two stimuli were from different hue categories (i.e., blue-green or green-blue). RT for “same” responses was faster for pairs of physically identical stimuli (A-A) than for pairs of physically different stimuli (A-a) belonging to the same hue. RT for “different” responses was faster for larger physical differences across a boundary between hues (A-B 6 step) than for smaller physical differences (A-B 2 step). Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings: In one phase observers matched pairs of stimuli as “same” or “different” by categorical similarity as in Experiment 1, and in a second phase observers matched the same stimulus pairs, this time by physical similarity. Matching by categorical similarity replicated the pattern of results found in Experiment 1. Matching by physical similarity showed that RTs for “different” responses were equivalently fast independent of the physical difference between A-B pairs, but were faster for A-B than for A-a comparisons. Further, matching identity was faster under categorical match instructions than under physical match instructions. Results of the two experiments support a model of parallel processing of physical and categorical stimulus information in color perception. Further, these reaction-time data and their implications in color perception (for hues) parallel reaction-time data and their implications in speech perception (for phonemes). |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 207-222 |
Date | 1984 |
DOI | 10.1007/BF00308884 |
Short Title | Discrimination and matching within and between hues measured by reaction times |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308884 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:39:15 2010 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:39:15 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:39:15 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L S Tighe |
Author | T J Tighe |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 66 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 353-370 |
Date | Nov 1966 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Bull |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
Short Title | Discrimination learning |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4859871 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 10:46:31 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 4859871 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 10:46:31 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Guila Glosser |
Author | Harold Goodglass |
Abstract | Abstract Four experimental procedures for assessing disorders of executive control (Nonverbal Continuous Performance, Graphic Pattern Generation, Sequence Generation Test, and Tower of Hanoi) were administered to 22 left-brain-damaged aphasic patients, 19 right-brain-damaged nonaphasic patients, and 49 healthy controls. Aphasic patients with frontal-lobe lesions were significantly more impaired on these tasks than aphasics with retrorolandic or mixed lesions in the left hemisphere. Patients with right-hemisphere lesions, especially those with frontal-lobe lesions, showed even greater impairments on these visual/spatial tasks. The results suggest that aphasics' impairments in executive control are independent of their linguistic and visuospatial deficits and are specific to lesions in left frontal and prefrontal regions. The clinical utility of the experimental procedures is discussed. Abstract Four experimental procedures for assessing disorders of executive control (Nonverbal Continuous Performance, Graphic Pattern Generation, Sequence Generation Test, and Tower of Hanoi) were administered to 22 left-brain-damaged aphasic patients, 19 right-brain-damaged nonaphasic patients, and 49 healthy controls. Aphasic patients with frontal-lobe lesions were significantly more impaired on these tasks than aphasics with retrorolandic or mixed lesions in the left hemisphere. Patients with right-hemisphere lesions, especially those with frontal-lobe lesions, showed even greater impairments on these visual/spatial tasks. The results suggest that aphasics' impairments in executive control are independent of their linguistic and visuospatial deficits and are specific to lesions in left frontal and prefrontal regions. The clinical utility of the experimental procedures is discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 485-501 |
Date | 1990 |
DOI | 10.1080/01688639008400995 |
ISSN | 0168-8634 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01688639008400995 |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Sat Feb 11 00:25:30 2012 |
Modified | Sat Feb 11 00:25:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | S. Carlomagno |
Author | A. Craca |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Abstract | Two nonverbal tasks of classificatory activity ("class inclusion" and "class intersection") were administered to 46 aphasics, 28 normal controls, 19 nonaphasic left-brain-damaged and 17 right-hemisphere-damaged patients in order to study if aphasic patients are more impaired than nonaphasic brain-damaged patients on these two tasks of elementary logic and if a relationship exists within the aphasic patients between inability to perform the tasks of classifiactory activity and impairment of the semantic-lexical level of integration of language. Results were for the most part in line with expectations because aphasics scored worse than normal controls and nonaphasic brain-damaged patients (even if the difference reached the level of statistical significance only on the test of "class intersection") and within the aphasic patients the worst results were obtained by subjects presenting clear signs of semantic-lexical disintegration. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 181-195 |
Date | July 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | S. Carlomagno |
Author | A. Craca |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 181-195 |
Date | July 1986 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L.A. Vignolo |
Editor | G Denes |
Editor | L. Pizzamiglio |
Book Title | Handbook of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |
Place | Hove |
Publisher | Psychology Press |
Date | 1999 |
Pages | 273-288 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Apr 25 10:42:27 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zaira Cattaneo |
Author | Joseph T Devlin |
Author | Tomaso Vecchi |
Author | Juha Silvanto |
Abstract | Along with meaning and form, words can be described on the basis of their grammatical properties. Grammatical gender is often used to investigate the latter as it is a grammatical property that is independent of meaning. The left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) has been implicated in the encoding of grammatical gender, but its causal role in this process in neurologically normal observers has not been demonstrated. Here we combined verbal satiation with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to demonstrate that subpopulations of neurons within Broca's area respond preferentially to different classes of grammatical gender. Subjects were asked to classify Italian nouns into living and nonliving categories; half of these words were of masculine and the other half of feminine grammatical gender. Prior to each test block, a satiation paradigm (a phenomenon in which verbal repetition of a category name leads to a reduced access to that category) was used to modulate the initial state of the representations of either masculine or feminine noun categories. In the No TMS condition, subjects were slower in responding to exemplars to the satiated category relative to exemplars of the nonsatiated category, implying that the neural representations for different classes of grammatical gender are partly dissociable. The application of TMS over Broca's area removed the behavioral impact of verbal (grammatical) satiation, demonstrating the causal role of this region in the encoding of grammatical gender. These results show that the neural representations for different cases of a grammatical property within Broca's area are dissociable. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 700-704 |
Date | Aug 15, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.097 |
ISSN | 1095-9572 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19442750 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 18:41:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19442750 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 18:41:03 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Patricia M Gough |
Author | Anna C Nobre |
Author | Joseph T Devlin |
Abstract | Is the left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) a single functional region, or can it be subdivided into distinct areas that contribute differently to word processing? Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate anterior and posterior LIFC when the meaning and sound of words were being processed. Relative to no stimulation, TMS of the anterior LIFC selectively increased response latencies when participants focused on the meaning of simultaneously presented words (i.e., synonym judgments) but not when they focused on the sound pattern of the words (i.e., homophone judgments). In contrast, the opposite dissociation was observed in the posterior LIFC, where stimulation selectively interfered with the phonological but not the semantic task. This double dissociation shows functionally distinct subdivisions of the LIFC that can be understood in terms of separable corticocortical connections linking the anterior LIFC to temporal pole regions associated with semantic memory and the posterior LIFC to temporoparietal regions involved in auditory speech processing. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 35 |
Pages | 8010-8016 |
Date | Aug 31, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2307-05.2005 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16135758 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 11:18:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16135758 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 11:18:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julia Hocking |
Author | Cathy J. Price |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 89-96 |
Date | 02/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Brain and Language |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.10.005 |
ISSN | 0093934X |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=31&SID=4CjI5fpBb8cL8H4Aopd&page=1&doc=5 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:52:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:52:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:52:55 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Awh |
Author | J. Jonides |
Author | E.E. Smith |
Author | E.H. Schumacher |
Author | R.A. Koeppe |
Author | S. Katz |
Abstract | Current cognitive models of verbal working memory include two components: a phonological store and a rehearsal mechanism that refreshes the contents of this store. We present research using positron emission tomography (PET) to provide further evidence for this functional division. In Experiment 1, subjects performed a valiant of Sternberg's (1966) item recognition task. Experiment 2 used a continuous memory task with control conditions designed to separate the brain regions underlying storage and rehearsal. The results show that independent brain regions mediate storage and rehearsal. In Experiment 3, a dual-task procedure supported the assumption that these memory tasks elicited a rehearsal strategy |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-31 |
Date | January 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.F. Woodman |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Abstract | When a visual target object is surrounded by four dots that onset at the same time as the target but remain visible after the target terminates, the four dots dramatically impair target discrimination performance. This phenomenon is called object-substitution masking, reflecting the hypothesis that both the target and the four dots are identified, but the representation of the four dots replaces the representation of the target object before the target can be reported. The present study used the event-related potential technique to demonstrate that a target masked in this manner is identified by the visual system and triggers a shift of attention. However, by the time attention is shifted to the target, only the mask remains visible, leading to impaired behavioral detection performance. These findings support the object-substitution hypothesis and provide new evidence that perception, attention, and awareness can be dissociated |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 605-611 |
Date | November 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:15 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:15 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Bredart |
Author | T. Brennen |
Author | T. Valentine |
Abstract | Recently, some authors have claimed that a double dissociation between an ''anomia for proper names'' and a ''selective sparing of proper names'' has been demonstrated in the cognitive neuropsychology literature (e.g. Cohen & Burke, 1993; Hittmair-Delazer, Denes, Semenza, & Mantovan, 1994; Semenza & Zettin, 1989). The aim of the present paper is to evaluate whether this claim is really tenable or not. We point out the need to distinguish carefully between the production and comprehension of language when looking for such a dissociation. We argue that a double dissociation between the processing of proper names and common names has not been demonstrated for production. The evidence for a double dissociation between comprehension of proper names and common names is much stronger, but even this claim is limited |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 209-217 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christopher T Kello |
Author | Daragh E Sibley |
Author | David C Plaut |
Abstract | Four pairs of connectionist simulations are presented in which quasi-regular mappings are computed using localist and distributed representations. In each simulation, a control parameter termed input gain was modulated over the only level of representation that mapped inputs to outputs. Input gain caused both localist and distributed models to shift between regularity-based and item-based modes of processing. Performance on irregular items was selectively impaired in the regularity-based modes, whereas performance on novel items was selectively impaired in the item-based modes. Thus, the models exhibited double dissociations without separable processing components. These results are discussed in the context of analogous dissociations found in language domains such as word reading and inflectional morphology. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 627-654 |
Date | Jul 8, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_16 |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
Short Title | Dissociations in performance on novel versus irregular items |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21702787 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 15 18:55:45 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21702787 |
Date Added | Thu Dec 15 18:55:45 2011 |
Modified | Thu Dec 15 18:55:45 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark G. Stokes |
Author | Christopher D. Chambers |
Author | Ian C. Gould |
Author | Therese English |
Author | Elizabeth McNaught |
Author | Odette McDonald |
Author | Jason B. Mattingley |
Publication | Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1617-1625 |
Date | 7/2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.004 |
ISSN | 13882457 |
URL | http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:165211 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 27 12:29:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 12:29:46 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 27 12:29:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gigi Luk |
Author | John A E Anderson |
Author | Fergus I M Craik |
Author | Cheryl Grady |
Author | Ellen Bialystok |
Abstract | To examine the effects of bilingualism on cognitive control, we studied monolingual and bilingual young adults performing a flanker task with functional MRI. The trial types of primary interest for this report were incongruent and no-go trials, representing interference suppression and response inhibition, respectively. Response times were similar between groups. Brain data were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) to identify brain regions where activity covaried across conditions. Monolinguals and bilinguals activated different sets of brain regions for congruent and incongruent trials, but showed activation in the same regions for no-go trials. During the incongruent trials, monolinguals activated the left temporal pole and left superior parietal regions. In contrast, an extensive network including bilateral frontal, temporal and subcortical regions was active in bilinguals during the incongruent trials and in both groups for the no-go trials. Correlations between brain activity and reaction time difference relative to neutral trials revealed that monolinguals and bilinguals showed increased activation in different brain regions to achieve less interference from incongruent flankers. Results indicate that bilingualism selectively affects neural correlates for suppressing interference, but not response inhibition. Moreover, the neural correlates associated with more efficient suppression of interference were different in bilinguals than in monolinguals, suggesting a bilingual-specific network for cognitive control. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 347-357 |
Date | Dec 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Cogn |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.09.004 |
ISSN | 1090-2147 |
Short Title | Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965635 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 9 22:49:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20965635 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 22:49:43 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Benno Gesierich |
Author | Jorge Jovicich |
Author | Marianna Riello |
Author | Michela Adriani |
Author | Alessia Monti |
Author | Valentina Brentari |
Author | Simon D Robinson |
Author | Stephen M Wilson |
Author | Scott L Fairhall |
Author | Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini |
Abstract | Patients with anterior temporal lobe (ATL) lesions show semantic and lexical retrieval deficits, and the differential role of this area in the 2 processes is debated. Functional neuroimaging in healthy individuals has not clarified the matter because semantic and lexical processes usually occur simultaneously and automatically. Furthermore, the ATL is a region challenging for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) due to susceptibility artifacts, especially at high fields. In this study, we established an optimized ATL-sensitive fMRI acquisition protocol at 4 T and applied an event-related paradigm to study the identification (i.e., association of semantic biographical information) of celebrities, with and without the ability to retrieve their proper names. While semantic processing reliably activated the ATL, only more posterior areas in the left temporal and temporal-parietal junction were significantly modulated by covert lexical retrieval. These results suggest that within a temporoparietal network, the ATL is relatively more important for semantic processing, and posterior language regions are relatively more important for lexical retrieval. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) |
Date | Nov 2, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhr286 |
ISSN | 1460-2199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047967 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 16:28:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22047967 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 16:28:08 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 16:28:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Arnott |
Author | M.A. Goodale |
Abstract | Attentional repulsion is described as the perceived displacement of a vernier stimulus in a direction that is opposite to a brief peripheral visual cue (Suzuki & Cavanagh, 1997). Here, we demonstrate that visual repulsion can also be elicited using lateralized sounds. Given that repulsion is believed to be occurring in early retinotopic visual areas, these results raise the possibility that the location of a sound could directly influence the pattern of activity as early as primary visual cortex. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1553-1558 |
Date | May 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel T Levin |
Author | Mahzarin R Banaji |
Abstract | Although lightness perception is clearly influenced by contextual factors, it is not known whether knowledge about the reflectance of specific objects also affects their lightness. Recent research by O. H. MacLin and R. Malpass (2003) suggests that subjects label Black faces as darker than White faces, so in the current experiments, an adjustment methodology was used to test the degree to which expectations about the relative skin tone associated with faces of varying races affect the perceived lightness of those faces. White faces were consistently judged to be relatively lighter than Black faces, even for racially ambiguous faces that were disambiguated by labels. Accordingly, relatively abstract expectations about the relative reflectance of objects can affect their perceived lightness. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. General |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 501-512 |
Date | Nov 2006 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-3445.135.4.501 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | Distortions in the perceived lightness of faces |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17087569 |
Date Added | Wed Dec 26 23:06:16 2012 |
Modified | Wed Dec 26 23:06:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nilli Lavie |
Abstract | The ability to remain focused on goal-relevant stimuli in the presence of potentially interfering distractors is crucial for any coherent cognitive function. However, simply instructing people to ignore goal-irrelevant stimuli is not sufficient for preventing their processing. Recent research reveals that distractor processing depends critically on the level and type of load involved in the processing of goal-relevant information. Whereas high perceptual load can eliminate distractor processing, high load on "frontal" cognitive control processes increases distractor processing. These findings provide a resolution to the long-standing early and late selection debate within a load theory of attention that accommodates behavioural and neuroimaging data within a framework that integrates attention research with executive function. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 75-82 |
Date | Feb 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2004.12.004 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | Distracted and confused? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15668100 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 10 21:36:04 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15668100 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 10 21:36:04 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.J. Felleman |
Author | D.C. Van Essen |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 1-47 |
Date | 1991 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.A. Allport |
Editor | S.K. Newman |
Editor | R. Epstein |
Book Title | Current perspectives in dysphasia |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Churchill Livingstone |
Date | 1985 |
Pages | 32-60 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 15 17:12:51 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:55:27 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.C. MacDonald |
Contributor | B. MacWhinney |
Book Title | Emergence of Language |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Date | 1999 |
Pages | 177 -196 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gail L Risse |
Author | Alan B Rubens |
Author | Lorin S Jordan |
Abstract | The performance of 20 aphasic patients on a verbal list-learning task was examined in relation to site of lesion, as documented by CT scan. Patients with lesions of the inferior frontal lobe and/or the basal ganglia were severely impaired in both acquisition and long-term retention of the list, while the performance of patients with posterior temporoparietal involvement was nearly normal. These results contrasted sharply with scores on short-term memory tests by the same patient groups which showed an opposite trend. The findings support a functional and neuroanatomical dissociation of short and long-term memory systems and suggest that neural connections of the inferior frontal lobe and the basal ganglia may be crucial for initiating the retrieval process. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 605-617 |
Date | 06/01/1984 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/107.2.605 |
ISSN | 0006-8950, 1460-2156 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/107/2/605 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 14:00:47 2012 |
Library Catalog | brain.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 14:00:47 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 14:00:47 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A.R. Luria |
Place | The Hague |
Publisher | Mouton & Co. B.V. |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 12 00:25:51 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jun 12 00:27:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kristine H. Onishi |
Author | Renée Baillargeon |
Abstract | For more than two decades, researchers have argued that young children do not understand mental states such as beliefs. Part of the evidence for this claim comes from preschoolers' failure at verbal tasks that require the understanding that others may hold false beliefs. Here, we used a novel nonverbal task to examine 15-month-old infants' ability to predict an actor's behavior on the basis of her true or false belief about a toy's hiding place. Results were positive, supporting the view that, from a young age, children appeal to mental states—goals, perceptions, and beliefs—to explain the behavior of others. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 308 |
Issue | 5719 |
Pages | 255 -258 |
Date | April 08 , 2005 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1107621 |
Short Title | Do 15-Month-Old Infants Understand False Beliefs? |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/308/5719/255.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Apr 5 09:11:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 5 09:11:40 2011 |
Modified | Tue Apr 5 09:11:40 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.A. Rogers |
Author | A.D. Fisk |
Author | C. Hertzog |
Abstract | Relationships between abilities and performance in visual search were investigated for young and old adults. Ss received extensive practice on category search task. A consistent version allowed development of an automatic attention response; a varied version allowed general performance improvements. Transfer conditions assessed learning. General ability, induction, semantic knowledge, working memory, perceptual speed, semantic memory access, and psychomotor speed were assessed. LISREL models revealed that general ability and semantic memory access predicted initial performance for both ages. Improvements on both the consistent and varied tasks were predicted by perceptual speed. Ability-performance relationships indexed performance changes but were not predictive of learning (i.e., automatic process vs. general efficiency). Qualitative differences in the ability-transfer models suggest age differences in learning |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 710-738 |
Date | May 1994 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lucy Holland |
Author | Jason Low |
Publication | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 369-391 |
Date | 06/2010 |
Journal Abbr | br j devel psychol |
DOI | 10.1348/026151009X424088 |
ISSN | 0261510X |
Short Title | Do children with autism use inner speech and visuospatial resources for the service of executive control? |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=26&page=1&product=UA&SID=2Eah8FbgF5LMjBPKBM5&doc=1 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 8 14:18:58 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Aug 8 14:18:58 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 8 14:18:58 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kathryn Dewar |
Author | F. Xu |
Abstract | What is the nature of early words? Specifically, do infants expect words for objects to refer to kinds or to distinct shapes? The current study investigated this question by testing whether 10-month-olds expect internal object properties to be predicted by linguistic labels. A looking-time method was employed. Infants were familiarized with pairs of identical or different objects that made identical or different sounds. During test, before the sounds were demonstrated, paired objects were labeled with one repeated count-noun label or two distinct labels. Results showed that infants expected objects labeled with distinct labels to make different sounds and objects labeled with repeated labels to make identical sounds, regardless of the objects' appearance. These findings indicate that the 10-month-olds' expectations about internal properties of objects were driven by labeling and provide evidence that even at the beginning of word learning, infants expect distinct labels to refer to different kinds. |
Publication | Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 252-257 |
Date | Feb 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02278.x |
ISSN | 1467-9280 |
Short Title | Do early nouns refer to kinds or distinct shapes? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19175526 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 3 15:18:04 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19175526 |
Date Added | Thu Mar 3 15:18:04 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.N. Macrae |
Author | H.L. Lewis |
Abstract | Recognition performance is impaired when people are required to provide a verbal description of a complex stimulus (i.e., verbal-overshadowing effect), such as the face of the perpetrator in a simulated robbery. A shift in the processing operations that support successful face recognition is believed to underlie this effect. Specifically, when participants shift from a global to a local processing orientation, face recognition is impaired. Extending research on this general topic, the present experiment revealed that verbalization is not a necessary precondition for the emergence of impaired recognition performance. Rather face recognition can be disrupted by a task (i.e., letter identification) that triggers the activation of a local processing orientation. Conversely. the activation of a global processing orientation can enhance the accuracy of face recognition. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for recent treatments of verbal overshadowing and memory function are considered |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 194-196 |
Date | March 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M S Seidenberg |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 284 |
Issue | 5413 |
Pages | 434-435; author reply 436-437 |
Date | Apr 16, 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10232987 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 10:02:19 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 10:03:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Soeren Wichmann |
Author | Dietrich Stauffer |
Author | Christian Schulze |
Author | Eric W Holman |
Abstract | An earlier study (Nettle 1999b) concluded, based on computer simulations and some inferences from empirical data, that languages will change the more slowly the larger the population gets. We replicate this study using a more complete language model for simulations (the Schulze model combined with a Barabasi-Albert net- work) and a richer empirical dataset (the World Atlas of Language Structures edited by Haspelmath et al. 2005). Our simulations show either a weak or stronger dependence of language change on population sizes depending on the parameter settings, and empirical data, like some of the simulations, show a weak dependence. |
Publication | 0706.1842 |
Date | 2007-06-13 |
URL | http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.1842 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 17:19:30 2009 |
Library Catalog | arXiv.org |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 17:19:30 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 25 17:19:30 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | Jidong Chen |
Author | M. Bowerman |
Author | A. Majid |
Abstract | In two eye-tracking studies we investigated the influence of Mandarin numeral classifiers - a grammatical category in the language - on online overt attention. Mandarin speakers were presented with simple sentences through headphones while their eye-movements to objects presented on a computer screen were monitored. The crucial question is what participants look at while listening to a pre-specified target noun. If classifier categories influence Mandarin speakers' general conceptual processing, then on hearing the target noun they should look at objects that are members of the same classifier category - even when the classifier is not explicitly present (cf., Huettig and Altmann, 2005). The data show that when participants heard a classifier (e.g., ba3, Experiment 1) they shifted overt attention significantly more to classifiermatch objects (e.g., chair) than to distractor objects, but when the classifier was not explicitly presented in speech, overt attention to classifier-match objects and distractor objects did not differ (Experiment 2). This suggests that although classifier distinctions do influence eye-gaze behavior, they do so only during linguistic processing of that distinction and not in moment-to-moment general conceptual processing. |
Publication | Journal of Cognition and Culture |
Volume | 10 |
Pages | 39-58 |
Date | April 2010 |
DOI | 10.1163/156853710X497167 |
Short Title | Do Language-Specific Categories Shape Conceptual Processing? |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/brill/jocc/2010/00000010/F0020001/art00003 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 01:12:55 2010 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 01:12:55 2010 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | D.P. Delorey |
Author | C.D. Knutson |
Author | S. Chun |
Abstract | Brooks and others long ago suggested that on average computer programmers write the same number of lines of code in a given amount of time regardless of the programming language used. We examine data collected from the CVS repositories of 9,999 open source projects hosted on SourceForge.net to test this assumption for 10 of the most popular programming languages in use in the open source community. We find that for 24 of the 45 pairwise comparisons, the programming language is a significant factor in determining the rate at which source code is written, even after accounting for variations between programmers and projects. |
Date | May 2007 |
Proceedings Title | Emerging Trends in FLOSS Research and Development, 2007. FLOSS '07. First International Workshop on |
Pages | 8 |
DOI | 10.1109/FLOSS.2007.5 |
Short Title | Do Programming Languages Affect Productivity? |
Library Catalog | IEEE Xplore |
Date Added | Fri Apr 27 16:19:12 2012 |
Modified | Fri Apr 27 16:19:12 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Grassi |
Publication | Perception & psychophysics |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 274 |
Date | 2005 |
ISSN | 1943-393X |
Short Title | Do we hear size or sound? |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:18:26 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:18:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Grassi |
Abstract | The aim of this study is to examine whether it is possible to recover directly the size of an object from the sound of an impact. Specifically, the study is designed to investigate whether listeners can tell the size of a ball from the sound when it is dropped on plates of different diameters (on one, two, or three plates in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively). In this paradigm, most of the sound produced is from the plate rather than the ball. Listeners were told neither how many different balls or plates were used nor the materials of the balls and plates. Although listeners provided reasonable ball size estimates, their judgments were influenced by the size of the plate: Balls were judged to be larger when dropped on larger plates. Moreover, listeners were generally unable to recognize either ball and plate materials or the number of plates used in Experiments 2 and 3. Finally, various acoustic properties of the sounds are shown to be correlated with listeners' judgments. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 274-284 |
Date | February 2005 |
Short Title | Do we hear size or sound? |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/67/2/274.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 19:22:49 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 19:22:49 2010 |
Modified | Tue Dec 7 19:25:09 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.T. Balaban |
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Abstract | Previous research reveals that novel words highlight object categories for preschoolers and infants as young as 12 months. Three experiments extend these findings to 9-month-olds. Infants were familiarized to slides of animals (e.g., rabbits). Infants in the Word condition heard infant-directed word phrases (''a rabbit'') and infants in the Tone condition heard tones. During familiarization, infants' visual fixation was enhanced on trials with sounds (either words or tones), relative to silent trials. On test trials, a new exemplar from the familiar category (e.g., rabbit) was paired with a novel animal (e.g., pig). Infants in the Word condition showed greater attention to novelty than those in the Tone condition. A third group of infants who heard content-filtered words responded similarly to infants in the Word condition. Implications of the facilitative effects of words and content-filtered words on object categorization are discussed within a framework describing infants' emerging appreciation of language over the first year of life. (C) 1997 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-26 |
Date | January 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WB82600002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter Cook |
Author | Margaret Wilson |
Abstract | Do chimpanzees have better spatial working memory than humans? In a previous report, a juvenile chimpanzee outperformed 3 university students on memory for briefly displayed digits in a spatial array (Inoue & Matsuzawa, 2007). The authors described these abilities as extraordinary and likened the chimpanzee's performance to eidetic memory. However, the chimpanzee received extensive practice on a non-time-pressured version of the task; the human subjects received none. Here we report that, after adequate practice, 2 university students substantially outperformed the chimpanzee. There is no evidence for a superior or qualitatively different spatial memory system in chimpanzees. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 599-600 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.17.4.599 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/6g623h20084u0247/abstract/ |
Accessed | Tue Mar 20 01:10:04 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Mar 20 01:10:04 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.R. Hanley |
Abstract | Salame and Baddeley (1982) reported that the effect of irrelevant speech on the serial recall of visually presented sequences was abolished when subjects performed articulatory suppression during presentation and recall of the target items. They argued that this is because suppression isolates visually presented material from the phonological store, which they consider to be the locus of the irrelevant speech effect. In the present experiment, an alternative interpretation of Salame and Baddeley's findings was investigated. Salame and Baddeley used nine-item sequences, and observed very low levels of recall when articulation was suppressed. It is therefore possible that Salame and Baddeley's failure to observe any additional effect of irrelevant speech reflects either a floor effect or else a strategic choice by subjects to abandon the use of a phonological memory code because of task difficulty. In the experiment reported here, this issue was investigated by using both six- and nine-item sequences. Results revealed no effect of irrelevant speech under articulatory suppression even at the shorter sequence length. The results therefore replicate and extend the findings of Salame and Baddeley (1982), and provide support for their view that visually presented material must be articulated before it becomes susceptible to interference from irrelevant speech |
Publication | Memory |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 423-431 |
Date | May 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eva Van Assche |
Author | Wouter Duyck |
Author | Robert J. Hartsuiker |
Author | Kevin Diependaele |
Abstract | ABSTRACT2014Becoming a bilingual can change a person's cognitive functioning and language processing in a number of ways. This study focused on how knowledge of a second language influences how people read sentences written in their native language. We used the cognate-facilitation effect as a marker of cross-lingual activations in both languages. Cognates (e.g., Dutch-English schip [ship]) and controls were presented in a sentence context, and eye movements were monitored. Results showed faster reading times for cognates than for controls. Thus, this study shows that one of people's most automated skills, reading in one's native language, is changed by the knowledge of a second language. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 923-927 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02389.x |
Short Title | Does Bilingualism Change Native-Language Reading? |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02389.x |
Accessed | Sat Sep 12 09:50:17 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Sep 12 09:50:17 2009 |
Modified | Sat Sep 12 09:50:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bruno Laeng |
Author | Frode Svartdal |
Author | Hella Oelmann |
Abstract | P.M. is a synesthete who experiences colors when viewing alphanumeric symbols. Her search for a target differing from distractors by a synesthetic color feature takes the form of a pop-out search. Thus, it would seem that synesthesia can occur preattentively. However, discrepancies between the regression functions of response times observed in target-present trials and target-absent trials, and the fact that fast response times occur only when the target is within a few degrees of visual angle from fixation, indicate that P.M.'s synesthesia does not occur preattentively, but rather is within the focus of attention. We conclude that synesthesia is a genuine perceptual phenomenon that can have substantial influence on visual processing. |
Publication | Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 277-281 |
Date | Apr 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00666.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15043648 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 13:41:58 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15043648 |
Date Added | Wed May 6 13:41:58 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anna Klapetek |
Author | Mary Kim Ngo |
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | The "pip-and-pop effect" refers to the facilitation of search for a visual target (a horizontal or vertical bar whose color changes frequently) among multiple visual distractors (tilted bars also changing color unpredictably) by the presentation of a spatially uninformative auditory cue synchronized with the color change of the visual target. In the present study, the visual stimuli in the search display changed brightness instead of color, and the crossmodal congruency between the pitch of the auditory cue and the brightness of the visual target was manipulated. When cue presence and cue congruency were randomly varied between trials (Experiment 1), both congruent cues (low-frequency tones synchronized with dark target states or high-frequency tones synchronized with bright target states) and incongruent cues (the reversed mapping) facilitated visual search performance equally, relative to a no-cue baseline condition. However, when cue congruency was blocked and the participants were informed about the pitch-brightness mapping in the cue-present blocks (Experiment 2), performance was significantly enhanced when the cue and target were crossmodally congruent as compared to when they were incongruent. These results therefore suggest that the crossmodal congruency between auditory pitch and visual brightness can influence performance in the pip-and-pop task by means of top-down facilitation. |
Publication | Attention, perception & psychophysics |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1154-1167 |
Date | Aug 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Atten Percept Psychophys |
DOI | 10.3758/s13414-012-0317-9 |
ISSN | 1943-393X |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22648604 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:19:44 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:19:44 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nereyda Hurtado |
Author | Virginia A. Marchman |
Author | Anne Fernald |
Abstract | It is well established that variation in caregivers' speech is associated with language outcomes, yet little is known about the learning principles that mediate these effects. This longitudinal study (n = 27) explores whether Spanish-learning children's early experiences with language predict efficiency in real-time comprehension and vocabulary learning. Measures of mothers' speech at 18 months were examined in relation to children's speech processing efficiency and reported vocabulary at 18 and 24 months. Children of mothers who provided more input at 18 months knew more words and were faster in word recognition at 24 months. Moreover, multiple regression analyses indicated that the influences of caregiver speech on speed of word recognition and vocabulary were largely overlapping. This study provides the first evidence that input shapes children's lexical processing efficiency and that vocabulary growth and increasing facility in spoken word comprehension work together to support the uptake of the information that rich input affords the young language learner. |
Publication | Developmental science |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | F31-F39 |
Date | 2008-11 |
Journal Abbr | Dev Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00768.x |
ISSN | 1363-755X |
Short Title | Does input influence uptake? |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19046145 PMCID: PMC2898277 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 09:09:42 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 09:09:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Papafragou |
Author | J. Hulbert |
Author | J. Trueswell |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 155–184 |
Date | 2008 |
Short Title | Does language guide event perception? |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 14:17:47 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 8 14:17:47 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.A.II Kuczaj |
Author | J.L. Hendry |
Contributor | D Gentner |
Contributor | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Book Title | Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 237-275 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:49:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | Does the language you speak affect how you think about the world? This question is taken up in three experiments. English and Mandarin talk about time differently-English predominantly talks about time as if it were horizontal, while Mandarin also commonly describes time as vertical. This difference between the two languages is reflected in the way their speakers think about time. In one study, Mandarin speakers tended to think about time vertically even when they were thinking for English (Mandarin speakers were faster to confirm that March comes earlier than April if they had just seen a vertical array of objects than if they had just seen a horizontal array, and the reverse was true for English speakers). Another study showed that the extent to which Mandarin-English bilinguals think about time vertically is related to how old they were when they first began to learn English. In another experiment native English speakers were taught to talk about time using vertical spatial terms in a way similar to Mandarin. On a subsequent test, this group of English speakers showed the same bias to think about time vertically as was observed with Mandarin speakers. It is concluded that (1) language is a powerful tool in shaping thought about abstract domains and (2) one's native language plays an important role in shaping habitual thought (e.g., how one tends to think about time) but does not entirely determine one's thinking in the strong Whorfian sense. (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-22 |
Date | 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catherine Haslam |
Author | A.J. Wills |
Author | S. Alexander Haslam |
Author | Janice Kay |
Author | Rachel Baron |
Author | Fiona McNab |
Abstract | Recent neuropsychological evidence, supporting a strong version of Whorfian principles of linguistic relativity, has reinvigorated debate about the role of language in colour categorisation. This paper questions the methodology used in this research and uses a novel approach to examine the unique contribution of language to categorisation behaviour. Results of three investigations are reported. The first required development of objective measures of category coherence and consistency to clarify questions about healthy control performance on the freesorting colour categorisation task used in previous studies. Between-participant consistency was found to be only moderate and the number of colour categories generated was found to vary markedly between individuals. The second study involved longitudinal neuropsychological examination of a patient whose colour categorisation strategy was monitored in the context of a progressive decline in language due to semantic dementia. Performance on measures of category coherence and consistency was found to be relatively stable over time despite a profound decline in the patient’s colour language. In a final investigation we demonstrated that, for both the patient and controls, between- and within-participant consistency were higher than expected by (a) random sorting and (b) sorting perceptually similar chips together. These findings indicate that the maintenance of colour categorisation need not depend on language. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 251-263 |
Date | December 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2007.08.007 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Does maintenance of colour categories rely on language? |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093934X07002465 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 8 10:11:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Jun 8 10:11:42 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard E. Mayer |
Abstract | This paper reviews eight articles on the implications of styles research contained in this special issue of Learning and Individual Differences. Three of the papers present original research on topics such as the nature of visualizer cognitive style and intuitive cognitive style. Five of the papers offer reviews or analyses of styles research, such as the degree to which a person’s learning style changes with experience, the degree to which styles research is making useful progress, and the degree to which researchers should advocate styles research. However, the papers do not provide much progress in testing the learning styles hypothesis—the idea that instructional method should be aligned with learning style. |
Publication | Learning and Individual Differences |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 319-320 |
Date | June 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Learning and Individual Differences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.11.016 |
ISSN | 1041-6080 |
Short Title | Applying styles research to educational practice |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1041608010001585 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 29 21:42:27 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jan 29 21:42:27 2013 |
Modified | Tue Jan 29 21:42:27 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Author | M.J. Farah |
Abstract | Much research supports location-based attentional selection, but J. Duncan (1984) presented data favoring object-based selection in a shape discrimination task. Does attention select objects or locations? We confirmed that Duncan's task elicits selection from spatially invariant object representations rather than from a grouped location-based representation. We next asked whether this finding was due to location-based filtering; the results again supported object-based selection. Finally, we demonstrated that when Duncan's objects were used in a cued detection task the results were consistent with location-based selection. These results suggest that there may not be a single attention mechanism, consistent with Duncan's original claim that object-based and location-based attentional selection are not mutually exclusive. Rather, attentional limitations may depend on the type of stimulus representation used in performing a given task |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 123 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 146-160 |
Date | June 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Edouard Machery |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2009-02-27 |
ISBN | 9780195306880 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sat Apr 30 18:53:41 2011 |
Modified | Sat Apr 30 18:53:41 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Hauser |
Abstract | Hauser defends the proposition that public languages are our languages of thought. One argument for this proposition is coincidence of productive (i.e., novel, unbounded) cognitive competence with overt possession of recursive symbol systems. Another is phenomenological experience. A third is Occam's razor and the ''streetlight principle.'' Abbott replies to each of Hauser's arguments. Problem solving by chimpanzees and evidence of recursion in the thought of a feral human being suggest that natural language is not necessary for productive thought. Communication would be trivial if the inner language were the outer language, but it is not. The decryption analogy Hauser uses is flawed, and it is not clear which way Occam's razor cuts |
Publication | Behavior and Philosophy |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 42-47 |
Date | SUM 1995 |
URL | ISI:A1995TH38200003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Kelly |
Author | S. Martin |
Abstract | Perceptual and cognitive abilities that are species- and domain-specific may nonetheless have components that are widespread across species and apply to numerous domains. For example, all theories of sentence parsing are constrained by the operations of a limited-capacity memory that is a general characteristic of cognition. This paper discusses another ability that is general across species and, within a species, across numerous cognitive and perceptual domains. We review evidence from the animal learning and human cognitive literature that animals (a) possess fine-grained sensitivity to probabilistic patterns in their environment and (b) use multiple probabilistic cues to solve particular problems. Such sensitivity is advantageous because the structure of the environment itself can often be characterized as probabilistic. The chances of success at solving various problems, from foraging to depth perception, would therefore increase if animals were sensitive to probabilistic cues and could determine whether multiple cues converge on a solution. We discuss the implications of these claims for language processing, and argue that the domain-general ability to detect and exploit probabilistic information is brought to bear on numerous language-specific problems |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 1-4 |
Pages | 105-140 |
Date | April 1994 |
URL | ISI:A1994NH81200005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/groupwallpops.html |
Accessed | Fri Sep 5 12:13:29 2008 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 5 12:13:29 2008 |
Modified | Fri Sep 5 12:13:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jennifer M. Roche |
Author | Rick Dale |
Author | Gina M. Caucci |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1–24 |
Date | 2012 |
Short Title | Doubling up on double meanings |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01690965.2010.509929 |
Accessed | Tue May 28 19:00:00 2013 |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.brothersoft.com/free-audio-converter-48562.html |
Accessed | Wed Sep 3 14:18:18 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 3 14:18:18 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 3 14:18:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Author | A. Oliva |
Abstract | Are categorization and visual processing independent, with categorization operating late, on an already perceived input, or are they intertwined, with the act of categorization flexibly changing (i.e. cognitively penetrating) the early perception of the stimulus? We examined this issue in three experiments by applying different categorization tasks (gender, expressive or not, which expression and identity) to identical face stimuli. Stimuli were hybrids: they combined a man or a woman with a particular expression at a coarse spatial scale with a face of the opposite gender with a different expression at the fine spatial scale. Results suggested that the categorization task changes the spatial scales preferentially used and perceived for rapid recognition. A perceptual set effect is shown whereby the scale preference of an important categorization (e.g. identity) transfers to resolve other face categorizations (e.g. expressive or not, which expression). Together, the results suggest that categorization can be closely bound to perception. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 243-265 |
Date | January 01, 1999 |
URL | ISI:000079301300001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Gainotti |
Author | M.C. Silveri |
Author | G. Villa |
Author | C. Caltagirone |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | SEP |
Pages | 613-622 |
Date | 1983 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Allan Paivio |
Abstract | The dual coding theoretical (DCT) approach to the mental lexicon differs radically from standard approaches to the concept in linguistics and psychology. The differences are related to a long-standing dispute concerning the nature of the mental representations that mediate perception, comprehension, and performance in cognitive tasks. The issue contrasts what have been described as common coding and multiple coding views of mental representations. The common coding view is that a single, abstract form of representation underlies language and other cognitive skills. The standard approach to the mental lexicon is in that category. The multiple coding interpretation is that mental representations are modality specific and multimodal. The DCT view of the mental lexicon is in that camp. The general theories are first summarized; subsequently, their approaches to the mental lexicon and its relation to cognition are compared. |
Publication | The Mental Lexicon |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 205-230 |
Date | 2010 |
Journal Abbr | The Mental Lexicon |
DOI | 10.1075/ml.5.2.04pai |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Wed Aug 7 13:46:52 2013 |
Modified | Wed Aug 7 13:46:52 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jürgen Gerling |
Author | Lothar Spillmann |
Abstract | A foveal afterimage produced by a small photoflash increases in duration when the luminance of a 5.8° diameter background on which it is seen is temporally modulated. At a modulation frequency of 1 Hz and a depth of modulation of 52%, the duration of the afterimage is prolonged by 335% compared to the duration obtained on a steady background. This increase has been attributed to the functional border resulting from the difference in excitability between bleached and unbleached photoreceptors. Afterimage duration is also prolonged, although only by 20%, when the luminance of the background is kept constant, while the luminance of an annular surround is modulated. This finding suggests a weak effect of neural lateral interaction (via area contrast). If the background luminance is modulated only in the contralateral eye (dichoptic presentation), afterimage duration increases by as much as 54% compared to the unmodulated state. This result indicates that afterimages, in part, are sustained by processes mediated by the visual cortex. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 521-527 |
Date | 1987 |
DOI | 10.1016/0042-6989(87)90038-1 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | Duration of visual afterimages on modulated backgrounds |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0042698987900381 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 01:06:51 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:06:51 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 01:06:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.W. Pettet |
Author | C.D. Gilbert |
Abstract | Immediately after focal retinal lesions, receptive fields (RFs) in primary visual cortex expand considerably, even when the retinal damage is limited to the photoreceptor layer. The time course of these changes suggests that mere lack of stimulation in the vicinity of the RF accompanied by stimulation in the surrounding region causes the RF expansion. While recording from single cells in cat area 17, we simulated this pattern of stimulation with a pattern of moving lines in the visual field, masking out an area covering the RF of the recorded cell, thereby producing an "artificial scotoma." Over almost-equal-to 10 min this masking resulted in a 5-fold average expansion in RF area. Stimulating the RF center caused the field to collapse in size, returning to near its original extent; reconditioning with the masked stimulus led to RF reexpansion. Stimulation in the surrounding region was required for the RF expansion to occur-little expansion was seen during exposure to a blank screen. We propose that the expansion may account for visual illusions, such as perceptual fill-in of stabilized images and illusory contours and may constitute the prodrome of altered cortical topography after retinal lesions. These findings support the idea that even in adult animals RFs are dynamic, capable of being altered by the sensory context |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 17 |
Pages | 8366-8370 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Simmons |
Author | B.J. Richmond |
Abstract | We investigated how orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contributes to adaptability in the face of changing reward contingencies by examining how reward representations in monkey orbitofrontal neurons change during a visually cued, multi-trial reward schedule task. A large proportion of orbitofrontal neurons were sensitive to events in this task (69/80 neurons in the valid and 48/58 neurons in the random cue context). Neuronal activity depended upon preceding reward, upcoming reward, reward delivery, and schedule state. Preceding reward-dependent activity occurred in both the valid and random cue contexts, whereas upcoming reward-dependent activity was observed only in the valid context. A greater proportion of neurons encoded preceding reward in the random than the valid cue context. The proportion of neurons with preceding reward-dependent activity declined as each trial progressed, whereas the proportion encoding upcoming reward increased. Reward information was represented by ensembles of neurons, the composition of which changed with task context and time. Overall, neuronal activity in OFC adapted to reflect the importance of different types of reward information in different contexts and time periods. This contextual and temporal adaptability is one hallmark of neurons participating in executive functions |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 93-103 |
Date | 2008 |
URL | ISI:000251505900009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N.G. Muller |
Author | A. Kleinschmidt |
Abstract | We investigated the interaction between object- and space-based attention by measuring activity in early visual cortex. After central cueing, when subjects directed attention to a spatially defined part of an object, activity in early visual areas was enhanced at corresponding retinotopic representations but also at representations of other locations covered by the object. Different from the assumption of automatic attentional "spreading" within an object, however, activity was greater for representations of cued than of uncued locations on the same object. These findings support an interaction of object- based spatial selection with object- independent spatial mechanisms in directing attention. When the target stimulus did not appear at the expected location, we found higher activation in areas representing other locations on the same object than equidistant locations on other objects. Objects, hence, also guide spatial search, and this may account for the behaviorally observed delay in processing parts of an unattended object |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 30 |
Pages | 9812-9816 |
Date | October 29, 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.K. Samuelson |
Author | J.S. Horst |
Abstract | Recent research on early word learning suggests that children's behavior when-generalizing novel nouns integrates their prior vocabulary knowledge with the specifics of the task. This study examines how these factors interact on the moment-to-moment time scale of the training children receive and the sequence of stimuli they are shown. In I condition, we used a combination of training and stimulus factors predicted to produce a bias to generalize nouns by shape similarity. We then reduced this shape bias and amplified a bias to generalize nouns by material similarity via manipulations of training and stimuli across 3 other conditions. Additional analyses suggest that children's generalizations on individual trials are influenced by what they have seen and done on previous trials. These results highlight the importance of the task and stimuli in bringing children's prior knowledge to bear in early word learning |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 97-110 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000244472800005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.M. Dale |
Author | A.K Liu |
Author | B.R. Fischl |
Author | R.L. Bickner |
Author | J.W. Belliveau |
Author | J.D. Lewine |
Author | E. Halgren |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 25 |
Pages | 55-67 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Salmelin |
Author | R. Hari |
Author | O. V. Lounasmaa |
Author | M. Sams |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 368 |
Issue | 6470 |
Pages | 463-465 |
Date | March 31, 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/368463a0 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/368463a0 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 16:46:50 2011 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 16:46:50 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 7 16:46:50 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Tarkiainen |
Author | P Helenius |
Author | P C Hansen |
Author | P L Cornelissen |
Author | R Salmelin |
Abstract | The inferior occipitotemporal brain areas, especially in the left hemisphere, have been shown to be involved in the processing of written words and letter strings. This processing probably occurs within 200 ms after presentation of the letter string. It has also been suggested that this activation may differ between fluent and dyslexic readers. Using whole-head magnetoencephalography, we studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of brain processes evoked by visually presented letter strings in 12 healthy adult subjects. Our achromatic stimuli consisted of rectangular patches in which single letters, two-letter syllables, four-letter words, or symbol strings of equal length were embedded and to which variable noise was added. This manipulation dissociated three different response patterns. The first of these patterns took place approximately 100 ms after stimulus onset, originated in areas surrounding the V1 cortex and was distributed along the ventral visual stream, extending laterally as far as V4v. This response was systematically modulated by noise but was insensitive to the stimulus content, suggesting involvement in early visual analysis. The second pattern took place approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset and was concentrated in the inferior occipitotemporal region with left-hemisphere dominance. This activation showed a preference for letter strings, and its strength and timing correlated with the speed at which the subjects were able to read words aloud. The third pattern also occurred in the time window approximately 150 ms after stimulus onset, but originated mainly in the right occipital area. Like the second pattern, it was modulated by string length, but showed no preference for letters compared with symbols. The present data strongly support the special role of the left inferior occipitotemporal cortex in visual word processing within 200 ms after stimulus onset. |
Publication | Brain: A Journal of Neurology |
Volume | 122 ( Pt 11) |
Pages | 2119-2132 |
Date | Nov 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
ISSN | 0006-8950 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10545397 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 3 16:32:57 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10545397 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 3 16:32:57 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.S. Lee |
Author | M. Nguyen |
Abstract | To elucidate the roles of visual areas V1 and V2 and their interaction in early perceptual processing, we studied the responses of V1 and V2 neurons to statically displayed Kanizsa figures. We found evidence that Vi neurons respond to illusory contours of the Kanizsa figures. The illusory contour signals in V1 are weaker than in V2, but are significant, particularly in the superficial layers. The population averaged response to illusory contours emerged 100 msec after stimulus onset in the superficial layers of V1, and around 120-190 msec in the deep layers. The illusory contour response in V2 began earlier, occurring at 70 msec in the superficial layers and at 95 msec in the deep layers. The temporal sequence of the events suggests that the computation of illusory contours involves inter-cortical interaction, and that early perceptual organization is likely to be an interactive process |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1907-1911 |
Date | February 13, 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Antje S Meyer |
Author | Eva Belke |
Author | Anna L Telling |
Author | Glyn W Humphreys |
Abstract | In a visual search experiment, participants had to decide whether or not a target object was present in a four-object search array. One of these objects could be a semantically related competitor (e.g., shirt for the target trousers) or a conceptually unrelated object with the same name as the target-for example, bat (baseball) for the target bat (animal). In the control condition, the related competitor was replaced by an unrelated object. The participants' response latencies and eye movements demonstrated that the two types of related competitors had similar effects: Competitors attracted the participants' visual attention and thereby delayed positive and negative decisions. The results imply that semantic and name information associated with the objects becomes rapidly available and affects the allocation of visual attention. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 710-716 |
Date | Aug 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17972738 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 24 11:49:09 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17972738 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 24 11:49:09 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Fort |
Author | C. Delpuech |
Author | J. Pemier |
Author | M.H. Giard |
Abstract | A common finding of behavioral studies is that objects characterized by redundant multisensory cues are identified more rapidly than the same objects presented in either unimodal condition. In a previous electrophysiological study in humans, we have described a network of crossmodal interactions that could be associated with this facilitation effect [M.H. Giard, F. Peronnet, J. Cogan. Neurosci. 11(5) (1999) 473-490]. Here, we sought to determine whether the recognition of objects characterized by nonredundant bimodal components may still induce crossmodal neural interactions. Subjects had to identify three objects defined either by auditory or visual features alone, or by the combination of nonredundant auditory and visual features. As expected, behavioral measures showed no sign of facilitation in bimodal processing. Yet, event-related potential analysis revealed the existence of early (<200 ms latency) crossmodal activities in sensory-specific and nonspecific cortical areas, that were partly dependent on the sensory dominance of the subjects to perform the task. Comparative analysis of the interaction patterns involved in redundant and nonredundant cue processing provides evidence for the robustness of the principle of crossmodal neural synergy that applies whatever the stimulus content (redundant or nonredundant information), and for the high flexibility of the neural networks of integration that are sensitive both to the nature of the perceptual task and to the sensory skill of the individual in that particular task. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science BY. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 20-30 |
Date | June 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Agnes Melinda Kovács |
Abstract | In their first years, children's understanding of mental states seems to improve dramatically, but the mechanisms underlying these changes are still unclear. Such 'theory of mind' (ToM) abilities may arise during development, or have an innate basis, developmental changes reflecting limitations of other abilities involved in ToM tasks (e.g. inhibition). Special circumstances such as early bilingualism may enhance ToM development or other capacities required by ToM tasks. Here we compare 3-year-old bilinguals and monolinguals on a standard ToM task, a modified ToM task and a control task involving physical reasoning. The modified ToM task mimicked a language-switch situation that bilinguals often encounter and that could influence their ToM abilities. If such experience contributes to an early consolidation of ToM in bilinguals, they should be selectively enhanced in the modified task. In contrast, if bilinguals have an advantage due to better executive inhibitory abilities involved in ToM tasks, they should outperform monolinguals on both ToM tasks, inhibitory demands being similar. Bilingual children showed an advantage on the two ToM tasks but not on the control task. The precocious success of bilinguals may be associated with their well-developed control functions formed during monitoring and selecting languages. |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 48-54 |
Date | Jan 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Dev Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00742.x |
ISSN | 1467-7687 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19120412 |
Accessed | Sat Mar 26 14:03:04 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19120412 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 26 14:03:04 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Shams |
Author | S. Iwaki |
Author | A. Chawla |
Author | J. Bhattacharya |
Abstract | Sound can alter visual perception. This has been recently demonstrated by a strong illusion in which a single flash is perceived as multiple flashes when accompanied by multiple brief sounds. While psychophysical findings on this sound-induced flash illusion indicate that the modulations of visual percept by sound occur at a perceptual processing level, it remains unclear at what level of perceptual processing these interactions occur and what mechanisms mediate them. Here we investigated these questions using MEG. We found modulation of activity in occipital and parietal scalp locations, when comparing illusion trials with visual-alone and auditory-alone trials. This modulation occurred as early as 35-65 ms from the onset of the visual stimulus. Activity was also modulated in the occipital and parietal areas as well as anterior areas at a later (similar to 150 ms post-stimulus) onset. No significant interactions were observed in occipital and parietal areas in trials in which illusion was not perceived. These results indicate that the auditory alteration of visual perception as reflected by the illusion is associated with modulation of activity in visual cortex. The early onset of these modulations suggests that a feed-forward or lateral circuitry is at least partially involved in these interactions. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 378 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 76-81 |
Date | April 18, 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.K. Samuelson |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | This paper examines children's early noun vocabularies and their interpretations of names for solid and non-solid things. Previous research in this area assumes that ontology, category organization and syntax correspond in the nouns children learn early such that categories of solid things are organized by shape similarity and named with count nouns and categories of non-solid things are organized by material similarity and named with mass nouns. In Experiment 1 we examine the validity of this assumption in a corpus of early-learned nouns and conclude that one side of the solidity-syntax-category organization mapping is favored. In our second experiment we examine the relation between early noun vocabulary development and novel word generalization. We find that children between 17 and 33 months of age do not systematically generalize names for solid things by shape similarity until they already know many nouns, and do not systematically generalize names for non-solid substances by material similarity. The implications for children's acquisition of the ontological distinction, count/mass syntax, and novel nouns are discussed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-33 |
Date | November 09, 1999 |
URL | ISI:000083836900001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dare A. Baldwin |
Abstract | <p><br/>Previous research has documented infants' ability to follow adults' line-of-regard and pointing gestures by 9-12 months of age, but it has not been clear whether infants appreciate that such cues are a privileged source of information about word reference. Study 1 demonstrated that this is understood by at least 19-20 months: Infants used referential cues to guide a new word-object mapping even though this required that they ignore competition from temporal contiguity. In Study 2, the effects observed in Study 1 were not obtained with actions that served to enhance the salience of an object nonreferentially (e.g., manipulating without looking), suggesting that infants appreciate that actions that accompany labeling are not necessarily referential. Taken together, these findings indicate that language learning is grounded in a relatively rich understanding of cues to reference, at least from late infancy on.</p> |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 832-843 |
Date | September 1993 |
ISSN | 0012-1649 |
Short Title | Early Referential Understanding |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012164902008288 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 17 10:39:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Jul 17 10:39:58 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jul 17 10:39:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Author | S.A. Gelman |
Abstract | Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of classic tensions concerning the fundamental nature of human knowledge and the processes underlying its acquisition. This tension, especially evident in research on the acquisition of words and concepts, arises when researchers pit one type of content against another (perceptual versus conceptual) and one type of process against another (associative versus theory-based). But these dichotomies are false; they rest upon insufficient consideration of the structure and diversity of the words and concepts that we naturally acquire. As infants and young children establish categories and acquire words to describe them, they take advantage of both perceptual and conceptual information, and relate this to both the (rudimentary) theories they hold and the statistics that they witness. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 258-263 |
Date | June 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2009.03.006 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4W9DNF2-2/2/c0cb0e257bec8cb3a62c988ff0fe4b0a |
Accessed | Thu Feb 11 14:57:37 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Feb 11 14:57:37 2010 |
Modified | Wed Sep 15 21:22:42 2010 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | L. Gleitman |
Date | 2010 |
URL | http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/632 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 15:51:58 2011 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 15:51:58 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 15:52:55 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | i |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90459-6 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5S/2/25c44ab16eeee18c34801ed6b3e40160 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:34 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:38:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Richards |
Author | G.M. Reicher |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 499-505 |
Date | 1978 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Herbert J. Klausmeier |
Author | Katherine V. Feldman |
Abstract | <p><br/>134 4th-grade children read experimental lessons, each of which presented one of the following: a concept definition, a rational set of examples and nonexamples of the concept, the definition and a rational set, or the definition and 3 different rational sets. Control Ss read placebo material. Each experimental group performed significantly better than the control, and Ss reading a lesson with a definition and 3 rational sets performed significantly better than those who received only a definition. The combined use of rational sets of concept instances and of a concept definition was validated as a powerful controllable variable in instructional material that is designed to facilitate concept attainment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)</p> |
Publication | Journal of Educational Psychology |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 174-178 |
Date | April 1975 |
DOI | 37/h0076998 |
ISSN | 0022-0663 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022066307657882 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 21 10:38:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jun 21 10:38:13 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jun 21 10:38:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christopher W. Robinson |
Author | Vladimir M. Sloutsky |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 869-881 |
Date | 11/2008 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00751.x |
ISSN | 1363755X |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00751.x/abstract?systemMessage=Due+to+scheduled+maintenance+access+to+the+Wiley+Online+Library+may+be+disrupted+as+follows%3A+Monday%2C+6+September+-+New+York+0400+EDT+to+0500+EDT%3B+London+0900+BST+to+1000+BST%3B+Singapore+1600+to+1700 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 5 20:48:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 20:48:11 2010 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 20:48:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.H. Guenther |
Author | F.T. Husain |
Author | M.A. Cohen |
Author | B.G. Shinn-Cunningham |
Abstract | Psychophysical phenomena such as categorical perception and the perceptual magnet effect indicate that our auditory perceptual spaces are warped for some stimuli. This paper investigates the effects of two different kinds of training on auditory perceptual space. It is first shown that categorization training using nonspeech stimuli, in which subjects learn to identify stimuli within a particular frequency range as members of the same category, can lead to a decrease in sensitivity to stimuli in that category. This phenomenon is an example of acquired similarity and apparently has not been previously demonstrated for a category-relevant dimension. Discrimination training with the same set of stimuli was shown to have the opposite effect: subjects became more sensitive to differences in the stimuli presented during training. Further experiments investigated some of the conditions that are necessary to generate the acquired similarity found in the first experiment. The results of these experiments are used to evaluate two neural network models of the perceptual magnet effect. These models, in combination with our experimental results, are used to generate an experimentally testable prediction concerning changes in the brain's auditory maps under different training conditions. (C) 1999 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(99)00411-7] |
Publication | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 2900-2912 |
Date | November 1999 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Abstract | Subjects were shown simple objects and were asked to reproduce the colors of the objects. Even though the objects remained on the screen while subjects reproduced the colors and the objects' shapes were irrelevant to the subjects' task, subjects' color perceptions were influenced by the shape category of an object. For example, objects that belonged to categories with redder objects were judged to be more red than identically colored objects belonging to another category. Further experiments showed that the object categories that subjects use, rather than being fixed, depend on the objects to which subjects are exposed |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 298-304 |
Date | 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kevin Murnane |
Author | Matthew, P. Phelps |
Abstract | Theoretical analyses and empirical studies address the issue of how context-dependent recognition is affected by changes in the relative strength of retrieval cues. Analyses of global memory models based on K. Murnane and M. P. Phelps' (1994) general context model showed that if context strength is held constant, context effects are predicted to either increase or remain unchanged when item strength increases. In contrast, the outshining hypothesis (S. M. Smith, 1988, 1994) predicts that context effects will decrease as item strength increases. Three studies are reported in which item strength was manipulated with spaced repetitions, study time, or a levels-of-processing manipulation. The results support the general context model. Implications for the outshining hypothesis and for global memory models are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 158-172 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 11:41:46 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:43:08 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Corballis |
Author | S Sidey |
Abstract | Normal right-handers mentally rotated letters flashed in the left or right visual fields under different conditions of working-memory load. In Experiment 1, the subjects held patterns of eight dots or sequences of eight letters in working memory, and these conditions produced a progressively increasing right visual field (RVF) advantage in rate of mental rotation relative to a control condition in which there was no load. Experiment 2 confirmed the shift toward increasing RVF advantage with a load of eight digits relative to two control conditions, one in which there was no load and another in which the subjects recalled digits before carrying out the mental rotation on each trial. These results are discussed in terms of the priming of the hemispheres by the concurrent loading of working memory. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-197 |
Date | Feb 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8455787 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 13:16:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8455787 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:16:12 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. C Corballis |
Author | S. Sidey |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183–197 |
Date | 1993 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 10:00:45 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 10:00:45 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. C Corballis |
Author | S. Sidey |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183–197 |
Date | 1993 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:14:52 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:14:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Corballis |
Author | S Sidey |
Abstract | Normal right-handers mentally rotated letters flashed in the left or right visual fields under different conditions of working-memory load. In Experiment 1, the subjects held patterns of eight dots or sequences of eight letters in working memory, and these conditions produced a progressively increasing right visual field (RVF) advantage in rate of mental rotation relative to a control condition in which there was no load. Experiment 2 confirmed the shift toward increasing RVF advantage with a load of eight digits relative to two control conditions, one in which there was no load and another in which the subjects recalled digits before carrying out the mental rotation on each trial. These results are discussed in terms of the priming of the hemispheres by the concurrent loading of working memory. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-197 |
Date | Feb 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8455787 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 09:56:43 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8455787 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 09:56:43 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Corballis |
Author | S. Sidey |
Abstract | Normal right-handers mentally rotated letters flashed in the left or right visual fields under different conditions of working-Memory load. In Experiment 1, the subjects held patterns of eight dots or sequences of eight letters in working memory, and these conditions produced a progressively increasing right visual field (RVF) advantage in rate of mental rotation relative to a control condition in which there was no load. Experiment 2 confirmed the shift toward increasing RVF advantage with a load of eight digits relative to two control conditions, one in which there was no load and another in which the subjects recalled digits before carrying out the mental rotation on each trial. These results are discussed in terms of the priming of the hemispheres by the concurrent loading of working memory |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-197 |
Date | February 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Tabossi |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 153-162 |
Date | 1988 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=1F2Fh49159pg7N2HomJ&page=1&doc=5 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 5 16:55:16 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Mon Apr 5 16:55:16 2010 |
Modified | Mon Apr 5 16:55:45 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D G Blasko |
Author | C M Connine |
Abstract | A cross-modal priming paradigm was used to examine the comprehension of metaphors varying in familiarity and aptness. In Experiments 1 and 2 high-familiar metaphors showed availability of the figurative meaning, but low-familiar (LF) metaphors did not. In Experiment 3, only LF metaphors that had been rated highly apt showed evidence of figurative activation. Experiment 4 showed evidence of figurative activation for most LF and moderate-apt metaphors. The locus of activation was investigated in Experiment 5 in which the individual words of the metaphor (topic and vehicle) served as primes. Neither topic nor vehicle showed evidence of priming the metaphor target, suggesting that activation of the metaphorical target in Experiments 1-4 was not caused by lexical activation of the words within the metaphors, but rather was due to activation of emergent properties of the metaphorical phrase. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 295-308 |
Date | Mar 1993 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7681095 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 28 10:10:00 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7681095 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 28 10:10:00 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.P. Friden |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 487-492 |
Date | 1973 |
URL | ISI:A1973R800200014 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.A. Katz |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 66 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 423-& |
Date | 1963 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerrit Hirschfeld |
Author | Pienie Zwitserlood |
Author | Christian Dobel |
Abstract | We investigated whether and when information conveyed by spoken language impacts on the processing of visually presented objects. In contrast to traditional views, grounded-cognition posits direct links between language comprehension and perceptual processing. We used a magnetoencephalographic cross-modal priming paradigm to disentangle these views. In a sentence-picture verification task, pictures (e.g. of a flying duck) were paired with three sentence conditions: A feature-matching sentence about a duck in the air, a feature-mismatching sentence about a duck in a lake, and an unrelated sentence. Brain responses to pictures showed enhanced activity in the N400 time-window for the unrelated compared to both related conditions in the left temporal lobe. The M1 time-window revealed more activation for the feature-matching than for the other two conditions in the occipital cortex. These dissociable effects on early visual processing and semantic integration support models in which language comprehension engages two complementary systems, a perceptual and an abstract one. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | In Press, Corrected Proof |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.002 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WC0-50S8BS7-1/2/ea4ca9efd77008ddc0d27946ba21b501 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 22 23:56:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Aug 22 23:56:39 2010 |
Modified | Wed Sep 1 14:45:27 2010 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Author | A.V. Fisher |
Editor | J. Moore |
Editor | K. Stenning |
Date | 2001 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the XXIII Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Pages | 946 -951 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:18:19 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | M D'Esposito |
Author | I.P. Kan |
Abstract | Neuroimaging studies have revealed an association between word generation and activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) that is attentuated with item repetition. The experiment reported here examined the effects of repeated word generation, under conditions in which completion was either decreased or increased, on activity measured during whole-brain echoplanar functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activity in left IFG decreased during repetition conditions that reduced competition but increased during repetition conditions that increased competition; this pattern was contrasted to repetition effects observed in other cortical areas, specifically regions of left temporal cortex. The increase in left IFG activity, which is not predicted by a simple semantic retrieval account of prefrontal function, is consistent with the hypothesis that left IFG subserves the selection of semantic knowledge among competing alternatives. |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 513-522 |
Date | Jul 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10433263 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 11 15:37:45 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10433263 |
Date Added | Fri Feb 11 15:37:45 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.F. Damian |
Author | G. Vigliocco |
Author | W.J.M. Levelt |
Abstract | Two experiments investigated whether lexical retrieval for speaking can be characterized as a competitive process by assessing the effects of semantic context on picture and word naming in German. In Experiment 1 we demonstrated that pictures are named slower in the context of same-category items than in the context of items from various semantic categories, replicating findings by Kroll and Stewart (Journal of Memory and Language, 33 (1994) 149). In Experiment 2 we used words instead of pictures. Participants either named the words in the context of same- or different-category items, or produced the words together with their corresponding determiner. While in the former condition words were named faster in the context of same-category items than of different-category items, the opposite pattern was obtained for the latter condition. These findings confirm. the claim that the interfering effect of semantic context reflects competition in the retrieval of lexical entries in speaking. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 81 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | B77-B86 |
Date | October 2001 |
URL | ISI:000171103700004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Muller |
Author | T.W. Picton |
Author | P. Valdes-Sosa |
Author | J. Riera |
Author | W.A. Teder-Salejarvi |
Author | S.A. Hillyard |
Abstract | Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) were recorded from the scalp of subjects who attended to a flickering LED display in one visual field while ignoring a similar display (flickering at a different frequency) in the opposite visual field. The flicker frequencies were 20.8 Hz in the left-field display and 27.8 Hz in the right-field display. The SSVEP to the flicker in either field was enhanced in amplitude when attention was directed to its location. The scalp distribution of this SSVEP enhancement was narrowly focused over the posterior scalp contralateral to the visual field of stimulation. A source analysis using Variable Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (VARETA) indicated that the source current densities for the SSVEP attention effect had a focal origin in the contralateral parieto-occipitaI cortex. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 249-261 |
Date | April 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Manuscript |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Date | in prep. |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 00:23:57 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 2 00:25:18 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dominique Lamy |
Author | Yoav Bar-Anan |
Author | Howard E Egeth |
Author | Tomer Carmel |
Abstract | Recent literature suggests that observers can use advance knowledge of the target feature to guide their search but fail to do so whenever the target is reliably a singleton. Instead, they engage in singleton-detection mode--that is, they search for the most salient object. In the present study, we aimed to test the notion of a default salience-based search mode. Using several measures, we compared search for a known target when it is always a singleton (fixed-singleton search) relative to when it is incidentally a singleton (multiple-target search). We examined the relative contributions of strategic factors (knowledge that the target is a singleton) and intertrial repetition effects (singleton priming, or the advantage of responding to a singleton target if the target on the previous trial had also been a singleton). In two experiments, singleton priming eliminated all the differences in performance between fixed-singleton and multiple-target search, suggesting that search for a known singleton may be feature based rather than salience based. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 287-93 |
Date | Apr 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16892996 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 19:03:07 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16892996 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Xin Zheng |
Author | David C. Alsop |
Author | Gottfried Schlaug |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can up- and down-regulate cortical excitability depending on current direction, however our abilities to measure brain-tissue effects of the stimulation and its after-effects have been limited so far. We used regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), a surrogate measure of brain activity, to examine regional brain-tissue and brain-network effects during and after tDCS. We varied the polarity (anodal and cathodal) as well as the current strength (0.8 to 2.0 mA) of the stimulation. Fourteen healthy subjects were randomized into receiving either anodal or cathodal stimulation (two subjects received both, one week apart) while undergoing Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) in the MRI scanner with an alternating off–on sampling paradigm. The stimulating, MRI-compatible electrode was placed over the right motor region and the reference electrode over the contralateral supra-orbital region. SPM5 was used to process and extract the rCBF data using a 10 mm spherical volume of interest (VOI) placed in the motor cortex directly underneath the stimulating scalp electrode. Anodal stimulation induced a large increase (17.1%) in rCBF during stimulation, which returned to baseline after the current was turned off, but exhibited an increase in rCBF again in the post-stimulation period. Cathodal stimulation induced a smaller increase (5.6%) during stimulation, a significant decrease compared to baseline (− 6.5%) after cessation, and a continued decrease in the post-stimulation period. These changes in rCBF were all significant when compared to the pre-stimulation baseline or to a control region. Furthermore, for anodal stimulation, there was a significant correlation between current strength and the increase in rCBF in the on-period relative to the pre-stimulation baseline. The differential rCBF after-effects of anodal (increase in resting state rCBF) and cathodal (decrease in resting state rCBF) tDCS support findings of behavioral and cognitive after-effects after cathodal and anodal tDCS. We also show that tDCS not only modulates activity in the brain region directly underlying the stimulating electrode but also in a network of brain regions that are functionally related to the stimulated area. Our results indicate that ASL may be an excellent tool to investigate the effects of tDCS and its stimulation parameters on brain activity. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 26-33 |
Date | September 1, 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811911006264 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 9 15:00:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Feb 9 15:00:15 2012 |
Modified | Thu Feb 9 15:00:15 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paulo S Boggio |
Author | Roberta Ferrucci |
Author | Sergio P Rigonatti |
Author | Priscila Covre |
Author | Michael Nitsche |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Abstract | OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment is a common feature in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is an important predictor of quality of life. Past studies showed that some aspects of cognition, such as working memory, can be enhanced following dopaminergic therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. The aim of our study was to investigate whether another form of noninvasive brain stimulation, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which increases cortical excitability, is associated with a change in a working memory task performance in PD patients. METHODS We studied 18 patients (12 men and 6 women) with idiopathic PD. The patients performed a three-back working memory task during active anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC), anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex (M1) or sham tDCS. In addition, patients underwent two different types of stimulation with different intensities: 1 and 2 mA. RESULTS The results of this study show a significant improvement in working memory as indexed by task accuracy, after active anodal tDCS of the LDLPFC with 2 mA. The other conditions of stimulation: sham tDCS, anodal tDCS of LDLPFC with 1 mA or anodal tDCS of M1 did not result in a significant task performance change. CONCLUSION tDCS may exert a beneficial effect on working memory in PD patients that depends on the intensity and site of stimulation. This effect might be explained by the local increase in the excitability of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. |
Publication | Journal of the Neurological Sciences |
Volume | 249 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 31-38 |
Date | Nov 1, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurol. Sci. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.062 |
ISSN | 0022-510X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843494 |
Accessed | Wed May 30 01:37:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16843494 |
Date Added | Wed May 30 01:37:30 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | Submitted for publication |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Musen |
Abstract | The present study investigated the role of verbal labeling and exposure duration in implicit memory for novel visual patterns. Encoding condition was varied in Experiment 1. Two encoding conditions discouraged verbal labeling and a third required it. In Experiment 2, exposure duration was manipulated to determine whether a new memory representation could be formed after a single 1-s exposure. The results suggest that verbal labeling is not necessary to support priming. Type of encoding did not affect implicit memory, but had a pronounced effect on explicit memory. Furthermore, a single 1-s exposure was sufficient to support priming, and priming was not further enhanced by longer stimulus exposures. In contrast, recognition performance was enhanced by a longer stimulus duration. Thus, priming effects with these novel figures are likely to be supported by newly acquired representations rather than by preexisting memory representations |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 954-962 |
Date | 1991 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.J. McKelvie |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | AUG |
Pages | 459-474 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.W. Orwig |
Publication | Ectj-Educational Communication and Technology Journal |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-30 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Evan C. Smith |
Author | Michael S. Lewicki |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 439 |
Issue | 7079 |
Pages | 978-982 |
Date | February 23, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature04485 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04485 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 7 22:31:24 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sun Feb 7 22:31:24 2010 |
Modified | Sun Feb 7 22:31:24 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.T. Levin |
Author | Y. Takarae |
Author | A.G. Miner |
Author | F. Keil |
Abstract | In this report, we explored the features that support visual search for broadly inclusive natural categories. We used a paradigm in which subjects searched for a randomly selected target from one category (e.g., one of 32 line drawings of artifacts or animals in displays ranging from three to nine items) among a mixed set of distracters from the other. We found that search was surprisingly fast. Target present slopes for animal targets among artifacts ranged from 10.8 to 16.0 msec/item, and slopes for artifact targets ranged from 5.5 to 6.2 msec/item. Experiments 2-5 tested factors that affect both the speed of the search and the search asymmetry favoring detection of artifacts among animals. They converge on the conclusion that target-distracter differences in global contour shape (e.g., rectilinearity/curvilinearity) and visual typicality of parts and form facilitate search by category. We argue that existing theories are helpful in understanding these findings but that they need to be supplemented to account for the specific features that specify categories and to account for subjects' ability to quickly locate targets representing heterogeneous and formally complex categories |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 676-697 |
Date | May 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Wang |
Author | A. Kristjansson |
Author | K. Nakayama |
Abstract | Two types of mechanisms have dominated theoretical accounts of efficient visual search. The first are bottom-up processes related to the characteristics of retinotopic feature maps. The second are top-down mechanisms related to feature selection. To expose the potential involvement of other mechanisms, we introduce a new search paradigm whereby a target is defined only in a context-dependent manner by multiple conjunctions of feature dimensions. Because targets in a multiconjunction task cannot be distinguished from distractors either by bottom-up guidance or top-down guidance, current theories of visual search predict inefficient search. While inefficient search does occur for the multiple conjunctions of orientation with color or luminance, we find efficient search for multiple conjunctions of luminance/size, luminance/shape, and luminance/topology. We also show that repeated presentations of either targets or a set of distractors result in much faster performance and that bottom-up feature extraction and top-down selection cannot account for efficient search on their own. In light of this, we discuss the possible role of perceptual organization in visual search. Furthermore, multi-conjunction search could provide a new method for investigating perceptual grouping in visual search |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 239-253 |
Date | February 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jill Jonnes |
Abstract | The story of the world-famous monument and the extraordinary world's fair that introduced it In this first general history of the Eiffel Tower in English, Jill Jonnes-acclaimed author of Conquering Gotham-offers an eye- opening look not only at the construction of one of the modern world's most iconic structures, but also the epochal event that surrounded its arrival as a wonder of the world. In this marvelously entertaining portrait of Belle Époque France, fear and loathing over Eiffel's brash design share the spotlight with the celebrities that made the 1889 Exposition Universelle an event to remember-including Buffalo Bill and his sharpshooter Annie Oakley, Thomas Edison, and artists Whistler, Gauguin, and van Gogh. Eiffel's Toweris a richly textured portrait of an era at the dawn of modernity, reveling in the limitless promise of the future. |
Publisher | Penguin |
Date | 2010-04-27 |
# of Pages | 339 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780143117292 |
Short Title | Eiffel's Tower |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Fri Jun 29 01:16:07 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 29 01:16:07 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marie Doumic Jauffret |
Author | Pierre Gabriel |
Publication | Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 05 |
Pages | 757-783 |
Date | 05/2010 |
DOI | 10.1142/S021820251000443X |
ISSN | 0218-2025, 1793-6314 |
URL | http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S021820251000443X?journalCode=m3as |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:26 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marie Doumic Jauffret |
Author | Pierre Gabriel |
Publication | Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 05 |
Pages | 757-783 |
Date | 05/2010 |
DOI | 10.1142/S021820251000443X |
ISSN | 0218-2025, 1793-6314 |
URL | http://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S021820251000443X?journalCode=m3as |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:26 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jiri Safar |
Author | Holger Wille |
Author | Vincenza Itri |
Author | Darlene Groth |
Author | Hana Serban |
Author | Marilyn Torchia |
Author | Fred E. Cohen |
Author | Stanley B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Variations in prions, which cause different incubation times and deposition patterns of the prion protein isoform called PrPSc, are often referred to as 'strains'. We report here a highly sensitive, conformation-dependent immunoassay that discriminates PrPSc molecules among eight different prion strains propagated in Syrian hamsters. This immunoassay quantifies PrP isoforms by simultaneously following antibody binding to the denatured and native forms of a protein. In a plot of the ratio of antibody binding to denatured/native PrP graphed as a function of the concentration of PrP Sc, each strain occupies a unique position, indicative of a particular PrPSc conformation. This conclusion is supported by a unique pattern of equilibrium unfolding of PrPSc found with each strain. Our findings indicate that each of the eight prion strains has a PrP Sc molecule with a unique conformation and, in accordance with earlier results, indicate the biological properties of prion strains are 'enciphered' in the conformation of PrPSc and that the variation in incubation times is related to the relative protease sensitivity of PrPSc in each strain. |
Publication | Nature Medicine |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1157-1165 |
Date | October 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Med |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/2654 |
ISSN | 1078-8956 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v4/n10/abs/nm1098_1157.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 1998 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jiri Safar |
Author | Holger Wille |
Author | Vincenza Itri |
Author | Darlene Groth |
Author | Hana Serban |
Author | Marilyn Torchia |
Author | Fred E. Cohen |
Author | Stanley B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Variations in prions, which cause different incubation times and deposition patterns of the prion protein isoform called PrPSc, are often referred to as 'strains'. We report here a highly sensitive, conformation-dependent immunoassay that discriminates PrPSc molecules among eight different prion strains propagated in Syrian hamsters. This immunoassay quantifies PrP isoforms by simultaneously following antibody binding to the denatured and native forms of a protein. In a plot of the ratio of antibody binding to denatured/native PrP graphed as a function of the concentration of PrP Sc, each strain occupies a unique position, indicative of a particular PrPSc conformation. This conclusion is supported by a unique pattern of equilibrium unfolding of PrPSc found with each strain. Our findings indicate that each of the eight prion strains has a PrP Sc molecule with a unique conformation and, in accordance with earlier results, indicate the biological properties of prion strains are 'enciphered' in the conformation of PrPSc and that the variation in incubation times is related to the relative protease sensitivity of PrPSc in each strain. |
Publication | Nature Medicine |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1157-1165 |
Date | October 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Med |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/2654 |
ISSN | 1078-8956 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v4/n10/abs/nm1098_1157.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 1998 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Daniel C. Dennett |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1984-11-21 |
# of Pages | 248 |
ISBN | 0262540428 |
Short Title | Elbow Room |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 14:53:19 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 14:53:19 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Axel Thielscher |
Author | Thomas Kammer |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE To compare two commonly used TMS coils, namely the Medtronic MC-B70 double coil and the Magstim 70 mm double coil, with respect to their electric field distributions induced on the cortex. METHODS Electric field properties are calculated on a hemisphere representing the cortex using a spherical head model. The coil designs are characterised using several parameters, such as focality, efficiency and stimulation depth. RESULTS Medtronic and Magstim coils exhibit similar focality values and stimulation depths, despite very different coil designs. However, the Medtronic coil is about 1.2 times more efficient compared to the Magstim coil. This difference corresponds to different motor and visual phosphene thresholds obtained in previous physiological studies, thereby validating the chosen coil modelling approach. Focality of the Medtronic coil changed less with varying coil-cortex distance compared to the Magstim coil, whereas both coils exhibited similar dependencies on changes in cortex radius. CONCLUSIONS The similar values for focality and stimulation depth indicate that both coil types should evoke similar physiological effects when adjusting for the different efficiencies. The different physiological thresholds of the two coils can be traced back to differences in coil design. Ideally, focality should depend neither on coil-cortex distance nor on cortex radius in order to allow for an inter-subject comparability. In particular, in motor mapping experiments the size of the resulting maps is affected by these two parameters. Consequently, they are at least partially the cause of the variability across subjects seen in these experiments. |
Publication | Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1697-1708 |
Date | Jul 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.02.019 |
ISSN | 1388-2457 |
Short Title | Electric field properties of two commercial figure-8 coils in TMS |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15203072 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 19:58:14 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15203072 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 19:58:14 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Meinou H. de Vries |
Author | Andre C. R. Barth |
Author | Sandra Maiworm |
Author | S. Knecht |
Author | Pienie Zwitserlood |
Author | Agnes Flöel |
Abstract | Artificial grammar learning constitutes a well-established model for the acquisition of grammatical knowledge in a natural setting. Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated that Broca's area (left BA 44/45) is similarly activated by natural syntactic processing and artificial grammar learning. The current study was conducted to investigate the causal relationship between Broca's area and learning of an artificial grammar by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Thirty-eight healthy subjects participated in a between-subject design, with either anodal tDCS (20 min, 1 mA) or sham stimulation, over Broca's area during the acquisition of an artificial grammar. Performance during the acquisition phase, presented as a working memory task, was comparable between groups. In the subsequent classification task, detecting syntactic violations, and specifically, those where no cues to superficial similarity were available, improved significantly after anodal tDCS, resulting in an overall better performance. A control experiment where 10 subjects received anodal tDCS over an area unrelated to artificial grammar learning further supported the specificity of these effects to Broca's area. We conclude that Broca's area is specifically involved in rule-based knowledge, and here, in an improved ability to detect syntactic violations. The results cannot be explained by better tDCS-induced working memory performance during the acquisition phase. This is the first study that demonstrates that tDCS may facilitate acquisition of grammatical knowledge, a finding of potential interest for rehabilitation of aphasia. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 2427-2436 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21385 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21385 |
Accessed | Sun May 16 20:12:08 2010 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Sun May 16 20:12:08 2010 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 12:59:21 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kathrin S Utz |
Author | Violeta Dimova |
Author | Karin Oppenländer |
Author | Georg Kerkhoff |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive, low-cost and easy-to-use technique that can be applied to modify cerebral excitability. This is achieved by weak direct currents to shift the resting potential of cortical neurons. These currents are applied by attaching two electrodes (usually one anode and one cathode) to distinct areas of the skull. Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS) is a variant of tDCS where the electrodes are attached to the mastoids behind the ears in order to stimulate the vestibular system. tDCS and GVS are safe when standard procedures are used. We describe the basic physiological mechanisms and application of these procedures. We also review current data on the effects of tDCS and GVS in healthy subjects as well as clinical populations. Significant effects of such stimulation have been reported for motor, visual, somatosensory, attentional, vestibular and cognitive/emotional function as well as for a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Moreover, both techniques may induce neuroplastic changes which make them promising techniques in the field of neurorehabilitation. A number of open research questions that could be addressed with tDCS or GVS are formulated in the domains of sensory and motor processing, spatial and nonspatial attention including neglect, spatial cognition and body cognition disorders, as well as novel treatments for various neuropsychological disorders. We conclude that the literature suggests that tDCS and GVS are exciting and easily applicable research tools for neuropsychological as well as clinical-therapeutic investigations. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 2789-2810 |
Date | Aug 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.002 |
ISSN | 1873-3514 |
Short Title | Electrified minds |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20542047 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 18 09:36:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20542047 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 09:36:16 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Asif Rahman |
Author | Jen Scaturro |
Publication | Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 121 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1976-1978 |
Date | 2010-12-1 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.05.020 |
ISSN | 1388-2457 |
Short Title | Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2983105/ |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 15:49:29 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21035740 PMCID: PMC2983105 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 15:49:29 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 15:49:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Asif Rahman |
Author | Jen Scaturro |
Publication | Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 121 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1976-1978 |
Date | 2010-12-1 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.05.020 |
ISSN | 1388-2457 |
Short Title | Electrode montages for tDCS and weak transcranial electrical stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2983105/ |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 15:56:36 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21035740 PMCID: PMC2983105 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 15:56:36 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 15:56:36 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexandre F. DaSilva |
Author | Magdalena Sarah Volz |
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a non-invasive and safe alternative to change cortical excitability2. The effects of one session of tDCS can last for several minutes, and its effects depend on polarity of stimulation, such as that cathodal stimulation induces a decrease in cortical excitability, and anodal stimulation induces an increase in cortical excitability that may last beyond the duration of stimulation6. These effects have been explored in cognitive neuroscience and also clinically in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders – especially when applied over several consecutive sessions4. One area that has been attracting attention of neuroscientists and clinicians is the use of tDCS for modulation of pain-related neural networks3,5. Modulation of two main cortical areas in pain research has been explored: primary motor cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex7. Due to the critical role of electrode montage, in this article, we show different alternatives for electrode placement for tDCS clinical trials on pain; discussing advantages and disadvantages of each method of stimulation. |
Publication | Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE |
Issue | 51 |
Date | 2011-5-23 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis Exp |
DOI | 10.3791/2744 |
ISSN | 1940-087X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3339846/ |
Accessed | Wed Jul 25 11:29:55 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21654618 PMCID: PMC3339846 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 25 11:29:55 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 25 11:29:55 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gyula Kovács |
Author | Márta Zimmer |
Author | Eva Bankó |
Author | Irén Harza |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | Zoltán Vidnyánszky |
Abstract | The existence of facial aftereffects suggests that shape-selective mechanisms at the higher stages of visual object coding -- similarly to the early processing of low-level visual features -- are adaptively recalibrated. Our goal was to uncover the ERP correlates of shape-selective adaptation and to test whether it is also involved in the visual processing of human body parts. We found that prolonged adaptation to female hands -- similarly to adaptation to female faces -- biased the judgements about the subsequently presented hand test stimuli: they were perceived more masculine than in the control conditions. We also showed that these hand aftereffects are size and orientation invariant. However, no aftereffects were found when the adaptor and test stimuli belonged to different categories (i.e. face adaptor and hand test, or vice versa), suggesting that the underlying adaptation mechanisms are category-specific. In accordance with the behavioral results, both adaptation to faces and hands resulted in a strong and category-specific modulation -- reduced amplitude and increased latency -- of the N170 component of ERP responses. Our findings suggest that shape-selective adaptation is a general mechanism of visual object processing and its neural effects are primarily reflected in the N170 component of the ERP responses. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 742-753 |
Date | May 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhj020 |
ISSN | 1047-3211 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16120795 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 28 15:27:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16120795 |
Date Added | Wed Oct 28 15:27:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lei Mo |
Author | Guiping Xu |
Author | Paul Kay |
Author | Li-Hai Tan |
Abstract | Previous studies have shown that the effect of language on categorical perception of color is stronger when stimuli are presented in the right visual field than in the left. To examine whether this lateralized effect occurs preattentively at an early stage of processing, we monitored the visual mismatch negativity, which is a component of the event-related potential of the brain to an unfamiliar stimulus among a temporally presented series of stimuli. In the oddball paradigm we used, the deviant stimuli were unrelated to the explicit task. A significant interaction between color-pair type (within-category vs. between-category) and visual field (left vs. right) was found. The amplitude of the visual mismatch negativity component evoked by the within-category deviant was significantly smaller than that evoked by the between-category deviant when displayed in the right visual field, but no such difference was observed for the left visual field. This result constitutes electroencephalographic evidence that the lateralized Whorf effect per se occurs out of awareness and at an early stage of processing. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 34 |
Pages | 14026 -14030 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1111860108 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/108/34/14026.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jan 8 22:00:32 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 22:00:32 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 8 22:00:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexandra Clifford |
Author | Anna Franklin |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Author | Amanda Holmes |
Abstract | The origin of color categories has been debated by psychologists, linguists and cognitive scientists for many decades. Here, we present the first electrophysiological evidence for categorical responding to color before color terms are acquired. Event-related potentials were recorded on a visual oddball task in 7-month old infants. Infants were shown frequent presentations of one color (standard) interspersed with infrequent presentations of a color that was either from the same category (within-category deviant) or from a different category (between-category deviant) to the standard. Differences in the event-related potentials elicited by the stimuli were found that were related to the categorical relationship of the standard and the deviant stimuli. The data are discussed in relation to the processes that underlie categorical responding in infancy, as well as the debate about the origin of color categories in language and cognition. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 165-172 |
Date | November 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.05.002 |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WBY-4WFPPKX-1/2/66b43a1bbbe6a53c09621c36475a1bc2 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 11 12:06:24 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Mar 11 12:06:24 2010 |
Modified | Fri Jan 6 10:39:19 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.F. Woodman |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Abstract | The perception of natural visual scenes that contain many objects poses computational problems that are absent when objects are perceived in isolation(1). Vision researchers have captured this attribute of real-world perception in the laboratory by using visual search tasks, in which subjects search for a target object in arrays containing varying numbers of non-target distracter objects. Under many conditions, the amount of time required to detect a visual search target increases as the number of objects in the stimulus array increases, and some investigators have proposed that this reflects the serial application of attention to the individual objects in the array(2,3). However, other investigators have argued that this pattern of results may instead be due to limitations in the processing capacity of a parallel processing system that identifies multiple objects concurrently(4,5), Here we attempt to address this longstanding controversy by using an electrophysiological marker of the moment-by-moment direction of attention-the N2pc component of the event-related potential waveform-to show that attention shifts rapidly among objects during visual search |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 400 |
Issue | 6747 |
Pages | 867-869 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:48 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Krist A Noonan |
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | Faye Corbett |
Author | M.A. Lambon-Ralph |
Abstract | Semantic cognition--semantically driven verbal and nonverbal behavior--is composed of at least two interactive principal components: conceptual representations and executive control processes that regulate and shape activation within the semantic system. Previous studies indicate that semantic dementia follows from a progressive yet specific degradation of conceptual knowledge. In contrast, multimodal semantic impairment in aphasic patients (semantic aphasia [SA]) reflects damage to the control component of semantic cognition [Jefferies, E., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia: A case-series comparison. Brain, 129, 2132-2147, 2006]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of the semantic control deficits in SA in detail for the first time. Seven patients with SA were tested on four comprehension and naming tasks that directly manipulated the requirement for executive control in different ways. In line with many theories of cognitive control, the SA patients demonstrated three core features of impaired control: (i) they exhibited poor on-line manipulation and exploration of semantic knowledge; (ii) they exhibited poor inhibition of strongly associated distractors; and (iii) they exhibited reduced ability to focus on or augment less dominant aspects of semantic information, although the knowledge itself remained and could be successfully cued by external constraints provided by the examiner. Our findings are consistent with the notion that the anterior temporal lobes are crucial for conceptual knowledge whereas the left prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices, damaged in patients with SA, play a critical role in regulating semantic activation in a task-appropriate fashion. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1597-1613 |
Date | Jul 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21289 |
ISSN | 1530-8898 |
Short Title | Elucidating the nature of deregulated semantic cognition in semantic aphasia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580383 |
Accessed | Thu May 6 14:30:30 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19580383 |
Date Added | Thu May 6 14:30:30 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 16 17:23:03 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Abstract | The study of human intelligence was once dominated by symbolic approaches, but over the last 30 years an alternative approach has arisen. Symbols and processes that operate on them are often seen today as approximate characterizations of the emergent consequences of sub- or nonsymbolic processes, and a wide range of constructs in cognitive science can be understood as emergents. These include representational constructs (units, structures, rules), architectural constructs (central executive, declarative memory), and developmental processes and outcomes (stages, sensitive periods, neurocognitive modules, developmental disorders). The greatest achievements of human cognition may be largely emergent phenomena. It remains a challenge for the future to learn more about how these greatest achievements arise and to emulate them in artificial systems. |
Publication | Topics in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 751-770 |
Date | 2010/10/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01116.x |
ISSN | 1756-8765 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01116.x/abstract |
Accessed | Wed Jan 18 23:30:32 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Wed Jan 18 23:30:32 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stefan Thurner |
Author | Michael Szell |
Author | Roberta Sinatra |
Abstract | We study behavioral action sequences of players in a massive multiplayer online game. In their virtual life players use eight basic actions which allow them to interact with each other. These actions are communication, trade, establishing or breaking friendships and enmities, attack, and punishment. We measure the probabilities for these actions conditional on previous taken and received actions and find a dramatic increase of negative behavior immediately after receiving negative actions. Similarly, positive behavior is intensified by receiving positive actions. We observe a tendency towards anti-persistence in communication sequences. Classifying actions as positive (good) and negative (bad) allows us to define binary ‘world lines’ of lives of individuals. Positive and negative actions are persistent and occur in clusters, indicated by large scaling exponents of the mean square displacement of the world lines. For all eight action types we find strong signs for high levels of repetitiveness, especially for negative actions. We partition behavioral sequences into segments of length (behavioral ‘words’ and ‘motifs’) and study their statistical properties. We find two approximate power laws in the word ranking distribution, one with an exponent of for the ranks up to 100, and another with a lower exponent for higher ranks. The Shannon -tuple redundancy yields large values and increases in terms of word length, further underscoring the non-trivial statistical properties of behavioral sequences. On the collective, societal level the timeseries of particular actions per day can be understood by a simple mean-reverting log-normal model. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | e29796 |
Date | January 12, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0029796 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029796 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 29 14:59:47 2012 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Thu Mar 29 14:59:47 2012 |
Modified | Thu Mar 29 14:59:47 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E.V. Clark |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 379-405 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:25:31 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas Ostler |
Publisher | Harper Perennial |
Date | 2006-07-01 |
# of Pages | 640 |
ISBN | 0060935723 |
Short Title | Empires of the Word |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas Ostler |
Publisher | Harper Perennial |
Date | 2006-07-01 |
# of Pages | 640 |
ISBN | 0060935723 |
Short Title | Empires of the Word |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jason J. S. Barton |
Author | Christopher J. Fox |
Author | Alla Sekunova |
Author | Giuseppe Iaria |
Abstract | Written texts are not just words but complex multidimensional stimuli, including aspects such as case, font, and handwriting style, for example. Neuropsychological reports suggest that left fusiform lesions can impair the reading of text for word (lexical) content, being associated with alexia, whereas right-sided lesions may impair handwriting recognition. We used fMRI adaptation in 13 healthy participants to determine if repetition–suppression occurred for words but not handwriting in the left visual word form area (VWFA) and the reverse in the right fusiform gyrus. Contrary to these expectations, we found adaptation for handwriting but not for words in both the left VWFA and the right VWFA homologue. A trend to adaptation for words but not handwriting was seen only in the left middle temporal gyrus. An analysis of anterior and posterior subdivisions of the left VWFA also failed to show any adaptation for words. We conclude that the right and the left fusiform gyri show similar patterns of adaptation for handwriting, consistent with a predominantly perceptual contribution to text processing. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Pages | 1-13 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21286 |
Short Title | Encoding in the Visual Word Form Area |
URL | http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2009.21286 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 10:11:15 2010 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 10:11:15 2010 |
Modified | Wed Jan 18 15:51:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Tulving |
Author | D. M. Thomson |
Abstract | Recent changes in prctheorclical orientation toward problems of human memory have brought with them a concern with retrieval processes, and a number of early versions of theories of retrieval have been constructed. This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items. Experiments designed to test the currently most popular theory of retrieval, the generation-recognition theory, yielded results incompatible not only with generation-recognition models, but most other theories as well: under certain conditions subjects consistently failed to recognize many recallable list words. Several tentative explanations of this phenomenon of recognition failure were subsumed under the encoding specificity principle according to which the memory trace of an event and hence the properties of effective retrieval cue are determined by the specific encoding operations performed by the system on the input stimuli. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 80 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 352-373 |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 11 10:26:01 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 11 10:27:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.G. Reddy |
Author | Francis S. Bellezza |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 167-174 |
Date | 1983 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.167 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1983-24959-001 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 14:48:07 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 14:48:07 2010 |
Modified | Wed Mar 24 13:28:03 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C J Holmes |
Author | R Hoge |
Author | L Collins |
Author | R Woods |
Author | A W Toga |
Author | A C Evans |
Abstract | PURPOSE With the advent of noninvasive neuroimaging, a plethora of digital human neuroanatomical atlases has been developed. The accuracy of these atlases is constrained by the resolution and signal-gathering powers of available imaging equipment. In an attempt to circumvent these limitations and to produce a high resolution in vivo human neuroanatomy, we investigated the usefulness of intrasubject registration for post hoc MR signal averaging. METHOD Twenty-seven high resolution (7 x 0.78 and 20 x 1.0 mm3) T1-weighted volumes were acquired from a single subject, along with 12 double echo T2/proton density-weighted volumes. These volumes were automatically registered to a common stereotaxic space in which they were subsampled and intensity averaged. The resulting images were examined for anatomical quality and usefulness for other analytical techniques. RESULTS The quality of the resulting image from the combination of as few as five T1 volumes was visibly enhanced. The signal-to-noise ratio was expected to increase as the root of the number of contributing scans to 5.2, n = 27. The improvement in the n = 27 average was great enough that fine anatomical details, such as thalamic subnuclei and the gray bridges between the caudate and putamen, became crisply defined. The gray/white matter boundaries were also enhanced, as was the visibility of any finer structure that was surrounded by tissue of varying T1 intensity. The T2 and proton density average images were also of higher quality than single scans, but the improvement was not as dramatic as that of the T1 volumes. CONCLUSION Overall, the enhanced signal in the averaged images resulted in higher quality anatomical images, and the data lent themselves to several postprocessing techniques. The high quality of the enhanced images permits novel uses of the data and extends the possibilities for in vivo human neuroanatomy. |
Publication | Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 324-333 |
Date | 1998 Mar-Apr |
Journal Abbr | J Comput Assist Tomogr |
ISSN | 0363-8715 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9530404 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 23:30:21 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9530404 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 23:30:21 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Sparing |
Author | M Dafotakis |
Author | IG Meister |
Author | N Thirugnanasambandam |
Author | GR Fink |
Abstract | In humans, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used to induce, depending on polarity, increases or decreases of cortical excitability by polarization of the underlying brain tissue. Cognitive enhancement as a result of tDCS has been reported. The purpose of this study was to test whether weak tDCS (current density, 57 mu A/cm(2)) can be used to modify language processing. Fifteen healthy subjects performed a visual picture naming task before, during and after tDCS applied over the posterior perisylvian region (PPR), i.e. an area which includes Wernicke's area [BA 22]. Four different sessions were carried out: (1) anodal and (2) cathodal stimulation of left PPR and, for control, (3) anodal stimulation of the homologous region of the right hemisphere and (4) sham stimulation. We found that subjects responded significantly faster following anodal tDCS to the left PPR (p < 0.01). No decreases in performance were detected. Our finding of a transient improvement in a language task following the application of tDCS together with previous studies which investigated the modulation of picture naming latency by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) suggest that tDCS applied to the left PPR (including Wernicke's area [BA 22]) can be used to enhance language processing in healthy subjects. Whether this safe, low cost, and easy to use brain stimulation technique can be used to ameliorate deficits of picture naming in aphasic patients needs further investigations. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 261-268 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.009 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=20&SID=4C6EhLO98cag9BCDep8&page=1&doc=9 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:52:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:52:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Aug 30 11:19:08 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. M. Mottaghy |
Author | Roland Sparing |
Author | Rudolf Töpper |
Abstract | The enhancement of cognitive function in healthy subjects by medication, training or intervention yields increasing political, social and ethical attention. In this paper facilitatory effects of single-pulse TMS and repetitive TMS on a simple picture naming task are presented. A significant shortening of picture naming latencies was observed after single-pulse TMS over Wernicke's area. The accuracy of the response was not affected by this speed effect. After TMS over the dominant motor cortex or over the non-dominant temporal lobe, however, no facilitation of picture naming was observed. In the rTMS experiments only rTMS of Wernicke's area had an impact on picture naming latencies resulting in a shortening of naming latencies without affecting the accuracy of the response. rTMS over the visual cortex, Broca's area or over the corresponding sites in the non-dominant hemisphere had no effect. Single-pulse TMS is able to facilitate lexical processes due to a general preactivation of language-related neuronal networks when delivered over Wernicke's area. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over Wernicke's area also leads to a brief facilitation of picture naming possibly by shortening linguistic processing time. Whether TMS or rTMS can be used to aid linguistic therapy in the rehabilitation phase of aphasic patients should be subject of further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Behavioural Neurology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 3/4 |
Pages | 177-186 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | Article |
ISSN | 09534180 |
URL | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=keh&AN=23247870&site=ehost-live |
Accessed | Fri Jan 30 20:11:18 2009 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jul 18 23:45:48 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter Lakatos |
Author | George Karmos |
Author | Ashesh D. Mehta |
Author | Istvan Ulbert |
Author | Charles E. Schroeder |
Abstract | Whereas gamma-band neuronal oscillations clearly appear integral to visual attention, the role of lower-frequency oscillations is still being debated. Mounting evidence indicates that a key functional property of these oscillations is the rhythmic shifting of excitability in local neuronal ensembles. Here, we show that when attended stimuli are in a rhythmic stream, delta-band oscillations in the primary visual cortex entrain to the rhythm of the stream, resulting in increased response gain for task-relevant events and decreased reaction times. Because of hierarchical cross-frequency coupling, delta phase also determines momentary power in higher-frequency activity. These instrumental functions of low-frequency oscillations support a conceptual framework that integrates numerous earlier findings. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 320 |
Issue | 5872 |
Pages | 110-113 |
Date | April 4, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1154735 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/320/5872/110 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 11 19:10:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Tue Aug 11 19:10:24 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 11 19:10:24 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bradley C. Love |
Abstract | Abstract2014Developing categorization schemes involves discovering structures in the world that support a learner's goals. Existing models of category learning, such as exemplar and prototype models, neglect the role of goals in shaping conceptual organization. Here, a clustering approach is discussed that reflects the joint influences of the environment and goals in directing category acquisition. Clusters are a flexible representational medium that exhibits properties of exemplar, prototype, and rule-based models. Clusters reflect the natural bundles of correlated features present in our environment. The clustering model Supervised and Unsupervised Stratified Incremental Adaptive Network (SUSTAIN) operates by assuming the world has a simple structure and adding complexity (i.e., clusters) when existing clusters fail to satisfy the learner's goals and thus elicit surprise. Although simple, this operation is sufficient to address findings from numerous laboratory and cross-cultural categorization studies. |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 195-199 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00363.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00363.x |
Accessed | Sat May 9 15:08:23 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat May 9 15:08:23 2009 |
Modified | Sat May 9 15:08:23 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven M Smith |
Author | Arthur Glenberg |
Author | Robert A Bjork |
Abstract | In Exp I, with 16 undergraduates, variability of input environments produced higher free recall performance than unchanged input environments. Exp II (24 Ss) showed improvements in cued recall when storage and test contexts matched, using a paradigm that unconfounded the variables of context mismatching and context change. In Exp III (20 Ss), recall of categories and words within a category were better for same- than different-context recall. In Exp IV, 112 Ss given identical input conditions showed strong effects of environmental context when given a free recall test, yet showed no main effects of context on a recognition test. The absence of an environmental context effect on recognition was replicated in Exp V (64 Ss), using cued recognition to control the semantic encodings of test words. In the discussion, environmental context is compared with other types of context, and an attempt is made to identify the memory processes influenced by environmental context. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Memory & Cognition. Vol 6(4) |
Pages | 342-353 |
Date | Jul 1978 |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (PsycINFO) |
Date Added | Fri Dec 25 12:52:05 2009 |
Modified | Fri Dec 25 12:52:05 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S M Smith |
Author | E Vela |
Abstract | To address questions about human memory's dependence on the coincidental environmental contexts in which events occur, we review studies of incidental environmental context-dependent memory in humans and report a meta-analysis. Our theoretical approach to the issue stems from Glenberg's (1997) contention that introspective thought (e.g., remembering, conceptualizing) requires cognitive resources normally used to represent the immediate environment. We propose that if tasks encourage processing of noncontextual information (i.e., introspective thought) at input and/or at test, then both learning and memory will be less dependent on the ambient environmental contexts in which those activities occur. The meta-analysis showed that across all studies, environmental context effects were reliable, and furthermore, that the use of noncontextual cues during learning (overshadowing) and at test (outshining), as well as mental reinstatement of appropriate context cues at test, all reduce the effect of environmental manipulations. We conclude that environmental context-dependent memory effects are less likely to occur under conditions in which the immediate environment is likely to be suppressed. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 203-220 |
Date | Jun 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Environmental context-dependent memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11495110 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 18:01:16 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11495110 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:01:16 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Raymond G. Gordon |
Edition | Fifteenth |
Publisher | SIL International |
Date | 2005-01-01 |
# of Pages | 1272 |
ISBN | 155671159X |
Short Title | Ethnologue |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Matthew J. C. Crump |
Author | John V. McDonnell |
Author | Todd M. Gureckis |
Abstract | Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) is an online crowdsourcing service where anonymous online workers complete web-based tasks for small sums of money. The service has attracted attention from experimental psychologists interested in gathering human subject data more efficiently. However, relative to traditional laboratory studies, many aspects of the testing environment are not under the experimenter's control. In this paper, we attempt to empirically evaluate the fidelity of the AMT system for use in cognitive behavioral experiments. These types of experiment differ from simple surveys in that they require multiple trials, sustained attention from participants, comprehension of complex instructions, and millisecond accuracy for response recording and stimulus presentation. We replicate a diverse body of tasks from experimental psychology including the Stroop, Switching, Flanker, Simon, Posner Cuing, attentional blink, subliminal priming, and category learning tasks using participants recruited using AMT. While most of replications were qualitatively successful and validated the approach of collecting data anonymously online using a web-browser, others revealed disparity between laboratory results and online results. A number of important lessons were encountered in the process of conducting these replications that should be of value to other researchers. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | e57410 |
Date | March 13, 2013 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0057410 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057410 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 00:03:16 2013 |
Library Catalog | PLoS Journals |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 00:03:16 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 00:03:16 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. J. Berinsky |
Author | G. A. Huber |
Author | G. S. Lenz |
Publication | Political Analysis |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 351-368 |
Date | 2012-03-02 |
DOI | 10.1093/pan/mpr057 |
ISSN | 1047-1987, 1476-4989 |
Short Title | Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research |
URL | http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/pan/mpr057 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 00:10:32 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 00:10:32 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 00:10:32 2013 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Contributor | D.G Hall |
Contributor | S.R. Waxman |
Book Title | From many strands: Weaving a lexicon |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2004 |
Pages | 295-335 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 12:38:04 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Mani |
Author | B Diehl |
Author | Z Piao |
Author | S S Schuele |
Author | E Lapresto |
Author | P Liu |
Author | D R Nair |
Author | D S Dinner |
Author | H O Lüders |
Abstract | BACKGROUND: Dejerine and Benson and Geschwind postulated disconnection of the dominant angular gyrus from both visual association cortices as the basis for pure alexia, emphasizing disruption of white matter tracts in the dominant temporooccipital region. Recently functional imaging studies provide evidence for direct participation of basal temporal and occipital cortices in the cognitive process of reading. The exact location and function of these areas remain a matter of debate. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the participation of the basal temporal region in reading. METHOD: Extraoperative electrical stimulation of the dominant hemisphere was performed in three subjects using subdural electrodes, as part of presurgical evaluation for refractory epilepsy. RESULTS: Pure alexia was reproduced during cortical stimulation of the dominant posterior fusiform and inferior temporal gyri in all three patients. Stimulation resulted in selective reading difficulty with intact auditory comprehension and writing. Reading difficulty involved sentences and words with intact letter by letter reading. Picture naming difficulties were also noted at some electrodes. This region is located posterior to and contiguous with the basal temporal language area (BTLA) where stimulation resulted in global language dysfunction in visual and auditory realms. The location corresponded with the visual word form area described on functional MRI. CONCLUSION: These observations support the existence of a visual language area in the dominant fusiform and occipitotemporal gyri, contiguous with basal temporal language area. A portion of visual language area was exclusively involved in lexical processing while the other part of this region processed both lexical and nonlexical symbols. |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 20 |
Pages | 1621-1627 |
Date | Nov 11, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neurology |
DOI | 10.1212/01.wnl.0000334755.32850.f0 |
ISSN | 1526-632X |
Short Title | Evidence for a basal temporal visual language center |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001252 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:48:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19001252 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:48:24 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anita Williams Woolley |
Author | Christopher F. Chabris |
Author | Alex Pentland |
Author | Nada Hashmi |
Author | Thomas W. Malone |
Abstract | Psychologists have repeatedly shown that a single statistical factor—often called “general intelligence”—emerges from the correlations among people’s performance on a wide variety of cognitive tasks. But no one has systematically examined whether a similar kind of “collective intelligence” exists for groups of people. In two studies with 699 people, working in groups of two to five, we find converging evidence of a general collective intelligence factor that explains a group’s performance on a wide variety of tasks. This “c factor” is not strongly correlated with the average or maximum individual intelligence of group members but is correlated with the average social sensitivity of group members, the equality in distribution of conversational turn-taking, and the proportion of females in the group. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6004 |
Pages | 686 -688 |
Date | October 29 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1193147 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6004/686.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jan 30 13:52:09 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 30 13:52:09 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jan 30 13:52:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julie M. Hupp |
Author | Vladimir M. Sloutsky |
Author | Peter W. Culicover |
Abstract | The ability to distinguish between an inflectional derivation of a target word, which is a variant of the target, and a completely new word is an important task of language acquisition. In an attempt to explain the ability to solve this problem, it has been proposed that the beginning of the word is its most psychologically salient portion. However, it is not clear whether this phenomenon is specific to language. The three reported experiments address this issue. Experiments 1 and 2 established that suffixation-type preferences occur in language and in domains outside of language and that it is plausible that this same mechanism could account for alternative types of inflectional morphology. Experiment 3 indicated that the suffixation preference is both flexible and transferable across domains. In combination, these experiments suggest that the suffixation preference is driven by a cognitive mechanism that is both domain-general and flexible in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Language & Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 876-909 |
Date | July 2009 |
DOI | 10.1080/01690960902719267 |
ISSN | 01690965 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Wed Nov 24 21:20:02 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A.II Kuczaj |
Abstract | Tests the hypothesis that children are predisposed to learn suffixes rather than prefixes. Results of four experiments generally support the hypothesis. Importance of language learning strategies and influences of child's experience on strategy use are discussed. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-13 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 21:48:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:51:26 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Saumier |
Author | M. Arguin |
Author | H. Chertkow |
Author | J. Renfrew |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 115 |
Date | November 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robin Laycock |
Author | David P. Crewther |
Author | Paul B. Fitzgerald |
Author | Sheila G. Crewther |
Abstract | Evidence from human and primate studies suggests that fast visual processing may utilize signals projecting from primary visual cortex (V1) through the dorsal stream, to area V5/MT+ or beyond and subsequently back into V1. This coincides with the arrival of parvocellular signals en route to the ventral pathway and infero-temporal cortex. Such evidence suggests that the dorsal stream region V5/MT+ is activated rapidly through the traditional hierarchical pathway and also via a less-well-established direct signal to V5/MT+ bypassing V1. To test this, 16 healthy humans underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of V1/V2 and V5/MT+ while performing a motion-direction detection task. A three-alternate forced-choice design (left/right motion, stationary) allowed analysis of the quality of errors made, in addition to the more usual performance measures. Transient disruption of V1/V2 and V5/MT+ significantly reduced accuracy when TMS was applied at or near motion onset. Most participants also showed disrupted performance with TMS application over V1/V2 ∼125 ms post motion onset, and significantly reduced accuracy at 158 ms with V5/MT+ stimulation. The two periods of disruption with V1/V2 TMS are suggestive of feedforward/feedback models, although the earlier period of disruption has not been reported in previous TMS studies. Very early activation of V5/MT+, evidenced by diminished accuracy and reduced perception of motion after TMS may be indicative of a thalamic-extrastriate pathway in addition to the traditionally expected later period of processing. A profound disruption of performance prestimulus onset is more likely to reflect disruption of top-down expectancy than disruption of visual processing. |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1253 -1262 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1152/jn.00416.2007 |
Short Title | Evidence for Fast Signals and Later Processing in Human V1/V2 and V5/MT+ |
URL | http://jn.physiology.org/content/98/3/1253.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jul 12 23:36:38 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 12 23:36:38 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 12 23:36:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Laurie S Glezer |
Author | Xiong Jiang |
Author | M. Riesenhuber |
Abstract | Theories of reading have posited the existence of a neural representation coding for whole real words (i.e., an orthographic lexicon), but experimental support for such a representation has proved elusive. Using fMRI rapid adaptation techniques, we provide evidence that the human left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (specifically the "visual word form area," VWFA) contains a representation based on neurons highly selective for individual real words, in contrast to current theories that posit a sublexical representation in the VWFA. |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 199-204 |
Date | Apr 30, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.017 |
ISSN | 1097-4199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19409265 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 22 09:09:38 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19409265 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 22 09:09:38 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Editor | Susanne Niemeier |
Editor | René Dirven |
Series | International Conference on Historical Linguistics |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
ISBN | 1556199767 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Apr 16 15:02:32 2009 |
Modified | Thu Apr 16 15:05:02 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. McCarthy |
Author | E.K. Warrington |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 334 |
Issue | 6181 |
Pages | 428-430 |
Date | 1988 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ian A. Todd |
Author | N. J. Mackintosh |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 385 |
Date | 1990 |
DOI | 10.1080/14640749008401890 |
ISSN | 0272-4995 |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/14640749008401890 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 21 10:29:31 2009 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 10:29:31 2009 |
Modified | Mon Dec 21 10:29:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Smith |
Author | R. Klein |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 852-861 |
Date | 1990 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S M Kosslyn |
Author | O Koenig |
Author | A Barrett |
Author | C B Cave |
Author | J Tang |
Author | J D Gabrieli |
Abstract | Analyses of human object recognition abilities led to the hypothesis that 2 kinds of spatial relation representations are used in human vision. Evidence for the distinction between abstract categorical spatial relation representations and specific coordinate spatial relation representations was provided in 4 experiments. These results indicate that Ss make categorical judgments--on/off, left/right, and above/below--faster when stimuli are initially presented to the left cerebral hemisphere, whereas they make evaluations of distance--in relation to 2 mm, 3 mm, or 1 in. (2.54 cm)--faster when stimuli are initially presented to the right cerebral hemisphere. In addition, there was evidence that categorical representations developed with practice. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 723-735 |
Date | Nov 1989 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | Evidence for two types of spatial representations |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2531207 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 19:06:05 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2531207 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 19:06:05 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cesare Parise |
Author | Francesco Pavani |
Abstract | The question of the arbitrariness of language is among the oldest in cognitive sciences, and it relates to the nature of the associations between vocal sounds and their meaning. Growing evidence seems to support sound symbolism, claiming for a naturally constrained mapping of meaning into sounds. Most of such evidence, however, comes from studies based on the interpretation of pseudowords, and to date, there is little empirical evidence that sound symbolism can affect phonatory behavior. In the present study, we asked participants to utter the letter /a/ in response to visual stimuli varying in shape, luminance, and size, and we observed consistent sound symbolic effects on vocalizations. Utterances’ loudness was modulated by stimulus shape and luminance. Moreover, stimulus shape consistently modulated the frequency of the third formant (F3). This finding reveals an automatic mapping of specific visual attributes into phonological features of vocalizations. Furthermore, it suggests that sound-meaning associations are reciprocal, affecting active (production) as well as passive (comprehension) linguistic behavior. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 214 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 373-380 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-011-2836-3 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/g4686275151trn41/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 13:07:47 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 13:07:47 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:03:49 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | A. Papafragou |
Author | P. Li |
Date | 2002 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 26th Annual Boston Universtiy Conference on Language Development⬚ ⬚ |
Place | Simerville, MA. |
Publisher | Cascadilla Press |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Katrina G KG Claw |
Author | Willie J WJ Swanson |
Abstract | The evolution of the egg is dynamic, and eggs have numerous species-specific properties across vertebrates and invertebrates. Interestingly, although the structure and function of the egg have remained relatively conserved over time, some constituents of the egg's extracellular barriers are undergoing rapid evolution. In this article, we review current ideas regarding sperm-egg interactions, discuss genetic approaches used to elucidate egg gene functions, and highlight the interesting differences that have evolved across taxa. We suggest that the rapid evolution of egg components and the mechanisms behind sperm-egg interactions are integrally connected, and delve in depth into each component of the egg's extracellular matrices. Finally, we discuss the promising future of reproductive research and how high-throughput genomics and proteomics have the potential to revolutionize the field and provide new evidence that will challenge previously held views about the fertilization process. |
Publication | Mol Syst Biol |
Volume | 13 |
Pages | 109–125 |
Date | January 2012 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev-genom-090711-163745 |
URL | http://pubget.com/site/paper/22703177?institution= |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Abstract | Universal grammar specifies the mechanism of language acquisition. It determines the range of grammatical hypothesis that children entertain during language learning and the procedure they use for evaluating input sentences. How universal grammar arose is a major challenge for evolutionary biology. We present a mathematical framework for the evolutionary dynamics of grammar learning. The central result is a coherence threshold, which specifies the condition for a universal grammar to induce coherent communication within a population. We study selection of grammars within the same universal grammar and competition between different universal grammars. We calculate the condition under which natural selection favors the emergence of rule-based, generative grammars that underlie complex language. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 291 |
Issue | 5501 |
Pages | 114 -118 |
Date | January 05 , 2001 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.291.5501.114 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5501/114.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Feb 1 00:23:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 1 00:23:59 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 1 00:23:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Abstract | Universal grammar specifies the mechanism of language acquisition. It determines the range of grammatical hypothesis that children entertain during language learning and the procedure they use for evaluating input sentences. How universal grammar arose is a major challenge for evolutionary biology. We present a mathematical framework for the evolutionary dynamics of grammar learning. The central result is a coherence threshold, which specifies the condition for a universal grammar to induce coherent communication within a population. We study selection of grammars within the same universal grammar and competition between different universal grammars. We calculate the condition under which natural selection favors the emergence of rule-based, generative grammars that underlie complex language. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 291 |
Issue | 5501 |
Pages | 114-118 |
Date | 01/05/2001 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.291.5501.114 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5501/114 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:28:29 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 11141560 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Natalia L. Komarova |
Author | Partha Niyogi |
Abstract | Universal grammar specifies the mechanism of language acquisition. It determines the range of grammatical hypothesis that children entertain during language learning and the procedure they use for evaluating input sentences. How universal grammar arose is a major challenge for evolutionary biology. We present a mathematical framework for the evolutionary dynamics of grammar learning. The central result is a coherence threshold, which specifies the condition for a universal grammar to induce coherent communication within a population. We study selection of grammars within the same universal grammar and competition between different universal grammars. We calculate the condition under which natural selection favors the emergence of rule-based, generative grammars that underlie complex language. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 291 |
Issue | 5501 |
Pages | 114-118 |
Date | 01/05/2001 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.291.5501.114 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5501/114 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:28:29 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 11141560 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.D. Hauser |
Author | E. Spelke |
Contributor | M. Gazzaniga |
Contributor | N. Logothetis |
Book Title | The Cognitive Neurosciences, III |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 19:00:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | William Croft |
Publication | Annual Review of Anthropology |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 219-234 |
Date | 10/2008 |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 |
ISSN | 0084-6570, 1545-4290 |
URL | http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085156 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 30 14:36:18 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 30 14:36:18 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jan 30 14:36:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael Dunn |
Author | Simon J. Greenhill |
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Author | Russell D. Gray |
Abstract | Languages vary widely but not without limit. The central goal of linguistics is to describe the diversity of human languages and explain the constraints on that diversity. Generative linguists following Chomsky have claimed that linguistic diversity must be constrained by innate parameters that are set as a child learns a language1, 2. In contrast, other linguists following Greenberg have claimed that there are statistical tendencies for co-occurrence of traits reflecting universal systems biases3, 4, 5, rather than absolute constraints or parametric variation. Here we use computational phylogenetic methods to address the nature of constraints on linguistic diversity in an evolutionary framework6. First, contrary to the generative account of parameter setting, we show that the evolution of only a few word-order features of languages are strongly correlated. Second, contrary to the Greenbergian generalizations, we show that most observed functional dependencies between traits are lineage-specific rather than universal tendencies. These findings support the view that—at least with respect to word order—cultural evolution is the primary factor that determines linguistic structure, with the current state of a linguistic system shaping and constraining future states. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 473 |
Issue | 7345 |
Pages | 79-82 |
Date | 2011-04-13 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature09923 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v473/n7345/full/nature09923.html |
Accessed | Thu Mar 15 10:52:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
Date Added | Thu Mar 15 10:52:52 2012 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 14:41:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Luc Steels |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 308-312 |
Date | July 01 2003 |
DOI | 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00129-3 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(03)00129-3 |
Accessed | Mon May 27 12:09:27 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.cell.com |
Date Added | Mon May 27 12:09:27 2013 |
Modified | Mon May 27 12:09:27 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Pica |
Author | C. Lemer |
Author | W. Izard |
Author | S. Dehaene |
Abstract | Is calculation possible without language? Or is the human ability for arithmetic dependent on the language faculty? To clarify the relation between language and arithmetic, we studied numerical cognition in speakers of Munduruku, an Amazonian language with a very small lexicon of number words. Although the Munduruku lack words for numbers beyond 5, they are able to compare and add large approximate numbers that are far beyond their naming range. However, they fail in exact arithmetic with numbers larger than 4 or 5. Our results imply a distinction between a nonverbal system of number approximation and a language-based counting system for exact number and arithmetic |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 306 |
Issue | 5695 |
Pages | 499-503 |
Date | October 15, 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Katrina Keil |
Author | Alfred W. Kaszniak |
Abstract | Background: Patients with aphasia resulting from a stroke may exhibit cognitive impairments in addition to their language disturbance. The ability to detect and quantify executive function impairment, in particular, may be critical to treating these patients. Furthermore, the effects of executive dysfunction on daily activities may interact with or amplify limitations due to their language disorder. Multiple measures exist in the clinical and research neuropsychological literatures for assessing executive function, however these vary in reliability, validity, and language demands. Aims: This review explores the definition of executive function, describes tests of executive function, and makes recommendations regarding their use in populations with language impairment. Initially a literature search was undertaken for reviews and empirical studies addressing the definition and measurement of executive function, as well as studies of cognitive function in patients with frontal lobe damage. Included in this review are tasks on which patients with frontal lesions showed impairments, activations were seen in neuroimaging studies, or which were developed for the purpose of tapping a cognitive process hypothesized to be an executive function. Main Contribution: Studies of cognitive ability in those with aphasia are reviewed. Purported executive function tests are organized into a proposed substructure for grouping executive processes, and are evaluated for their usefulness in assessing those with aphasia. Tests that have been used hint at impairments in some individuals with aphasia, suggesting a need to look at correlation with severity of auditory comprehension and constructional praxis. Conclusions: Although few executive function tests are currently appropriate for use in a language-disordered population without modifications, many have potential. In order to advance our understanding of the construct of executive function, it is important to develop a clearer definition of the processes involved. In the meantime, the tests reviewed here may be helpful in assessing whether cognitive impairment exists in addition to the language dysfunction in those with aphasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Aphasiology is the property of Psychology Press (UK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 305-335 |
Date | March 2002 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030143000654 |
ISSN | 02687038 |
Short Title | Examining executive function in individuals with brain injury |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 6183860 |
Date Added | Thu May 31 10:47:01 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tino Zaehle |
Author | Manuela Beretta |
Author | Lutz Jäncke |
Author | Christoph S. Herrmann |
Author | Pascale Sandmann |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 215 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 135-140 |
Date | 2011-10-1 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-011-2879-5 |
ISSN | 0014-4819, 1432-1106 |
Short Title | Excitability changes induced in the human auditory cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/y446652p062m77r3/ |
Accessed | Thu Feb 9 15:21:54 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Feb 9 15:21:54 2012 |
Modified | Thu Feb 9 15:21:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | W Paulus |
Abstract | In this paper we demonstrate in the intact human the possibility of a non-invasive modulation of motor cortex excitability by the application of weak direct current through the scalp.Excitability changes of up to 40 %, revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation, were accomplished and lasted for several minutes after the end of current stimulation.Excitation could be achieved selectively by anodal stimulation, and inhibition by cathodal stimulation.By varying the current intensity and duration, the strength and duration of the after-effects could be controlled.The effects were probably induced by modification of membrane polarisation. Functional alterations related to post-tetanic potentiation, short-term potentiation and processes similar to postexcitatory central inhibition are the likely candidates for the excitability changes after the end of stimulation. Transcranial electrical stimulation using weak current may thus be a promising tool to modulate cerebral excitability in a non-invasive, painless, reversible, selective and focal way. |
Publication | The Journal of Physiology |
Volume | 527 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 633 -639 |
Date | 2000 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x |
URL | http://jp.physoc.org/content/527/3/633.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Feb 9 00:19:27 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 9 00:19:27 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 9 00:19:27 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Oliver Gruber |
Author | Thomas Goschke |
Abstract | In this theoretical paper, we review findings from a series of recent behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies of working memory and executive control which provide evidence for the following theses: 1. Working memory in humans is represented by two brain systems which differ from each other with respect to their functional-neuroanatomical organization and probably also with respect to their evolutionary origin. 2. One of these brain systems relies on prefronto-parietal and prefronto-temporal cortical networks that presumably also mediate attentional selection by the top-down modulation of domain-specific sensory association areas towards behaviorally relevant information. 3. The other system is implemented by mainly left-hemispheric premotor and parietal brain regions which to a greater part also underlie language functions and which may also be involved in the retrieval and maintenance of verbal goal representations during advance preparation for task switches. 4. Context-sensitive behavioral adaptation is supported by a complementary mechanism for the detection of conflicts and for the triggering of cognitive control processes that relies on parts of the medial frontal cortex. Based on these empirical results reported in the literature we propose a neurocognitive model of executive control according to which the human ability to flexibly adapt to changing behavioral requirements, i.e. executive control, depends on dynamic and context-sensitive interactions between these brain systems. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 105-121 |
Date | 2004 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.003 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-4BGHJJ8-1/2/c6ba3bb8d32cd7df4bb100fb8d6b5259 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 22 15:26:06 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Sep 22 15:26:05 2008 |
Modified | Mon Sep 22 15:26:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tali Frankel |
Author | Claire Penn |
Author | Digby Ormond-Brown |
Abstract | Background: Lack of communicative success for people with aphasia is no longer seen as purely a linguistic deficit. Instead, the integrity of the executive functions (EF) is thought to be at least partly responsible for successful communication, particularly during conversation. In order to inform clinicians regarding both conversation and EF, a merging of two paradigms - conversational and neuropsychological approaches - is proposed. Aims: First, we explore the relevance of both neuropsychological and conversational approaches to the assessment of aphasia. Second, we present the executive battery that was designed and administered to a single participant (MS) to assess various aspects of EF. The results of a Conversation Analysis (CA) undertaken on an excerpt of MS's conversation are given. Results of the EF analysis are presented with the CA in order to highlight proposed relationships that may impact on conversational strengths and difficulties. Methods and Procedures: The executive battery was designed to assess the following constructs: attention, verbal and nonverbal working memory, memory, planning, generation, and concept formation. The participant was video-recorded in conversation with a familiar interlocutor. Transcriptions were derived and subjected to Conversation Analysis. A discussion of conversational features is presented in conjunction with results from the executive battery. Outcomes and Results: Several areas including simple sustained attention, interference control, memory, and planning appeared to be preserved. This profile occurred together with the ability to maintain concentration and track meaning during interactions with one interlocutor. Memory for previously stated information was preserved as well as the ability to think and plan ahead. These strengths also co-occurred with intact turn taking and topic management. However MS's performance also indicated difficulty with shifting attention, verbal and nonverbal working memory, generation, and concept formation. The latter two especially appeared to be mediated by the effects of perseveration, which resulted from a reduced ability to shift focus. In terms of conversation, MS reported difficulty in multi-party settings. In addition, conversational repair was affected by poor generation and selection of strategies as well as an inability to shift away from current ineffectual forms of expression to more effective, flexible, and potentially successful forms of communication. Conclusions: The notion of merging two distinct and historically separate paradigms presents unique and valuable opportunities for creative and effective treatment of individuals with aphasia who have reached plateaus or who, as in this case, present with relatively intact linguistic skills on formal testing but experience daily frustration during conversation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Aphasiology is the property of Psychology Press (UK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 6-8 |
Pages | 814-828 |
Date | Jun-Aug 2007 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030701192448 |
ISSN | 02687038 |
Short Title | Executive dysfunction as an explanatory basis for conversation symptoms of aphasia |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 26461130 |
Date Added | Thu May 31 10:45:10 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mary Purdy |
Abstract | Background: There is an increasing recognition that the communication problems one observes in persons with aphasia extend beyond verbal deficits and that the myriad of symptoms observed are not solely due to a faulty linguistic system. Rather, there exists a coalition of causal elements resulting in a wide range of communicative deficits. There is some preliminary evidence suggesting that communicative success of clients with aphasia may depend on the integrity of executive function skills. Executive functions are called into play when an individual is involved in a complex, novel activity. They allow us to plan, sequence, organise, and monitor goal-directed activities in a flexible manner as demanded by situational and environmental changes. When linguistic skills are impaired, individuals need to rely on other cognitive skills in order to communicate. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore executive functioning ability in persons with aphasia. Methods & Procedures: A total of 15 individuals with aphasia and 12 healthy control subjects participated in this study. Three dimensions of performance were examined (accuracy, speed, and efficiency) in the context of neuropsychological tests designed to examine cognitive flexibility and goal-directed planning (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Porteus Maze Test, Tower of London, and Tower of Hanoi). Outcomes & Results: Results indicated that the two groups performed with similar levels of accuracy on two of the four tests. However, significant differences were found on all speed and efficiency variables, suggesting decreased executive functioning skills in the group of individuals with aphasia. Conclusions: It is important to consider executive functioning ability in clients with aphasia and attempt to determine the influence of executive function skill on communicative performance. Understanding the cognitive abilities as well as the linguistic abilities of these clients may ultimately help clinicians determine which patients are better candidates for intervention as well as which treatment approaches would be most efficient and beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Aphasiology is the property of Psychology Press (UK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 4-6 |
Pages | 549-557 |
Date | April 2002 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030244000176 |
ISSN | 02687038 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 6463113 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 30 00:14:34 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Claire Penn |
Author | Tali Frankel |
Author | Jennifer Watermeyer |
Author | Nicole Russell |
Abstract | Background: Deficits of executive function (EF) have been proposed as all or part of the underlying mechanisms of language impairment in at least some types of aphasia. Executive functions also play a role in the recovery process. There is evidence that bilingual persons have some executive functioning advantages compared to monolingual persons. In this paper we combine two lines of recent investigation in order to explore the relationship between executive function and conversational strategies in bilingual aphasia. Aims: The aim of this preliminary research was to compare the executive functioning profiles of bilingual individuals to those of monolingual participants with aphasia. A further aim was to examine evidence in the conversational samples of the participants in relation to the application of a range of executive skills and to link cognitive and conversational profiles using Barkley's (1997) model of executive functions. Methods & Procedures: The performance of two bilingual individuals with aphasia on a test battery of executive function tests was compared with that of eight monolingual persons (seven with aphasia and one with right hemisphere damage). The test battery included measures of behavioural inhibition, working memory, problem solving, and reconstitution. The presence or absence of executive features in the conversational samples of the participants was judged by four raters using conversational analysis methods. Outcomes & Results: Significant differences were found between the scores of the bilingual participants and those of the monolingual participants on measures of behavioural inhibition, working memory, planning and problem solving, and reconstitution. The bilingual participants' scores were mostly within normal limits and suggested well?retained executive functions. Conversation analysis showed evidence of differential application of these executive functions to conversational management. Regardless of severity or type of aphasia, the bilingual participants showed evidence of good topic management, repair, and flexibility compared to the monolingual participants. Conclusions: The results are interpreted in relation to current issues in bilingualism. Our preliminary findings shed light on differential approaches to assessment, therapy, and choice of language for bilingual aphasia. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 288-308 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030902958399 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02687030902958399#preview |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Thu May 31 09:47:14 2012 |
Modified | Thu May 31 09:52:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Berta Figueras |
Author | Lindsey Edwards |
Author | Dawn Langdon |
Abstract | The relationship between language and executive function (EF) and their development in children have been the focus of recent debate and are of theoretical and clinical importance. Exploration of these functions in children with a peripheral hearing loss has the potential to be informative from both perspectives. This study compared the EF and language skills of 8- to 12-year-old children with cochlear implants (n = 22) and nonimplanted deaf children (n = 25) with those of age-matched hearing controls (n = 22). Implanted and nonimplanted deaf children performed below the level of hearing children on tests assessing oral receptive language, as well as on a number of EF tests, but no significant differences emerged between the implanted and nonimplanted deaf groups. Language ability was significantly positively associated with EF in both hearing and deaf children. Possible interpretations of these findings are suggested and the theoretical and clinical implications considered. |
Publication | Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 362-377 |
Date | 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ |
DOI | 10.1093/deafed/enm067 |
ISSN | 1465-7325 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252699 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 23 19:37:32 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18252699 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 23 19:37:32 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carin Whitney |
Author | Marie Kirk |
Author | Jamie O'Sullivan |
Author | Matthew A Lambon Ralph |
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Abstract | To understand the meanings of words and objects, we need to have knowledge about these items themselves plus executive mechanisms that compute and manipulate semantic information in a task-appropriate way. The neural basis for semantic control remains controversial. Neuroimaging studies have focused on the role of the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG), whereas neuropsychological research suggests that damage to a widely distributed network elicits impairments of semantic control. There is also debate about the relationship between semantic and executive control more widely. We used TMS in healthy human volunteers to create "virtual lesions" in structures typically damaged in patients with semantic control deficits: LIFG, left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The influence of TMS on tasks varying in semantic and nonsemantic control demands was examined for each region within this hypothesized network to gain insights into (i) their functional specialization (i.e., involvement in semantic representation, controlled retrieval, or selection) and (ii) their domain dependence (i.e., semantic or cognitive control). The results revealed that LIFG and pMTG jointly support both the controlled retrieval and selection of semantic knowledge. IPS specifically participates in semantic selection and responds to manipulations of nonsemantic control demands. These observations are consistent with a large-scale semantic control network, as predicted by lesion data, that draws on semantic-specific (LIFG and pMTG) and domain-independent executive components (IPS). |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 133-147 |
Date | Jan 2012 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn_a_00123 |
ISSN | 1530-8898 |
Short Title | Executive Semantic Processing Is Underpinned by a Large-scale Neural Network |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861680 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 26 17:53:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21861680 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 26 17:53:39 2011 |
Modified | Sat Nov 26 17:53:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T J Palmeri |
Abstract | Effects of exemplar similarity on the development of automaticity were investigated with a task in which participants judged the numerosity of random patterns of between 6 and 11 dots. After several days of training, response times were the same at all levels of numerosity, signaling the development of automaticity. In Experiment 1, response times to new patterns were a function of their similarity to old patterns. In Experiment 2, responses to patterns with high within-category similarity became automatized more quickly than responses to patterns with low within-category similarity. In Experiment 3, responses to patterns with high between-category similarity became automatized more slowly than responses to patterns with low between-category similarity. A new theory, the exemplar-based random walk (EBRW) model, was used to explain the results. Combining elements of G. D. Logan's (1988) instance theory of automaticity and R. M. Nosofsky's (1986) generalized context model of categorization, the theory embeds a dynamic similarity-based memory retrieval mechanism within a competitive random walk decision process. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 324-354 |
Date | Mar 1997 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9080007 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 3 16:07:50 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9080007 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 3 16:07:50 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | Monica S Hough |
Author | Robert S Pierce |
Website Type | Clinical Aphasiology Paper |
Date | 1991-01-01 |
URL | http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00000110/ |
Accessed | Mon Jan 17 01:03:05 2011 |
Extra | TBA |
Date Added | Mon Jan 17 01:03:05 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 17 01:03:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Lauwereyns |
Abstract | Attention can be directed to an object or to a location, and in a bottom-up or in a top-down fashion. The two dimensions of visual attention have elicited separate lines of research that bypassed the possibility of interactions. In the present paper, the relation between the two dimensions is explored from the initial assumption that they refer to independent aspects. If so, four types of visual selection should appear: exogenous/endogenous control of space-based/object-based attention. Examples of three of the four types are readily found in the literature, but expecting an object does not seem to affect visual selection. Therefore, endogenous control of object-based attention may not be possible, suggesting that the two dimensions of visual attention are interdependent and require a more integrative theoretical framework. However, research to date may not have provided adequate tests to observe benefits from expecting objects. Three issues remain open: the representation from which object-based selection takes place, the conditions under which object-based selection appears, and the extent of relative location expectation. It is argued that these issues call for experiments that could provide examples of endogenous control of object-based attention. Suggestions are made how to address these three issues empirically |
Publication | European Journal of Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 41-74 |
Date | March 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.M. Puri |
Author | E. Wojciulik |
Abstract | We examined how expectation influences perception of complex objects. Participants discriminated between normal and distorted images of famous faces or places. Word cues (mostly valid) indicated either the general category or the exact identity of the upcoming image pair. Whereas category cues did not affect performance, valid exemplar expectation led to performance benefits. Furthermore, discrimination was slower after exemplar cues from the incorrect category than after invalid exemplar cues from the correct category, indicating costs of invalid category expectation. Thus, expectation of a specific exemplar facilitates perception of that object, but hinders perception of an object from a different category. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 589-597 |
Date | February 2008 |
URL | ISI:000253786400007 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wendy J Adams |
Author | Erich W Graf |
Author | Marc O Ernst |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1057-1058 |
Date | 2004-09-07 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1312 |
ISSN | ERROR! NO ISSN |
URL | http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v7/n10/full/nn1312.html |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 17:47:18 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2004 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 17:47:18 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 17:47:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Justin Kantner |
Author | James W. Tanaka |
Abstract | When a morph face is produced with equal physical contributions from a typical parent face and an atypical parent face, the morph is judged to be more similar to the atypical parent. This discontinuity between physical and perceptual distance relationships, called the “atypicality bias” (Tanaka et al 1998, 199–220), has also been demonstrated with non-face objects (birds and cars; Tanaka and Corneille 2007 619–627). We tested whether the atypicality bias can be induced for a novel set of artificial objects. Two categories of “blob” stimuli were generated, each composed of typical and atypical members. Morphs averaged from typical and atypical parent exemplars were used to test the presence of an atypicality bias before and after participants were familiarized with blob items. In experiment 1, participants were trained to discriminate between the two blob categories. An atypicality bias was evident after, but not prior to, category training. In experiment 2, participants rated the pleasantness of the blobs instead of learning to categorize them; an atypicality bias was present only after the ratings task. This finding suggests that relatively passive exposure to exemplars is sufficient to influence perceptions of similarity, and that the atypicality bias is a manifestation of this influence. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 556 – 568 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1068/p7096 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p7096 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 9 23:19:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Sun Sep 9 23:19:15 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 9 23:19:15 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Zemel |
Author | M. Behrmann |
Author | M.C. Mozer |
Author | D. Bavelier |
Abstract | Earlier studies have shown that attention can be directed to objects, defined on the basis of generic grouping principles, highly familiar shapes, or task instructions, rather than to contiguous regions of the visual field. The 4 experiments presented in this article extend these findings, showing that object attention benefits-shorter reaction times to features appearing on a single object-apply to recently viewed novel shapes. One experiment shows that object attention operates even when the visible fragments correspond to objects that violate standard completion heuristics. Other experiments show that experience-dependent object benefits can apply to fragments even without evidence of occlusion. These results attest to the flexible operation of the perceptual system, adapting as a function of experience |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 202-217 |
Date | February 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:59 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:59 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Richard A. Carlson |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Psychology Press |
Date | 1997-09-01 |
ISBN | 0805817328 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 17:46:39 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 17:46:39 2010 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Abstract | We put together a list of articles that covers the most critical aspects of experimentation on AMT. You can find the list below organized by theme. Most likely the list will be updated in the futur... |
Website Title | Experimental Turk |
Short Title | Experimenting on AMT |
URL | http://experimentalturk.wordpress.com/2012/02/02/experimenting-on-amt-fundamental-articles/ |
Accessed | Mon Jun 4 21:45:17 2012 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 4 21:45:17 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 4 21:45:17 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J. Tanaka |
Author | I. Gauthier |
Contributor | R.L. Goldstone |
Contributor | P.G. Schyns |
Contributor | D.L. Medin |
Book Title | The psychology of learning and motivation, Volume 36 |
Place | San Diego |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1997 |
Pages | 83 -125 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:48 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 17:39:35 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | The six and a half thousand languages spoken by humankind are very unevenly distributed across the globe. Language diversity generally increases as one moves from the poles toward the equator and is very low in arid environments. Two belts of extremely high language diversity can be identified. One runs through West and Central Africa, while the other covers South and South-East Asia and the Pacific. Most of the world's languages are found in these two areas. This paper attempts to explain aspects of the global distribution of language diversity. It is proposed that a key factor influencing it has been climatic variability. Where the climate allows continuous food production throughout the year, small groups of people can be reliably self-sufficient and so populations fragment into many small languages. Where the variability of the climate is greater, the size of social network necessary for reliable subsistence is larger, and so languages tend to be more widespread. A regression analysis relating the number of languages spoken in the major tropical countries to the variability of their climates is performed and the results support the hypothesis. The geographical patterning of languages has, however, begun to be destroyed by the spread of Eurasian diseases, Eurasian people, and the world economy. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 354-374 |
Date | December 1998 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1998.0328 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45J54PM-2/2/796ec0ce788dca85b6f6867791d51fce |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:00:33 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Nov 12 20:37:59 2008 |
Modified | Wed Nov 12 20:37:59 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | The six and a half thousand languages spoken by humankind are very unevenly distributed across the globe. Language diversity generally increases as one moves from the poles toward the equator and is very low in arid environments. Two belts of extremely high language diversity can be identified. One runs through West and Central Africa, while the other covers South and South-East Asia and the Pacific. Most of the world's languages are found in these two areas. This paper attempts to explain aspects of the global distribution of language diversity. It is proposed that a key factor influencing it has been climatic variability. Where the climate allows continuous food production throughout the year, small groups of people can be reliably self-sufficient and so populations fragment into many small languages. Where the variability of the climate is greater, the size of social network necessary for reliable subsistence is larger, and so languages tend to be more widespread. A regression analysis relating the number of languages spoken in the major tropical countries to the variability of their climates is performed and the results support the hypothesis. The geographical patterning of languages has, however, begun to be destroyed by the spread of Eurasian diseases, Eurasian people, and the world economy. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 354-374 |
Date | December 1998 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1998.0328 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45J54PM-2/2/796ec0ce788dca85b6f6867791d51fce |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:00:33 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | The six and a half thousand languages spoken by humankind are very unevenly distributed across the globe. Language diversity generally increases as one moves from the poles toward the equator and is very low in arid environments. Two belts of extremely high language diversity can be identified. One runs through West and Central Africa, while the other covers South and South-East Asia and the Pacific. Most of the world's languages are found in these two areas. This paper attempts to explain aspects of the global distribution of language diversity. It is proposed that a key factor influencing it has been climatic variability. Where the climate allows continuous food production throughout the year, small groups of people can be reliably self-sufficient and so populations fragment into many small languages. Where the variability of the climate is greater, the size of social network necessary for reliable subsistence is larger, and so languages tend to be more widespread. A regression analysis relating the number of languages spoken in the major tropical countries to the variability of their climates is performed and the results support the hypothesis. The geographical patterning of languages has, however, begun to be destroyed by the spread of Eurasian diseases, Eurasian people, and the world economy. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 354-374 |
Date | December 1998 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1998.0328 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45J54PM-2/2/796ec0ce788dca85b6f6867791d51fce |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:00:33 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Editor | Martin Pütz |
Editor | Marjolijn Verspoor |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
ISBN | 1556199775 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Apr 16 15:02:55 2009 |
Modified | Thu Apr 16 15:04:22 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sofia Barros Cecilio |
Author | Soroush Zaghi |
Author | Luiza Barros Cecilio |
Author | Claudio Fernandes Correa |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Publication | American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |
Volume | 199 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | e6-e7 |
Date | 12/2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.08.034 |
ISSN | 00029378 |
URL | http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(08)00948-4/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jun 18 10:21:28 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 10:21:28 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 18 10:21:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Corbett |
Author | E. Jefferies |
Author | M. A Lambon Ralph |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 2721–2731 |
Date | 2009 |
Short Title | Exploring multimodal semantic control impairments in semantic aphasia |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:33:44 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 16 17:33:44 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jörg D. Jescheniak |
Author | Herbert Schriefers |
Author | Merrill F. Garrett |
Author | Angela D. Friederici |
Abstract | We present a new technique for studying the activation of semantic and phonological codes in speech planning using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that extend a well-established behavioral procedure from speech production research. It combines a delayed picture-naming task with a priming procedure. While participants prepared the production of a depicted object's name, they heard an auditory target word. If the prepared picture name and the target word were semantically or phonologically related, the ERP waveform to the target word tended less towards the negative when compared to an unrelated control. These effects were widely distributed. By contrast, if participants performed a nonlinguistic task on the depicted object (natural size judgment), the semantic effect was still obtained while the phonological effect disappeared. This suggests that the former effect indexes semantic activation involved in object processing while the latter effect indexes word-form activation specific to lexical processing. The data are discussed in the context of models of lexical access in speech production. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 951-964 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | i: 10.1162/089892902760191162</p> |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892902760191162 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 27 15:27:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Sat Aug 27 15:27:57 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 2 15:20:59 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas D. Duran |
Author | Rick Dale |
Author | Christopher T. Kello |
Author | Chris N. H. Street |
Author | Daniel C. Richardson |
Abstract | Both the science and the everyday practice of detecting a lie rest on the same assumption: hidden cognitive states that the liar would like to remain hidden nevertheless influence observable behavior. This assumption has good evidence. The insights of professional interrogators, anecdotal evidence, and body language textbooks have all built up a sizeable catalog of non-verbal cues that have been claimed to distinguish deceptive and truthful behavior. Typically, these cues are discrete, individual behaviors—a hand touching a mouth, the rise of a brow—that distinguish lies from truths solely in terms of their frequency or duration. Research to date has failed to establish any of these non-verbal cues as a reliable marker of deception. Here we argue that perhaps this is because simple tallies of behavior can miss out on the rich but subtle organization of behavior as it unfolds over time. Research in cognitive science from a dynamical systems perspective has shown that behavior is structured across multiple timescales, with more or less regularity and structure. Using tools that are sensitive to these dynamics, we analyzed body motion data from an experiment that put participants in a realistic situation of choosing, or not, to lie to an experimenter. Our analyses indicate that when being deceptive, continuous fluctuations of movement in the upper face, and somewhat in the arms, are characterized by dynamical properties of less stability, but greater complexity. For the upper face, these distinctions are present despite no apparent differences in the overall amount of movement between deception and truth. We suggest that these unique dynamical signatures of motion are indicative of both the cognitive demands inherent to deception and the need to respond adaptively in a social context. |
Publication | Frontiers in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 4 |
Pages | 140 |
Date | 2013 |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00140 |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Cognitive_Science/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00140/abstract |
Accessed | Tue May 28 19:00:00 2013 |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Denny C. LeCompte |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1396-1408 |
Date | 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1396 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=main.doiLanding&uid=1995-04375-001 |
Accessed | Wed May 20 11:45:14 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed May 20 11:45:14 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 02:19:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Abstract | In addition to its communicative functions, language has been argued to have a variety of extracommunicative functions, as assessed by its causal involvement in putatively nonlinguistic tasks. In the present work, I argue that language may be critically involved in the ability of human adults to categorize objects on a specific dimension (e.g., color) while abstracting over other dimensions (e.g., size). This ability is frequently impaired in aphasic patients. The present work demonstrates that normal participants placed under conditions of verbal interference show a pattern of deficits strikingly similar to that of aphasic patients: impaired taxonomic categorization along perceptual dimensions, and preserved thematic categorization. A control experiment using a visuospatial-interference task failed to find this selective pattern of deficits. The present work has implications for understanding the online role of language in normal cognition and supports the claim that language is causally involved in nonverbal cognition. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 711-718 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.16.4.711 |
URL | http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/16/4/711.abstract |
Date Added | Thu Aug 21 17:50:23 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 18:56:26 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel B. Berch |
Author | Elizabeth J. Foley |
Author | Rebecca J. Hill |
Author | Patricia McDonough Ryan |
Abstract | Children from grades 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 made speeded, bimanual parity (odd/even) judgments of numerals. Response times indicated that from fourth grade on, parity information was retrieved directly from memory. By grade 3, children represented magnitude information as a left-to-right number line which was accessed obligatorily and, by grades 6 and 8, was attenuated by linguistic effect. (Author/KB) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 286-308 |
Date | 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
Short Title | Extracting Parity and Magnitude from Arabic Numerals |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ597737 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 24 23:43:49 2012 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Wed Oct 24 23:43:49 2012 |
Modified | Wed Oct 24 23:43:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eiling Yee |
Author | Julie C Sedivy |
Abstract | Two experiments explore the activation of semantic information during spoken word recognition. Experiment 1 shows that as the name of an object unfolds (e.g., lock), eye movements are drawn to pictorial representations of both the named object and semantically related objects (e.g., key). Experiment 2 shows that objects semantically related to an uttered word's onset competitors become active enough to draw visual attention (e.g., if the uttered word is logs, participants fixate on key because of partial activation of lock), despite that the onset competitor itself is not present in the visual display. Together, these experiments provide detailed information about the activation of semantic information associated with a spoken word and its phonological competitors and demonstrate that transient semantic activation is sufficient to impact visual attention. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-14 |
Date | Jan 2006 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.32.1.1 |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478336 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:41:13 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16478336 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:41:13 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.H. Greene |
Author | K. Rayner |
Abstract | Subjects searched for a target among distractors which were arranged randomly or such that each distracter provided information about the relative position of a target. Trials were presented either in a blocked design (so that the subjects knew a priori the contextual information in the display) or in a mixed design. When the distracters provided information about target position, there were (i) shorter manual RTs, (ii) fewer fixations made in search of the target, (iii) longer mean fixation durations, (iv) shorter initial fixation durations, (v) shorter mean gaze shifts, (vi) a smaller area of Fixation dispersion, and (vii) a greater percentage of optimally directed saccades. Except for gaze shifts, the results were uninfluenced by whether or not there was a blocked or a mixed presentation. The results of the study suggest that despite noise in the search mechanism, fixation durations were adjusted to process directly the currently fixated element(s) |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 147-157 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.C. Nothdurft |
Abstract | Subjects were asked to detect faces or facial expressions from patterns with a variable number of nonfaces or faces expressing different emotions. In most tests, reaction time was found to increase steeply with sample size, thus indicating serial-search characteristics for the patterns tested. There were, however, considerable differences in the slopes of the graphs (search time versus sample size), which could be attributed to visual (but not face) cues that are discriminated at similar speeds. Slopes did not change when patterns were presented upside down, although such a modification strongly affects the perception of faces and facial expressions |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1287-1298 |
Date | 1993 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Vuilleumier |
Abstract | Recent findings demonstrate that faces with an emotional expression tend to attract attention more than neutral faces, especially when having some threat-related value (anger or fear). These findings suggest that discrimination of emotional cues in faces can at least partly be extracted at preattentive or unconscious stages of processing, and then serve to enhance awareness and behavioural responses toward emotionally relevant stimuli. Functional neuroimaging results have begun to delineate brain regions whose response to threat-related expressions is independent of voluntary attention (e.g. amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex), and other regions whose response occurs only with attention (e.g. superior temporal and anterior cingulate cortex). Moreover, visual responses in the fusiform cortex are enhanced for emotional faces, consistent with their greater perceptual saliency. Recent data from event-related evoked potentials and neurophysiology also suggest that rapid processing of emotional information may not only occur in parallel to, but promote a more detailed perceptual analysis of, sensory inputs and thus bias competition for attention toward the representation of emotionally salient stimuli. (C) 2002 Lippincott Williams Wilkins |
Publication | Current Opinion in Psychiatry |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 291-300 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rachael E Jack |
Author | Oliver G. B Garrod |
Author | Hui Yu |
Author | Roberto Caldara |
Author | Philippe G Schyns |
Abstract | Since Darwin’s seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11:843–850]. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual perception, we accessed the mind’s eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Cross-cultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature–nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Date | 2012-04-16 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1200155109 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/04/10/1200155109 |
Accessed | Wed May 23 14:01:27 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Wed May 23 14:01:27 2012 |
Modified | Wed May 23 14:01:27 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Suzuki |
Author | P. Cavanagh |
Abstract | The current study investigated the influence of a low-level local feature (curvature) and a high-level emergent feature (facial expression) on rapid search. These features distinguished the target from the distractors and were presented either alone or together. Stimuli were triplets of up and down arcs organized to form meaningless patterns or schematic faces. In the feature search, the target had the only down arc in the display. In the conjunction search, the target was a unique combination of up and down arcs. When triplets depicted faces, the target was also the only smiling face among frowning faces. The face-level feature facilitated the conjunction search but, surprisingly, slowed the feature search. These results demonstrated that an object inferiority effect could occur even when the emergent feature was useful in the search. Rapid search processes appear to operate only on high-level representations even when low-level features would be more efficient |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 901-913 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Levy |
Author | G. Yovel |
Author | M. Bean |
Abstract | The influence of lateralized unattended stimuli on the processing of attended stimuli in the opposite visual field can shed light on the nature of information that is transferred between hemispheres. On a cued bilateral task, participants tried to identify a syllable in the attended visual field, which elicits a left hemisphere (LH) advantage and different processing strategies by the two hemispheres. The same or a different syllable or a neutral stimulus appeared in the unattended field. Transmission of unattended syllable codes between hemispheres is symmetric, as revealed by equal interference for the two visual fields. The LH is more accurate than the RH in encoding unattended syllables, as indicated by facilitation in the left but not right visual field and a greater frequency of identifiable intrusions into the left than right field. However, asymmetric encoding strategies are different for attended and unattended syllables. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 432-440 |
Date | June 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A Nitsche |
Author | Astrid Schauenburg |
Author | Nicolas Lang |
Author | David Liebetanz |
Author | Cornelia Exner |
Author | Walter Paulus |
Author | Frithjof Tergau |
Abstract | Transcranially applied weak direct currents are capable of modulating motor cortical excitability in the human. Anodal stimulation enhances excitability, cathodal stimulation diminishes it. Cortical excitability changes accompany motor learning. Here we show that weak direct currents are capable of improving implicit motor learning in the human. During performance of a serial reaction time task, the primary motor cortex, premotor, or prefrontal cortices were stimulated contralaterally to the performing hand. Anodal stimulation of the primary motor cortex resulted in increased performance, whereas stimulation of the remaining cortices had no effect. We conclude that the primary motor cortex is involved in the acquisition and early consolidation phase of implicit motor learning. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 619-626 |
Date | May 15, 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/089892903321662994 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12803972 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 16:01:27 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12803972 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 16:01:27 2012 |
Modified | Wed Oct 24 23:44:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F M Mottaghy |
Author | M Hungs |
Author | M Brügmann |
Author | R Sparing |
Author | B Boroojerdi |
Author | H Foltys |
Author | W Huber |
Author | R Töpper |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on picture naming. BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that rTMS disrupts ongoing speech processes when delivered over frontal or parietal areas of the dominant hemisphere. METHODS: In 15 healthy right-handed male individuals, rTMS trains of 20 Hz with a duration of 2 seconds and an intensity of 55% of maximum stimulator output were delivered either to Wernicke's area, to the right-hemisphere homologue of Wernicke's area, to Broca's area, or to the primary visual cortex. Twenty black-and-white line drawings, which the individuals had to name as quickly as possible, were shown immediately after the completion of rTMS and again 2 minutes later. RESULTS: Immediately after the end of a train over Wernicke's area a shortening of naming latency was observed compared with naming without rTMS (p < 0.001). No significant effects on picture naming were observed 2 minutes later or at any time after stimulation of the right-hemisphere homologues of Wernicke's area, Broca's area, or the visual cortex. CONCLUSION: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over Wernicke's area leads to a brief facilitation of picture naming by shortening linguistic processing time. |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1806-1812 |
Date | Nov 10, 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Neurology |
Language | eng |
ISSN | 0028-3878 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10563632 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 19 08:36:49 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jun 19 08:36:49 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Töpper |
Author | F. M. Mottaghy |
Author | M. Brügmann |
Author | J. Noth |
Author | W. Huber |
Abstract | Abstract On the basis of an evolutionary concept of language it was postulated that activation of the motor systems for arm movements, which are phylogenetically older, should facilitate language processes. In aphasic subjects picture naming can be improved by a concomitant movement of the dominant arm. In the present study it was investigated whether a similar facilitation can be observed in normal subjects by studying the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on picture naming latencies. Suprathreshold focal TMS was applied to the left motor cortex for proximal arm muscles in right-handed subjects. The effects were compared with TMS of Wernicke’s area. While TMS of the motor cortex and the non-dominant temporal lobe had no facilitatory effects, TMS of Wernicke’s area decreased picture naming latencies significantly when TMS preceded picture presentation by 500 or 1000 ms. The observed effects depended on the intensity of the stimulus used. While clearly present with intensities of 35% and 55% of maximum output the facilitation disappeared with higher stimulation intensities. It is concluded that focal magnetic stimulation is able to facilitate lexical processes due to a general preactivation of language-related neuronal networks when delivered over Wernicke’s area. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 121 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 371-378 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1007/s002210050471 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050471 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 30 20:11:42 2009 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:04 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:04 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zsigmond Tamás Kincses |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | Orsolya Bártfai |
Author | W Paulus |
Abstract | The aim of our study was to test if the electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) could modify probabilistic classification learning (PCL). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was administered to the left prefrontal and to the primary visual cortex of 22 healthy subjects while they performed a PCL task. In this task subjects learned which of two outcomes would occur on each trial after presentation of a particular combination of cues. Ten minutes of anodal, but not cathodal, stimulation improved implicit learning only when the left PFC was stimulated. Our results show that implicit PLC can be modified by weak anodal tDCS, which probably increases neural excitability, as has been shown in the motor and visual cortices previously. Our results suggest that further studies on the facilitation of learning and memory processes by tDCS are warranted. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 113-117 |
Date | 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615081 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 23:19:01 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14615081 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 23:19:01 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Puri |
Author | D. Whitney |
Author | C. Ranganath |
Abstract | Although it is well known that expectation of low-level attributes (locations and features) can facilitate processing of simple visual stimuli, less is known regarding effects of expectation on processing of more complex, real-world stimuli. Here, a series of experiments reveals effects of object category expectation on performance of a visual discrimination task. Participants viewed morphed images composed of varying ratios of pairs of faces or places and indicated which original face or place dominated each image. Cues preceding each image could be valid (60% of trials), neutral (20% of trials) or invalid (20% of trials) with respect to object category. Performance was measured across a range of difficulty levels, generating separate psychometric and chronometric functions for each validity condition. Valid cues resulted in faster reaction times (RTs) relative to neutral and invalid cues, and steeper psychometric functions relative to the invalid condition, indicating facilitated discrimination after valid category expectation. Inspection of the chronometric functions confirmed that the RT facilitation does not reflect priming of the response. Furthermore, this expectation-dependent facilitation could not be explained by attention to spatial location or to low-level stimulus attributes. These findings demonstrate that expectation at the level of object categories can facilitate processing of complex visual stimuli. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 136 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1167/8.6.136 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:03:40 2008 |
Modified | Sat Jan 30 16:03:36 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John R. Schuck |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 13 |
Pages | 382-390 |
Date | 10/1973 |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03205790 |
ISSN | 0031-5117, 1532-5962 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8g8321j401007x2/ |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 13:12:43 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 13:12:43 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 13:12:43 2011 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | M.I Feist |
Author | D Gentner |
Abstract | What factors influence people's use of spatial prepositions? In this paper, we examine the influence of four factors -- geometry of the Ground, function of the Ground, animacy of the Ground, and animacy of the figure -- on the use of English in and on. We find evidence for all four of these factors. Spatial prepositions appear to involve a complex set of spatial and non-spatial interacting factors. |
Date | 2002 |
Series | 25th ANNUAL MEETING OF THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY⬚ ⬚ |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Smith |
Author | I. Apperly |
Author | V. White |
Abstract | Perner (1991) has claimed that the linguistic structures and reasoning tasks mastered by 4-year-olds share a requirement to handle metarepresentation. In contrast, de Villiers (2000) has argued that they share a requirement to handle misrepresentation. In the current study, a correlation is observed between success on false belief tasks and the acquisition of relative clause sentences. This correlation is not predicted by de Villiers's account because such sentences do not require the handling of misrepresentation, but it is consistent with Perner's account because such sentences do require the handling of metarepresentation. It is proposed that only an account that integrates the accounts of both de Villiers and Perner can explain extant data on language and cognition in 4-year-olds |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1709-1719 |
Date | November 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David R. Cann |
Author | Ken Mcrae |
Author | Albert N. Katz |
Abstract | Theories of false memories, particularly in the Deese?Roediger?McDermott (DRM) paradigm, focus on word association strength and gist. Backward associative strength (BAS) is a strong predictor of false recall in this paradigm. However, other than being defined as a measure of association between studied list words and falsely recalled nonpresented critical words, there is little understanding of this variable. In Experiment 1, we used a knowledge-type taxonomy to classify the semantic relations in DRM stimuli. These knowledge types predicted false-recall probability, as well as BAS itself, with the most important being situation features, synonyms, and taxonomic relations. In three subsequent experiments, we demonstrated that lists composed solely of situation features can elicit a gist and produce false memories, particularly when monitoring processes are made more difficult. Our results identify the semantic factors that underlie BAS and suggest how considering semantic relations leads to a better understanding of gist formation. Theories of false memories, particularly in the Deese?Roediger?McDermott (DRM) paradigm, focus on word association strength and gist. Backward associative strength (BAS) is a strong predictor of false recall in this paradigm. However, other than being defined as a measure of association between studied list words and falsely recalled nonpresented critical words, there is little understanding of this variable. In Experiment 1, we used a knowledge-type taxonomy to classify the semantic relations in DRM stimuli. These knowledge types predicted false-recall probability, as well as BAS itself, with the most important being situation features, synonyms, and taxonomic relations. In three subsequent experiments, we demonstrated that lists composed solely of situation features can elicit a gist and produce false memories, particularly when monitoring processes are made more difficult. Our results identify the semantic factors that underlie BAS and suggest how considering semantic relations leads to a better understanding of gist formation. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1515-1542 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2011.560272 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
Short Title | False recall in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470218.2011.560272 |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 14:17:21 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 8 14:17:21 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wilma Koutstaal |
Author | Chandan Reddy |
Author | Eric M Jackson |
Author | Steve Prince |
Author | Daniel L Cendan |
Author | Daniel L Schacter |
Abstract | Older adults often demonstrate higher levels of false recognition than do younger adults. However, in experiments using novel shapes without preexisting semantic representations, this age-related elevation in false recognition was found to be greatly attenuated. Two experiments tested a semantic categorization account of these findings, examining whether older adults show especially heightened false recognition if the stimuli have preexisting semantic representations, such that semantic category information attenuates or truncates the encoding or retrieval of item-specific perceptual information. In Experiment 1, ambiguous shapes were presented with or without disambiguating semantic labels. Older adults showed higher false recognition when labels were present but not when labels were never presented. In Experiment 2, older adults showed higher false recognition for concrete but not abstract objects. The semantic categorization account was supported. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 499-510 |
Date | Jul 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
Short Title | False recognition of abstract versus common objects in older and younger adults |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12924853 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 15:10:38 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12924853 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:10:38 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Gopnik |
Author | M.B. Crago |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-50 |
Date | April 1991 |
URL | ISI:A1991GC48700001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:21 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Q.Q. Wang |
Author | P. Cavanagh |
Author | M. Green |
Abstract | In this paper, we report that when the low-level features of targets and distractors are held constant, visual search performance can be strongly influenced by familiarity. In the first condition, a ru was the target amid un as distractors, and ce versa. The response time increased steeply as a function of number of distractors (82 msec/item). When the same stimuli were rotated by 90-degrees (the second condition), however, they became familiar patterns-s and s-and gave rise to much shallower search functions (31 msec/item). In the third condition, when the search was for a familiar target, N (or Z), among unfamiliar distractors, Ns (or Zs), the slope was about 46 msec/item. In the last condition, when the search was for an unfamiliar target, N (or Z), among familiar distractors, Ns (or Zs), parallel search functions were found with a slope of about 1.5 msec/item. These results show that familiarity speeds visual search and that it does so principally when the distractors, not the targets, are familiar |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 56 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 495-500 |
Date | November 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Pashler |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 369-378 |
Date | 1988 |
URL | ISI:A1988Q252000011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | M. Chappell |
Abstract | With repeated exposure, people become better at identifying presented items and better at rejecting items that have not been presented. This differentiation effect is captured in a model consisting of item detectors that learn estimates of conditional probabilities of item features. The model is used to account for a number of findings in the recognition memory literature, including (a) the basic differentiation effect (strength-mirror effect), (b) the fact that adding items to a list reduces recognition accuracy (list-length effect) but extra study of some items does not reduce recognition accuracy for other items (null list-strength effect), (c) nonlinear effects of strengthening items on false recognition of similar distractors, (d) a number of different kinds of mirror effects, (e) appropriate z-ROC curves, and (f) one type of deviation from optimality exhibited in recognition experiments |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 724-760 |
Date | October 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Tetewsky |
Abstract | Two experiments were carried out to study the effect of prior knowledge on cognitive processes related to human intelligence by examining its role in defining task novelty. In Experiment 1, Ss performed a letter-matching task involving same-different judgments based on 4 rules of sameness: physical identity, form, system, and name. When the stimuli were unfamiliar, performance on the name classification task was correlated with measures of fluid abilities, whereas when the stimuli were familiar, performance on this task was not correlated with measures of fluid abilities. In Experiment 2, Ss performed 3 different forms of a mental rotation task. When the stimuli were unfamiliar, the slope of the rotation function was correlated with a test of fluid ability, whereas when the stimuli were familiar, the slope of the rotation function was not correlated with a test of fluid ability. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the nature of task complexity and the way knowledge and processing interact in the development of skilled performance |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 577-594 |
Date | 1992 |
URL | ISI:A1992HR19600012 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 292 |
Issue | 5516 |
Pages | 510-512 |
Date | April 20, 2001 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1057099 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/292/5516/510 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 30 08:05:58 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat Jan 30 08:05:58 2010 |
Modified | Sat Jan 30 08:05:58 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Treisman |
Author | S. Gormican |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 15-48 |
Date | January 1988 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Treisman |
Abstract | The seemingly effortless ability to perceive meaningful objects in an integrated scene actually depends on complex visual processes. The 'binding problem' concerns the way in which we select and integrate the separate features of objects in the correct combinations. Experiments suggest that attention plays a central role in solving this problem. Some neurological patients show a dramatic breakdown in the ability to see several objects, their deficits suggest a role for the parietal cortex in the binding process. However, Indirect measures of priming and interference suggest that more information may be implicitly available than we can consciously access. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series |
Volume | 353 |
Issue | 1373 |
Pages | 1295-1306 |
Date | 1998 |
ISSN | 0962-8436 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=38&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 14:00:25 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:00:25 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 14:00:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robert L Goldstone |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 564--579 |
Date | 1993 |
DOI | 10.1.1.11.8099 |
URL | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.8099 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 13:16:26 2009 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Kubovy |
Author | D.J. Cohen |
Author | J. Hollier |
Abstract | To analyze visual scenes, the visual system decomposes the visual scene into features that are processed in parallel by separate subsystems. Certain theories (Treisman, Wolfe) propose that these subsystems function independently before focal attention integrates their output. We describe a new paradigm-the gestalt detection task-that directly assesses the degree of preattentive dependence between any two subsystems. We present five experiments that test whether the subsystems that process form and color function independently in processing brief (and, therefore, preattentively processed) stimuli. Our data show that these two subsystems interact during the preattentive processing of feature-dependent information. They are synergistic when the information they receive is consistent; they are antagonistic when the information they receive is inconsistent |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-203 |
Date | June 1999 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Weiwei Zhang |
Author | Steven J Luck |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | advanced online publication |
Date | online November 23, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.2223 |
ISSN | 1546-1726 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2223 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 12:14:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Mon Dec 15 12:14:30 2008 |
Modified | Mon Dec 15 12:14:30 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.M. Treisman |
Author | G. Gelade |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 97-136 |
Date | 1980 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Abstract | This paper contrasts three different schemes of reference relevant to understanding systems of perceptual representation: a location-based system dubbed "feature-placing". a system of "visual indices" referring to things called "proto-objects". and the full sortal-based individuation allowed by a natural language. The first three sections summarize some of the key arguments (in Clark, 2000) to the effect that the early, parallel, and pre-attentive registration of sensory features itself constitutes a simple system of nonconceptual mental representation. In particular, feature integration-perceiving something as being both F and G, where F and G are sensible properties registered in distinct parallel streams-requires a referential apparatus. Section V. reviews some grounds for thinking that at these earliest levels this apparatus is location-based: that it has a direct and nonconceptual means of picking out places. Feature-placing is contrasted with a somewhat more sophisticated system that can identify and track four or five "perceptual objects" or "Proto-oljects", independently of their location, for as long as they remain perceptible. Such a system is found in Zenon Pylyshyn's fascinating work on "visual indices", in Dana Ballard's notion of deictic codes, and in Kahneman, Treisman, and Woffe's accounts of systems of evanescent representations they call "object files". Perceptual representation is a layered affair, and I argue that it probably includes both feature-placing and proto-objects. Finally, both nonconceptual systems are contrasted with the full-blooded individuation allowed in a natural language |
Publication | Philosophical Psychology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 443-469 |
Date | December 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susan Wayland |
Author | John E Taplin |
Abstract | A previous experiment (S. Wayland & J. E. Taplin, 1982, Brain and Language, 16, 87–108) demonstrated that aphasic subjects had particular difficulty performing a categorization task, which for normals involves abstraction of a prototype from a set of patterns and sorting of other patterns with reference to this prototype. This study extended the investigation to a recognition memory task similarly organized in categorical structure. The aim was to replicate the previous findings and to delineate the precise nature of aphasics' difficulties with such tasks. Aphasics were again found to be aberrant in performing this task in comparison with normal subjects, nonaphasic brain-injured control subjects also demonstrating a departure from normality. The results suggest that the problem for brain-injured subjects is one of overselectivity in terms of the features of the stimuli to which they respond rather than a difficulty with prototype abstraction itself. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 338-355 |
Date | July 1985 |
DOI | 10.1016/0278-2626(85)90026-0 |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
Short Title | Feature-processing deficits following brain injury |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0278262685900260 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 18:57:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 18:57:43 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 18:57:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susan Wayland |
Author | John E Taplin |
Abstract | The claim that overselectivity in feature processing underlies the disorders that aphasics display in processing both visual and verbal material was directly tested by exploring the relationships between the behavior of brain-injured subjects on three experimental tasks: classification learning, categorical decision making, and feature production. From each of these tests a score selected as being indicative of overselective responding was entered into a principal components analysis, together with measures of visual recognition and memory, visual reasoning, naming skills, and severity of aphasia. This analysis supported the assumption that feature-processing disability is a specific and separable deficit, although related both to naming ability and to severity of aphasia. The relevance of the overselectivity hypothesis to naming difficulties following brain injury is discussed. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 356-376 |
Date | July 1985 |
DOI | 10.1016/0278-2626(85)90027-2 |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
Short Title | Feature-processing deficits following brain injury |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0278262685900272 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 18:44:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 18:44:23 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 18:44:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amos Tversky |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 84 |
Pages | 327-352 |
Date | 1977 |
Archive | CiteULike |
Date Added | Wed Jun 17 01:13:34 2009 |
Modified | Mon Feb 8 19:16:16 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amos Tversky |
Abstract | Questions the metric and dimensional assumptions that underlie the geometric representation of similarity on both theoretical and empirical grounds. A new set-theoretical approach to similarity is developed in which objects are represented as collections of features and similarity is described as a feature-matching process. Specifically, a set of qualitative assumptions is shown to imply the contrast model, which expresses the similarity between objects as a linear combination of the measures of their common and distinctive features. Several predictions of the contrast model are tested in studies of similarity with both semantic and perceptual stimuli. The model is used to uncover, analyze, and explain a variety of empirical phenomena such as the role of common and distinctive features, the relations between judgments of similarity and difference, the presence of asymmetric similarities, and the effects of context on judgments of similarity. The contrast model generalizes standard representations of similarity data in terms of clusters and trees. It is also used to analyze the relations of prototypicality and family resemblance. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 84 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 327-352 |
Date | July 1977 |
DOI | 10.1037/0033-295X.84.4.327 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 13:13:02 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 24 23:44:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Hupe |
Author | A.C. James |
Author | P. Girard |
Author | S.G. Lomber |
Author | B.R. Payne |
Author | J. Bullier |
Abstract | We previously showed that feedback connections from MT play a role in figure/ground segmentation. Figure/ground coding has been described at the V1 level in the late part of the neuronal responses to visual stimuli, and it has been suggested that these late modulations depend on feedback connections. In the present work we tested whether it actually takes time for this information to be fed back to lower order areas. We analyzed the extracellular responses of 169 V1, V2, and V3 neurons that we recorded in two anesthetized macaque monkeys. MT was inactivated by cooling. We studied the time course of the responses of the neurons that were significantly affected by the inactivation of MT to see whether the effects were delayed relative to the onset of the response. We first measured the time course of the feedback influences from MT on V1, V2, and V3 neurons tested with moving stimuli. For the large majority of the 51 neurons for which the response decreased, the effect was present from the beginning of the response. In the responses averaged after normalization, the decrease of response was significant in the first 10-ms bin of response. A similar result was found for six neurons for which the response significantly increased when MT was inactivated. We then looked at the time course of the responses to flashed stimuli (95 neurons). We observed 15 significant decreases of response and 14 significant increases. In both populations, the effects were significant within the first 10 ms of response. For some neurons with increased responses we even observed a shorter latency when MT was inactivated. We measured the latency of the response to the flashed stimuli. We found that even the earliest responding neurons were affected early by the feedback from MT. This was true for the response to flashed and to moving stimuli. These results show that feedback connections are recruited very early for the treatment of visual information. It further indicates that the presence or absence of feedback effects cannot be deduced from the time course of the response modulations |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 134-145 |
Date | January 2001 |
Journal Abbr | J.Neurophysiol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:37 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hans Supèr |
Author | August Romeo |
Abstract | In the visual cortex, feedback projections are conjectured to be crucial in figure-ground segregation. However, the precise function of feedback herein is unclear. Here we tested a hypothetical model of reentrant feedback. We used a previous developed 2-layered feedforwardspiking network that is able to segregate figure from ground and included feedback connections. Our computer model data show that without feedback, neurons respond with regular low-frequency (∼9 Hz) bursting to a figure-ground stimulus. After including feedback the firing pattern changed into a regular (tonic) spiking pattern. In this state, we found an extra enhancement of figure responses and a further suppression of background responses resulting in a stronger figure-ground signal. Such push-pull effect was confirmed by comparing the figure-ground responses withthe responses to a homogenous texture. We propose that feedback controlsfigure-ground segregation by influencing the neural firing patterns of feedforward projecting neurons. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | e21641 |
Date | June 28, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0021641 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021641 |
Accessed | Sun May 5 14:52:42 2013 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Sun May 5 14:52:42 2013 |
Modified | Sun May 5 14:52:42 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.H. Juan |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Abstract | We examined the involvement of visual area V1 in visual detection to assess the role of feedback connections to V1 as proposed in reverse hierarchy theory (Ahissar and Hochstein 2000). In Experiment 1, signal detection was decreased in feature and conjunction detection tasks by repetitive pulse TMS (rTMS) over VI for 500 ins after stimulus onset. In Experiment 2, rTMS was delayed to allow uninterrupted signal processing for 100 ins after visual stimulus onset. TMS for the subsequent 500 ms now disrupted detection of conjunction but not feature targets. In Experiment 3 we applied double pulse TMS at varying intervals to assess the timing of V1 involvement in these tasks. Single feature detection involved V1 only at some point between 40 and 100 ms after visual array onset; detection of targets defined by conjunctions of features involved V1 throughout the first 100 ins and also between 200 and 240 ms after visual stimulus onset. We suggest that the early effects in the conjunction task are due to 'repeated sampling of the visual array to extract the signal from external noise. The later effects in conjunction search are attributed to the return projections from secondary visual areas back to V1, consistent with the reverse hierarchy theory. The effects in both tasks are consistent with early and repeated iterations of feed forward and feedback loops as hypothesised in recent neurophysiological experiments (see Foxe and Simpson 2002) |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 150 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 259-263 |
Date | 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183165100015 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jul 20 11:06:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Author | H. Super |
Author | H. Spekreijse |
Abstract | The cortical visual system consists of many richly interconnected areas. Each area is characterized by more or less specific receptive field tuning properties. However, these tuning properties reflect only a subset of the interactions that occur within and between areas. Neuronal responses may be modulated by perceptual context or attention. These modulations reflect lateral interactions within areas and feedback from higher to lower areas. Recent work is beginning to unravel how horizontal and feedback connections each contribute to modulatory effects and what the role of these modulations is in vision. Whereas receptive field tuning properties reflect feedforward processing, modulations evoked by horizontal and feedback connections may reflect the integration of information that underlies perception |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 529-535 |
Date | 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Curr.Opin.Neurobiol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rob van Lier |
Author | Mark Vergeer |
Author | Stuart Anstis |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | R323-R324 |
Date | 04/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Current Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2009.03.010 |
ISSN | 09609822 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/current-biology/retrieve/pii/S0960982209008112 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 19 14:15:57 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Oct 19 14:15:57 2010 |
Modified | Tue Oct 19 14:15:57 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | R.L Goldstone |
Author | M.K. Johansen |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Contributor | L.M. Oakes |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 403-418 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 01:36:17 2009 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | Winter Mason |
Author | Duncan J. Watts |
Abstract | The relationship between financial incentives and performance, long of interest to social scientists, has gained new relevance with the advent of web-based "crowd-sourcing" models of production. Here we investigate the effect of compensation on performance in the context of two experiments, conducted on Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). We find that increased financial incentives increase the quantity, but not the quality, of work performed by participants, where the difference appears to be due to an "anchoring" effect: workers who were paid more also perceived the value of their work to be greater, and thus were no more motivated than workers paid less. In contrast with compensation levels, we find the details of the compensation scheme do matter---specifically, a "quota" system results in better work for less pay than an equivalent "piece rate" system. Although counterintuitive, these findings are consistent with previous laboratory studies, and may have real-world analogs as well. |
Date | 2009 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Human Computation |
Place | New York, NY, USA |
Publisher | ACM |
Pages | 77–85 |
Series | HCOMP '09 |
DOI | 10.1145/1600150.1600175 |
ISBN | 978-1-60558-672-4 |
URL | http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1600150.1600175 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 13:12:16 2013 |
Library Catalog | ACM Digital Library |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 13:12:16 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 13:12:16 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Darin Wohlgemuth |
Author | Don Whalen |
Author | Julia Sullivan |
Author | Carolyn Nading |
Author | Mack Shelley |
Author | Yongyi (Rebecca) Wang |
Publication | Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 457-475 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice |
ISSN | ISSN-1521-0251 |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ757074 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 11:41:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 11:41:22 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 7 11:41:22 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. Elman |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 179-211 |
Date | April 1990 |
URL | ISI:A1990DK92500001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tanya Kraljic |
Author | Arthur G Samuel |
Author | Susan E Brennan |
Abstract | Perceptual theories must explain how perceivers extract meaningful information from a continuously variable physical signal. In the case of speech, the puzzle is that little reliable acoustic invariance seems to exist. We tested the hypothesis that speech-perception processes recover invariants not about the signal, but rather about the source that produced the signal. Findings from two manipulations suggest that the system learns those properties of speech that result from idiosyncratic characteristics of the speaker; the same properties are not learned when they can be attributed to incidental factors. We also found evidence for how the system determines what is characteristic: In the absence of other information about the speaker, the system relies on episodic order, representing those properties present during early experience as characteristic of the speaker. This "first-impressions" bias can be overridden, however, when variation is an incidental consequence of a temporary state (a pen in the speaker's mouth), rather than characteristic of the speaker. |
Publication | Psychological science |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 332-338 |
Date | Apr 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02090.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | First impressions and last resorts |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18399885 |
Date Added | Fri Dec 28 13:07:54 2012 |
Modified | Fri Dec 28 13:07:54 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Edwin Abbott Abbott |
Date | 1884/2008 |
Language | English |
Short Title | Flatland |
URL | http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/201 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 16 12:02:04 2013 |
Library Catalog | Project Gutenberg |
Call Number | EBook-No. 201 |
Rights | Public domain in the USA. |
Date Added | Sun Jun 16 12:02:04 2013 |
Modified | Sun Jun 16 12:03:16 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Foxe |
Author | G.V. Simpson |
Abstract | This study provides a time frame for the initial trajectory of activation flow along the dorsal and ventral visual processing streams and for the initial activation of prefrontal cortex in the human. We provide evidence that this widespread system of sensory, parietal, and prefrontal areas is activated in less than 30 ms, which is considerably shorter than typically assumed in the human event-related potential (ERP) literature and is consistent with recent intracranial data from macaques. We find a mean onset latency of activity over occipital cortex (C1(e)) at 56 ms, with dorsolateral frontal cortex subsequently active by just 80 ms. Given that activity in visual sensory areas typically continues for 100-400 ms prior to motor output, this rapid system-wide activation provides a time frame for the initiation of feedback processes onto sensory areas. There is clearly sufficient time for multiple iterations of interactive processing between sensory, parietal, and frontal areas during brief (e.g., 200 ms) periods of information processing preceding motor output. High-density electrical mapping also suggested activation in dorsal stream areas preceding ventral stream areas. Our data suggest that multiple visual generators are active in the latency range of the traditional C1 component of the ERP, which has often been taken to represent V1 activity alone. Based on the temporal pattern of activation shown in primate recordings and the evidence from these human recordings, we propose that only the initial portion of the C1 component (approximately the first 10-15 ms; C1(e)) is likely to represent a response that is predominated by V1 activity. These data strongly suggest that activity represented in the "early" ERP components such as P1 and N1 (and possibly even C1) is likely to reflect relatively late processing, after the initial volley of sensory afference through the visual system and involving top-down influences from parietal and frontal regions |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 142 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 139-150 |
Date | 2002 |
URL | ISI:000173172800013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roger O. Cracco |
Author | Vahe E. Amassian |
Author | Paul J. Maccabee |
Author | Joan B. Cracco |
Publication | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 13 |
Date | July 1997 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)87958-1 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/science/article/B6SYX-3Y0SHCD-56/2/5bb5e2946d788eefb2dd87b50287a215 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 21 11:59:47 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Sep 21 11:59:47 2008 |
Modified | Sun Sep 21 11:59:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.M. O'Craven |
Author | P.E. Downing |
Author | N. Kanwisher |
Abstract | Contrasting theories of visual attention emphasize selection by spatial location(1), visual features (such as motion or colour)(2-4) or whole objects(5,6). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test key predictions of the object-based theory, which proposes that pre-attentive mechanisms segment the visual array into discrete objects, groups, or surfaces, which serve as targets for visual attention(5-9). Subjects viewed stimuli consisting of a face transparently superimposed on a house, with one moving and the other stationary. In different conditions, subjects attended to the face, the house or the motion. The magnetic resonance signal from each subject's fusiform face area(10), parahippocampal place area(11) and area MT/MST12 provided a measure of the processing of faces, houses and visual motion, respectively. Although all three attributes occupied the same location, attending to one attribute of an object (such as the motion of a moving face) enhanced the neural representation not only of that attribute but also of the other attribute of the same object (for example, the face), compared with attributes of the other object (for example, the house). These results cannot be explained by models in which attention selects locations or features, and provide physiological evidence that whole objects are selected even when only one visual attribute is relevant |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 401 |
Issue | 6753 |
Pages | 584-587 |
Date | October 07, 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.M. O'Craven |
Author | P.E. Downing |
Author | N. Kanwisher |
Abstract | Contrasting theories of visual attention emphasize selection by spatial location(1), visual features (such as motion or colour)(2-4) or whole objects(5,6). Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test key predictions of the object-based theory, which proposes that pre-attentive mechanisms segment the visual array into discrete objects, groups, or surfaces, which serve as targets for visual attention(5-9). Subjects viewed stimuli consisting of a face transparently superimposed on a house, with one moving and the other stationary. In different conditions, subjects attended to the face, the house or the motion. The magnetic resonance signal from each subject's fusiform face area(10), parahippocampal place area(11) and area MT/MST12 provided a measure of the processing of faces, houses and visual motion, respectively. Although all three attributes occupied the same location, attending to one attribute of an object (such as the motion of a moving face) enhanced the neural representation not only of that attribute but also of the other attribute of the same object (for example, the face), compared with attributes of the other object (for example, the house). These results cannot be explained by models in which attention selects locations or features, and provide physiological evidence that whole objects are selected even when only one visual attribute is relevant |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 401 |
Issue | 6753 |
Pages | 584-587 |
Date | October 07, 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Regier |
Author | P. Kay |
Author | R.S. Cook |
Abstract | It is widely held that named color categories in the world's languages are organized around universal focal colors and that these focal colors tend to be chosen as the best examples of color terms across languages. However, this notion has been supported primarily by data from languages of industrialized societies. In contrast, recent research on a language from a nonindustrialized society has called this idea into question. We examine color-naming data from languages of 110 nonindustrialized societies and show that (i) best-example choices for color terms in these languages cluster near the prototypes for English white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue, and (it) best-example choices cluster more tightly across languages than do the centers of category extensions, suggesting that universal best examples (foci) may be the source of universal tendencies in color naming |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 23 |
Pages | 8386-8391 |
Date | June 07, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shawn W Ell |
Author | Natalie L Marchant |
Author | Richard B Ivry |
Abstract | Previous research on the role of the basal ganglia in category learning has focused on patients with Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, neurodegenerative diseases frequently accompanied by additional cortical pathology. The goal of the present study was to extend this work to patients with basal ganglia lesions due to stroke, asking if similar changes in performance would be observed in patients with more focal pathology. Patients with basal ganglia lesions centered in the putamen (6 left side, 1 right side) were tested on rule-based and information-integration visual categorization tasks. In rule-based tasks, it is assumed that participants can learn the category structures through an explicit reasoning process. In information-integration tasks, optimal performance requires the integration of information from two or more stimulus components, and participants are typically unaware of the category rules. Consistent with previous studies involving patients with degenerative disorders of the basal ganglia, the stroke patients were impaired on the rule-based task, and quantitative, model-based analyses indicate that this deficit was due to the inefficient application of decision strategies. In contrast, the patients were unimpaired on the information-integration task. This pattern of results provides converging evidence supporting a role of the basal ganglia and, in particular, the putamen in rule-based category learning. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1737-1751 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.018 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635498 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 27 15:54:12 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16635498 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 27 15:54:12 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Talmy |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 49-100 |
Date | January 1988 |
URL | ISI:A1988N153400002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zwitserlood P. |
Abstract | Form priming is used to investigate the structure of phonological representations in the mental lexicon, as well as the nature of processes operating on such representations during word recognition. Two variants of the form priming paradigm (direct and mediated form priming) are described and results obtained with each are summarised. With both variants, participants are presented with a target, to which a response is required, preceded by a prime. With direct form priming, the prime and target are related in form (e.g. plank-blank). With mediated priming, the target is semantically related to a word that is form-related to the prime (e.g. plank-white). |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 11 |
Pages | 589-596 |
Date | 1 December 1996 |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/plcp/1996/00000011/00000006/art00006 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:02:19 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:02:19 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:02:19 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | R.A. Dale |
Contributor | A.D.M. Smith |
Contributor | K. Smith |
Contributor | R. Ferrer i Cancho |
Book Title | The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference (EVOLANG7) |
Place | Singapore |
Publisher | World Scientific Press |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jan 23 14:34:14 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marlís González-Fernández |
Author | Cameron Davis |
Author | John J Molitoris |
Author | Melissa Newhart |
Author | Richard Leigh |
Author | Argye E Hillis |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE To determine the role of education and socioeconomic status on the severity of aphasia after stroke. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Stroke units of 2 affiliated medical centers. PARTICIPANTS Stroke patients (n=173) within 24 hours of symptom development and hospitalized controls (n=62) matched for age, education, and socioeconomic status (SES) with normative brain magnetic resonance imaging. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Percent error on 9 language tasks (auditory and written comprehension, naming [oral, written, and tactile], oral reading, oral spelling, written spelling, and repetition). Education was recorded in years and dichotomized as less than 12 years or 12 years and above for data analysis. Demographic characteristics (age, sex, race) and stroke volume were recorded for adjustment. SES was obtained from census tract data as 2 variables: mean neighborhood household income and family income. RESULTS The percentage of errors for participants with 12 or more years of education was significantly lower for auditory and written comprehension, written naming, oral reading, oral spelling, and written spelling of fifth grade vocabulary words, even after adjusting for age, sex, stroke volume, and SES. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that even once learned, access to written word forms may become less vulnerable to disruption by stroke with increasing years of education. |
Publication | Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1809-1813 |
Date | Nov 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Arch Phys Med Rehabil |
DOI | 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.05.026 |
ISSN | 1532-821X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21840498 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 11 00:02:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21840498 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 11 00:02:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Ronald W. Langacker |
Abstract | This is the first volume of a two-volume work that introduces a new and fundamentally different conception of language structure and linguistic investigation. The central claim of cognitive grammar is that grammar forms a continuum with lexicon and is fully describable in terms of symbolic units (i.e. form-meaning pairings). In contrast to current orthodoxy, the author argues that grammar is not autonomous with respect to semantics, but rather reduces to patterns for the structuring and symbolization of conceptual content.Reviews"It is impossible within the limits of a review to discuss, or even do justice to, the wealth of information and genuine insights that the book contains. . . . Let us look forward to seeing the continuation of this promising approach to language. Langacker has written a highly stimulating first part; it will be exciting to see the sequel."--Canadian Journal of Linguistics"It represents important changes in the thrust of linguistic approaches to language. . . . It is rich, full, and thought-provoking. . . . The issues it raises are significant and will be much debated in the future."--Linguistic Anthropology"Understanding Langacker's grammar is made easier by the fact that, instead of using mathematical formalisms to prove his points, he uses common knowledge of language to persuade the reader. . . . The book is valuable for several factors in addition to its clarification of grammar. The insights into verbal thought and meaning are prime reasons for recommending the book to the semantically inclined."--Et cetera |
Publisher | Stanford University Press |
Date | 1987 |
# of Pages | 528 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780804738514 |
Short Title | Foundations of Cognitive Grammar |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Sun Apr 21 19:21:04 2013 |
Modified | Sun Apr 21 19:22:53 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Jackendoff |
Place | Oxford, England |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 12:28:16 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:26:25 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W Bevan |
Author | J A Steger |
Abstract | The relation of abstractness of stimuli to efficiency of free recall was studied in college and fourth-grade students. Groups were shown a sequence of objects, pictures, and object names and were asked to recall what they had seen. Recall tests were conducted either immediately after presentation of the stimulus-sequence, after 24 hours, or after 1 week. Objects were recalled more frequently than pictures, and pictures more frequently than words. Adults performed better than children, except in the case of objects. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 172 |
Issue | 983 |
Pages | 597-599 |
Date | May 7, 1971 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5555084 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 15:23:59 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 5555084 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:23:59 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.I. Sobin |
Editor | J.J. Gumperz |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Rethinking linguistic relativity |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1996 |
Pages | 70-96 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Feb 23 23:40:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philippe G. Schyns |
Author | Aude Oliva |
Abstract | <p>In very fast recognition tasks, scenes are identified as fast as isolated objects. How can this efficiency be achieved, considering the large number of component objects and interfering factors, such as cast shadows and occlusions? Scene categories tend to have distinct and typical spatial organizations of their major components. If human perceptual structures were tuned to extract this information early in processing, a coarse-to-fine process could account for efficient scene recognition: A coarse description of the input scene (oriented "blobs" in a particular spatial organization) would initiate recognition before the identity of the objects is processed. We report two experiments that contrast the respective roles of coarse and fine information in fast identification of natural scenes. The first experiment investigated whether coarse and fine information were used at different stages of processing. The second experiment tested whether coarse-to-fine processing accounts for fast scene categorization. The data suggest that recognition occurs at both coarse and fine spatial scales. By attending first to the coarse scale, the visual system can get a quick and rough estimate of the input to activate scene schemas in memory; attending to fine information allows refinement, or refutation, of the raw estimate. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 195-200 |
Date | July 01, 1994 |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | From Blobs to Boundary Edges |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063101 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 1 18:42:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jul., 1994 / Copyright © 1994 Association for Psychological Science |
Date Added | Mon Aug 1 18:42:58 2011 |
Modified | Mon Aug 1 18:42:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 348-369 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 27 08:22:59 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Matteo Carandini |
Abstract | Neuroscience seeks to understand how neural circuits lead to behavior. However, the gap between circuits and behavior is too wide. An intermediate level is one of neural computations, which occur in individual neurons and populations of neurons. Some computations seem to be canonical: repeated and combined in different ways across the brain. To understand neural computations, we must record from a myriad of neurons in multiple brain regions. Understanding computation guides research in the underlying circuits and provides a language for theories of behavior. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 507-509 |
Date | April 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.3043 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
Short Title | From circuits to behavior |
URL | http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v15/n4/full/nn.3043.html |
Accessed | Tue Jul 16 09:36:25 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 16 09:36:25 2013 |
Modified | Tue Jul 16 09:36:25 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Herbert Jaeger |
Date | 1997 |
URL | http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.52.8236 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 11 15:29:54 2009 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 11 15:29:54 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 11 15:30:47 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Contributor | S. Vosniadou |
Contributor | A. Ortony |
Book Title | Similarity and Categorical Reasoning |
Place | Cambridge, England |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.W. Humphreys |
Author | C.J. Price |
Author | M.J. Riddoch |
Abstract | To name an object, we need both to recognize it and to access the associated phonological form, and phonological retrieval itself may be constrained by aspects of the visual recognition process. This paper reviews evidence for such constraints, drawing on data from experimental psychology, neuropsychology, functional imaging, and computational modelling. Data on picture identification in normal observers demonstrate that the speed of name retrieval processes differs for natural objects and artifacts, due at least in part to differences in visual similarity between exemplars within these categories. Also, effects of variables on early and late stages of object identification combine in an interactive rather than an additive manner, consistent with object processing stages operating in a continuous rather than a discrete manner. Neuropsychological evidence supports this proposal, demonstrating that subtle perceptual deficits can produce naming problems, even when there is good access to associated semantic knowledge. Functional activation studies further show increased activity in visual processing areas when conditions stress object naming relative to the recognition of familiar object structures. These studies indicate that object naming is based on a series of continuous processing stages and that naming involves increased visual processing relative to recognition tasks. The data can be modelled within an interactive activation and competition framework |
Publication | Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 118-130 |
Date | July 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:35 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:35 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.I. Slobin |
Contributor | J. Langer |
Contributor | S.T. Parker |
Contributor | C. Milbrath |
Abstract | first par There seems to be an irrestible tendency for people to take the child as a model of the primordial state of the species. For the past several centuries, philosophers and psychologists and anthropologists have made analogies between children and animals, children and "primitive" peoples, and, inevitably, children and our proto-hominid ancestors. Advances in developmental and comparative psychology, along with anthropology, have made the first two analogies untenable. Human children are not the same as mature monkeys and apes, and preliterate societies are not childlike. But in the current scientific fascination with the origin of the species, it has become fashionable again to propose that human children are in some ways models of mature proto- or pre-hominids. Nowhere has this proposal received more circulation than in discussions about the evolution of language (e.g., Bickerton, 1990; Givón, 1998). I suggest that this recent form of the recapitualitionist argument will fail. In its classical version, the proposal was abandoned on the basis of evidence from embryology and physiological development. The current proposal, by contrast, is not compatible with what we know about the psycholinguistic development of human children and the processes of historical development of existing human languages. |
Book Title | Biology and Knowledge revisited: From neurogenesis to psychogenesis |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Sun Sep 23 20:20:31 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Editor | Jan Nuyts |
Editor | E. Pederson |
Book Title | Language and conceptualization |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1997 |
Pages | 13-45 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 7 12:32:17 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 7 12:33:37 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Westermann |
Author | D. Mareschal |
Abstract | Visual object processing in infancy is often described as proceeding from an early stage in which object features are processed independently to a later stage in which relations between features are taken into account (e.g., Cohen, 1998). Here we present the Representational Acuity Hypothesis, which argues that this behavioral shift can be explained by a developmental decrease in the size of neural receptive fields in the cortical areas responsible for object representation, together with a tuning to specific object features. We evaluate this hypothesis with a connectionist model of infant perceptual categorization. The model shows a behavioral shift in featural to relational processing consistent with similar results observed in the infant categorization experiments of Younger (1985) and Younger and Cohen (1986) |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 131-151 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Abstract | People are remarkably smart: they use language, possess complex motor skills, make non-trivial inferences, develop and use scientific theories, make laws, and adapt to complex dynamic environments. Much of this knowledge requires concepts and this paper focuses on how people acquire concepts. It is argued that conceptual development progresses from simple perceptual grouping to highly abstract scientific concepts. This proposal of conceptual development has four parts. First, it is argued that categories in the world have different structure. Second, there might be different learning systems (sub-served by different brain mechanisms) that evolved to learn categories of differing structures. Third, these systems exhibit differential maturational course, which affects how categories of different structures are learned in the course of development. And finally, an interaction of these components may result in the developmental transition from perceptual groupings to more abstract concepts. This paper reviews a large body of empirical evidence supporting this proposal. |
Publication | Cognitive science |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1244-1286 |
Date | 2010-9-1 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01129.x |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
Short Title | From Perceptual Categories to Concepts |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21116483 PMCID: 2992352 |
Date Added | Wed Dec 7 23:14:39 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jan 20 21:43:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Cangelosi |
Author | A. Greco |
Author | S. Harnad |
Abstract | Neural network models of categorical perception (compression of within-category similarity and dilation of between-category differences) are applied to the symbol-grounding problem (of how to connect symbols with meanings) by connecting analogue sensorimotor projections to arbitrary symbolic representations via learned category-invariance detectors in a hybrid symbolic/non-symbolic system. Our nets are trained to categorize and name 50 x 50 pixel images (e.g. circles, ellipses, squares and rectangles) projected on to the receptive field of a 7 x 7 retina. They first learn to do prototype matching and then entry-level naming for the four kinds of stimuli, grounding their names directly in the input patterns via hidden-unit representations ('sensorimotor toil'). We show that a higher-level categorization (e.g. 'symmetric' versus 'asymmetric') can be learned in two very different ways: either (1) directly from the input, just as with the entry-level categories (i.e. by toil); or (2) indirectly, from Boolean combinations of the grounded category names in the form of propositions describing the higher-order category ('symbolic theft'). We analyse the architectures and input conditions that allow grounding (in the form of compression/separation in internal similarity space) to be 'transferred' in this second way from directly grounded entry-level category names to higher-order category names. Such hybrid models have implications for the evolution and learning of language |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 143-162 |
Date | June 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Mesulam |
Abstract | Sensory information undergoes extensive associative elaboration and attentional modulation as it becomes incorporated into the texture of cognition. This process occurs along a core synaptic hierarchy which includes the primary sensory, upstream unimodal, downstream unimodal, heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic zones of the cerebral cortex. Connections from one zone to another are reciprocal and allow higher synaptic levels to exert a feedback (top-down) influence upon earlier levels of processing. Each cortical area provides a nexus for the convergence of afferents and divergence of efferents. The resultant synaptic organization supports parallel as well as serial processing, and allows each sensory event to initiate multiple cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Upstream sectors of unimodal association areas encode basic features of sensation such as colour, motion, form and pitch. More complex contents of sensory experience such as objects, faces, word-forms, spatial locations and sound sequences become encoded within downstream sectors of unimodal areas by groups of coarsely tuned neurons. The highest synaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing are occupied by heteromodal, paralimbic and limbic cortices, collectively known as transmodal areas. The unique role of these areas is to bind multiple unimodal and other transmodal areas into distributed but integrated multimodal representations. Transmodal areas in the midtemporal cortex, Wernicke's area, the hippocampalentorhinal complex and the posterior parietal cortex provide critical gateways for transforming perception into recognition, word-forms into meaning, scenes and events into experiences, and spatial locations into targets for exploration. All cognitive processes arise from analogous associative transformations of similar sets of sensory inputs. The differences in the resultant cognitive operation are determined by the anatomical and physiological properties of the transmodal node that acts as the critical gateway for the dominant transformation. Interconnected sets of transmodal nodes provide anatomical and computational epicentres for large-scale neurocognitive networks. In keeping with the principles of selectively distributed processing, each epicentre of a large-scale network displays a relative specialization for a specific behavioural component of its principal neurospychological domain. The destruction of transmodal epicentres causes global impairments such as multimodal anemia, neglect and amnesia, whereas their selective disconnection from relevant unimodal areas elicits modality-specific impairments such as prosopagnosia, pure word blindness and category-specific anemias. The human brain contains at least five anatomically distinct networks. The network for spatial awareness is based on transmodal epicentres in the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields; the language network on epicentres in Wernicke's and Broca's areas; the explicit memory/emotion network on epicentres in the hippocampal-entorhinal complex and the amygdala; the face-object recognition network on epicentres in the midtemporal and temporopolar cortices; and the working memory-executive function network on epicentres in the lateral prefrontal cortex and perhaps the posterior parietal cortex. Individual sensory modalities give rise to streams of processing directed to transmodal nodes belonging to each of these networks. The fidelity of sensory channels is actively protected through approximately four synaptic levels of sensory-fugal processing. The modality-specific cortices at these four synaptic levels encode the most veridical representations of experience. Attentional, motivational and emotional modulations, including those related to working memory, novelty-seeking and mental imagery, become increasingly more pronounced within downstream components of unimodal areas, where they help to create a highly edited subjective version of the world. The prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in these attentional and emotional modulations and allows neural responses to reflect the significance rather than the surface properties of sensory events. Additional modulatory influences are exerted by the cholinergic and monoaminergic pathways of the ascending reticular activating system. Working memory, one of the most prominent manifestations of prefrontal cortex activity, prolongs the neural impact of environmental and mental events in a way that enriches the texture of consciousness. The synaptic architecture of large-scale networks and the manifestations of working memory, novelty-seeking behaviours and mental imagery collectively help to loosen the rigid stimulus-response bonds that dominate the behaviour of lower animal species. This phylogenetic trend has helped to shape the unique properties of human consciousness and to induce the emergence of second-order (symbolic) representations related to language. Through the advent of language and the resultant ability to communicate abstract concepts, the critical pacemaker for human cognitive development has shifted from the extremely slow process of structural brain evolution to the much more rapid one of distributed computations where each individual intelligence can become incorporated into an interactive lattice that promotes the transgenerational transfer and accumulation of knowledge |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 121 |
Pages | 1013-1052 |
Date | June 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Martin Pütz |
Editor | Marjolijn Verspoor |
Author | P.R. Hays |
Book Title | Explorations in Linguistic Relativity |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
Pages | 173-196 |
ISBN | 1556199775 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 20 07:50:36 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 02:26:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Colunga |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | In the novel noun generalization task, 2 1/2-year-old children display generalized expectations about how solid and nonsolid things are named, extending names for never-before-encountered solids by shape and for never-before-encountered nonsolids by material. This distinction between solids and nonsolids has been interpreted in terms of an ontological distinction between objects and substances. Nine simulations and behavioral experiments tested the hypothesis that these expectations arise from the correlations characterizing early learned noun categories. In the simulation studies, connectionist networks were trained on noun vocabularies modeled after those of children. These networks formed generalized expectations about solids and nonsolids that match children's performances in the novel noun generalization task in the very different languages of English and Japanese. The simulations also generate new predictions supported by new experiments with children. Implications are discussed in terms of children's development of distinctions between kinds of categories and in terms of the nature of this knowledge |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 347-382 |
Date | April 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Badre |
Author | Anthony D. Wagner |
Abstract | Memory of a past experience can interfere with processing during a subsequent experience, a phenomenon termed proactive interference (PI). Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence implicate the left mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-VLPFC) in PI resolution during short-term item recognition, though the precise mechanisms await specification. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment sought to further constrain theorizing regarding PI resolution. On each trial, subjects maintained a target set of words, and then decided if a subsequent probe was contained in the target set (positive) or not (negative). Importantly, for half of the negative and half of the positive trials, the probe had been contained in the previous target set (recent). Relative to non-recent trials, negative–recent trials produced an increase in response times and error rates, behavioral markers of PI. In fMRI measures, negative recency was associated with increased activation in the left mid-VLPFC, as well as in the bilateral fronto-polar cortex, providing evidence for multiple components in PI resolution. Furthermore, recency effects were evident during both negative and positive trials, with the magnitude of the recency effect in the mid-VLPFC being greater on negative trials. Collectively, these results serve to specify and constrain proposed models of PI resolution. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2003 -2012 |
Date | December 2005 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhi075 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/12/2003.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Apr 22 12:20:00 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 22 12:20:00 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 22 12:20:00 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lorraine K Tyler |
Author | William Marslen-Wilson |
Abstract | The research described here combines psycholinguistically well-motivated questions about different aspects of human language comprehension with behavioural and neuroimaging studies of normal performance, incorporating both subtractive analysis techniques and functional connectivity methods, and applying these tasks and techniques to the analysis of the functional and neural properties of brain-damaged patients with selective linguistic deficits in the relevant domains. The results of these investigations point to a set of partially dissociable sub-systems supporting three major aspects of spoken language comprehension, involving regular inflectional morphology, sentence-level syntactic analysis and sentence-level semantic interpretation. Differential patterns of fronto-temporal connectivity for these three domains confirm that the core aspects of language processing are carried out in a fronto-temporo-parietal language system which is modulated in different ways as a function of different linguistic processing requirements. No one region or sub-region holds the key to a specific language function; each requires the coordination of activity within a number of different regions. Functional connectivity analysis plays the critical role of indicating the regions which directly participate in a given sub-process, by virtue of their joint time-dependent activity. By revealing these codependencies, connectivity analysis sharpens the pattern of structure–function relations underlying specific aspects of language performance. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 363 |
Issue | 1493 |
Pages | 1037 -1054 |
Date | March 12 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.2007.2158 |
URL | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1493/1037.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 01:11:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 01:11:36 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 01:11:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Author | Caroline Nettles |
Author | Mary Davis |
Author | Leigh Morrow |
Author | Allen Montgomery |
Publication | Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 401-410 |
Date | 01/2006 |
DOI | 10.1080/02699200500075781 |
ISSN | 0269-9206, 1464-5076 |
URL | http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02699200500075781 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 30 00:02:53 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Apr 30 00:02:53 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 30 00:02:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Author | Caroline Nettles |
Author | Mary Davis |
Author | Leigh Morrow |
Author | Allen Montgomery |
Abstract | The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the relationship between functional communication and executive function ability in aphasia. Twenty-five participants with aphasia underwent examination with an extensive test battery including measures of functional communication, executive function ability, and language impairment. Compared to published norms, most participants did not perform within normal limits on the executive function tests. As expected, the correlation between severity of language impairment and functional communication ratings exceeded that among the executive functioning and functional communication measures. Eight of ten correlation coefficients for the relationship between executive functioning and functional communication reached statistical significance suggesting a clear relationship between scores on the executive functioning measures and functional communication ability. Based on these results, it appears that decreased executive functioning ability may coincide with decreased functional communication ability in persons with aphasia. |
Publication | Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 401-410 |
Date | Aug 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Linguist Phon |
DOI | 10.1080/02699200500075781 |
ISSN | 0269-9206 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16815787 |
Accessed | Thu May 31 09:39:09 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16815787 |
Date Added | Thu May 31 09:39:09 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R M Hinke |
Author | X Hu |
Author | A E Stillman |
Author | S G Kim |
Author | H Merkle |
Author | R Salmi |
Author | K Ugurbil |
Abstract | Conventional gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 4 Tesla was used successfully to study the activity of Broca's area during internal speech word generation in healthy right-handed volunteers. Activity was demonstrated in the internal gray matter surrounding the ascending ramus of the lateral sulcus, deep to the cortical surface representation of Broca's area, in all the subjects. These studies demonstrate the capability of functional MRI to non-invasively map language related cognitive functions. Such functional mapping has value for both the study of basic neuroscience and neurosurgical planning. |
Publication | Neuroreport |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 675-678 |
Date | Jun 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroreport |
ISSN | 0959-4965 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8347806 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 17:00:37 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8347806 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 17:00:37 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susan Bookheimer |
Abstract | Until recently, our understanding of how language is organized in the brain depended on analysis of behavioral deficits in patients with fortuitously placed lesions. The availability of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for in vivo analysis of the normal brain has revolutionized the study of language. This review discusses three lines of fMRI research into how the semantic system is organized in the adult brain. These are (a) the role of the left inferior frontal lobe in semantic processing and dissociations from other frontal lobe language functions, (b) the organization of categories of objects and concepts in the temporal lobe, and (c) the role of the right hemisphere in comprehending contextual and figurative meaning. Together, these lines of research broaden our understanding of how the brain stores, retrieves, and makes sense of semantic information, and they challenge some commonly held notions of functional modularity in the language system. |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Pages | 151-188 |
Date | 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Annu. Rev. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142946 |
ISSN | 0147-006X |
Short Title | Functional MRI of language |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052907 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 28 15:19:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12052907 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 28 15:19:42 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Giorgio Fuggetta |
Author | Silvia Rizzo |
Author | Gorana Pobric |
Author | Michal Lavidor |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the left hemisphere has been shown to disrupt semantic processing but, to date, there has been no direct demonstration of the electrophysiological correlates of this interference. To gain insight into the neural basis of semantic systems, and in particular, study the temporal and functional organization of object categorization processing, we combined repetitive TMS (rTMS) and ERPs. Healthy volunteers performed a picture-word matching task in which Snodgrass drawings of natural (e.g., animal) and artifactual (e.g., tool) categories were associated with a word. When short trains of high-frequency rTMS were applied over Wernicke's area (in the region of the CP5 electrode) immediately before the stimulus onset, we observed delayed response times to artifactual items, and thus, an increased dissociation between natural and artifactual domains. This behavioral effect had a direct ERP correlate. In the response period, the stimuli from the natural domain elicited a significant larger late positivity complex than those from the artifactual domain. These differences were significant over the centro-parietal region of the right hemisphere. These findings demonstrate that rTMS interferes with post-perceptual categorization processing of natural and artifactual stimuli that involve separate subsystems in distinct cortical areas. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 403-14 |
Date | Feb 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2008.21030 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Functional representation of living and nonliving domains across the cerebral hemispheres |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18510439 |
Accessed | Mon Mar 16 14:48:36 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18510439 |
Date Added | Mon Mar 16 14:48:36 2009 |
Modified | Mon Mar 16 14:48:36 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jesse J. Prinz |
Edition | New edition |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2004-08-20 |
ISBN | 9780262661850 |
Short Title | Furnishing the Mind |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue May 3 21:24:30 2011 |
Modified | Tue May 3 21:24:30 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.W. Kwak |
Author | D. Dagenbach |
Author | H. Egeth |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 473-480 |
Date | May 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Hahn |
Author | A.F. Kramer |
Abstract | Models of visual attention have, with few exceptions, suggested that attention is deployed to unitary regions of visual space. Kramer and Kahn (1995) recently reported that attention is considerably more flexible than previously believed, such that under some conditions attention may be focused on multiple non-contiguous areas of the visual field. In the five studies reported here, we examined the boundary conditions on the ability to divide attention among different locations in visual space. In each of the studies, subjects performed a same-different matching task with target letters that were presented on opposite sides of a set of distracter letters. Experiments 1, 2 and 3 provide further support for our proposal that subjects can concurrently attend to non-contiguous locations as long as new objects do not appear between the attended areas. Experiment 4 examined whether the disruption of multiple attentional foci was the result of the capture of attention by new objects per se, or by task-irrelevant objects. Multiple attentional foci could be maintained as long as new distracter objects did not appear between target locations. Experiment 5 examined whether attention can be divided among non-contiguous locations within as well as between hemifields. Hemifield boundaries did not constrain subjects' ability to divide attention among different areas of visual space. The results of these studies are discussed in terms of the nature of attentional flexibility and putative neuroanatomical mechanisms which support our ability to split attention among different regions of the visual field |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 217-256 |
Date | March 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:06 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:06 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.V. Drivonikou |
Author | P. Kay |
Author | T. Regier |
Author | R.B. Ivry |
Author | A.L. Gilbert |
Author | A. Franklin |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | The Whorf hypothesis holds that differences between languages induce differences in perception and/or cognition in their speakers. Much of the experimental work pursuing this idea has focused on the domain of color and has centered on the issue of whether linguistically coded color categories influence color discrimination. A new perspective has been cast on the debate by recent results that suggest that language influences color discrimination strongly in the right visual field but not in the left visual field (LVF). This asymmetry is likely related to the contralateral projection of visual fields to cerebral hemispheres and the specialization of the left hemisphere for language. The current study presents three independent experiments that replicate and extend these earlier results by using different tasks and testing across different color category boundaries. Our results differ in one respect: although we find that Whorfian effects on color are stronger for stimuli in the right visual field than in the LVF, we find that there are significant category effects in the LVF as well. The origin of the significant category effect in the LVF is considered, and two factors that might account for the pattern of results are proposed |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1097-1102 |
Date | January 16, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.T. Rogers |
Author | Julia Hocking |
Author | Andrea Mechelli |
Author | Karalyn Patterson |
Author | Cathy Price |
Abstract | Previous studies have found that the lateral posterior fusiform gyri respond more robustly to pictures of animals than pictures of manmade objects and suggested that these regions encode the visual properties characteristic of animals. We suggest that such effects actually reflect processing demands arising when items with similar representations must be finely discriminated. In a positron emission tomography (PET) study of category verification with colored photographs of animals and vehicles, there was robust animal-specific activation in the lateral posterior fusiform gyri when stimuli were categorized at an intermediate level of specificity (e.g., dog or car). However, when the same photographs were categorized at a more specific level (e.g., Labrador or BMW), these regions responded equally strongly to animals and vehicles. We conclude that the lateral posterior fusiform does not encode domain-specific representations of animals or visual properties characteristic of animals. Instead, these regions are strongly activated whenever an item must be discriminated from many close visual or semantic competitors. Apparent category effects arise because, at an intermediate level of specificity, animals have more visual and semantic competitors than do artifacts. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 434-445 |
Date | March 01, 2005 |
DOI | 10.1162/0898929053279531 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929053279531 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 5 22:38:59 2010 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 22:38:59 2010 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 22:40:23 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Grossman |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 112-119 |
Date | 1978 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D. Premack |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 16:27:02 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Pring |
Author | A. Hamilton |
Author | A. Harwood |
Author | L. Macbride |
Abstract | Abstract The ability of dysphasic subjects to name pictures has been shown to benefit from carrying out simple semantic discrimination tasks. Previous experiments have failed to find generalization of this improvement to related items even when these are used as distractors in the tasks. To improve the possibility of such generalization an experiment was carried out in which sets of items were drawn from a single functionally related category. Improvement was found for items directly targeted in the therapy task and for items which appeared as distractors. The former improved significantly more than the latter. Related items which did not appear in the therapy did not improve. Thus generalization is limited to items which appear during the therapy task. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 383-394 |
Date | 1993 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687039308249517 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
Short Title | Generalization of naming after picture/word matching tasks |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02687039308249517 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 15 22:44:00 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Fri Jun 15 22:44:00 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 15 22:44:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Soojin Yi |
Author | J Todd Streelman |
Abstract | A recent theory suggesting that genome size and complexity can increase as a passive consequence of small effective population size has generated much controversy. In this article, we demonstrate that freshwater fish species, which have smaller effective population sizes than marine fish species, have larger genomes. We show that genome size is negatively correlated with genetic variability, independent of phylogeny, body size and generation time. Genome duplication is also observed predominantly in freshwater fish. These results suggest that the raw materials of complexity originate under conditions of reduced selection efficiency. |
Publication | Trends in genetics: TIG |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 643-646 |
Date | Dec 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Genet. |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.003 |
ISSN | 0168-9525 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16213058 |
Date Added | Wed May 1 14:03:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 1 14:03:04 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Miriam Dittmar |
Author | Kirsten Abbot-Smith |
Author | Elena Lieven |
Author | M. Tomasello |
Abstract | Two comprehension experiments were conducted to investigate whether German children are able to use the grammatical cues of word order and word endings (case markers) to identify agents and patients in a causative sentence and whether they weigh these two cues differently across development. Two-year-olds correctly understood only sentences with both cues supporting each other—the prototypical form. Five-year-olds were able to use word order by itself but not case markers. Only 7-year-olds behaved like adults by relying on case markers over word order when the two cues conflicted. These findings suggest that prototypical instances of linguistic constructions with redundant grammatical marking play a special role in early acquisition, and only later do children isolate and weigh individual grammatical cues appropriately |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1152-1167 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 29 00:53:46 2008 |
Modified | Sat Nov 29 00:55:37 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | W. Kohler |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Liveright Publishing Corporation |
Date | 1947 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 9 00:10:13 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 9 00:11:00 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mamiko Arata |
Publication | Science |
Pages | 1374-1379 |
Date | 2009 |
Short Title | Gesture in language |
Date Added | Wed Feb 29 13:27:35 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 29 13:27:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carla L. Hudson Kam |
Author | Elissa L. Newport |
Abstract | When natural language input contains grammatical forms that are used probabilistically and inconsistently, learners will sometimes reproduce the inconsistencies; but sometimes they will instead regularize the use of these forms, introducing consistency in the language that was not present in the input. In this paper we ask what produces such regularization. We conducted three artificial language experiments, varying the use of determiners in the types of inconsistency with which they are used, and also comparing adult and child learners. In Experiment 1 we presented adult learners with scattered inconsistency - the use of multiple determiners varying in frequency in the same context - and found that adults will reproduce these inconsistencies at low levels of scatter, but at very high levels of scatter will regularize the determiner system, producing the most frequent determiner form almost all the time. In Experiment 2 we showed that this is not merely the result of frequency: when determiners are used with low frequencies but in consistent contexts, adults will learn all of the determiners veridically. In Experiment 3 we compared adult and child learners, finding that children will almost always regularize inconsistent forms, whereas adult learners will only regularize the most complex inconsistencies. Taken together, these results suggest that regularization processes in natural language learning, such as those seen in the acquisition of language from non-native speakers or in the formation of young languages, may depend crucially on the nature of language learning by young children. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 30-66 |
Date | August 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.01.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Getting it right by getting it wrong |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WCR-4VXCG3G-1/2/e46a901f8bc2be10aedfdcee08e197fc |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 22:10:07 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 22:10:07 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 22:10:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. Koutstaal |
Author | D.L. Schacter |
Abstract | Three experiments examined the recognition performance of older (60-75 yrs) and younger (17-25 yrs) adults for detailed colored pictures of objects as ri function of whether the targets and lures were from previously studied categories or were unrelated (noncategorized) items. If participants had studied many exemplars from a category, they often falsely recognized lures from those categories; this false recognition effect was especially pronounced in older adults. Older and younger participants showed equivalent correct recognition of large-category targets, but older adults showed significantly reduced recognition of unrelated targets, suggesting that older adults were relying on the general conceptual and/or perceptual similarity (''gist'') of study and test items in making their recognition decisions. The results extend the domain of robust false recognition to detailed color pictures and demonstrate that. particularly in older adults, false recognition sometimes involves similarity-based errors rather than source confusions regarding whether specific lure items had been presented or were generated spontaneously during the study task, (C) 1997 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 555-583 |
Date | November 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Lauwereyns |
Author | G. d'Ydewalle |
Abstract | Two experiments were carried out with organised displays in order to examine the role of similarity between global and local orientation in visual search. In both experiments, distracters were organised to form a diagonal line of plus or minus 45 degrees. In experiment 1, target displays were presented tachistoscopically. Participants searched for a target letter 'Q' among distracter letters 'O'. In experiment 2, participants performed a heterogeneity task with target line segments that could have an orientation of either plus or minus 45 degrees. The target appeared partly or completely inside a distracter circle. In both experiments, the target was more difficult to detect when the critical feature aligned with the slope of the global diagonal than when the feature did not align. Taken together, the two experiments suggested a sequential global-to-local processing in which the orientation of the global figure disrupts the detection of a similar local orientation |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1259-1270 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Douglas R. Hofstadter |
Edition | 20 Anv |
Publisher | Basic Books |
Date | 1999-02-04 |
ISBN | 0465026567 |
Short Title | Godel, Escher, Bach |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Jul 8 23:47:46 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jul 8 23:47:46 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.R. Garner |
Author | D.E. Clement |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 5-6 |
Pages | 446-452 |
Date | 1963 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.C. Plaut |
Abstract | A long-standing debate regarding the representation of semantic knowledge is whether such knowledge is represented in a single, amodal system or whether it is organised into multiple subsystems based on modality of input or type of information. The current paper presents a distributed connectionist model of semantics that constitutes a middle ground between these unitary-versus multiple-semantics accounts. In the model, semantic representations develop under the pressure of learning to mediate between multiple input and output modalities in performing various tasks. The system has a topographic bias on learning that favours short connections, leading to a graded degree of modality-specific functional specialisation within semantics. The model is applied to the specific empirical phenomena of optic aphasia-a neuropsychological disorder in which patients exhibit a selective deficit in naming visually presented objects that is not attributable to more generalised impairments in object recognition (visual agnosia) or naming (anomia). As a result of the topographic bias in the model, as well as the relative degrees of systematicity among tasks, damage to connections from vision to regions of semantics near phonology impairs visual object naming far more than visual gesturing or tactile naming, as observed in optic aphasia. Moreover, as in optic aphasia, the system is better at generating the name of an action associated with an object than at generating the name of the object itself, because action naming receives interactive support from the activation of action representations. The ability of the model to account for the pattern of performance observed in optic aphasia across the full range of severity of impairment provides support for the claim that semantic representations exhibit graded functional specialisation rather than being entirely amodal or modality-specific |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 603-639 |
Date | October 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Neuropsychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Manuscript |
---|---|
Author | R Dale |
Author | C.E. Kehoe |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:26:54 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. McMurray |
Author | M.K. Tanenhaus |
Author | Richard N. Aslin |
Abstract | In order to determine whether small within-category differences in voice onset time (VOT) affect lexical access, eye movements were monitored as participants indicated which of four pictures was named by spoken stimuli that varied along a 0–40 ms VOT continuum. Within-category differences in VOT resulted in gradient increases in fixations to cross-boundary lexical competitors as VOT approached the category boundary. Thus, fine-grained acoustic/phonetic differences are preserved in patterns of lexical activation for competing lexical candidates and could be used to maximize the efficiency of on-line word recognition. Author Keywords: Speech perception; Spoken word recognition; Categorical perception; Lexical access; Eye movements Corresponding author; email: mcmurray@bcs.rochester.edu |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | B33-B42 |
Date | December 2002 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00157-9 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T24-475WPVX-5&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cab1debe98c6d091dcaf099bab9fae22 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:46:57 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Feb 28 12:46:57 2009 |
Modified | Tue Apr 26 02:17:47 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. McMurray |
Author | Richard N. Aslin |
Author | Michael K. Tanenhaus |
Author | M. Spivey |
Author | Dana Subik |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1609-1631 |
Date | 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
DOI | 10.1037/a0011747 |
ISSN | 1939-1277 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xhp/34/6/1609/ |
Accessed | Wed Aug 26 16:35:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Aug 26 16:35:55 2009 |
Modified | Tue Apr 26 02:17:33 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald |
Author | R.M.W. Dixon |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2008-11-30 |
# of Pages | 376 |
ISBN | 0199556466 |
Short Title | Grammars in Contact |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Author | D.P. Wilkins |
Contributor | S.C. Levinson |
Contributor | D.P. Wilkins |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Stephen C. Levinson |
Author | David P. Wilkins |
Abstract | Spatial language - that is, the way languages structure the spatial domain - is an important area of research, offering insights into one of the most central areas of human cognition. In this collection, a team of leading scholars review the spatial domain across a wide variety of languages. Contrary to existing assumptions, they show that there is great variation in the way space is conceptually structured across languages, thus substantiating the controversial question of how far the foundations of human cognition are innate. Grammars of Space is a supplement to the psychological information provided in its companion volume, Space in Language and Cognition. It represents a new kind of work in linguistics, 'Semantic Typology', which asks what are the semantic parameters used to structure particular semantic fields. Comprehensive and informative, it will be essential reading for those working on comparative linguistics, spatial cognition, and the interface between them. |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2006-09-14 |
# of Pages | 553 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780521855839 |
Short Title | Grammars of Space |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Wed Jan 23 13:59:59 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jan 23 13:59:59 2013 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Lucy |
Author | S. Gaskins |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 257-283 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Feb 23 23:55:37 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Zingeser |
Author | R.S. Berndt |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 473-516 |
Date | 1988 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Paul J. Hopper |
Author | Elizabeth Closs Traugott |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2003-08-25 |
ISBN | 0521804213 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 12:22:53 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 31 12:22:53 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Todd C. Handy |
Author | Scott T. Grafton |
Author | Neha M. Shroff |
Author | Sarah Ketay |
Author | Michael S. Gazzaniga |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 421-427 |
Date | April 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1031 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1031 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 1 15:11:45 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Wed Sep 1 15:11:45 2010 |
Modified | Wed Sep 1 15:11:45 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Haun |
Author | J Call |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 110 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 147-159 |
Date | 02/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.10.012 |
ISSN | 00100277 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=2Dih4pHN9d5AkoLHA32&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 10:10:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 10:10:12 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 10:10:12 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Abstract | Grounded cognition rejects traditional views that cognition is computation on amodal symbols in a modular system, independent of the brain’s modal systems for perception, action, and introspection. Instead, grounded cognition proposes that modal simulations, bodily states, and situated action underlie cognition. Accumulating behavioral and neural evidence supporting this view is reviewed from research on perception, memory, knowledge, language, thought, social cognition, and development. Theories of grounded cognition are also reviewed, as are origins of the area and common misperceptions of it. Theoretical, empirical, and methodological issues are raised whose future treatment is likely to affect the growth and impact of grounded cognition. |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 617-645 |
Date | 01/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Annu. Rev. Psychol. |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093639 |
ISSN | 0066-4308 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=9&SID=3Bb2peh131DgoE15EI9&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 16:49:31 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 16:49:31 2010 |
Modified | Sat Jun 11 11:26:11 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.M. Glenberg |
Author | M.P. Kaschak |
Abstract | We report a new phenomenon associated with language comprehension: the action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE). Participants judged whether sentences were sensible by making a response that required moving toward or away from their bodies. When a sentence implied action in one direction (e.g., "Close the drawer" implies action away from the body), the participants had difficulty making a sensibility judgment requiring a response in the opposite direction. The ACE was demonstrated for three sentences types: imperative sentences, sentences describing the transfer of concrete objects, and sentences describing the transfer of abstract entities, such as "Liz told you the story." These data are inconsistent with theories of language comprehension in which meaning is represented as a set of relations among nodes. Instead, the data support an embodied theory of meaning that relates the meaning of sentences to human action |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 558-565 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roy |
Abstract | We use words to communicate about things and kinds of things, their properties, relations and actions. Researchers are now creating robotic and simulated systems that ground language in machine perception and action, mirroring human abilities. A new kind of computational model is emerging from this work that bridges the symbolic realm of language with the physical realm of real-world referents. It explains aspects of context-dependent shifts of word meaning that cannot easily be explained by purely symbolic models. An exciting implication for cognitive modeling is the use of grounded systems to 'step into the shoes' of humans by directly processing first-person-perspective sensory data, providing a new methodology for testing various hypotheses of situated communication and learning |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 389-396 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Abstract | An important issue in attention research concerns the representational format from which attention selects. S. P. Vecera and M. J. Farah (1994) presented results that they argued demonstrated attentional selection from a spatially invariant object representation. In their comment, A. F. Kramer, T. A. Weber, and S. E. Watson (1997) questioned the interpretation of these results, and they presented evidence consistent with selection from a grouped location-based representation. In this reply, the author argues that although an absence of spatial, or distance, effects may be ambiguous as to whether attention is selecting from an object-based representation or from a location-based representation, there an computational considerations that favor object-based selection in certain tasks. The author concludes with a discussion of how object-based and location-based representations might interact with one another, thereby providing a possible explanation of Kramer et al.'s (1997) results. Such an account may lead to an understanding of how multiple forms of attentional selection may coexist in the visual system |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 126 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 14-18 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kerry McAlonan |
Author | James Cavanaugh |
Author | Robert H. Wurtz |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 456 |
Issue | 7220 |
Pages | 391-394 |
Date | November 20, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature07382 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07382 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:04:32 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Feb 28 12:04:32 2009 |
Modified | Sat Feb 28 12:04:32 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kerry McAlonan |
Author | James Cavanaugh |
Author | Robert H. Wurtz |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 456 |
Issue | 7220 |
Pages | 391-394 |
Date | November 20, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature07382 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07382 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:05:28 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Abstract | An important component of routine visual behavior is the ability to find one item in a visual world filled with other, distracting items. This ability to perform visual search has been the subject of a large body of research in the past 15 years. This paper reviews the visual search literature and presents a model of human search behavior. Built upon the work of Neisser, Treisman, Julesz, and others, the model distinguishes between a preattentive, massively parallel stage that processes information about basic visual features (color, motion, various depth cues, etc.) across large portions of the visual field and a subsequent limited-capacity stage that performs other, more complex operations (e.g., face recognition, reading, object identification) over a limited portion of the visual field. The spatial deployment of the limited-capacity process is under attentional control. The heart of the guided search model is the idea that attentional deployment of limited resources is guided by the output of the earlier parallel processes. Guided Search 2.0 (GS2) is a revision of the model in which virtually all aspects of the model have been made more explicit and/or revised in light of new data. The paper is organized into four parts: Part 1 presents the model and the details of its computer simulation. Part 2 reviews the visual search literature on preattentive processing of basic features and shows how the GS2 simulation reproduces those results. Part 3 reviews the literature on the attentional deployment of limited-capacity processes in conjunction and serial searches and shows how the simulation handles those conditions. Finally, Part 4 deals with shortcomings of the model and unresolved issues |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 202-238 |
Date | June 1994 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Kingstone |
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | G.R. Mangun |
Author | M.S. Gazzaniga |
Abstract | Previous research has shown that split-brain (callosotomy) patients search through visual displays twice as fast as normal observers when items are divided evenly between visual hemifields, as though each disconnected hemisphere possessed its own attentional scanning system (Luck, Hillyard, Mangun, & Gazzaniga, 1989, 1994). Results from 3 split-brain patients in the present study indicate that the ability to limit search to a relevant subset of the visual display is lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere. This ability to perform guided search was not shown in the right hemisphere, even when the search time in that hemisphere was superior to search time in the left. Furthermore, guided search was observed for both hemifields in normal control observers. These findings suggest that, as with higher cognitive processes such as language, strategic visuospatial attentional processes are preferentially lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere. The findings also imply that the callosum mediates guided search in the right hemisphere of normal subjects |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 118-121 |
Date | March 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jared M. Diamond |
Publisher | W. W. Norton & Company |
Date | 1999-04-01 |
# of Pages | 496 |
ISBN | 0393317552 |
Short Title | Guns, Germs, and Steel |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 18:12:23 2012 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 18:12:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Varun Bansal |
Author | Julian Diaz |
Author | Jinal Patel |
Author | Davide Reato |
Author | Marom Bikson |
Abstract | The spatial resolution of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is considered to be relatively diffuse owing to skull dispersion. However, we show that electric fields may be clustered at distinct gyri/sulci sites because of details in tissue architecture/conductivity, notably cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We calculated the cortical electric field/current density magnitude induced during tDCS using a high spatial resolution (1 mm3) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived finite element human head model; cortical gyri/sulci were resolved. The spatial focality of conventional rectangular-pad (7 x 5 cm2) and the ring (4 x 1) electrode configurations were compared. The rectangular-pad configuration resulted in diffuse (unfocal) modulation, with discrete clusters of electric field magnitude maxima. Peak-induced electric field magnitude was not observed directly underneath the pads, but at an intermediate lobe. The 4 x 1 ring resulted in enhanced spatial focality, with peak-induced electric field magnitude at the sulcus and adjacent gyri directly underneath the active electrode. Cortical structures may be focally targeted by using ring configurations. Anatomically accurate high-resolution MRI-based forward-models may guide the "rational" clinical design and optimization of tDCS. |
Publication | Brain Stimulation |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 201-207, 207.e1 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Stimul |
ISSN | 1935-861X |
Short Title | Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20648973 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 25 11:39:53 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20648973 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 25 11:39:53 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.M. MacLeod |
Abstract | The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set of 18 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories-relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading-are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 163-203 |
Date | March 1991 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Knecht |
Author | B. Drager |
Author | M. Deppe |
Author | L. Bobe |
Author | H. Lohmann |
Author | A. Flöel |
Author | E.-B. Ringelstein |
Author | H. Henningsen |
Abstract | In most people the left hemisphere of the brain is dominant for language. Because of the increased incidence of atypical right-hemispheric language in left-handed neurological patients, a systematic association between handedness and dominance has long been suspected. To clarify the relationship between handedness and language dominance in healthy subjects, we measured lateralization directly by functional transcranial Doppler sonography in 326 healthy individuals using a word-generation task. The incidence of right-hemisphere language dominance was found to increase linearly with the degree of left-handedness, from 4% in strong right-handers (handedness = 100) to 15% in ambidextrous individuals and 27% in strong left-handers (handedness = -100). The relationship could be approximated by the formula: [IMG]f1.gif" BORDER="0">. These results clearly demonstrate that the relationship between handedness and language dominance is not an artefact of cerebral pathology but a natural phenomenon. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 123 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2512-2518 |
Date | December 1, 2000 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/123.12.2512 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/123/12/2512 |
Accessed | Mon Mar 16 11:57:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Mon Mar 16 11:57:44 2009 |
Modified | Mon Mar 16 11:57:44 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | H. C. Conklin |
Place | Rome |
Publisher | FAO |
Date | 1957 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 19:13:45 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 19:15:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Zachary Estes |
Author | Michelle Verges |
Author | Lawrence W Barsalou |
Abstract | Many objects typically occur in particular locations, and object words encode these spatial associations. We tested whether such object words (e.g., head, foot) orient attention toward the location where the denoted object typically occurs (i.e., up, down). Because object words elicit perceptual simulations of the denoted objects (i.e., the representations acquired during actual perception are reactivated), we predicted that an object word would interfere with identification of an unrelated visual target subsequently presented in the object's typical location. Consistent with this prediction, three experiments demonstrated that words denoting objects that typically occur high in the visual field hindered identification of targets appearing at the top of the display, whereas words denoting low objects hindered target identification at the bottom of the display. Thus, object words oriented attention to and activated perceptual simulations in the objects' typical locations. These results shed new light on how language affects perception. |
Publication | Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 93-97 |
Date | Feb 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02051.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | Head up, foot down |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18271853 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 12:00:02 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18271853 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 12:00:02 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H McGurk |
Author | J MacDonald |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 264 |
Issue | 5588 |
Pages | 746-748 |
Date | 1976 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 1012311 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1012311 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 12:43:42 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1012311 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 12:43:42 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A J Kunkler-Peck |
Author | M T Turvey |
Abstract | In 4 experiments, participants listened to suspended occluded objects set into vibration by a pendular hammer. In Experiment 1, participants provided analogue measures of the heights and widths of 3 rectangular steel plates equal in area and weight. The same report method and rectangular dimensions were used in Experiment 2 with 3 plates each of steel, wood, and Plexiglas. Heights and widths were distinguished and perceived in similar proportions to the actual dimensions regardless of material composition. In Experiments 3 and 4, participants successfully identified circular, triangular, and rectangular plates of a single material (Experiment 3) and of 3 different materials (Experiment 4). Discussion focuses on the dependency of perceived dimensions on the physical properties and linear dimensions of the plates and the acoustic structure determined by the solutions to the 2-dimensional wave equation. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 279-294 |
Date | Feb 2000 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696618 |
Accessed | Wed Mar 7 14:02:36 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10696618 |
Date Added | Wed Mar 7 14:02:36 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sharon E. Guttman |
Author | Lee A. Gilroy |
Author | Randolph Blake |
Abstract | When the senses deliver conflicting information, vision dominates spatial processing, and audition dominates temporal processing. We asked whether this sensory specialization results in cross-modal encoding of unisensory input into the task-appropriate modality. Specifically, we investigated whether visually portrayed temporal structure receives automatic, obligatory encoding in the auditory domain. In three experiments, observers judged whether the changes in two successive visual sequences followed the same or different rhythms. We assessed temporal representations by measuring the extent to which both task-irrelevant auditory information and task-irrelevant visual information interfered with rhythm discrimination. Incongruent auditory information significantly disrupted task performance, particularly when presented during encoding; by contrast, varying the nature of the rhythm-depicting visual changes had minimal impact on performance. Evidently, the perceptual system automatically and obligatorily abstracts temporal structure from its visual form and represents this structure using an auditory code, resulting in the experience of “hearing visual rhythms.” |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 228-235 |
Date | 2005-03-01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00808.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976, 1467-9280 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/16/3/228 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 16 20:28:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | pss.sagepub.com |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:28:43 2012 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:28:43 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | William Chomsky |
Edition | Stated First Edition |
Place | Philadelphia, PA |
Publisher | Jewish Publication Society |
Date | 1957 |
Short Title | HEBREW |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Jan 18 09:27:55 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jan 18 09:28:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C Chiarello |
Abstract | Hemisphere differences in lexical processing may be due to asymmetry in the organization of lexical information, in procedures used to access the lexicon, or both. Six lateralized lexical decision experiments employed various types of priming to distinguish among these possibilities. In three controlled (high probability) priming experiments, prime words could be used as lexical access clues. Larger priming was obtained for orthographically similar stimuli (BEAK-BEAR) when presented to the left visual field (LVF). Controlled priming based on phonological relatedness (JUICE-MOOSE) was equally effective in either visual field (VF). Semantic similarity (INCH-YARD) produced larger priming for right visual field (RVF) stimuli. These results suggest that the hemispheres may utilize different information to achieve lexical access. Spread of activation through the lexicon was measured in complementary automatic (low probability) priming experiments. Priming was restricted to LVF stimuli for orthographically similar words, while priming for phonologically related stimuli was only obtained in the RVF. Automatic semantic priming was present bilaterally, but was larger in the LVF. These results imply hemisphere differences in lexical organization, with orthographic and semantic relationships available to the right hemisphere, and phonological and semantic relations available to the left hemisphere. Support was obtained for hemisphere asymmetries in both lexical organization and directed lexical processing. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 146-172 |
Date | Sep 1985 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Hemisphere dynamics in lexical access |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4052742 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:28:20 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 4052742 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:28:20 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S A Christianson |
Author | J Säisä |
Author | H Silfvenius |
Abstract | Material-specific memory performance was studied by a Sodium Amytal testing procedure in order to diagnose hemispheric memory functions in 27 patients with unilateral temporal or frontal epileptic lesions who were under consideration for surgical therapy. Memory was tested for concrete and abstract words, pictures of common objects, figures, and faces, presented pre- and post-inactivation of the hemisphere contralateral or ipsilateral to the epileptic focus. The results showed that tests involving words and pictures of common objects were conclusive about hemispheric memory functions, in showing cross-over interactions between side of lesion and side of injection. Figures and faces were hemisphere discriminative to a much lesser degree (only a minor preference for the right hemisphere was found) and are presumably more dependent on the functional integrity of both hemispheres. The present findings demonstrate that hemispheric memory functions can be studied in more detail with the Amytal technique than has been shown hitherto in the literature. |
Publication | Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 681-694 |
Date | Oct 1990 |
Journal Abbr | J Clin Exp Neuropsychol |
ISSN | 1380-3395 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2124215 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 16:13:30 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2124215 |
Date Added | Wed May 6 16:13:30 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kara D Federmeier |
Author | Aaron S Benjamin |
Abstract | Hemispheric specialization has been studied extensively within subfields ranging from perception to language comprehension. However, the study of asymmetries for basic memory functions--an area that holds promise for bridging these low- and high-level cognitive domains--has been sporadic at best. We examined each hemisphere's tendency to retain verbal information over time, using a continuous recognition memory task with lateralized study items and central test probes. We found that the ubiquitous advantage of the left hemisphere for the processing and retention of verbal information is attenuated and perhaps even reversed over long retention intervals. This result is consistent with theories that propose differences in the degree to which the hemispheres maintain veridical versus semantically transformed representations of the input they receive. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 993-998 |
Date | Dec 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16615318 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 20 16:41:28 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16615318 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 20 16:41:28 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Lavidor |
Author | V. Brinksman |
Author | S.M. Gobel |
Abstract | To investigate the spatial representation of numbers and its possible hemispheric organisation, 46 participants were presented with a series of double-digit numbers in a fixed standard number comparison task using 65 (in Experiment 1) and 55 (in Experiment 2) as the standard. Visual field of presentation, distance from the target number and magnitude were manipulated. Reaction times decreased with increasing distance from the target number, in line with the well-established distance effect. There was no main effect of visual field, however the interaction between visual field, distance and magnitude was significant. For large distances, numbers of small magnitude were responded to faster in the left over the right visual field, while there was a right visual field advantage for large magnitude numbers. These results suggest that the representation of numbers has spatial qualities (i.e., smaller numbers are represented to the left of a comparison point, larger numbers to the right). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 1927-1933 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Yovel |
Author | J. Levy |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Pages | 76 |
Date | 1999 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:58 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Casasanto |
Abstract | What determines the hemispheric laterality of information processing in the human prefrontal cortex (PFC)? Functional neuroimaging studies of declarative memory have explored two proposals: process-specificity and material-specificity. Early studies reported left-lateralized activation in prefrontal regions during memory encoding but right-lateralized activation during memory retrieval, for both verbal and nonverbal stimuli. Subsequent studies show that in addition to process-specific lateralization in some PFC regions, activation in other prefrontal regions varies according to the type of stimulus materials used. Verbal materials have been shown to preferentially activate regions of the left PFC and nonverbal materials homologous regions of the right PFC, during both encoding and retrieval. Findings are interpreted as consistent with the material-specificity hypothesis, which posits different lateralization of verbal and nonverbal memory processes [Hemispheric specialization and interaction, 1974]. Whereas initial fMRI and PET studies of material-specificity compared activation across material types (i.e. words vs. pictures) recent studies have begun to investigate hemispheric effects of stimulus manipulations within each material type. Based on these results and on findings in the behavioral and neuropsychological literature, it is hypothesized that activity in certain regions of left and right PFC may vary along two distinct, continuous dimensions: verbalizability and imageability. Recent experimental data will be evaluated according to the predictions of this proposal, and theoretical implications will be discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Neurolinguistics |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 4-5 |
Pages | 361-382 |
Date | 2003 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0911-6044(03)00020-4 |
ISSN | 0911-6044 |
Short Title | Hemispheric specialization in prefrontal cortex |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6VDV-48VTCXV-3/2/6a51c7edc8f6a0a4327ed92e46611549 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 15:21:41 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 15:21:41 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 15:22:31 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Polich |
Author | D.P. Defrancesco |
Author | J.F. Garon |
Author | W. Cohen |
Publication | Psychological Research-Psychologische Forschung |
Volume | 52 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 54-61 |
Date | 1990 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tai Sing Lee |
Author | David Mumford |
Abstract | Traditional views of visual processing suggest that early visual neurons in areas V1 and V2 are static spatiotemporal filters that extract local features from a visual scene. The extracted information is then channeled through a feedforward chain of modules in successively higher visual areas for further analysis. Recent electrophysiological recordings from early visual neurons in awake behaving monkeys reveal that there are many levels of complexity in the information processing of the early visual cortex, as seen in the long-latency responses of its neurons. These new findings suggest that activity in the early visual cortex is tightly coupled and highly interactive with the rest of the visual system. They lead us to propose a new theoretical setting based on the mathematical framework of hierarchical Bayesian inference for reasoning about the visual system. In this framework, the recurrent feedforward/feedback loops in the cortex serve to integrate top-down contextual priors and bottom-up observations so as to implement concurrent probabilistic inference along the visual hierarchy. We suggest that the algorithms of particle filtering and Bayesian-belief propagation might model these interactive cortical computations. We review some recent neurophysiological evidences that support the plausibility of these ideas. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America A |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1434-1448 |
Date | July 1, 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. A |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSAA.20.001434 |
URL | http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-20-7-1434 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 02:10:55 2012 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 02:10:55 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 02:10:55 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Riesenhuber |
Author | T Poggio |
Abstract | Visual processing in cortex is classically modeled as a hierarchy of increasingly sophisticated representations, naturally extending the model of simple to complex cells of Hubel and Wiesel. Surprisingly, little quantitative modeling has been done to explore the biological feasibility of this class of models to explain aspects of higher-level visual processing such as object recognition. We describe a new hierarchical model consistent with physiological data from inferotemporal cortex that accounts for this complex visual task and makes testable predictions. The model is based on a MAX-like operation applied to inputs to certain cortical neurons that may have a general role in cortical function. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1019-1025 |
Date | Nov 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/14819 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10526343 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 22 13:42:25 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10526343 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 22 13:42:25 2012 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Shimon Ullman |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2000-07-31 |
ISBN | 0262710072 |
Short Title | High-Level Vision |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue May 3 21:27:32 2011 |
Modified | Tue May 3 21:27:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.C. Oreilly |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Abstract | The hippocampus and related structures are thought to be capable of 1) representing cortical activity in a way that minimizes overlap of the representations assigned to different cortical patterns (pattern separation); and 2) modifying synaptic connections so that these representations can later be reinstated from partial or noisy versions of the cortical activity pattern that was present at the time of storage (pattern completion). We point out that there is a trade-off between pattern separation and completion and propose that the unique anatomical and physiological properties of the hippocampus might serve to minimize this trade-off. We use analytical methods to determine quantitative estimates of both separation and completion for specified parameterized models of the hippocampus. These estimates are then used to evaluate the role of various properties and of the hippocampus, such as the activity levels seen in different hippocampal regions, synaptic potentiation and depression, the multi-layer connectivity of the system, and the relatively focused and strong messy fiber projections. This analysis is focused on the feedforward pathways from the entorhinal cortex (EC) to the dentate gyrus (DG) and region CA3. Among our results are the following: 1) Hebbian synaptic modification (LTP) facilitates completion but reduces separation, unless the strengths of synapses from inactive presynaptic units to active postsynaptic units are reduced (LTD). 2) Multiple layers, as in EC to DG to CA3, allow the compounding of pattern separation, but not pattern completion. 3) The variance of the input signal carried by the messy fibers is important for separation, not the raw strength, which may explain why the messy fiber inputs are few and relatively strong, rather than many and relatively weak like the other hippocampal pathways. 4) The EC projects to CA3 both directly and indirectly via the DG, which suggests that the two-stage pathway may dominate during pattern separation and the one-stage pathway may dominate during completion; methods the hippocampus may use to enhance this effect are discussed. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc |
Publication | Hippocampus |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 661-682 |
Date | December 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T G Yuen |
Author | W F Agnew |
Author | L A Bullara |
Author | S Jacques |
Author | D B McCreery |
Abstract | The relationship of charge density per phase, or QD/ph (expressed in units of microcoulombs per cm2 per phase of the charge-balanced wave form), and total charge (QDt) to neural damage has been investigated by light and electron microscopy after surface stimulation of the parietal cortex in normal cats. QD/ph values ranging from 40 to 400 were achieved by varying several stimulus parameters. The least amount of neural damage in this study was observed at QD/ph 40). The extent of neural injury at stimulated sites increased with the charge density and was evident as disruption of cell membranes, intracytoplasmic vacoulation, an increasing glycogen content, the deposition of intracellular calcium hydroxyapatite, and neuronal and astrocytic degeneration. Although individual factors contributing to neural damage are isolated with difficulty, charge density and total charge seem to be predominant among the contributing parameters. In view of these findings, recommendations have been made for the selection of electrical stimulus parameters to be used in central nervous system prostheses. |
Publication | Neurosurgery |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 292-299 |
Date | Sep 1981 |
Journal Abbr | Neurosurgery |
ISSN | 0148-396X |
Short Title | Histological evaluation of neural damage from electrical stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7301072 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 18 08:55:05 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7301072 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 08:55:05 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 18 08:55:05 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Talmy Givon |
Publication | Chicago Linguistic Society |
Volume | 7 |
Pages | 394-415 |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 12:21:30 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 31 12:22:15 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Josep Call |
Abstract | Ape species-specific communication is grounded on the present, possesses some referential qualities and is mostly used to request objects or actions from others. Artificial systems of communication borrowed from humans transform apes' communicative exchanges by freeing them from the present (i.e. displaced reference) although requests still predominate as the main reason for communicating with others. Symbol use appears to enhance apes' relational abilities and their inhibitory control. Despite these substantial changes, it is concluded that even though artificial communication enhances thought and enables its expression more openly, it does not create it or modify the motivation behind communicative exchanges. |
Publication | Mind & Language |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1–20 |
Date | 2011 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01408.x |
ISSN | 1468-0017 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01408.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 14:51:20 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 14:51:20 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 14:51:20 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Walter J. Freeman |
Edition | 1 |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | Columbia University Press |
Date | 2001-02-15 |
# of Pages | 146 |
ISBN | 0231120087 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 00:42:10 2011 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:16:02 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C M Moore |
Author | H Egeth |
Abstract | Five experiments are reported from which it is concluded that attending on the basis of a stimulus feature (e.g., red) does not directly affect the sensory quality of stimuli that possess that feature. Feature-based attention was manipulated in a visual search task by providing information about the probability that the target would possess a given feature (e.g., "The target has a 1.0 probability of being red when present.") Feature-based attention failed to aid performance under "data-limited" conditions (i.e., those under which performance was primarily affected by the quality of the stimulus) but did affect performance under conditions that were not data limited (Experiments 1-3). If attending to a feature had affected the sensory quality of stimuli, performance should have been aided under all conditions. Experiments 4 and 5 provided converging support for this conclusion. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1296-310 |
Date | Aug 1998 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9706716 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 12:17:38 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9706716 |
Date Added | Mon Dec 15 12:17:38 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Douglas L. Hintzman |
Abstract | Four experiments were done to investigate the effects of repetition on judgment of recency (JOR). Experiment 1 showed that repetition can make an item seem either more recent or less recent than a nonrepeated item, depending on presentation spacing. Experiments 2-4 showed that subjects are able to judge the recency of a repeated item's first presentation or of its second presentation with a high degree of independence, especially if they report that the item occurred twice. The data are more consistent with an independent-trace explanation of JOR and repetition than with a cumulative-strength account, but neither hypothesis explains how repetition can make an item seem less recent. It is proposed that the findings as a whole can be better explained by a hypothesis based on recursive reminding. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 102-115 |
Date | January 2010 |
DOI | 10.3758/MC.38.1.102 |
Short Title | How does repetition affect memory? |
URL | http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/38/1/102.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jan 10 11:29:25 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 11:29:25 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:29:25 2010 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | W.R. Thurston |
Editor | R. Harlow |
Editor | R. Hooper |
Proceedings Title | Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics |
Place | Auckland, NZ |
Publisher | Linguistic Society of New Zealand |
Pages | 555-579 |
Series | VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 21:31:31 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 21:33:26 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | T.S. Horowitz |
Author | N. Kenner |
Author | M. Hyle |
Author | N. Vasan |
Abstract | Most laboratory visual search tasks involve many searches for the same target, while in the real world we typically change our target with each search (e.g. find the coffee cup, then the sugar). How quickly can the visual system be reconfigured to search for a new target? Here observers searched for targets specified by cues presented at different SOAs relative to the search stimulus. Search for different targets on each trial was compared to search for the same target over a block of trials. Experiments I and 2 showed that an exact picture cue acts within 200 ms to make varied target conjunction search as fast and efficient as blocked conjunction search. Word cues were slower and never as effective. Experiment 3 replicated this result with a task that required top-down information about target identity. Experiment 4 showed that the effects of an exact picture cue were not mandatory. Experiments 5 and 6 used pictures of real objects to cue targets by category level. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1411-1426 |
Date | June 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Slade |
Author | T. Ruffman |
Abstract | Forty-four children (mean 3.8 years) were given three false belief, a working memory, and four language tasks (each designed to tap a different aspect of syntax or semantics), and were tested again 6 months later. Once the range of scores in the language and false belief tasks were equated, there was a bidirectional relation between language and theory of mind. There was no evidence for syntax playing a unique role in the contribution of language to theory of mind. No one measure of syntax or semantics was more likely than any other to predict later false belief. Nor was false belief related more to one aspect of later language (syntax vs. semantics) than another. Our data, taken with other findings, are consistent with the idea that both syntax and semantics contribute to false belief understanding. Working memory did not mediate the relation between language and theory of mind, nor did it facilitate later false belief |
Publication | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 23 |
Pages | 117-141 |
Date | March 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Slade |
Author | T. Ruffman |
Abstract | Forty-four children (mean 3.8 years) were given three false belief, a working memory, and four language tasks (each designed to tap a different aspect of syntax or semantics), and were tested again 6 months later. Once the range of scores in the language and false belief tasks were equated, there was a bidirectional relation between language and theory of mind. There was no evidence for syntax playing a unique role in the contribution of language to theory of mind. No one measure of syntax or semantics was more likely than any other to predict later false belief. Nor was false belief related more to one aspect of later language (syntax vs. semantics) than another. Our data, taken with other findings, are consistent with the idea that both syntax and semantics contribute to false belief understanding. Working memory did not mediate the relation between language and theory of mind, nor did it facilitate later false belief |
Publication | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 23 |
Pages | 117-141 |
Date | March 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Date | 2006 |
Proceedings Title | The 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society⬚ ⬚ |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Pages | 2660 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Author | Y.F. Lo |
Author | A.V. Fisher |
Abstract | This article examines the development of inductive generalization, and presents a model of young children's induction and two experiments testing the model. The model specifies contribution of linguistic labels and perceptual similarity to young children's induction and predicts a correspondence between similarity judgment and induction of young children. In Experiment 1, 4- to 5-year-olds, 7- to 8-year-olds, and 11- to 12-year-olds were presented with triads of schematic faces (a Target and two Test stimuli), which varied in perceptual similarity, with one of the Test stimuli sharing a linguistic label with the Target, and another having a different label. Participants were taught an unobservable biological property about the Target and asked to generalize the property to one of the Test stimuli. Although 4- to 5-year-olds' proportions of label-based inductive generalizations varied with the degree of perceptual similarity among the compared stimuli, 11- to 12-year-olds relied exclusively on labels, and 7- to 8-year-olds appeared to be a transitional group. In Experiment 2 these findings were replicated using naturalistic stimuli (i.e., photographs of animals), with perceptual similarity manipulated by "morphing" naturalistic pictures into each other in a fixed number of steps. Overall results support predictions of the model and point to a developmental shift from treating linguistic labels as an attribute contributing to similarity to treating them as markers of a common category-a shift that appears to occur between 8 and 11 years of age |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1695-1709 |
Date | November 2001 |
URL | ISI:000172600700006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jan 20 21:44:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Roberts |
Author | H. Pashler |
Abstract | Quantitative theories with free parameters often gain credence when they closely fit data. This is a mistake. A good fit reveals nothing about the flexibility of the theory (how much it cannot fit), the variability of the data (how firmly the data rule out what the theory cannot fit), or the likelihood of other outcomes (perhaps the theory could have fit any plausible result), and a reader needs all 3 pieces of information to decide how much the fit should increase belief in the theory. The use of good fits as evidence is not supported by philosophers of science nor by the history of psychology; there seem to be no examples of a theory supported mainly by good fits that has led to demonstrable progress. A better way to test a theory with free parameters is to determine how the theory constrains possible outcomes (i.e., what it predicts), assess how firmly actual outcomes agree with those constraints, and determine if plausible alternative outcomes would have been inconsistent with the theory, allowing for the variability of the data |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 358-367 |
Date | April 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dwight J Kravitz |
Author | Latrice D Vinson |
Author | Chris I Baker |
Abstract | Visual object recognition is often assumed to be insensitive to changes in retinal position, leading to theories and formal models incorporating position-independent object representations. However, recent behavioral and physiological evidence has questioned the extent to which object recognition is position independent. Here, we take a computational and physiological perspective to review the current behavioral literature. Although numerous studies report reduced object recognition performance with translation, even for distances as small as 0.5 degrees of visual angle, confounds in many of these studies make the results difficult to interpret. We conclude that there is little evidence to support position-independent object recognition and the precise role of position in object recognition remains unknown. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 114-22 |
Date | Mar 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2007.12.006 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262829 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 1 15:10:19 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18262829 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Martin Pütz |
Editor | Marjolijn Verspoor |
Author | J. Trabant |
Book Title | Explorations in Linguistic Relativity |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
Pages | 25-44 |
ISBN | 1556199775 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 20 07:53:16 2009 |
Modified | Mon Apr 20 07:53:58 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Russell A Epstein |
Author | Emily J Ward |
Abstract | The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a region of human cortex that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g., landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli. It has been proposed that the primary function of the PPA is encoding of contextual information about object co-occurrence. Supporting this context hypothesis are reports that the PPA responds more strongly to strong-context than to weak-context objects and more strongly to famous faces (for which contextual associations are available) than to nonfamous faces. We reexamined the reliability of these 2 effects by scanning subjects with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed strong- and weak-context objects, scrambled versions of these objects, and famous and nonfamous faces. "Contextual" effects for objects were observed to be reliable in the PPA at slow presentation rates but not at faster presentation rates intended to discourage scene imagery. We were unable to replicate the earlier finding of preferential PPA response to famous versus nonfamous faces. These results are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the PPA encodes contextual associations but are consistent with a competing hypothesis that the PPA encodes scenic layout. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) |
Date | Jun 16, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhp099 |
ISSN | 1460-2199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457939 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 10 11:37:25 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19457939 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 10 11:37:25 2009 |
Modified | Sat Oct 10 11:37:25 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J R Shelton |
Author | R C Martin |
Abstract | Priming for semantically related concepts was investigated using a lexical decision task designed to reveal automatic semantic priming. Two experiments provided further evidence that priming in a single presentation lexical decision task (McNamara & Altarriba, 1988) derives from automatic processes. Mediated priming, but no inhibition or backward priming was found in this type of lexical decision task. Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that automatic priming was found only for associated word pairs, as determined by word association norms, and not for word pairs that are semantically related but not associated. It is argued that automatic priming in the lexical decision task occurs at a lexical level not at a semantic level. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1191-1210 |
Date | Nov 1992 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1447547 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:21:36 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1447547 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:21:36 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | A. Majid |
Author | M. Gullberg |
Author | Miriam van Staden |
Author | M. Bowerman |
Website Type | research-article |
Date | 2007-09-25 |
Short Title | How similar are semantic categories in closely related languages? |
URL | http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/COG.2007.007 |
Accessed | Sat Apr 18 06:16:27 2009 |
Rights | Walter de Gruyter |
Extra | Abstract Are the semantic categories of very closely related languages the same? We present a new methodology for addressing this question. Speakers of English, German, Dutch and Swedish described a set of video clips depicting cutting and breaking events. The verbs elicited were then subjected to cluster analysis, which groups scenes together based on similarity (determined by shared verbs). Using this technique, we find that there are surprising differences among the languages in the number of categories, their exact boundaries, and the relationship of the terms to one anotherall of which is circumscribed by a common semantic space. |
Date Added | Sat Apr 18 06:16:27 2009 |
Modified | Fri Jul 10 11:06:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.J. Dolan |
Author | G.R. Fink |
Author | E. Rolls |
Author | M. Booth |
Author | A. Holmes |
Author | R.S.J. Frackowiak |
Author | K.J. Friston |
Abstract | A degraded image of an object or face, which appears meaningless when seen for the first time, is easily recognizable after viewing an undegraded version of the same image(1), The neural mechanisms by which this form of rapid perceptual learning facilitates perception are not well understood. Psychological theory suggests the involvement of systems for processing stimulus attributes, spatial attention and feature binding(2), as well as those involved in visual imagery(3). Here we investigate where and how this rapid perceptual learning is expressed in the human brain by using functional neuroimaging to measure brain activity during exposure to degraded images before and after exposure to the corresponding undegraded versions (Fig. 1), Perceptual learning of faces or objects enhanced the activity of inferior temporal regions known to be involved in face and object recognition respectively(4-6). In addition, both face and object learning led to increased activity in medial and lateral parietal regions that have been implicated in attention(7) and visual imagery(8). We observed a strong coupling between the temporal face area and the medial parietal cortex when, and only when, faces were perceived, This suggests that perceptual learning involves direct interactions between areas involved in face recognition and those involved in spatial attention, feature binding and memory recall |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 389 |
Issue | 6651 |
Pages | 596-599 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Editor | M.J. Spivey |
Editor | M. Joanisse |
Editor | K. McRae |
Book Title | The Cambridge Handbook of Psycholinguistics |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2010 |
Pages | forthcoming |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 18:20:28 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jul 26 19:03:01 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Steven Pinker |
Abstract | “A model of scientific writing: erudite, witty, and clear.” —New York Review of BooksThe Pulitzer Prize finalist and national bestseller How the Mind Works is a fascinating, provocative work exploring the mysteries of human thought and behavior. How do we see in three dimensions? How do we remember names and faces? How is it, indeed, that we ponder the nature of our own consciousness? Why do we fall in love? In this bold, extraordinary book, Pinker synthesizes the best of cognitive science and evolutionary biology to explain what the mind is, how it has evolved, and, ultimately, how it works. This edition includes a new afterword that explores the impact of the book and its relevance today. |
Publisher | W. W. Norton & Company |
Date | 2009-06-22 |
# of Pages | 673 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780393069730 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Mon Jun 10 15:35:34 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jun 10 15:35:34 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. L. Austin |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Harvard University Press |
Date | 1975-09-01 |
ISBN | 0674411528 |
Short Title | How to Do Things with Words |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Jul 13 19:56:06 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 13 19:56:06 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Barbara Malt |
Editor | Phillip Wolff |
Author | D. Kemmerer |
Book Title | Words and the Mind: How words capture human experience |
Edition | 1 |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2010-03-01 |
Pages | 289-329 |
ISBN | 0195311124 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 03:15:09 2011 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:11:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey R Binder |
Author | JA Frost |
Author | TA Hammeke |
Author | RW Cox |
Author | SM Rao |
Author | T Prieto |
Abstract | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) was used to identify candidate language processing areas in the intact human brain. Language was defined broadly to include both phonological and lexical-semantic functions and to exclude sensory, motor, and general executive functions. The language activation task required phonetic and semantic analysis of aurally presented words and was compared with a control task involving perceptual analysis of nonlinguistic sounds. Functional maps of the entire brain were obtained from 30 right-handed subjects. These maps were averaged in standard stereotaxic space to produce a robust ''average activation map'' that proved reliable in a split-half analysis. As predicted from classical models of language organization based on lesion data, cortical activation associated with language processing was strongly lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere and involved a network of regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal robes. Less consistent with classical models were (1) the existence of left hemisphere temporoparietal language areas outside the traditional ''Wernicke area,'' namely, in the middle temporal, inferior temporal, fusiform, and angular gyri; (2) extensive left prefrontal language areas outside the classical ''Broca area''; and (3) clear participation of these left frontal areas in a task emphasizing ''receptive'' language functions. Although partly in conflict with the classical model of language localization, these findings are generally compatible with reported lesion data and provide additional support for ongoing efforts to refine and extend the classical model. |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 353-362 |
Date | JAN 1 1997 |
ISSN | 0270-6474 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=12&SID=4C6EhLO98cag9BCDep8&page=1&doc=2 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 18:27:02 2009 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 18:27:02 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:27:07 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.G. Ashby |
Author | W. Todd Maddox |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 56 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 149-178 |
Date | 02/2005 |
Journal Abbr | Annu. Rev. Psychol. |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070217 |
ISSN | 0066-4308 |
URL | http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070217 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 9 14:11:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Jun 9 14:11:57 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 19:39:48 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael S. A. Graziano |
Author | Sabine Kastner |
Abstract | A common modern view of consciousness is that it is an emergent property of the brain, perhaps caused by neuronal complexity, and perhaps with no adaptive value. Exactly what emerges, how it emerges, and from what specific neuronal process, is in debate. One possible explanation of consciousness, proposed here, is that it is a construct of the social perceptual machinery. Humans have specialized neuronal machinery that allows us to be socially intelligent. The primary role for this machinery is to construct models of other people’s minds thereby gaining some ability to predict the behavior of other individuals. In the present hypothesis, awareness is a perceptual reconstruction of attentional state; and the machinery that computes information about other people’s awareness is the same machinery that computes information about our own awareness. The present article brings together a variety of lines of evidence including experiments on the neural basis of social perception, on hemispatial neglect, on the out-of-body experience, on mirror neurons, and on the mechanisms of decision-making, to explore the possibility that awareness is a construct of the social machinery in the brain. |
Publication | Cognitive neuroscience |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 98-113 |
Date | 2011-1-1 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1080/17588928.2011.565121 |
ISSN | 1758-8928 |
Short Title | Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 22121395 PMCID: 3223025 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 7 00:02:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Feb 7 00:02:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey R Binder |
Author | J.A. Frost |
Author | T.A. Hammeke |
Author | P.S.F. Bellgowan |
Author | J.A. Springer |
Author | J.N. Kaufman |
Author | E.T. Possing |
Abstract | Functional organization of the lateral temporal cortex in humans is not well understood. We recorded blood oxygenation signals from the temporal lobes of normal volunteers using functional magnetic resonance imaging during stimulation with unstructured noise, frequency-modulated (FM) tones, reversed speech, pseudowords and words. For all conditions, subjects performed a material- nonspecific detection response when a train of stimuli began or ceased. Dorsal areas surrounding Heschl's gyrus bilaterally, particularly the planum temporale and dorsolateral superior temporal gyrus, were more strongly activated by FM tones than by noise, suggesting a role in processing simple temporally encoded auditory information. Distinct from these dorsolateral areas, regions centered in the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally were more activated by speech stimuli than by FM tones. Identical results were obtained in this region using words, pseudowords and reversed speech, suggesting that the speech–tones activation difference is due to acoustic rather than linguistic factors. In contrast, previous comparisons between word and nonword speech sounds showed left-lateralized activation differences in more ventral temporal and temporoparietal regions that are likely involved in processing lexical–semantic or syntactic information associated with words. The results indicate functional subdivision of the human lateral temporal cortex and provide a preliminary framework for understanding the cortical processing of speech sounds. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 512 -528 |
Date | May 01 , 2000 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/10.5.512 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/5/512.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jul 19 00:03:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 00:03:36 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:27:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James R. Hurford |
Publication | European Review |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 04 |
Pages | 551-565 |
Date | 2004 |
DOI | 10.1017/S106279870400047X |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Sat Jan 14 09:53:55 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 14 09:53:55 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Richard Rodriguez |
Publisher | Dial Press Trade Paperback |
Date | 2004-02-03 |
ISBN | 0553382519 |
Short Title | Hunger of Memory |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Jan 25 18:06:18 2009 |
Modified | Sun Jan 25 18:06:18 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cristina Iani |
Author | Federico Ricci |
Author | Elena Gherri |
Author | Sandro Rubichi |
Abstract | The present work was aimed at investigating whether the flanker compatibility effect can be eliminated by means of a posthypnotic suggestion influencing attentional focusing. In Experiment 1, participants who scored high and low on hypnotic susceptibility performed the flanker compatibility task when naturally awake and when under a posthypnotic suggestion aimed at increasing the target's discriminability from the flankers. Results showed that the posthypnotic suggestion effectively eliminated the flanker compatibility effect in highly susceptible participants, whereas low-susceptibility participants did not show any reduction in the effect. In Experiment 2, highly susceptible participants performed the task after receiving a suggestion but without the induction of hypnosis. Results showed that the suggestion alone was not sufficient to reduce the flanker compatibility effect. These results support the view that in highly susceptible participants, hypnotic suggestion can influence the ability to focus on relevant information. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 721-727 |
Date | Aug 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01772.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | Hypnotic suggestion modulates cognitive conflict |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913956 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 23:27:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16913956 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 23:27:43 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amir Raz |
Author | Jin Fan |
Author | Michael I. Posner |
Abstract | Many studies have suggested that conflict monitoring involves the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We previously showed that a specific hypnotic suggestion reduces involuntary conflict and alters information processing in highly hypnotizable individuals. Hypothesizing that such conflict reduction would be associated with decreased ACC activation, we combined neuroimaging methods to provide high temporal and spatial resolution and studied highly and less-hypnotizable participants both with and without a suggestion to interpret visual words as nonsense strings. Functional MRI data revealed that under posthypnotic suggestion, both ACC and visual areas presented reduced activity in highly hypnotizable persons compared with either no-suggestion or less-hypnotizable controls. Scalp electrode recordings in highly hypnotizable subjects also showed reductions in posterior activation under suggestion, indicating visual system alterations. Our findings illuminate how suggestion affects cognitive control by modulating activity in specific brain areas, including early visual modules, and provide a more scientific account relating the neural effects of suggestion to placebo. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 28 |
Pages | 9978-9983 |
Date | July 12, 2005 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0503064102 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/102/28/9978.abstract |
Accessed | Fri May 8 14:05:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | PNAS |
Date Added | Fri May 8 14:05:44 2009 |
Modified | Fri May 8 14:05:44 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S M Kosslyn |
Author | W L Thompson |
Author | M F Costantini-Ferrando |
Author | N M Alpert |
Author | D Spiegel |
Abstract | OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether hypnosis can modulate color perception. Such evidence would provide insight into the nature of hypnosis and its underlying mechanisms. METHOD: Eight highly hypnotizable subjects were asked to see a color pattern in color, a similar gray-scale pattern in color, the color pattern as gray scale, and the gray-scale pattern as gray scale during positron emission tomography scanning by means of [(15)O]CO(2). The classic color area in the fusiform or lingual region of the brain was first identified by analyzing the results when subjects were asked to perceive color as color versus when they were asked to perceive gray scale as gray scale. RESULTS: When subjects were hypnotized, color areas of the left and right hemispheres were activated when they were asked to perceive color, whether they were actually shown the color or the gray-scale stimulus. These brain regions had decreased activation when subjects were told to see gray scale, whether they were actually shown the color or gray-scale stimuli. These results were obtained only during hypnosis in the left hemisphere, whereas blood flow changes reflected instructions to perceive color versus gray scale in the right hemisphere, whether or not subjects had been hypnotized. CONCLUSIONS: Among highly hypnotizable subjects, observed changes in subjective experience achieved during hypnosis were reflected by changes in brain function similar to those that occur in perception. These findings support the claim that hypnosis is a psychological state with distinct neural correlates and is not just the result of adopting a role. |
Publication | The American Journal of Psychiatry |
Volume | 157 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1279-1284 |
Date | Aug 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Am J Psychiatry |
ISSN | 0002-953X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10910791 |
Accessed | Fri May 8 14:43:32 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10910791 |
Date Added | Fri May 8 14:43:32 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:21:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard Andersson |
Author | Fernanda Ferreira |
Author | John M. Henderson |
Abstract | <p><br/>The effect of language-driven eye movements in a visual scene with concurrent speech was examined using complex linguistic stimuli and complex scenes. The processing demands were manipulated using speech rate and the temporal distance between mentioned objects. This experiment differs from previous research by using complex photographic scenes, three-sentence utterances and mentioning four target objects. The main finding was that objects that are more slowly mentioned, more evenly placed and isolated in the speech stream are more likely to be fixated after having been mentioned and are fixated faster. Surprisingly, even objects mentioned in the most demanding conditions still show an effect of language-driven eye-movements. This supports research using concurrent speech and visual scenes, and shows that the behavior of matching visual and linguistic information is likely to generalize to language situations of high information load.</p> |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 208-216 |
Date | June 2011 |
DOI | 16/j.actpsy.2011.01.007 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
Short Title | I see what you're saying |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691811000084 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 28 11:09:47 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jun 28 11:09:47 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | L. Wagner |
Abstract | This paper revisits the aspectual under-extension found in children's production data, in which children preferentially link telic predicates with perfective/past morphology and atelic predicates with imperfective/present morphology. I argue that these aspectual groupings reflect a deep property of linguistic/conceptual organization and are manifested in various ways throughout the lifespan. The results of a new sentence comparison task show that adults judge sentences which conform to the children's under-extended groupings as better than those which do not. |
Date | 2003 |
Series | Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pamela Perniss |
Author | Robin L. Thompson |
Author | Gabriella Vigliocco |
Publication | Frontiers in Psychology |
Volume | 1 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227 |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
Short Title | Iconicity as a General Property of Language |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Language_Sciences/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00227/abstract |
Accessed | Fri Aug 26 16:17:14 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Aug 26 16:17:14 2011 |
Modified | Fri Aug 26 16:17:14 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. White |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 648-657 |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.J. Bauer |
Author | M.G. Kroupina |
Author | J.A. Schwade |
Author | P.L. Dropik |
Author | S.S. Wewerka |
Abstract | Of major interest to those concerned with early mnemonic process and function is the question of whether early memories likely encoded without the benefit of language later are accessible to verbal report. In the context of a controlled laboratory study, we examined this question in children who were 16 and 20 months at the time of exposure to specific target events and who subsequently were tested for their memories of the events after a delay of either 6 or 12 months (at 22-32 months) and then again at 3 years. At the first delayed-recall test, children evidenced memory both nonverbally and verbally. Nonverbal mnemonic expression was related to age at the time of test; verbal mnemonic expression was related to verbal fluency at the time of test. At the second delayed-recall test, children evidenced continued accessibility of their early memories. Verbal mnemonic expression was related to previous mnemonic expression, both nonverbal and verbal, each of which contributed unique variance. The relevance of these findings on memory for controlled laboratory events for issues of memory for traumatic experiences is discussed |
Publication | Development and Psychopathology |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 655-679 |
Date | FAL 1998 |
URL | ISI:000077755500004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Shams |
Author | Y. Kamitani |
Author | S. Shimojo |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 408 |
Issue | 6814 |
Pages | 788 |
Date | December 14, 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wilson S Geisler |
Author | Daniel Kersten |
Publication | Nature neuroscience |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 508-510 |
Date | Jun 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nn0602-508 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12037517 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 20 18:35:26 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12037517 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 20 18:35:26 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.E. Murray |
Abstract | The present experiment examined whether subjects can form and store imagined objects in various orientations. Subjects in a training phase named line drawings of natural objects shown at six orientations, named objects shown upright, or imagined upright objects at six orientations. Time to imagine an upright object at another orientation increased the farther the designated orientation was from the upright, with faster image formation times at 180 degrees than at 120 degrees. Similar systematic patterns of effects of orientation on identification time were found for rotated objects. During the test phase, all subjects named the previously experienced objects as well as new objects, at six orientations. The orientation effect for old objects seen previously in a variety of orientations was much reduced relative to the orientation effect for new objects. In contrast, substantial effects of orientation on naming time were observed for old objects for subjects who had previously seen the objects upright only or upright but imagined at different orientations. The results suggest that the attenuation of initially large effects of orientation with practice cannot be due to imagining and forming representations of objects at a number of orientations |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 239-243 |
Date | June 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.M. Kuehn |
Author | P. Jolicoeur |
Abstract | Evidence from a series of visual-search experiments suggests that detecting an upright face amidst face-like distractors elicits a pattern of reaction times that is consistent with serial search. In four experiments the impact of orientation, number of stimuli in the display, and similarity of stimuli on search rates was examined. All displays were homogeneous. Trials were blocked by distractor type for three experiments. In the first experiment search rates for faces amidst identical faces rotated by 180-degrees were examined. No advantage was evidenced in searching for an upright face. The impact of the quality of the face representation was examined in the second experiment. Search rates are reported for a line-drawn and a digitized image of a face amidst identical faces rotated by 180-degrees. Search was faster for digitized than for line-drawn faces. The findings of the first experiment for orientation were replicated. In the third and fourth experiments the impact of disrupting the facial configuration in distractors was examined and performance was contrasted for blocked and mixed trials, respectively, with the same stimulus set. Reaction times increased with the number of distractors in the display in all but the nonface condition, which produced a shallow slope suggestive of parallel search. Search amidst other distractors appeared to involve the conjoining of a specific set of features with specific spatial relations. The hierarchy of relevant configural dimensions was inconsistent across these two experiments, suggesting that the symmetry, top-down order of features, orientation of the face, and predictability of the distractor type may have an interactive effect on search strategies |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 95-122 |
Date | 1994 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Abstract | INVESTIGATED THE PERFORMANCE OF BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS IN A SERIES OF TASKS INVOLVING IDENTIFICATION AND COGNITION OF COLORS. 100 LEFT-BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS (57 APHASICS, 43 NONAPHASICS), 73 RIGHT-BRAIN-DAMAGED PATIENTS, AND 100 CONTROL PATIENTS WERE TESTED USING: (1) COLOR MATCHING, (2) ISHIHARA PLATES, (3) COLOR NAMING, (4) POINTING TO COLOR, (5) COLOR VERBAL MEMORY, AND (6) COLORING DRAWINGS. A CRITERION SCORE SEPARATING A PATHOLOGICAL AND A NORMAL PERFORMANCE WAS DETERMINED ON THE BASIS OF THE CONTROL PATIENTS' SCORES. |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 194-217 |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 15 02:02:17 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 15 02:03:26 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Spinnler |
Author | L.A. Vignolo |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 337-348 |
Date | 1966 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Author | G. Scotti |
Author | P. Faglioni |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 95 |
Pages | 293-& |
Date | 1972 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | P. Faglioni |
Author | G. Scotti |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 8 |
Pages | 147-163 |
Date | 1972 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:25 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | J.M Aronoff |
Author | L.M. Gonnerman |
Author | E.S. Andersen |
Author | D. Kempler |
Author | A. Almor |
Abstract | Prior work by Gonnerman and colleagues presented a theory of semantic processing in normal and impaired populations. Their account incorporates distributed representations and predicts a complex relationship between semantic knowledge and naming ability. According to this account, during the course of progressive brain damage, one should observe different relationships between damage to semantic knowledge and naming ability for natural kinds versus artifacts. For artifacts, the theory predicts that naming ability will not be strongly correlated with damage to semantic category structure, whereas for natural kinds the nature of the relationship will change as damage to the system progresses. To test this theory, young and elderly participants and patients with Alzheimer's disease named a series of pictures and completed a board sorting task, in which they placed words from a semantic category on a two dimensional grid in a way that represented their inter-similarities, thus reflecting the nature of their semantic knowledge. Results confirmed the prediction that a strong relationship between picture naming and disrupted category structure is evident only for natural kinds categories at later stages of damage. For natural kinds in earlier stages and artifacts throughout the progression of the disease, disrupted category structure is not directly reflected in naming performance. These data point to a complex relationship between the underlying category structure and its realization in naming ability. |
Date | 2003 |
Proceedings Title | Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Boston, MA |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | RW Frick |
Author | YS Lee |
Abstract | In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects were exposed to letter strings that followed a pattern-the second letter was always the same. This exposure was disguised as a test of immediate memory. Following this training, subjects could discriminate new letter strings following the pattern from letter strings not following the pattern more often than would be expected by chance, which is the traditional evidence for concept learning. Discrimination was also better than would be predicted from subjects' explicit report of the pattern, demonstrating the co-occurrence of concept learning and implicit learning. In Experiment 3, rules were learned explicitly. Discrimination was worse than would be predicted from subjects' explicit report, validating the implicit learning paradigm. In Experiment 4, deviations from a prototypical pattern were presented during training. In the test of discrimination, prototypes were as familiar as old deviations and more familiar than new deviations, even when considering only implicit knowledge. Experiment 5 found implicit knowledge of a familiar concept. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the distinguishing features of a concept can be learned implicitly, and that one type of implicit learning is concept learning. |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section a-Human |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 762-782 |
Date | 1995 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=4&SID=S2b56O4jL6CeeKKLn1H&page=1&doc=8 |
Accessed | Sat Feb 13 00:42:27 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Sat Feb 13 00:42:27 2010 |
Modified | Sat Feb 13 00:43:16 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Katharina von Kriegstein |
Author | Anne-Lise Giraud |
Publication | PLoS Biology |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | e326 |
Date | 2006 October |
Journal Abbr | PLoS Biol. |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040326 |
URL | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1570760 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 22:11:31 2009 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMCID: PMC1570760 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 22:11:31 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 22:11:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Westbury |
Abstract | Kohler (1929) reported anecdotally that, when asked to choose, subjects were much more likely to attach the name 'takete' to a spiky abstract object, and the name 'baluma' (or, by 1947, 'maluma') to a curvy abstract object. Follow-up work has suffered from the same three weaknesses as Kohler's original anecdotal study: a reliance on small number of stimuli carefully selected by the experimenter; the use of manipulations that were transparent to the subject; and the use of overtly semantic tasks. This paper reports two experiments that replicate and extend Kohler's claims using an implicit interference task that allows for multiple measures per subject, and does not require subjects to make explicit decisions about the relation between visual form and meaning. Subjects undertook a lexical or letter decision task with the stimuli presented inside spiky or curvy frames. Reaction times show interference patterns consistent with Kohler's claims. This demonstrates that the effect is pre-semantic. Neurological reasons for these word/shape and character/shape interference phenomena are discussed. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 93 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 10-19 |
Date | April 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yoni Pertzov |
Author | Ehud Zohary |
Author | Galia Avidan |
Abstract | Everyday life frequently requires searching for objects in the visual scene. Visual search is typically accompanied by a series of eye movements. In an effort to explain subjects' scanning patterns, models of visual search propose that a template of the target is used, to guide gaze (and attention) to locations which exhibit “suspicious” similarity to this template. We show here that the scanning patterns are also clearly influenced by implicit (unrecognized) cues: A backward masked object, presented before the scene display, automatically attracts gaze to its corresponding location in the following inspected image. Interestingly, subliminally observed words describing objects do not have the same effect. This demonstrates that visual search can be unconsciously guided by activated target representations at the perceptual level, but it is much less affected by implicit information at the semantic level. Implications on search models are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1-12 |
Date | June 10 , 2009 |
DOI | 10.1167/9.6.6 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/9/6/6.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Aug 22 11:33:38 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 22 11:33:38 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:11:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Monti |
Author | F Cogiamanian |
Author | S Marceglia |
Author | R Ferrucci |
Author | F Mameli |
Author | S Mrakic-Sposta |
Author | M Vergari |
Author | S Zago |
Author | A Priori |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been proposed as an adjuvant technique to improve functional recovery after ischaemic stroke. This study evaluated the effect of tDCS over the left frontotemporal areas in eight chronic non-fluent post-stroke aphasic patients. The protocol consisted of the assessment of picture naming (accuracy and response time) before and immediately after anodal or cathodal tDCS (2 mA, 10 minutes) and sham stimulation. Whereas anodal tDCS and sham tDCS failed to induce any changes, cathodal tDCS significantly improved the accuracy of the picture naming task by a mean of 33.6% (SEM 13.8%). |
Publication | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 451-453 |
Date | April 1, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1136/jnnp.2007.135277 |
URL | http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/jnnp;79/4/451 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 28 12:09:21 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Mon Sep 28 12:09:21 2009 |
Modified | Mon Sep 28 12:09:21 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. J. Gibson |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 401-431 |
Date | Nov 1953 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Bull |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13112332 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:48:35 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 13112332 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:48:35 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robert L. Goldstone |
Author | David Landy |
Author | Lionel C. Brunel |
Abstract | One of the challenges for perceptually grounded accounts of high-level cognition is to explain how people make connections and draw inferences between situations that superficially have little in common. Evidence suggests that people draw these connections even without having explicit, verbalizable knowledge of their bases. Instead, the connections are based on sub-symbolic representations that are grounded in perception, action, and space. One reason why people are able to spontaneously see relations between situations that initially appear to be unrelated is that their eventual perceptions are not restricted to initial appearances. Training and strategic deployment allow our perceptual processes to deliver outputs that would have otherwise required abstract or formal reasoning. Even without people having any privileged access to the internal operations of perceptual modules, these modules can be systematically altered so as to better serve our high-level reasoning needs. Moreover, perceptually based processes can be altered in a number of ways to closely approximate formally sanctioned computations. To be concrete about mechanisms of perceptual change, we present 21 illustrations of ways in which we alter, adjust, and augment our perceptual systems with the intention of having them better satisfy our needs. |
Publication | Frontiers in Psychology |
Volume | 2 |
Date | 2011-12-27 |
Journal Abbr | Front Psychol |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00385 |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246223/ |
Accessed | Sat Feb 2 00:01:37 2013 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 22207861 PMCID: PMC3246223 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 2 00:01:37 2013 |
Modified | Sat Feb 2 00:01:37 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jerome Kagan |
Abstract | The balance between the preservation of early cognitive functions and serious transformations on these functions shifts across time. Piaget's writings, which favored transformations, are being replaced by writings that emphasize continuities between select cognitive functions of infants and older children. The claim that young infants possess elements present in the older child's concepts of number, physical impossibility, and object permanence is vulnerable to criticism because the inferences are based primarily on the single measure of change in looking time. It is suggested that investigators use unique constructs to describe phenomena observed in young infants that appear, on the surface, to resemble the psychological competences observed during later developmental stages. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1606-1624 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01211.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01211.x |
Accessed | Wed Feb 4 16:40:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.J. Simons |
Abstract | Models of human visual memory often presuppose an extraordinary ability to recognize and identify objects, based on evidence for nearly flawless recognition of hundreds or even thousands of pictures after a single presentation (Nickerson, 1965; Shepard, 1967; Standing, Conezio, & Haber, 1970) and for storage of tens of thousands of object representations over the course of a lifetime (Biederman, 1987). however, recent evidence suggests that observers often fail to notice dramatic changes to scenes, especially changes occurring during eye movements (e.g., Grimes, 1996). The experiments presented here show that immediate memory for object identity is surprisingly poor, especially when verbal labeling is prevented. However, memory for the spatial configuration of objects remains excellent even with verbal interference, suggesting a fundamental difference between representations of spatial configuration and object properties |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 301-305 |
Date | 1996 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
URL | ISI:A1996VF83300008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | stephen j. cowley |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 04 |
Pages | 493-494 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X05270085 |
Short Title | In the Beginning |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 01:36:38 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 01:36:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.C. Williams |
Author | J.M. Henderson |
Author | R.T. Zacks |
Abstract | We explored incidental retention of visual details of encountered objects during search. Participants searched for conjunction targets in 32 arrays of 12 pictures of real-world objects and then performed a token discrimination task that examined their memory for visual details of the targets and distractors from the search task. The results indicate that even though participants had not been instructed to memorize the objects, the visual details of search targets and distractor objects related to the targets were retained after the search. Distractor objects unrelated to the search target were remembered more poorly. Eye-movement measures indicated that the objects that were remembered were looked at more frequently during search than those that were not remembered. These results provide support that detailed visual information is included incidentally in the visual representation of an object after the object is no longer in view |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 816-827 |
Date | July 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Don L. Scarborough |
Author | Linda Gerard |
Author | Charles Cortese |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 84-99 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90519-X |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5N/2/cce3e14fdb58448b11836cccb2fde4dc |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:56 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:38:56 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juan Lupiáñez |
Author | Caroline Decaix |
Author | Eric Siéroff |
Author | Sylvie Chokron |
Author | Bruce Milliken |
Author | Paolo Bartolomeo |
Abstract | Inhibition of return (IOR) is thought to reflect a bias against returning attention to previously attended locations. According to this view, IOR should occur only if attention is withdrawn from the target location prior to target appearance. In the present study, endogenous attention and exogenous cueing were manipulated orthogonally. IOR was observed both when a target appeared at an unexpected location, and when a target appeared at the expected location. A similar pattern of results was obtained in a reanalysis of data from a study with Neglect patients. These results suggest that IOR is independent of endogenous orienting. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale |
Volume | 159 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 447-457 |
Date | Dec 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-004-1963-5 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
Short Title | Independent effects of endogenous and exogenous spatial cueing |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15243730 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 3 12:10:13 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15243730 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 3 12:10:13 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A R Isaac |
Author | D F Marks |
Abstract | This research has two purposes: (1) to study developmental changes and differences in visual and movement imagery in male and female children and adults; (2) to investigate whether systematic differences in imagery vividness can be measured in specialist groups. In Study 1, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire and the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire were administered to 547 individuals in age groups from 7-8 to 50+ years of age. Significant increases in imagery vividness were found in females at 8-9 and in males at 10-11 years. In general females report more vivid imagery than males but at about 50 females' movement imagery reduced in vividness. In Studies 2-5 imagery differences in specialist groups were examined using the same two questionnaires with a total of 655 participants. In Study 2, children aged 7-15 years with poor movement control were found to be extremely poor imagers with 42 per cent reporting no imagery at all. In Study 3, physical education students reported more vivid imagery than students specializing in physics, English, and surveying. In Study 4, significant differences were found between elite athletes' imagery and that of matched controls. In Study 5, air traffic controllers and pilots were found to have significantly more vivid imagery than matched control groups. Introspective reports of imagery experience show a systematic pattern of relationships with age, gender, and specialization requiring high-level performance of perceptual motor skills. These findings support the theory that mental imagery plays a key role in the planning and implementation of action. |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology (London, England: 1953) |
Volume | 85 ( Pt 4) |
Pages | 479-500 |
Date | Nov 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Br J Psychol |
ISSN | 0007-1269 |
Short Title | Individual differences in mental imagery experience |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812670 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 12 11:12:48 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7812670 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 12 11:12:48 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nash Unsworth |
Abstract | The current study examined individual differences in self-initiated processing (SIP) in memory tasks. Participants performed four memory tasks that varied the amount of SIP required at encoding, retrieval, or both as well as cognitive ability measures. It was found that the correlation between recall performance and cognitive abilities changed as a function of the amount of SIP required. Additionally, it was found that although both free and cued recall measures accounted for variance in cognitive abilities, only the free recall accounted for unique variance in cognitive abilities. It is suggested that the predictive power of a task is determined in part based on the amount of SIP required. |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006) |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 257-266 |
Date | Feb 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol (Colchester) |
DOI | 10.1080/17470210802373092 |
ISSN | 1747-0226 |
Short Title | Individual differences in self-initiated processing at encoding and retrieval |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780192 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 11 09:44:01 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18780192 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 11 09:44:01 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nash Unsworth |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 257-266 |
Date | 9/2008 |
Journal Abbr | The Quart. J. of Expt. Psych. |
DOI | 10.1080/17470210802373092 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/17470210802373092&magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 14 23:17:31 2009 |
Modified | Sat Nov 14 23:17:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Wagner |
Author | S. Carey |
Abstract | This study investigates children's ability to use language to guide their choice of individuation criterion in the domains of objects and events. Previous work (Shipley, E. F., & Shepperson, B. (1990). Countable entities: developmental changes. Cognition, 34, 109 -136.) has shown that children have a strong bias to use a spatio-temporal individuation strategy when counting objects and that children will ignore a conflicting linguistic description in favor of this spatio-temporal bias. Experiment 1 asked children (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) and adults to count objects and events under different linguistic descriptions. In the object task, subjects counted pictures of familiar objects split into multiple pieces (as in Shipley, E. F., & Shepperson, B. (1990). Countable entities: developmental changes. Cognition, 34, 109-136.) and described either using an appropriate kind label (e.g. "car") or the general term "thing". In the event task, subjects watched short animated movies consisting of a goal-oriented event achieved via multiple, temporally separated steps. The events were described either with an appropriate telic predicate targeting the goal (e.g. "paint a flower") or with an atelic predicate targeting the steps in the process (e.g. "paint") and the subjects' task was to count the events. Relative to adults, children preferred a spatio-temporal counting strategy in both tasks; there was no difference among the three groups of children. However, children were able to significantly change their counting strategy to follow the linguistic description in the event but not the object task. Experiment 2 extended the object task to include counting of other types of non-spatio-temporal units such as sub-parts of objects and collections. Results showed that children could use the linguistic descriptions to guide their counting strategy for these new items, though they continued to show a bias for a spatio-temporal individuation strategy with the collections. We suggest potential cognitive origins for the spatio-temporal individuation bias and how it interacts with children's developing linguistic knowledge. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 90 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 163-191 |
Date | December 2003 |
URL | ISI:000186590800002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D Gentner |
Author | L Boroditsky |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:25:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Author | A.V. Fisher |
Abstract | The authors present a similarity-based model of induction and categorization in young children (SINC). The model suggests that (a) linguistic labels contribute to the perceived similarity of compared entities and (b) categorization and induction are a function of similarity computed over perceptual information and linguistic labels. The model also predicts young children's similarity judgment, induction, and categorization performance under different stimuli and task conditions. Predictions of the model were tested and confirmed in 6 experiments, in which 4- to 5-year-olds performed similarity judgment, induction, and categorization tasks using artificial and real labels (Experiments 1-4) and recognition memory tasks (Experiments 5A and 5B). Results corroborate the similarity-based account of young children's induction and categorization, and they support both qualitative and quantitative predictions of the model |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 133 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 166-188 |
Date | June 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Grafman |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | D Alway |
Author | P Nichelli |
Author | E Gomez-Tortosa |
Author | M Hallett |
Abstract | We used rapid-rate, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the noninvasive study of verbal recall. Five right-handed normal subjects were studied. Recall followed immediately after presentation of a 12-word list. Focal rTMS was applied with a figure eight coil in trains of 500 ms duration to F7, F8, T5, T6, P3, P4, or O1, O2 at latencies of 0, 250, 500, or 1000 ms during word list presentation. Recall was consistently significantly diminished only after left mid-temporal and bilateral dorsofrontal rTMS at both 0 and 250 ms latencies. We conclude that rTMS may be useful as a non-invasive tool for the study of verbal memory processes. |
Publication | Neuroreport |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1157-1160 |
Date | May 9, 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroreport |
ISSN | 0959-4965 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8080978 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 11:09:37 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8080978 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 11:09:37 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L S Fried |
Author | K J Holyoak |
Abstract | We present a framework for classification learning that assumes that learners use presented instances (whether labeled or unlabeled) to infer the density functions of category exemplars over a feature space and that subsequent classification decisions employ a relative likelihood decision rule based on these inferred density functions. A specific model based on this general framework, the category density model, was proposed to account for the induction of normally distributed categories either with or without error correction or provision of labeled instances. The model was implemented as a computer simulation. Results of five experiments indicated that people could learn category distributions not only without error correction, but without knowledge of the number of categories or even that there were categories to be learned. These and other findings dictated a more general learning model that integrated distributional representations based on both parametric descriptions and stored instances. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 234-257 |
Date | Apr 1984 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
Short Title | Induction of category distributions |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6242740 |
Date Added | Wed Oct 17 21:46:02 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Reali |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | M. Tyler |
Author | J. Terranova |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 68 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 959-974 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jan 27 15:24:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. McMurray |
Author | Richard N. Aslin |
Abstract | Previous research on speech perception in both adults and infants has supported the view that consonants are perceived categorically; that is, listeners are relatively insensitive to variation below the level of the phoneme. More recent work, on the other hand, has shown adults to be systematically sensitive to within category variation [McMurray, B., Tanenhaus, M., & Aslin, R. (2002). Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access, Cognition, 86 (2), B33–B42.]. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that infants are capable of using within-category variation to segment speech and to learn phonetic categories. Here we report two studies of 8-month-old infants, using the head-turn preference procedure, that examine more directly infants' sensitivity to within-category variation. Infants were exposed to 80 repetitions of words beginning with either /b/ or /p/. After exposure, listening times to tokens of the same category with small variations in VOT were significantly different than to both the originally exposed tokens and to the cross-category-boundary competitors. Thus infants, like adults, show systematic sensitivity to fine-grained, within-category detail in speech perception. Keywords: Speech perception; Infancy; Categorical perception |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | B15-B26 |
Date | March 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.07.005 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T24-4F3FF3K-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=057899445652778a109147cbdd97204b |
Accessed | Sat Feb 28 12:46:07 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Feb 28 12:46:07 2009 |
Modified | Tue Apr 26 02:18:02 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.E. Ellis |
Author | L.M. Oakes |
Abstract | A sequential-touching task was used to investigate whether 14-month-old infants can rapidly change how they categorize a set of objects, recognizing new groupings of objects they had previously categorized in a different way. When presented with a collection of objects that could be categorized by shape (balls vs. blocks) or material (soft vs. hard), infants who showed stable performance on a superordinate-level categorization task or who had larger receptive vocabularies exhibited flexible categorization; they categorized the objects by material as well as by shape. Infants who rarely responded to the superordinate-level categorization task or who had smaller receptive vocabularies, in contrast, categorized primarily by shape. Thus, flexible categorization is related to development in other cognitive domains |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1000-1011 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | ISI:000241851600002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.L. Stager |
Author | J.F. Werker |
Abstract | Infants aged 4-6 months discriminate the fine phonetic differences that distinguish syllables in both their native and unfamiliar languages(1-3), but by 10-12 months their perceptual sensitivities are reorganized so that they discriminate only the phonetic variations that are used to distinguish meaning in their native language(12). It would seem, then, that infants apply their well honed phonetic sensitivities as they advance and begin to associate words with objects, but the question of how speech perception sensitivities are used in early word learning has not yet been answered. Here we use a recently developed technique to show that when they are required to pair words with objects, infants of 14 months fail to use the fine phonetic detail they detect in syllable discrimination tasks. In contrast, infants of 8 months-who are not yet readily learning words-successfully discriminate phonetic detail in the same task in which infants aged 14 months fail. Taken together, these results suggest a second reorganization in infants's use of phonetic detail as they move from listening to syllables to learning words |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 388 |
Issue | 6640 |
Pages | 381-382 |
Date | July 24, 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Josef Perner |
Author | Ted Ruffman |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 308 |
Issue | 5719 |
Pages | 214 -216 |
Date | April 08 , 2005 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1111656 |
Short Title | Infants' Insight into the Mind |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/308/5719/214.short |
Accessed | Tue Apr 5 09:02:06 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 5 09:02:06 2011 |
Modified | Tue Apr 5 09:02:06 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Abstract | Four experiments with the habituation procedure investigated 14-22-month-olds' ability to attend to correlations between static and dynamic features embedded in a category context. In Experiment 1, infants were habituated to four objects that exhibited invariant relations between moving features and motion trajectory. Results revealed that 14-month-olds did not process any independent features, 18-month-olds processed individual features but not relations among features, and 22-month-olds processed relations among features. In Experiment 2, 14-month-olds differentiated all of the features in the events in a simpler discrimination task. In Experiments 3a and 3b, 22-month-olds failed to show sensitivity to correlations between dynamic and static features in a category context. In Experiment 4, 22-month-olds, but not 18-month-olds, generalized the learned feature-motion relation to a novel instance. The results are discussed in relation to infants' developing ability to attend to correlations, constraints on learning, category coherence, and the development of the animate-inanimate distinction. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-30 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Yamauchi |
Author | A.B. Markman |
Abstract | How do people use category membership and similarity for making inductive inferences? The authors addressed this question by examining the impact of category labels and category features on inference and classification tasks that were designed to be comparable. In the inference task, participants predicted the value of a missing feature of an item given its category label and other feature values. In the classification task, participants predicted the category label of an item given its feature values. The results from 4 experiments suggest that category membership influences inference even when similarity information contradicts the category label. This tendency was stronger when the category label conveyed class inclusion information than when the label reflected a feature of the category. These findings suggest that category membership affects inference beyond similarity and that category labels and category features are 2 different things |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 776-795 |
Date | May 2000 |
URL | ISI:000087259600015 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:49 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Keiji Uchikawa |
Author | Hiroyuki Shinoda |
Abstract | Two color-memory experiments were performed to investigate whether observers tended to confuse colors with a smaller color difference in memory or colors in a same color-category region. We made color stimuli on a color CRT. Color difference was determined by a simultaneous color discrimination experiment. Color-category regions were obtained by a categorical color-naming experiment using the 11 basic color names: white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, orange, purple, pink, and gray. The results show that two colors with a certain color difference can be confused more easily when they are in a same color category than in different color categories, and that colors identified with memory tend to distribute within their own color-category regions or their neighbor color-category regions, depending on their positions in a color space. These findings indicate that color memory is characterized by the color categories, suggesting a color-category mechanism in a higher level of color vision. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. |
Publication | Color Research & Application |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 430-439 |
Date | 1996 |
DOI | 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199612)21:6<430::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-X |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6378(199612)21:6<430::AID-COL5>3.0.CO;2-X |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:11:38 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:11:38 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:11:38 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.J. Segal |
Author | V. Fusella |
Abstract | Compared sensitivity for auditory and visual signals in a simple detection task with 8 undergraduates and in a related task in which 6 undergraduates were also imaging mental pictures and sounds. Sensitivity (d') was reduced during imagery; within the imaging conditions, it was smaller when image and signal were both auditory or both visual than for cross-modal conditions and smaller with unfamiliar than familiar images. Likelihood ratio was also smaller in the isomodal imaging conditions, as there were more visual false alarms during visual imagery and more auditory false alarms during the auditory imagery. Data are not consistent with the assumption that d' is lower during imagery due to distraction; they do not entirely fit a channel competition model, but suggest that imagery functions as an internal signal which is confused with the external signal. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 458-& |
Date | 1970 |
URL | ISI:A1970F815400015 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Kimchi |
Author | B.S. Hadad |
Abstract | We used primed matching to examine the microgenesis of perceptual organization for familiar (upright letters) and unfamiliar (inverted letters) visual configurations that varied in the connectedness between their line components. The configurations of upright letters were available for priming as early as 40 ms, irrespective of connectedness between their line components. The configurations of connected inverted-letter primes were also available this early, but the configurations of disconnected inverted letters were not available until later. These results show that past experience contributes to the early grouping of disconnected line segments into configurations. These findings suggest an interactive model of perceptual organization in which both image-based properties (e.g., connectedness) and input from object memories contribute to perceptual organization |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 41-47 |
Date | January 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | R.A. Rensink |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 247 |
Issue | 4943 |
Pages | 721-723 |
Date | February 09, 1990 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Abstract | Four experiments investigated the influence of categorization training on perceptual discrimination. Ss were trained according to 1 of 4 different categorization regimes. Subsequent to category learning, Ss performed a Same-Different judgment task. Ss' sensitivities (d's) for discriminating between items that varied on category-(ir)relevant dimensions were measured. Evidence for acquired distinctiveness (increased perceptual sensitivity for items that are categorized differently) was obtained. One case of acquired equivalence (decreased perceptual sensitivity for items that are categorized together) was found for separable, but not integral, dimensions. Acquired equivalence within a categorization-relevant dimension was never found for either integral or separable dimensions. The relevance of the results for theories of perceptual learning, dimensional attention, categorical perception, and categorization are discussed |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 123 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 178-200 |
Date | June 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:13 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 9 17:49:41 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Louise Kaiser |
Publication | Synthese |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 127-136 |
Date | June 1, 1959 |
Journal Abbr | Synthese |
ISSN | 0039-7857 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/20114285 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:37:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Rights | Copyright © 1959 Springer |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 1959 / Copyright © 1959 Springer |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:37:16 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:37:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Debra Wiener |
Author | Lisa Tabor Connor |
Author | Loraine Obler |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5-7 |
Pages | 599-609 |
Date | 06/2004 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030444000228 |
ISSN | 0268-7038, 1464-5041 |
URL | http://aphasiology.pitt.edu/archive/00001505/ |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 00:40:12 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 00:40:12 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 00:40:12 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Klein |
Abstract | Immediately following an event at a peripheral location there is facilitation for the processing of other stimuli near that location, This is said to reflect a reflexive shift of attention towards the source of stimulation. After attention is removed from such a peripheral location, there is then delayed responding to stimuli subsequently displayed there. This inhibitory aftereffect, first described in 1984 and later labeled 'inhibition of return (IOR)', encourages orienting towards novel locations and hence might facilitate foraging and other search behaviors. Since its relatively recent discovery, IOR has keen the subject of intensive investigation, from many angles and with a wide variety of approaches. After describing the seminal contribution of Posner and Cohen ('Who'). this review will discuss what causes IOR and, once initiated, what effects IOR has on subsequent processing ('What'). The time course ('When') and spatial distribution ('Where') of IOR. and what is known about IOR's neural implementation ('How') and functional significance ('Why') are also discussed |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 138-147 |
Date | April 2000 |
URL | ISI:000086357900006 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexa B Roggeveen |
Author | David J Prime |
Author | Lawrence M Ward |
Abstract | Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slower responding to stimuli at previously occupied spatial locations. IOR has been vigorously studied because of its possible deep involvement with attention mechanisms. Although IOR occurs both within and across modalities in several experimental paradigms for simple stimulus detection tasks, it has sometimes been difficult to demonstrate in perceptual discrimination tasks. In the preferred target-target paradigm, in which responses are made to a series of targets that vary in spatial location, failure to find IOR could possibly result from mixing of spatial IOR with the facilitating effects of stimulus and/or response repetition on discrimination response times. In this paper we report the first demonstration of auditory/auditory and cross-modality IOR in a target-target paradigm using a discrimination task. Our results show that IOR occurs in this task only on trials on which stimuli and responses are not repeated. These findings present a challenge to purely visual accounts of IOR and support the view that IOR arises within a more general, supra-modal mechanism of attention. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale |
Volume | 167 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 86-94 |
Date | Nov 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-005-0010-5 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16049684 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 3 18:08:15 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16049684 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 3 18:08:15 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E.S. Spelke |
Author | S. Tsivkin |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Abstract | (1st para). How do humans build the rich and intricate systems of knowledge that are characteristic of our species? How variable are these knowledge systems across human cultures, and what are their universal properties? What accounts for the flexibility, adaptability, and open-endedness of human knowledge systems on the one hand, and the ease of acquisition of some systems on the other? Finally, what differences between humans and other animals, even our closest primate relatives, lead only humans to develop highly elaborated knowledge systems? |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 475-511 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:26:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simon Kirby |
Author | Mike Dowman |
Author | Thomas L. Griffiths |
Abstract | Human language arises from biological evolution, individual learning, and cultural transmission, but the interaction of these three processes has not been widely studied. We set out a formal framework for analyzing cultural transmission, which allows us to investigate how innate learning biases are related to universal properties of language. We show that cultural transmission can magnify weak biases into strong linguistic universals, undermining one of the arguments for strong innate constraints on language learning. As a consequence, the strength of innate biases can be shielded from natural selection, allowing these genes to drift. Furthermore, even when there is no natural selection, cultural transmission can produce apparent adaptations. Cultural transmission thus provides an alternative to traditional nativist and adaptationist explanations for the properties of human languages. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 5241 -5245 |
Date | March 20 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0608222104 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/12/5241.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 31 01:46:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 01:46:52 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 01:46:52 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard Samuels |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 136-141 |
Date | 03/2004 |
Journal Abbr | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2004.01.010 |
ISSN | 13646613 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(04)00027-0 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 26 11:53:38 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Aug 26 11:53:38 2009 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 11:53:38 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Miyake |
Author | M.J. Emerson |
Author | F. Padilla |
Author | J.C. Ahn |
Abstract | Articulatory suppression has been shown to increase switch costs in the list paradigm (e.g., [J. Exp. Psychol.: General 130 (2001) 641, J Memory Language 48 (2003) 148]). The present dual-task study examined whether this effect generalizes to the random task cuing paradigm. Participants performed color or shape judgments according to explicit word cues (COLOR or SHAPE) or less transparent letter cues (C for the color task and S for the shape task). In the word cue condition, the switch cost was equivalent for the articulatory suppression and the control (no dual-task) conditions, but, in the letter cue condition, the switch cost was significantly greater for the articulatory suppression condition than for the control condition. These results suggest that inner speech may be recruited as a tool for retrieving and activating the relevant task goal when the task cue is not transparent and hence imposes nonnegligible retrieval demand. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 123-142 |
Date | 03/2004 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychologica |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.004 |
ISSN | 00016918 |
Short Title | Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/CitedFullRecord.do?product=UA&db_id=WOS&SID=3Ea3oCdFomAb2P@AaBL&search_mode=CitedFullRecord&isickref=133512352&cacheurlFromRightClick=no |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 17:27:36 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 17:27:36 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 17:31:12 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Akira Miyake |
Author | Michael J Emerson |
Author | Francisca Padilla |
Author | Jeung-chan Ahn |
Abstract | Articulatory suppression has been shown to increase switch costs in the list paradigm (e.g., [J. Exp. Psychol.: General 130 (2001) 641, J Memory Language 48 (2003) 148]). The present dual-task study examined whether this effect generalizes to the random task cuing paradigm. Participants performed color or shape judgments according to explicit word cues (COLOR or SHAPE) or less transparent letter cues ( C for the color task and S for the shape task). In the word cue condition, the switch cost was equivalent for the articulatory suppression and the control (no dual-task) conditions, but, in the letter cue condition, the switch cost was significantly greater for the articulatory suppression condition than for the control condition. These results suggest that inner speech may be recruited as a tool for retrieving and activating the relevant task goal when the task cue is not transparent and hence imposes nonnegligible retrieval demand. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 123-142 |
Date | 2004 Feb-Mar |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.004 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
Short Title | Inner speech as a retrieval aid for task goals |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962397 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 18 16:10:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14962397 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 18 16:10:10 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark Andrews |
Author | Gabriella Vigliocco |
Author | David Vinson |
Abstract | The authors identify 2 major types of statistical data from which semantic representations can be learned. These are denoted as experiential data and distributional data. Experiential data are derived by way of experience with the physical world and comprise the sensory-motor data obtained through sense receptors. Distributional data, by contrast, describe the statistical distribution of words across spoken and written language. The authors claim that experiential and distributional data represent distinct data types and that each is a nontrivial source of semantic information. Their theoretical proposal is that human semantic representations are derived from an optimal statistical combination of these 2 data types. Using a Bayesian probabilistic model, they demonstrate how word meanings can be learned by treating experiential and distributional data as a single joint distribution and learning the statistical structure that underlies it. The semantic representations that are learned in this manner are measurably more realistic-as verified by comparison to a set of human-based measures of semantic representation-than those available from either data type individually or from both sources independently. This is not a result of merely using quantitatively more data, but rather it is because experiential and distributional data are qualitatively distinct, yet intercorrelated, types of data. The semantic representations that are learned are based on statistical structures that exist both within and between the experiential and distributional data types. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 116 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 463-498 |
Date | Jul 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
DOI | 10.1037/a0016261 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19618982 |
Accessed | Thu May 6 14:26:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19618982 |
Date Added | Thu May 6 14:26:12 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark Andrews |
Author | Gabriella Vigliocco |
Author | David Vinson |
Abstract | The authors identify 2 major types of statistical data from which semantic representations can be learned. These are denoted as experiential data and distributional data. Experiential data are derived by way of experience with the physical world and comprise the sensory-motor data obtained through sense receptors. Distributional data, by contrast, describe the statistical distribution of words across spoken and written language. The authors claim that experiential and distributional data represent distinct data types and that each is a nontrivial source of semantic information. Their theoretical proposal is that human semantic representations are derived from an optimal statistical combination of these 2 data types. Using a Bayesian probabilistic model, they demonstrate how word meanings can be learned by treating experiential and distributional data as a single joint distribution and learning the statistical structure that underlies it. The semantic representations that are learned in this manner are measurably more realistic-as verified by comparison to a set of human-based measures of semantic representation-than those available from either data type individually or from both sources independently. This is not a result of merely using quantitatively more data, but rather it is because experiential and distributional data are qualitatively distinct, yet intercorrelated, types of data. The semantic representations that are learned are based on statistical structures that exist both within and between the experiential and distributional data types. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 116 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 463-498 |
Date | Jul 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
DOI | 10.1037/a0016261 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19618982 |
Accessed | Thu May 6 14:26:14 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19618982 |
Date Added | Thu May 6 14:26:14 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Gentner |
Author | E F Loftus |
Abstract | Subjects were presented with a series of pictures, some of which were general (girl walking down the path) and others specific (girl hiking down the path). These pictures were matched with sentences which were either general or specific ("The girl is walking [hiking] down the path.") Subsequently, a forced-choice picture recognition test was administered in which subjects saw pairs of pictures and indicated which member of each pair they had seen before. It was found that labelling the picture with a sentence containing a specific verb substantially increased the likelihood that the specific picture corresponding to that verb would subsequently be falsely recognized. The results are discussed in terms of current theories of memorial representation. |
Publication | The American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 363-375 |
Date | Jun 1979 |
Journal Abbr | Am J Psychol |
ISSN | 0002-9556 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/474837 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 18:13:12 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 474837 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:13:12 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.K. Tanenhaus |
Author | M.J. Spivey-Knowlton |
Author | K.M. Eberhard |
Author | J.C. Sedivy |
Abstract | Psycholinguists have commonly assumed that as a spoken linguistic message unfolds over time, it is initially structured by a syntactic processing module that is encapsulated from information provided by other perceptual and cognitive systems. To test the effects of relevant visual context on the rapid mental processes that accompany spoken language comprehension, eye movements were recorded with a head-mounted eye-tracking system while subjects followed instructions to manipulate real objects. Visual context influenced spoken word recognition and mediated syntactic processing, even during the earliest moments of language processing |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 268 |
Issue | 5217 |
Pages | 1632-1634 |
Date | June 16, 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Andrew Kertesz |
Author | Patricia McCabe |
Abstract | The usual verbal tests of intelligence are inappropriate in aphasia. Nonverbal intelligence was measured by Raven's test (RCPM) in 111 aphasics and 52 controls, whose language function was scored by the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB). The patients were classified according to taxonomic criteria, based on the WAB scores. The results indicate that Global, Wernicke's, and Transcortical Sensory aphasics perform poorly on the RCPM. Common to all these is poor comprehension. Broca's Transcortical Motor, Conduction, and Anomic aphasics do as well as nonaphasic controls with diffuse brain damage or nondominant hemisphere lesions. The RCPM performance does not seem to be related directly to the severity of aphasia. In addition to comprehension, drawing scores appeared to correlate best with RCPM scores. The data suggest that “nonverbal” intelligence is also imparied in aphasics to a variable extent, but 42% of aphasics performed as well as the controls without brain damage on RCPM. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 387-395 |
Date | 1975 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0093-934X(75)80079-4 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Intelligence and aphasia |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093934X75800794 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 4 13:14:07 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jun 4 13:14:07 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 4 13:14:07 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Basso |
Author | Erminio Capitani |
Author | Claudio Luzzatti |
Author | Hans Spinnler |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 721-734 |
Date | 12/01/1981 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/104.4.721 |
ISSN | 0006-8950, 1460-2156 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/104/4/721 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 5 19:40:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | brain.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Tue Jun 5 19:40:03 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 00:37:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Raja Parasuraman |
Author | Alex Martin |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 103-118 |
Date | 2/2001 |
Journal Abbr | PVIS |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280042000045 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2001-16873-005 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 1 20:18:41 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Fri Jul 1 20:18:41 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 1 20:18:41 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Delorme |
Author | G.A. Rousselet |
Author | M.J.M. Mace |
Author | M. Fabre-Thorpe |
Abstract | The influence of task requirements on the fast visual processing of natural scenes was studied in 14 human subjects performing in alternation an "animal" categorization task and a single-photograph recognition task. Target photographs were randomly mixed with nontarget images and flashed for only 20 ms. Subjects had to respond to targets within 1 s. Processing time for image-recognition was 30-40 ms shorter than for the categorization task, both for the fastest behavioral responses and for the latency at which event related potentials evoked by target and non-target stimuli started to diverge. The faster processing in image-recognition is shown to be due to the use of low-level cues, but source analysis produced evidence that, regardless of the task, the dipoles accounting for the differential activity had the same localization and orientation in the occipito-temporal cortex. We suggest that both tasks involve the same visual pathway and the same decisional brain area but because of the total predictability of the target in the image recognition task, the first wave of bottom-up feed-forward information is speeded up by top-down influences that might originate in the prefrontal cortex and preset lower levels of the visual pathway to the known target features. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 103-113 |
Date | April 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. E. Bradley |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 90004 |
Pages | 16392-16399 |
Date | 2002-7-30 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.152330699 |
ISSN | 00278424, 10916490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/99/suppl.4/16392.abstract |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:41:29 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. E. Bradley |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 90004 |
Pages | 16392-16399 |
Date | 2002-7-30 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.152330699 |
ISSN | 00278424, 10916490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/99/suppl.4/16392.abstract |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:41:29 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michel Schmitt |
Author | Albert Postma |
Author | Edward De Haan |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 105 |
Date | 2000 |
DOI | 10.1080/713755882 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/713755882 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 25 15:37:22 2009 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Tue Aug 25 15:37:22 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 25 15:37:22 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | M. Steyvers |
Author | J. Spencer-Smith |
Author | A.W. Kersten |
Editor | E. Diettrich |
Editor | A.B. Markman |
Book Title | Cognitive Dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates |
Date | 2000 |
Pages | 191-228 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 16:29:50 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gregg H. Recanzone |
Publication | Hearing research |
Volume | 258 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 89-99 |
Date | 2009-12 |
Journal Abbr | Hear Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.heares.2009.04.009 |
ISSN | 0378-5955 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2787663/ |
Accessed | Tue Oct 16 20:19:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19393306 PMCID: PMC2787663 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:19:46 2012 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:19:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kenji Yokoi |
Author | Tomoaki Nishimori |
Author | Shinya Saida |
Abstract | Abstract Previous studies demonstrated that color categorical perception (CP; better cross-category than within-category discrimination) was reduced by verbal interference, suggesting that CP is mediated by verbal labeling. Here, we examined chromatic generality and experience-dependency of verbal interference in CP using the Stroop effect. We employed a simultaneous two-alternative forced choice discrimination task. Congruent or incongruent words were presented prior to discrimination. In experiment 1, incongruent color names reduced CP regardless of color boundary pairs. Next, we used noncolor words that seemed to be associated with color through experience. The results showed that the tested noncolor words did not modify CP (experiment 2). However, combined presentation of color and shape produced Stroop interference (experiment 3). Our finding suggests that familiarity or mastery of categorized information through experience may be evaluated by verbal interference. |
Publication | Optical Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 295-301 |
Date | November 01, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1007/s10043-008-0048-2 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-008-0048-2 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:15:43 2010 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:15:43 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:15:43 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Richards |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 72-87 |
Date | 1978 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Author | Jean Hannah |
Edition | 5th |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2008-08-15 |
# of Pages | 176 |
ISBN | 0340971614 |
Short Title | International English |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Author | Jean Hannah |
Edition | 5th |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2008-08-15 |
# of Pages | 176 |
ISBN | 0340971614 |
Short Title | International English |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.C. Plaut |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 138-141 |
Date | February 2003 |
URL | ISI:000181440400016 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P E Shrout |
Author | J L Fleiss |
Abstract | Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among six different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n target are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability and the application to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed. |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 420-428 |
Date | Mar 1979 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Bull |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
Short Title | Intraclass correlations |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18839484 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 27 19:50:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18839484 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 27 19:50:13 2011 |
Modified | Sun Feb 27 19:50:13 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M. Bowerman |
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 1-16 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 12:27:28 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 12:28:44 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Franz Boas |
Abstract | "Combined here are two classics on the nature of native languages of North America: Boas' famous 1911 essay pointing to new methods of research and Powell's pioneering 1891 work on classification."-Scholarly Books in America "Two cognate essays-the first by the world famous anthropologist Franz Boas, expounding his phonetic and grammatical principles in evaluating Indian languages, and the second by the first director of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology, John Wesley Powell, which classifies the various 'Amerindian' groups on the basis of language-though issued years ago as Bulletins of the Bureau of Ethnology-are still regarded as fundamental to all subsequent work on the subject."-The World in Books "Both works . . . are of immediate and continuing value, not only to students of linguistics but to all Americanists and anthropologists in general. . . . it must be stressed that all . . . later work stems directly out of the pioneering papers here presented."-Preston Holder, in his preface. |
Publisher | U of Nebraska Press |
Date | 1966 |
# of Pages | 238 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780803250178 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 23:48:34 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 23:49:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dirk Geeraerts |
Publication | Linguistics |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 587-612 |
Date | 1989 |
Short Title | Introduction |
URL | http://www.degruyter.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/view/j/ling.1989.27.issue-4/ling.1989.27.4.587/ling.1989.27.4.587.xml |
Accessed | Sun Oct 21 14:47:41 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.degruyter.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu |
Date Added | Sun Oct 21 14:47:41 2012 |
Modified | Sun Oct 21 14:47:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pessia Tsamir |
Author | Dina Tirosh |
Author | Esther Levenson |
Abstract | In this paper we examine the possibility of differentiating between two types of nonexamples. The first type, intuitive nonexamples, consists of nonexamples which are intuitively accepted as such. That is, children immediately identify them as nonexamples. The second type, non-intuitive nonexamples, consists of nonexamples that bear a significant similarity to valid examples of the concept, and consequently are more often mistakenly identified as examples. We describe and discuss these notions and present a study regarding kindergarten children’s grasp of nonexamples of triangles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Educational Studies in Mathematics |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-95 |
Date | October 2008 |
DOI | 10.1007/s10649-008-9133-5 |
ISSN | 00131954 |
Short Title | Intuitive nonexamples |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 14:23:06 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 29 14:23:06 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Patrick Suppes |
Author | Bing Han |
Author | Julie Epelboim |
Author | Zhong-Lin Lu |
Abstract | In two experiments, electric brain waves of 14 subjects were recorded under several different conditions to study the invariance of brain-wave representations of simple patches of colors and simple visual shapes and their names, the words blue, circle, etc. As in our earlier work, the analysis consisted of averaging over trials to create prototypes and test samples, to both of which Fourier transforms were applied, followed by filtering and an inverse transformation to the time domain. A least-squares criterion of fit between prototypes and test samples was used for classification. The most significant results were these. By averaging over different subjects, as well as trials, we created prototypes from brain waves evoked by simple visual images and test samples from brain waves evoked by auditory or visual words naming the visual images. We correctly recognized from 60% to 75% of the test-sample brain waves. The general conclusion is that simple shapes such as circles and single-color displays generate brain waves surprisingly similar to those generated by their verbal names. These results, taken together with extensive psychological studies of auditory and visual memory, strongly support the solution proposed for visual shapes, by Bishop Berkeley and David Hume in the 18th century, to the long-standing problem of how the mind represents simple abstract ideas. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 25 |
Pages | 14658 -14663 |
Date | December 07 , 1999 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.96.25.14658 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/96/25/14658.abstract |
Accessed | Tue May 3 22:15:46 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue May 3 22:15:46 2011 |
Modified | Tue May 3 22:15:46 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.Q. Quiroga |
Author | L. Reddy |
Author | G. Kreiman |
Author | C. Koch |
Author | I. Fried |
Abstract | It takes a fraction of a second to recognize a person or an object even when seen under strikingly different conditions. How such a robust, high-level representation is achieved by neurons in the human brain is still unclear(1-6). In monkeys, neurons in the upper stages of the ventral visual pathway respond to complex images such as faces and objects and show some degree of invariance to metric properties such as the stimulus size, position and viewing angle(2,4,7-12). We have previously shown that neurons in the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) fire selectively to images of faces, animals, objects or scenes(13,14). Here we report on a remarkable subset of MTL neurons that are selectively activated by strikingly different pictures of given individuals, landmarks or objects and in some cases even by letter strings with their names. These results suggest an invariant, sparse and explicit code, which might be important in the transformation of complex visual percepts into long-term and more abstract memories |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 435 |
Issue | 7045 |
Pages | 1102-1107 |
Date | June 23, 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Andrea Greve |
Author | Mark C.W. van Rossum |
Author | David I. Donaldson |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 801-814 |
Date | 01/2007 |
Journal Abbr | NeuroImage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.043 |
ISSN | 10538119 |
Short Title | Investigating the functional interaction between semantic and episodic memory |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=2&SID=2CJpal7B4F9l47iFd@p&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 15:17:36 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:17:36 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:18:07 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin Eimer |
Author | Monika Kiss |
Abstract | To find out whether attentional capture by irrelevant but salient visual objects is an exogenous bottom–up phenomenon, or can be modulated by current task set, two experiments were conducted where the N2pc component was measured as an electrophysiological marker of attentional selection in response to spatially uninformative color singleton cues that preceded target arrays. When observers had to report the orientation of a uniquely colored target bar among distractor bars (color task), behavioral spatial cueing effects were accompanied by an early cue-induced N2pc, indicative of rapid attentional capture by color singleton cues. In contrast, when they reported the orientation of target bars presented without distractors (onset task), no behavioral cueing effects were found and no early N2pc was triggered to physically identical cue arrays. Experiment 2 ruled out an alternative interpretation of these N2pc differences in terms of distractor inhibition. These results do not support previous claims that attentional capture is initially unaffected by top–down intention, and demonstrate the central role of task set in involuntary attentional orienting. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1423-1433 |
Date | 2011/04/22 2008 |
DOI | i: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20099</p> |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Involuntary Attentional Capture is Determined by Task Set |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20099 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 22 11:56:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Fri Apr 22 11:56:40 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 22 11:56:40 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John J. McDonald |
Author | Wolfgang A. Teder-Salejarvi |
Author | Steven A. Hillyard |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 407 |
Issue | 6806 |
Pages | 906-908 |
Date | October 19, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/35038085 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35038085 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 15:12:16 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 15:12:16 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 15:12:16 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Richard Hanley |
Author | Eirini Bakopoulou |
Abstract | Two experiments tested competing predictions about the nature of the irrelevant speech effect that were derived from Neath's (2000) feature model and from Salamé and Baddeley's (1982) phonological loop model. The first experiment examined the combined effects of irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression when target items were presented auditorily. Contrary to the suggestions of Neath, but consistent with the phonological loop model, the effects of articulatory suppression and irrelevant speech were additive even when the irrelevant speech was presented during the retention interval The second experiment examined the combined effects of irrelevant speech and phonological similarity when target items were presented visually. Consistent with the phonological loop model, the effects of phonological similarity and irrelevant speech were additive when participants were specifically instructed to use articulatory/phonological rehearsal to remember the list items. The results therefore contradicted Neath's claim that irrelevant speech abolishes the phonological similarity effect when list items are presented visually. However, the effect of phonological similarity was abolished in the irrelevant speech conditions when no instructions were given concerning rehearsal. It is argued that the phonological similarity effect disappears in some experiments because participants sometimes employ a semantic rehearsal strategy, consistent with the views of Salamé and Baddeley (1986). |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 435-444 |
Date | Jun 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Irrelevant speech, articulatory suppression, and phonological similarity |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12921421 |
Accessed | Fri May 8 11:58:35 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12921421 |
Date Added | Fri May 8 11:58:35 2009 |
Modified | Fri May 8 11:58:35 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Louise Connell |
Author | Dermot Lynott |
Abstract | Color is undeniably important to object representations, but so too is the ability of context to alter the color of an object. The present study examined how implied perceptual information about typical and atypical colors is represented during language comprehension. Participants read sentences that implied a (typical or atypical) color for a target object and then performed a modified Stroop task in which they named the ink color of the target word (typical, atypical, or unrelated). Results showed that color naming was facilitated both when ink color was typical for that object (e.g., bear in brown ink) and when it matched the color implied by the previous sentence (e.g., bear in white ink following Joe was excited to see a bear at the North Pole). These findings suggest that unusual contexts cause people to represent in parallel both typical and scenario-specific perceptual information, and these types of information are discussed in relation to the specialization of perceptual simulations. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 573-577 |
Date | Jun 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.16.3.573 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Is a bear white in the woods? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451387 |
Accessed | Mon May 25 22:02:39 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19451387 |
Date Added | Mon May 25 22:02:39 2009 |
Modified | Mon May 25 22:02:39 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Author | A.C. Napolitano |
Abstract | Linguistic labels play an important role in young children's conceptual organization: When 2 entities share a label, people expect these entities to share many other properties. Two classes of explanations of the importance of labels seem plausible: a language-specific and a general auditory explanation. The general auditory explanation argues that the importance of labels stems from a privileged processing status of auditory input (as compared with visual input) for young children. This hypothesis was tested and supported in 4 experiments. When auditory and visual stimuli were presented separately, 4-year-olds were likely to process both kinds of stimuli, whereas when auditory and visual stimuli were presented simultaneously, 4-year-olds were more likely to process auditory stimuli than visual stimuli |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 822-833 |
Date | May 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183082900011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.C. Napolitano |
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Abstract | When presented simultaneously with equally discriminable, but unfamiliar, visual and auditory stimuli, 4-year-olds exhibited auditory dominance, processing only auditory information (Sloutsky & Napolitano, 2003). The current study examined factors underlying auditory dominance. In 6, experiments, 4-year-olds (N = 181) were presented with auditory and visual compounds in which (a) the complexity and familiarity of stimuli were systematically varied (Experiments 1-5) and (b) participants were explicitly instructed to attend to a particular modality (Experiment 6). Results indicate that auditory dominance is a special case of flexible modality dominance, which may stern from automatic pulls on attention. Theoretical implications of these results for understanding the development of attention and cross-modal processing, as well as linguistic and conceptual development, are discussed |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 75 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1850-1870 |
Date | November 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Pilling |
Author | A. Wiggett |
Author | E. Ozgen |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | Roberson and Davidoff (2000) found that color categorical perception (CP; better cross-category than within-category discrimination) was eliminated by verbal, but not by visual, interference presented during the interstimulus interval (ISI) of a discrimination task. On the basis of this finding, Roberson and Davidoff concluded that, CP was mediated by verbal labels, and not by perceptual mechanisms, as is generally assumed. Experiment 1 replicated their results. However, it was found that if the interference type was uncertain on each trial (Experiment 2), CP then survived verbal interference. Moreover, it was found that the target color name could be retained across the ISI even with verbal interference (Experiment 3). We therefore conclude that color CP may indeed involve verbal labeling but that verbal interference does not necessarily prevent it |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 538-551 |
Date | June 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183961900005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Li-Jun Ji |
Author | Zhiyong Zhang |
Author | Richard E. Nisbett |
Publication | Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |
Volume | 87 |
Pages | 57-65 |
Date | 2004 |
DOI | 10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.57 |
ISSN | 0022-3514 |
Short Title | Is It Culture or Is It Language? |
URL | http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/ehost/detail?sid=c6a41165-efc3-468b-887f-f12dd7713078%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=119&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=psyh&AN=2004-15934-004 |
Accessed | Thu Oct 6 14:58:31 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Oct 6 14:58:31 2011 |
Modified | Thu Oct 6 14:58:31 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Wheeler |
Abstract | Andy Clark has argued that language is “in many ways the ultimate artifact” (Clark 1997, p.218). Fuelling this conclusion is a view according to which the human brain is essentially no more than a patterncompleting device, while language is an external resource which is adaptively fitted to the human brain in such a way that it enables that brain to exceed its unaided (pattern-completing) cognitive capacities, in much the same way as a pair of scissors enables us to “exploit our basic manipulative capacities to fulfill new ends” (Clark 1997, pp.193-4). How should we respond to this bold reconceptualization of our linguistic abilities? First we need to understand it properly. So I begin by identifying and unpacking (and making a small “Heideggerian” amendment to) Clark’s main language-specific claims. That done I take a step back. Clark’s approach to language is generated from a theoretical perspective which sees cognition as distributed over brain, body, and world. So I continue my investigation of Clark’s incursion into linguistic territory by uncovering and illustrating those key ideas from the overall distributed cognition research programme which are particularly relevant in the present context. I then use this analysis as a spring-board from which to examine a crucial issue that arises for Clark’s account of language, namely linguistic inner rehearsal. I argue that while there is much to recommend in Clark’s treatment of this issue, some significant difficulties remain to be overcome. Via this critique of Clark’s position, alongside some proposals for how the revealed problems might be addressed, I hope to edge us that bit closer to a full understanding of our linguistic abilities |
Publication | Language Sciences |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 688–710 |
Date | 2004 |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 12:07:50 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 2 12:07:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.V. Baldo |
Author | N.F. Dronkers |
Author | D. Wilkins |
Author | C. Ludy |
Author | P. Raskin |
Author | J.Y. Kim |
Abstract | There has been a long-standing debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science surrounding the relationship of language to cognition, but the exact nature of this relationship is still unclear (Sokolov, 1968/1972). In the current study, we explored the role of language in one aspect of cognition, namely problem solving, by administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to stroke patients with varying degrees of language impairment (Experiment 1) and to normal participants under conditions of articulatory suppression (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, there was a significant correlation between performance on the WCST and language measures such as comprehension and naming. Demonstrating the specificity of this result, we also found a significant relationship between language performance and another test of problem solving, the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices, but no relationship between language and a test of visuospatial functioning. In Experiment 2, normal participants were significantly impaired on the WCST under conditions of articulatory suppression, relative to a baseline condition. Together, these findings suggest that language plays a role in complex problem solving, possibly through covert language processes. (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 240-250 |
Date | March 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.V. Baldo |
Author | Silvia A Bunge |
Author | Stephen M Wilson |
Author | N.F. Dronkers |
Abstract | Previous studies with brain-injured patients have suggested that language abilities are necessary for complex problem-solving, even when tasks are non-verbal. In the current study, we tested this notion by analyzing behavioral and neuroimaging data from a large group of left-hemisphere stroke patients (n=107) suffering from a range of language impairment from none to severe. Patients were tested on the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), a non-verbal test of reasoning that requires participants to complete a visual pattern or sequence with one of six possible choices. For some items, the solution could be determined by visual pattern-matching, but other items required more complex, relational reasoning. As predicted, performance on the relational-reasoning items was disproportionately affected in language-impaired patients with aphasia, relative to non-aphasic, left-hemisphere patients. A voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) procedure was used to relate patients' RCPM performance with areas of damage in the brain. Results showed that deficits on the relational reasoning problems were associated with lesions in the left middle and superior temporal gyri, regions essential for language processing, as well as in the left inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, the visual pattern-matching condition was associated with lesions in posterior portions of the left hemisphere that subserve visual processing, namely, occipital and inferotemporal cortex. These findings provide compelling support for the idea that language is critical for higher-level reasoning and problem-solving. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 113 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 59-64 |
Date | May 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.01.004 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
Short Title | Is relational reasoning dependent on language? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20206985 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 17 15:31:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20206985 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 17 15:31:40 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | D. Gentner |
Author | S. Brem |
Contributor | M. Hahn |
Contributor | S.C. Stoness |
Date | 1999 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Pages | 179-184 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:07 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 00:21:41 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julien Besle |
Author | Alexandra Fort |
Author | Marie-Hélène Giard |
Abstract | The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of auditory event-related brain potentials can be used as a probe to study the representation of sounds in auditory sensory memory (ASM). Yet it has been shown that an auditory MMN can also be elicited by an illusory auditory deviance induced by visual changes. This suggests that some visual information may be encoded in ASM and is accessible to the auditory MMN process. It is not known, however, whether visual information affects ASM representation for any audiovisual event or whether this phenomenon is limited to specific domains in which strong audiovisual illusions occur. To highlight this issue, we have compared the topographies of MMNs elicited by non-speech audiovisual stimuli deviating from audiovisual standards on the visual, the auditory, or both dimensions. Contrary to what occurs with audiovisual illusions, each unimodal deviant elicited sensory-specific MMNs, and the MMN to audiovisual deviants included both sensory components. The visual MMN was, however, different from a genuine visual MMN obtained in a visual-only control oddball paradigm, suggesting that auditory and visual information interacts before the MMN process occurs. Furthermore, the MMN to audiovisual deviants was significantly different from the sum of the two sensory-specific MMNs, showing that the processes of visual and auditory change detection are not completely independent. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale |
Volume | 166 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 337-344 |
Date | Oct 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-005-2375-x |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16041497 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 17:57:53 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16041497 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:57:53 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Nettle |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 119-136 |
Date | 06/1999 |
Journal Abbr | Lingua |
DOI | 10.1016/S0024-3841(98)00047-3 |
ISSN | 00243841 |
URL | http://www.isrl.illinois.edu/~amag/langev/paper/nettle99linguisticChange.html |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 17:14:22 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 17:14:22 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 25 17:14:22 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael C Ridding |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Abstract | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has in recent years been used to explore therapeutic opportunities in a bewildering variety of conditions. Although there is good evidence that this technique can modify cortical activity, the rationale for its use in many of the conditions investigated so far is not clear. Here we discuss the effects of rTMS in healthy subjects and how it has been used in a number of neurological conditions. We argue that a better understanding of both the effects of rTMS and the pathological processes underlying the conditions for which it is used will reveal whether rTMS really does offer therapeutic potential and, if so, for which conditions. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 559-567 |
Date | Jul 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nrn2169 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565358 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 16:52:47 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17565358 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 16:52:47 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christoph Witzel |
Author | Karl R. Gegenfurtner |
Abstract | According to the lateralized category effect for color, the influence of color category borders on color perception in fast reaction time tasks is significantly stronger in the right visual field than in the left. This finding has directly related behavioral category effects to the hemispheric lateralization of language. Multiple succeeding articles have built on these findings. We ran ten different versions of the two original experiments with overall 230 naive observers. We carefully controlled the rendering of the stimulus colors and determined the genuine color categories with an appropriate naming method. Congruent with the classical pattern of a category effect, reaction times in the visual search task were lower when the two colors to be discriminated belonged to different color categories than when they belonged to the same category. However, these effects were not lateralized: They appeared to the same extent in both visual fields. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 12 |
Date | October 21 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1167/11.12.16 |
Short Title | Is there a lateralized category effect for color? |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/12/16.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jan 8 21:59:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 21:59:38 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 8 21:59:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anna Soveri |
Author | Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells |
Author | Matti Laine |
Publication | Frontiers in Psychology |
Volume | 2 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00183 |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
Short Title | Is There a Relationship between Language Switching and Executive Functions in Bilingualism? |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Cognition/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00183/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Aug 29 10:26:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Aug 29 10:26:11 2011 |
Modified | Mon Aug 29 10:26:11 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S I Shih |
Author | G Sperling |
Abstract | A new paradigm combines attentional cuing and rapid serial visual presentation to disentangle the effects of perceptual filtering and location selection. Observers search successive, superimposed arrays, in which feature values are alternated for a target numeral among letters. Two dimensions, size (small, large) and color (red, green) are tested. Selective attention to feature values is jointly manipulated by instructions, presentation probabilities, and payoffs. In Experiment 1, the attended feature provides temporal, not spatial, information; observers show no attentional costs or benefits in response accuracy. In Experiment 2, the attended feature indicates a unique location; observers show consistent attentional costs and benefits. Selective attention to a particular size or color does not cause perceptual exclusion or admission of items containing that feature; it acts by guiding search processes to spatial locations that contain the to-be-attended feature. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 758-79 |
Date | Jun 1996 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8666962 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:53:22 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8666962 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z. Pylyshyn |
Abstract | Although the study of visual perception has made more progress in the past 40 years than any other area of cognitive science, there remain major disagreements as to how closely vision is tied to cognition. This target article sets out some of the arguments for both sides (arguments from computer vision, neuroscience, psychophysics, perceptual learning, and other areas of vision science) and defends the position that an important part of visual perception, corresponding to what some people have called early vision, is prohibited from accessing relevant expectations, knowledge, and utilities in determining the function it computes - in other words, it is cognitively impenetrable. That part of vision is complex and involves top-down interactions that are internal to the early vision system. Its function is to provide a structured representation of the 3-D surfaces of objects sufficient to serve as an index into memory, with somewhat different outputs being made available to other systems such as those dealing with motor control. The paper also addresses certain conceptual and methodological issues raised by this claim, such as whether signal detection theory and event-related potentials can be used to assess cognitive penetration of vision. A distinction is made among several stages in visual processing, including, in addition to the inflexible early-vision stage, a pre-perceptual attention-allocation stage and a post-perceptual evaluation, selection, and inference stage, which accesses long-term memory. These two stages provide the primary ways in which cognition can affect the outcome of visual perception. The paper discusses arguments from computer vision and psychology showing that vision is "intelligent" and involves elements of "problem solving. The cases of apparently intelligent interpretation sometimes cited in support or this claim do not show cognitive penetration; rather, they show that certain natural constraints on interpretation, concerned primarily with optical and geometrical properties of the world, have been compiled into the visual system. The paper also examines a number of examples where instructions and "hints" are alleged to affect what is seen. In each case it is concluded that the evidence is more readily assimilated to the view that when cognitive effects are found, they have a locus outside early vision, in such processes as the allocation of focal attention and the identification of the stimulus |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 341-365 |
Date | June 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 22:37:48 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Author | M.J. Farah |
Abstract | Visual image segmentation is the process by which the visual system groups features that: are part of a single shape. Is image segmentation a bottom-up or an interactive process? In Experiments 1 and 2, we presented subjects with two overlapping shapes and asked them to determine whether two probed locations were on the same shape or on different shapes. The availability of top-down support was manipulated by presenting either upright or rotated letters. Subjects were fastest to respond when the shapes corresponded to familiar shapes-the upright letters. In Experiment 3, we used a variant of this segmentation task to rule out the possibility that subjects performed same/different judgments after segmentation and recognition of both letters. Finally, in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the advantage for upright letters was merely due to faster recognition of upright letters relative to rotated letters. The results suggested that the previous effects were not due to faster recognition of upright letters; stimulus familiarity influenced segmentation per se. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive model of visual image segmentation |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1280-1296 |
Date | November 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Author | M.J. Farah |
Abstract | Visual image segmentation is the process by which the visual system groups features that: are part of a single shape. Is image segmentation a bottom-up or an interactive process? In Experiments 1 and 2, we presented subjects with two overlapping shapes and asked them to determine whether two probed locations were on the same shape or on different shapes. The availability of top-down support was manipulated by presenting either upright or rotated letters. Subjects were fastest to respond when the shapes corresponded to familiar shapes-the upright letters. In Experiment 3, we used a variant of this segmentation task to rule out the possibility that subjects performed same/different judgments after segmentation and recognition of both letters. Finally, in Experiment 4, we ruled out the possibility that the advantage for upright letters was merely due to faster recognition of upright letters relative to rotated letters. The results suggested that the previous effects were not due to faster recognition of upright letters; stimulus familiarity influenced segmentation per se. The results are discussed in terms of an interactive model of visual image segmentation |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1280-1296 |
Date | November 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Abstract | A continuum between purely isolated and purely interrelated concepts is described. Along this continuum, a concept is interrelated to the extent that it is influenced by other concepts. Methods for manipulating and identifying a concept's degree of interrelatedness are introduced. Relatively isolated concepts can be empirically identified by a relatively large use of nondiagnostic features, and by better categorization performance for a concept's prototype than for a caricature of the concept. Relatively interrelated concepts can be identified by minimal use of nondiagnostic features, and by better categorization performance for a caricature than for a prototype. A concept is likely to be relatively isolated when subjects are instructed to create images for their concepts rather than find discriminating features, when concepts are given unrelated labels, and when the categories that are displayed alternate rarely between trials. The entire set of manipulations and measurements supports a graded distinction between isolated and interrelated concepts. The distinction is applied to current models of category learning, and a connectionist framework for interpreting the empirical results is presented |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 608-628 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:14 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Thu Nov 13 08:06:59 2008 |
Modified | Thu Nov 13 08:08:20 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin H Fischer |
Author | Samuel Shaki |
Author | Alexander Cruise |
Abstract | Our directional reading habit seems to contribute to the widely reported association of small numbers with left space and larger numbers with right space (the spatial-numerical association of response codes, SNARC, effect). But how can this association be so flexible when reading habits are not? To address this question, we asked bilingual Russian-Hebrew readers to classify numbers by parity and alternated the number format from trial to trial between written words and Arabic digits. The number words were randomly printed in either Cyrillic or Hebrew script, thus inducing left-to-right or right-to-left reading, respectively. Classification performance indicated that the digits were spatially mapped when they followed a Russian word but not when they followed a Hebrew word. An auditory control experiment revealed left-to-right SNARC effects with different strengths in both languages. These results suggest that the SNARC effect reflects recent spatial experiences, cross-modal associations, and long-standing directional habits but not an attribute of the number concepts themselves. |
Publication | Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 56 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 361-366 |
Date | 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Psychol |
DOI | 10.1027/1618-3169.56.5.361 |
ISSN | 1618-3169 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19447752 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 8 14:55:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19447752 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 8 14:55:43 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sergio Della Sala |
Author | Stephen Darling |
Author | Robert H Logie |
Abstract | Neurologically intact individuals show a spatial processing bias in perception tasks, specifically showing a bias towards the left in bisecting lines. We present evidence for a novel finding that a leftwards bias occurs in short-term memory for recently presented arbitrary bindings of visual features. Three experiments are reported, two of which involve a total of over 60,000 participants with a small number of trials for each. Experiment 3 involved a larger number of trials for each of 144 participants. Participants reproduced from immediate memory arrays of shape-colour-location bindings. In all three experiments, significantly more errors were observed in reproduction of items presented on the right of the array than on the left. Results could not be accounted for by perceptual errors, or by order of presentation or order of reproduction. Findings suggest that items presented on the left are better remembered, indicating a spatial asymmetry in forming or retrieving feature bindings in visual short-term memory. |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006) |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 848-855 |
Date | May 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) |
DOI | 10.1080/17470211003690672 |
ISSN | 1747-0226 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20306371 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 8 13:06:34 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20306371 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 13:06:34 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Burkett |
Author | Thomas L Griffiths |
Pages | 58–65 |
Date | 2010 |
URL | http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xmn6EPIa8VoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA58&dq=ITERATED+LEARNING+OF+MULTIPLE+LANGUAGES+FROM+MULTIPLE+TEACHERS&ots=Hz2VAWPtAB&sig=hZcafNxQmLJqVKJKKRIpIPRMi4k |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Katerina Kantartzis |
Author | Mutsumi Imai |
Author | Sotaro Kita |
Abstract | Sound-symbolism is the nonarbitrary link between the sound and meaning of a word. Japanese-speaking children performed better in a verb generalization task when they were taught novel sound-symbolic verbs, created based on existing Japanese sound-symbolic words, than novel nonsound-symbolic verbs (Imai, Kita, Nagumo, & Okada, 2008). A question remained as to whether the Japanese children had picked up regularities in the Japanese sound-symbolic lexicon or were sensitive to universal sound-symbolism. The present study aimed to provide support for the latter. In a verb generalization task, English-speaking 3-year-olds were taught novel sound-symbolic verbs, created based on Japanese sound-symbolism, or novel nonsound-symbolic verbs. English-speaking children performed better with the sound-symbolic verbs, just like Japanese-speaking children. We concluded that children are sensitive to universal sound-symbolism and can utilize it in word learning and generalization, regardless of their native language. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 575-586 |
Date | 2011/04/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01169.x |
ISSN | 1551-6709 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01169.x/abstract |
Accessed | Thu Jan 26 12:04:05 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Thu Jan 26 12:04:05 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 12:04:05 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.D. Smith |
Author | J.P. Minda |
Abstract | The authors' theoretical analysis of the dissociation in amnesia between categorization and recognition suggests these conclusions: (a) Comparing to-be-categorized items to a category center or prototype produces strong prototype advantages and steep typicality gradients, whereas comparing to-be-categorized items to the training exemplars that surround the prototype produces weak prototype advantages and flat typicality gradients; (b) participants often show the former pattern, suggesting their use of prototypes; (c) exemplar models account poorly for these categorization data, but prototype models account well for them; and (d) the recognition data suggest that controls use a single-comparison exemplar-memorization process more powerfully than amnesics, By pairing categorization based in prototypes with recognition based in exemplar memorization, the authors support and extend other recent accounts of cognitive performance that intermix prototypes and exemplars, and the authors reinforce traditional interpretations of the categorization-recognition dissociation in amnesia |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 984-1002 |
Date | July 2001 |
URL | ISI:000171140400009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amos Tversky |
Author | Daniel Kahneman |
Abstract | This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 185 |
Issue | 4157 |
Pages | 1124-1131 |
Date | 09/27/1974 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
Short Title | Judgment under Uncertainty |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/185/4157/1124 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 5 18:21:52 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 17835457 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 5 18:21:52 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jun 5 18:21:52 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amos Tversky |
Author | Daniel Kahneman |
Abstract | This article described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: (i) representativeness, which is usually employed when people are asked to judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B; (ii) availability of instances or scenarios, which is often employed when people are asked to assess the frequency of a class or the plausibility of a particular development; and (iii) adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available. These heuristics are highly economical and usually effective, but they lead to systematic and predictable errors. A better understanding of these heuristics and of the biases to which they lead could improve judgements and decisions in situations of uncertainty. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 185 |
Issue | 4157 |
Pages | 1124-1131 |
Date | 09/27/1974 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
Short Title | Judgment under Uncertainty |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/185/4157/1124 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 5 18:21:53 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 17835457 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 5 18:21:53 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jun 5 18:21:53 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dominic W. Massaro |
Author | Norman H. Anderson |
Abstract | Studied the Ebbinghaus illusion as a function of 4 stimulus variables: (a) the size of the context circles, (b) the number of context circles, (c) the distance between the context circles and the center circle, and (d) the size of the center circle. Results with 34 Ss provide a quantitative test of a judgmental model that considers the Ebbinghaus illusion to be comparative in nature: the context circles serve as standards, and the center circle is judged partly relative to them. The model provided a reasonably good description of the magnitude of the illusion as a function of the several stimulus variables. (15 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 147-151 |
Date | July 1971 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0031158 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022101507631528 |
Accessed | Sat Dec 10 14:54:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Dec 10 14:54:57 2011 |
Modified | Sat Dec 10 14:54:57 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. L Hintzman |
Publication | Psychological review |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 528–551 |
Date | 1988 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 11:52:14 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:52:14 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Minsky |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 117-133 |
Date | 1980 |
URL | ISI:A1980KQ26300001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.G. Atkeson |
Author | J.M. Hollerbach |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 2318-2330 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.J. Palmer |
Author | M.S. Ridout |
Author | B.J.T. Morgan |
Abstract | A population of [PSI+] Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells can be cured of the [PSI+] prion by the addition of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). In this paper we extend existing nucleated polymerisation simulation models to investigate the mechanisms that might underlie curing. Our results are consistent with the belief that prions are dispersed through the cells at division following GdnHCl addition. A key feature of the simulation model is that the probability that a polymer is transmitted from mother to daughter during cell division is dependent upon the length of the polymer. The model is able to reproduce the essential features of data from several different experimental protocols involving addition and removal of GdnHCl. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 274 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-11 |
Date | April 7, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.12.026 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519310006818 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.J. Palmer |
Author | M.S. Ridout |
Author | B.J.T. Morgan |
Abstract | A population of [PSI+] Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells can be cured of the [PSI+] prion by the addition of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). In this paper we extend existing nucleated polymerisation simulation models to investigate the mechanisms that might underlie curing. Our results are consistent with the belief that prions are dispersed through the cells at division following GdnHCl addition. A key feature of the simulation model is that the probability that a polymer is transmitted from mother to daughter during cell division is dependent upon the length of the polymer. The model is able to reproduce the essential features of data from several different experimental protocols involving addition and removal of GdnHCl. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 274 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-11 |
Date | April 7, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.12.026 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519310006818 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Linda B. Smith |
Author | Eliana Colunga |
Author | Hanako Yoshida |
Abstract | Learning depends on attention. The processes that cue attention in the moment dynamically integrate learned regularities and immediate contextual cues. This paper reviews the extensive literature on cued attention and attentional learning in the adult literature and proposes that these fundamental processes are likely significant mechanisms of change in cognitive development. The value of this idea is illustrated using phenomena in children novel word learning. |
Publication | Cognitive science |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1287-1314 |
Date | 2010-9-1 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01130.x |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
Short Title | Knowledge as process |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2992382/ |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 19:01:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21116438 PMCID: PMC2992382 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 19:01:23 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 19:01:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R L Gregory |
Abstract | Following Hermann von Helmholtz, who described visual perceptions as unconscious inferences from sensory data and knowledge derived from the past, perceptions are regarded as similar to predictive hypotheses of science, but are psychologically projected into external space and accepted as our most immediate reality. There are increasing discrepancies between perceptions and conceptions with science's advances, which makes it hard to define 'illusion'. Visual illusions can provide evidence of object knowledge and working rules for vision, but only when the phenomena are explained and classified. A tentative classification is presented, in terms of appearances and kinds of causes. The large contribution of knowledge from the past for vision raises the issue: how do we recognize the present, without confusion from the past. This danger is generally avoided as the present is signalled by real-time sensory inputs-perhaps flagged by qualia of consciousness. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 352 |
Issue | 1358 |
Pages | 1121-1127 |
Date | 1997-8-29 |
Journal Abbr | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
ISSN | 0962-8436 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 9304679 PMCID: PMC1692018 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:28:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 01:28:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.D. Wattenmaker |
Abstract | These experiments were designed to determine if the naturalness of abstract category structures varies with content domain. Specifically, the degree to which linear separability constrains categorization was investigated in object and social domains. Linearly separable (LS) categories are categories that can be perfectly partitioned on the basis of a weighted, additive combination of component information. Across a wide variety of stimulus materials and classification tasks LS structures were found to be more compatible with social than object materials. In sorting tasks, participants were more likely to sum characteristic features and form LS categories with social materials. In learning tasks, LS structures were easier to learn with social materials but nonlinearly separable structures were easier to learn with object materials. This interaction between category structure and content domain was attributed to differences in the types of knowledge and integration strategies that were activated. In object conditions, strategies that were inconsistent with adding independent features were observed (e.g., focusing on single dimensions, using configural properties, and relying on analogy). In social conditions, however, summing the evidence and learning LS structures appeared to be a natural strategy. It was concluded that the structure of knowledge varies with domain, and consequently it will be difficult to formulate domain general constraints in terms of abstract structural properties such as linear separability. Differences between object and social categorization systems are discussed. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 274-328 |
Date | June 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
URL | ISI:A1995RD43900002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Yoshida |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | Two experiments tested the hypothesis that names direct attention at two levels of abstraction: Known names direct attention to the properties most relevant to the specific category; novel names direct attention to the shape, the property most generally relevant across known object names. English-speaking and Japanese-speaking 3-year-olds were shown a novel object that was named with (a) known nouns referring to things similar in shape or similar in material and color, and (b) novel nouns. Given known nouns, children attended to shape when the name referred to a category organized by shape, but they did not when the name referred to a category organized by other properties. Children generalized novel names by shape. The results are discussed within the debate between shape-based and taxonomic categories |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 564-577 |
Date | March 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:54 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:54 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James P. Robinson |
Author | Perry London |
Abstract | Children learned codable and uncodable line drawings under 1 of 4 conditions: they were either told to name each stimulus (NL), were told to imagine each one (IL), were supplied with an appropriate name for each one (AN), or were supplied with an inappropriate name for each one (SN). The order in which Ss performed on a subsequent recognition test was AN, NL, IL, SN. The results clarified some of the conditions under which verbal processes facilitate or inhibit learning of visual stimuli. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 641-644 |
Date | June 01, 1971 |
DOI | 10.2307/1127498 |
ISSN | 00093920 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/stable/1127498 |
Accessed | Sat Dec 18 18:42:05 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 1971 / Copyright © 1971 Society for Research in Child Development |
Date Added | Sat Dec 18 18:42:05 2010 |
Modified | Sat Dec 18 18:42:05 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Landau |
Author | E. Shipley |
Abstract | We examined the effects of different labelling patterns on the generalization of object names. Two-year-olds, three-year-olds and adults were shown two 'standard' objects, which were named with the same label, or with two different labels, or with no label at all. Participants were then asked whether objects morphed to be intermediate to the standards belonged to one of the labelled categories or, in the No Label condition, were 'like' one of the standards. The Same Label condition showed generalization to all intermediates, whereas the Different Label and No Label conditions showed division of the intermediates into two separate categories, with somewhat sharper division under Different Label. These results suggest two possible mechanisms of lexical learning: 'boosting' the equivalence of different exemplars through label identity,, and 'differentiating' the exemplars through differences in labelling. The studies provided strong evidence for boosting. Learners are sensitive to the distribution of labels across exemplars, and they hold powerful assumptions about the relationship between these distributions and the underlying naming space. These findings have implications for the early, emergence of cross-linguistic differences in lexical learning |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 109-118 |
Date | March 2001 |
URL | ISI:000170366500018 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kim Plunkett |
Author | Jon-Fan Hu |
Author | Leslie B Cohen |
Abstract | An extensive body of research claims that labels facilitate categorisation, highlight the commonalities between objects and act as invitations to form categories for young infants before their first birthday. While this may indeed be a reasonable claim, we argue that it is not justified by the experiments described in the research. We report on a series of experiments that demonstrate that labels can play a causal role in category formation during infancy. Ten-month-old infants were taught to group computer-displayed, novel cartoon drawings into two categories under tightly controlled experimental conditions. Infants were given the opportunity to learn the two categories under four conditions: Without any labels, with two labels that correlated with category membership, with two labels assigned randomly to objects, and with one label assigned to all objects. Category formation was assessed identically in all conditions using a novelty preference procedure conducted in the absence of any labels. The labelling condition had a decisive impact on the way infants formed categories: When two labels correlated with the visual category information, infants learned two categories, just as if there had been no labels presented. However, uncorrelated labels completely disrupted the formation of any categories. Finally, consistent use of a single label across objects led infants to learn one broad category that included all the objects. These findings demonstrate that even before infants start to produce their first words, the labels they hear can override the manner in which they categorise objects. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 665-81 |
Date | Feb 2008 |
DOI | S0010-0277(07)00108-4 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17512515 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 18 12:19:07 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17512515 |
Date Added | Mon Aug 18 12:19:05 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2006 |
Proceedings Title | Sixth International Conference on the Evolution of Language |
Place | Rome, Italy |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Li Hai Tan |
Author | Alice H. D. Chan |
Author | Paul Kay |
Author | Pek-Lan Khong |
Author | Lawrance K. C. Yip |
Author | Kang-Kwong Luke |
Abstract | Well over half a century ago, Benjamin Lee Whorf [Carroll JB (1956) (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)] proposed that language affects perception and thought and is used to segment nature, a hypothesis that has since been tested by linguistic and behavioral studies. Although clear Whorfian effects have been found, it has not yet been demonstrated that language influences brain activity associated with perception and/or immediate postperceptual processes (referred hereafter as “perceptual decision”). Here, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that brain regions mediating language processes participate in neural networks activated by perceptual decision. When subjects performed a perceptual discrimination task on easy-to-name and hard-to-name colored squares, largely overlapping cortical regions were identified, which included areas of the occipital cortex critical for color vision and regions in the bilateral frontal gyrus. Crucially, however, in comparison with hard-to-name colored squares, perceptual discrimination of easy-to-name colors evoked stronger activation in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, two regions responsible for word-finding processes, as demonstrated by a localizer experiment that uses an explicit color patch naming task. This finding suggests that the language-processing areas of the brain are directly involved in visual perceptual decision, thus providing neuroimaging support for the Whorf hypothesis. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 4004-4009 |
Date | March 11, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0800055105 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/105/10/4004.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Mar 13 17:41:17 2009 |
Library Catalog | PNAS |
Date Added | Fri Mar 13 17:41:17 2009 |
Modified | Fri Mar 13 17:41:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Li Hai Tan |
Author | Alice H D Chan |
Author | Paul Kay |
Author | Pek-Lan Khong |
Author | Lawrance K C Yip |
Author | Kang-Kwong Luke |
Abstract | Well over half a century ago, Benjamin Lee Whorf [Carroll JB (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)] proposed that language affects perception and thought and is used to segment nature, a hypothesis that has since been tested by linguistic and behavioral studies. Although clear Whorfian effects have been found, it has not yet been demonstrated that language influences brain activity associated with perception and/or immediate postperceptual processes (referred hereafter as "perceptual decision"). Here, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that brain regions mediating language processes participate in neural networks activated by perceptual decision. When subjects performed a perceptual discrimination task on easy-to-name and hard-to-name colored squares, largely overlapping cortical regions were identified, which included areas of the occipital cortex critical for color vision and regions in the bilateral frontal gyrus. Crucially, however, in comparison with hard-to-name colored squares, perceptual discrimination of easy-to-name colors evoked stronger activation in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, two regions responsible for word-finding processes, as demonstrated by a localizer experiment that uses an explicit color patch naming task. This finding suggests that the language-processing areas of the brain are directly involved in visual perceptual decision, thus providing neuroimaging support for the Whorf hypothesis. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 4004-4009 |
Date | Mar 11, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0800055105 |
ISSN | 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316728 |
Accessed | Thu Jan 22 17:24:42 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18316728 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:13 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.A. Gelman |
Author | J.D. Coley |
Editor | J.P. Byrnes |
Editor | S.A. Gelman |
Book Title | Perspectives on language and thought: Interrelations in development |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambrudge University Press |
Date | 1991 |
Pages | 146 -196 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:13:02 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | U. Noppeney |
Author | C.W. Wallesch |
Abstract | Kurt Goldstein is regarded as one of the major proponents of the holistic move- ment at the beginning of the 20th century. He rejected the strong localization hypothesis in the field of aphasiology and attempted to link language disturbances to an underlying general intellectual impairment. Goldstein's criticism was based on his subtle symptomatology, his organismic biology, and his philosophical reflections. In his concept of abstract attitude Goldstein searched for a general psychological function that might explain a variety of aphasic symptoms. Abstract attitude bridges the gap between cognitive and linguistic structures. According to Goldstein, it is the basis for words to have a meaning, to be employed in a categorical sense. Since amnesic aphasics are confined to a concrete attitude, their words have lost their representational function. Although Goldstein's concept of abstract attitude is no longer used in scientific discourse, it is analyzed for its heuristic value. It led Goldstein to questions about the relation between cognition and language and to fragments of a semantic theory. (C) 2000 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 367-386 |
Date | December 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sudha Arunachalam |
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Publication | Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science |
Pages | n/a-n/a |
Date | 03/2010 |
Journal Abbr | WIREs Cogni Sci |
DOI | 10.1002/wcs.37 |
ISSN | 19395078 |
URL | http://wires.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WiresArticle/wisId-WCS37.html |
Accessed | Thu Jun 17 07:35:00 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Jun 17 07:35:00 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jul 27 21:26:47 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jan Nuyts |
Author | Eric Pederson |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2000-05-15 |
ISBN | 0521774810 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Apr 16 15:00:32 2009 |
Modified | Thu Apr 16 15:00:32 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 226-242 |
Date | 1912 |
Date Added | Fri Nov 14 15:32:09 2008 |
Modified | Fri Nov 14 15:35:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 226-242 |
Date | 1912 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 226-242 |
Date | 1912 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Nettle |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 26 |
Pages | 10755-10756 |
Date | 06/2007 |
Journal Abbr | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0704517104 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
Short Title | Language and genes |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1904136/ |
Accessed | Mon Nov 30 18:46:34 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 18:46:34 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 18:46:34 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | K. Goldstein |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Grune & Stratton |
Date | 1948 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Sat Aug 16 01:27:16 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Anna Wierzbicka |
Abstract | Building on the author's earlier work, this paper argues that language is a key issue in understanding human emotions and that treating English emotion terms as valid analytical tools continues to be a roadblock in the study of emotions. Further, it shows how the methodology developed by the author and colleagues, known as NSM (from Natural Semantic Metalanguage), allows us to break free of the "shackles" (Barrett, 2006) of English psychological terms and explore human emotions from a culture-independent perspective. The use of NSM makes it possible to study human emotions from a genuinely cross-linguistic and cross-cultural, as well as a psychological, perspective and thus "opens up new possibilities for the scientific understanding of subjectivity and psychological experience" (Goddard, 2007). |
Publication | Emotion Review |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-14 |
Date | January 1, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1177/1754073908097175 |
Short Title | Language and Metalanguage |
URL | http://emr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/1/3 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 15:33:04 2010 |
Library Catalog | Sage Journals Online |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 15:33:04 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 15:33:04 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.S. Spelke |
Author | S. Tsivkin |
Abstract | Three experiments investigated the role of a specific language in human representations of number. Russian-English bilingual college students were taught new numerical operations (Experiment 1), new arithmetic equations (Experiments 1 and 2), or new geographical or historical facts involving numerical or non-numerical information (Experiment 3). After learning a set of items in each of their two languages, subjects were tested for knowledge of those items, and new items, in both languages. In all the studies, subjects retrieved information about exact numbers more effectively in the language of training, and they solved trained problems more effectively than untrained problems. In contrast, subjects retrieved information about approximate numbers and non-numerical facts with equal efficiency in their two languages, and their training on approximate number facts generalized to new facts of the same type. These findings suggest that a specific, natural language contributes to the representation of large, exact numbers but not to the approximate number representations that humans share with other mammals. Language appears to play a role in learning about exact numbers in a variety of contexts, a finding with implications for practice in bilingual education. The findings prompt more general speculations about the role of language in the development of specifically human cognitive abilities. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 45-88 |
Date | January 2001 |
URL | ISI:000166186300003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | G Miller |
Author | P. Johnson-Laird |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Harvard University Press |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Davidoff |
Abstract | In a pioneering set of experiments, Rosch investigated the colour processing of a remote traditional culture. It was concluded that colours form universally natural and salient categories. However, our own cross-cultural research, backed up by neuropsychologicla data and interference studies, indicates that perceptual categories are derived from the words in the speaker's language. The new data support a rather strong version of the Whorfian view that perceptual categories are organized by the linguistic systems of our mind. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 382-387 |
Date | 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 18:47:09 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Noam Chomsky |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1987-08-27 |
# of Pages | 216 |
ISBN | 0262530708 |
Short Title | Language and Problems of Knowledge |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Jun 28 16:17:37 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jun 28 16:17:37 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.J. Crow |
Abstract | Schizophrenic illnesses occur in all societies at approximately the same rate. Why do they persist? Here it is argued that the origins of psychosis are intimately related to the evolution of language - the function by which modern Homo sapiens separated from a precursor hominid species. A critical genetic change (the ‘speciation event’) allowed the two cerebral hemispheres to develop with a degree of independence. Sexual selection (differing criteria in the two sexes for mate choice) acting on this gene (postulated as present in homologous form on the X and Y chromosomes) to determine the plateau of brain development apparently led to a progressive delay in maturation and an increase in communicative capacity. According to this view, predisposition to psychosis represents a component of the diversity associated with the evolution of language. |
Publication | Endeavour |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 105-109 |
Date | 1996 |
Journal Abbr | Endeavour |
DOI | 10.1016/0160-9327(96)10023-5 |
ISSN | 0160-9327 |
Short Title | Language and psychosis |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160932796100235 |
Accessed | Sun Mar 31 22:05:45 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Mar 31 22:05:45 2013 |
Modified | Sun Mar 31 22:05:45 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | M. Devitt |
Author | K. Strelny |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | London: MIT Press |
Date | 1987 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 10:27:31 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 23:26:05 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Lesley Milroy |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 1991-01-15 |
# of Pages | 244 |
ISBN | 0631153144 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Lesley Milroy |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 1991-01-15 |
# of Pages | 244 |
ISBN | 0631153144 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Lesley Milroy |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 1991-01-15 |
# of Pages | 244 |
ISBN | 0631153144 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.R. Gallistel |
Abstract | Some language communities routinely use allocentric reference directions (e.g. 'uphill-downhill') where speakers of European languages would use egocentric references ('left-right'). Previous experiments have suggested that the different language groups use different reference frames in non-linguistic tasks involving the recreation of oriented arrays. However, a recent paper argues that manipulating test conditions produces similar effects in monolingual English speakers, and in animals |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 321-322 |
Date | 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000177263200003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lucy Cragg |
Author | Kate Nation |
Publication | Topics in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 631-642 |
Date | 10/2010 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01080.x |
ISSN | 17568757 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01080.x/full |
Accessed | Mon Nov 15 14:26:47 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Nov 15 14:26:47 2010 |
Modified | Mon Nov 15 14:26:47 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kristen A. Lindquist |
Author | Lisa Feldman Barrett |
Author | Eliza Bliss-Moreau |
Author | James A. Russell |
Publication | Emotion |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 125-138 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Emotion |
DOI | 10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.125 |
ISSN | 1528-3542 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/emo/6/1/125/ |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 16:31:03 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 16:31:03 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 16:31:03 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Howard B. Ranken |
Abstract | Subjects instructed to think of novel shapes in terms of relevant names made fewer errors in recalling a serial ordering of the shapes, but more errors in solving a mental jigsaw puzzle and in drawing the shapes from memory, than subjects instructed to visualize the shapes without using words. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 141 |
Issue | 3575 |
Pages | 48-50 |
Date | July 05, 1963 |
Series | New Series |
ISSN | 00368075 |
Short Title | Language and Thinking |
URL | http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/stable/1710903 |
Accessed | Sat Dec 18 18:47:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jul. 5, 1963 / Copyright © 1963 American Association for the Advancement of Science |
Date Added | Sat Dec 18 18:47:12 2010 |
Modified | Sat Dec 18 18:47:12 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L. Gleitman |
Author | A. Papafragou |
Editor | K. Holyoak |
Editor | B. Morrison |
Abstract | Possessing a language is one of the central features that distinguishes humans from other species. Many people share the intuition that they think "in" language, hence that the absence of language would, ipso facto, be the absence of thought. One compelling version of this self-reflection is Helen Keller's (1955) report that her recognition of the signed symbol for 'water' triggered thought processes which had theretofore -- and consequently -- been utterly absent. Statements to the same or related effect come from the most diverse intellectual sources: "The limits of my language are the limits of my world" (Wittgenstein, 1922]; and "The fact of the matter is that the 'real world' is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group" (Sapir, 1941, as cited in Whorf, 1956, p. 75). |
Book Title | Cambridge Handbook of thinking and Reasoning |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2005 |
Pages | 633-661 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:10 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:13:28 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.I. Slobin |
Contributor | D Gentner |
Contributor | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Abstract | first paragraph: The voluminous literature on linguistic relativity has concerned itself primarily with the search for influences of particular languages on nonlinguistic cognition ⬚⬚in situations in which language is not being used, overtly or covertly⬚⬚⬚. ⬚This represents a long tradition in which anthropologists, psychologists, and linguists have sought to relate grammatical and semantic systems of a language to the worldview or epistemology or culture of the community of speakers of the language. For example, Lucy has proposed a set of requirements for studies of linguistic relativity. He stipulates that such research "should assess the cognitive performance of individual speakers ⬚⬚aside from explicitly verbal contexts ⬚⬚and try to establish that any cognitive patterns that are detected also characterize ⬚⬚everyday behavior outside of the assessment situation⬚⬚" (Lucy, 1996, p. 48, emphasis added). In this view, "cognition" is seen as a collection of concepts and procedures that come into play regardless of whether an individual is engaged in verbal behavior-speaking, listening, or verbal thinking. Such research is directed towards what Lucy calls "an independent cognitive interpretation of reality" (Lucy, 2000, p. xii). A rather different approach to "cognition" is provided by investigators who concern themselves with language ⬚⬚use ⬚⬚and cultural ⬚⬚practice⬚⬚⬚. ⬚For example, Gumperz and Levinson, introducing ⬚Rethinking linguistic relativity ⬚(1996, p. 8), underline the importance of "theories of use in context," including formal semantic theories (e.g., Discourse Representation Theory, Situation Semantics) and pragmatic theories (Relevance Theory, Gricean theories), along with research in sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. In the present paper, I begin with the fact that human beings spend a large portion of their time in linguistic behavior of one sort or another-that is, we are creatures that are almost constantly involved in preparing, producing, and interpreting verbal messages. Accordingly, research on linguistic relativity is incomplete without attention to the cognitive processes that are brought to bear, ⬚⬚online⬚⬚, in the course of using language. |
Book Title | Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 157⬚ ⬚-191 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Feb 23 23:41:02 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Henry Brighton |
Author | Kenny Smith |
Author | Simon Kirby |
Abstract | John Maynard Smith and Eörs Szathmáry argued that human language signified the eighth major transition in evolution: human language marked a new form of information transmission from one generation to another [Maynard Smith J, Szathmáry E. The major transitions in evolution. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press; 1995]. According to this view language codes cultural information and as such forms the basis for the evolution of complexity in human culture. In this article we develop the theory that language also codes information in another sense: languages code information on their own structure. As a result, languages themselves provide information that influences their own survival. To understand the consequences of this theory we discuss recent computational models of linguistic evolution. Linguistic evolution is the process by which languages themselves evolve. This article draws together this recent work on linguistic evolution and highlights the significance of this process in understanding the evolution of linguistic complexity. Our conclusions are that: (1) the process of linguistic transmission constitutes the basis for an evolutionary system, and (2), that this evolutionary system is only superficially comparable to the process of biological evolution. |
Publication | Physics of Life Reviews |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 177-226 |
Date | September 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.plrev.2005.06.001 |
ISSN | 1571-0645 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75DC-4GR8N54-1/2/0cc02e8bf0fcfc83ab2a65e95cc43430 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 11 15:39:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 11 15:39:05 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H BRIGHTON |
Author | K SMITH |
Author | S KIRBY |
Publication | Physics of Life Reviews |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 177–226 |
Date | September 2005 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1016/j.plrev.2005.06.001 |
URL | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1571064505000229 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lisa Feldman Barrett |
Author | Kristen A. Lindquist |
Author | Maria Gendron |
Abstract | In the blink of an eye, people can easily see emotion in another person’s face. This fact leads many to assume that emotion perception is given and proceeds independently of conceptual processes such as language. In this paper we suggest otherwise and offer the hypothesis that language functions as a context in emotion perception. We review a variety of evidence consistent with the language-as-context view and then discuss how a linguistically relative approach to emotion perception allows for intriguing and generative questions about the extent to which language shapes the sensory processing involved in seeing emotion in another person’s face. |
Publication | Trends in cognitive sciences |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 327-332 |
Date | 2007-8 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2007.06.003 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 17625952 PMCID: 2225544 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 16:30:46 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 16:30:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Author | N Chater |
Abstract | It is widely assumed that human learning and the structure of human languages are intimately related. This relationship is frequently suggested to derive from a language-specific biological endowment, which encodes universal, but communicatively arbitrary, principles of language structure (a universal grammar or UG). How might such a UG have evolved? We argue that UG could not have arisen either by biological adaptation or non-adaptationist genetic processes, resulting in a logical problem of language evolution. Specifically, as the processes of language change are much more rapid than processes of genetic change, language constitutes a “moving target” both over time and across different human populations, and hence cannot provide a stable environment to which language genes could have adapted. We conclude that a biologically determined UG is not evolutionarily viable. Instead, the original motivation for UG—the mesh between learners and languages—arises because language has been shaped to fit the human brain, rather than vice versa. Following Darwin, we view language itself as a complex and interdependent “organism,” which evolves under selectional pressures from human learning and processing mechanisms. That is, languages themselves are shaped by severe selectional pressure from each generation of language users and learners. This suggests that apparently arbitrary aspects of linguistic structure may result from general learning and processing biases deriving from the structure of thought processes, perceptuo-motor factors, cognitive limitations, and pragmatics. |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 489-509 |
Date | 2008 |
Accessed | Sun Nov 23 22:13:54 2008 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 22:13:54 2008 |
Modified | Thu Mar 15 11:15:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | Frontiers in Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology |
Volume | 3: |
Pages | 422 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Psychology |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00422 |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Theoretical_and_Philosophical_Psychology/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00422/full |
Accessed | Wed Oct 3 14:18:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Wed Oct 3 14:18:35 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jan 14 13:13:53 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerry T M Altmann |
Abstract | The delay between the signal to move the eyes, and the execution of the corresponding eye movement, is variable, and skewed; with an early peak followed by a considerable tail. This skewed distribution renders the answer to the question "What is the delay between language input and saccade execution?" problematic; for a given task, there is no single number, only a distribution of numbers. Here, two previously published studies are reanalysed, whose designs enable us to answer, instead, the question: How long does it take, as the language unfolds, for the oculomotor system to demonstrate sensitivity to the distinction between "signal" (eye movements due to the unfolding language) and "noise" (eye movements due to extraneous factors)? In two studies, participants heard either 'the man…' or 'the girl…', and the distribution of launch times towards the concurrently, or previously, depicted man in response to these two inputs was calculated. In both cases, the earliest discrimination between signal and noise occurred at around 100ms. This rapid interplay between language and oculomotor control is most likely due to cancellation of about-to-be executed saccades towards objects (or their episodic trace) that mismatch the earliest phonological moments of the unfolding word. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 190-200 |
Date | Jun 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.09.009 |
ISSN | 1873-6297 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965479 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 24 11:50:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20965479 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 24 11:50:29 2011 |
Modified | Wed Aug 24 11:50:29 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Geoffrey Sampson |
Author | David Gil |
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2009-06-15 |
ISBN | 0199545219 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Sep 16 18:44:06 2009 |
Modified | Wed Sep 16 18:44:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rolf A. Zwaan |
Author | Robert A. Stanfield |
Author | Richard H. Yaxley |
Abstract | We examined the prediction that people activate perceptual symbols during language comprehension. Subjects read sentences describing an animal or object in a certain location. The shape of the object or animal changed as a function of its location (e.g., eagle in the sky, eagle in a nest). However, this change was only implied by the sentences. After reading a sentence, subjects were presented with a line drawing of the object in question. They judged whether the object had been mentioned in the sentence (Experiment 1) or simply named the object (Experiment 2). In both cases, responses were faster when the pictured object's shape matched the shape implied by the sentence than when there was a mismatch. These results support the hypothesis that perceptual symbols are routinely activated in language comprehension. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 168-171 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-9280.00430 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00430 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 00:09:07 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 00:09:07 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:19:24 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Bernd Heine |
Author | Tania Kuteva |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2005-03-07 |
# of Pages | 328 |
ISBN | 0521845742 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Bernd Heine |
Author | Tania Kuteva |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2005-03-07 |
# of Pages | 328 |
ISBN | 0521845742 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Bernd Heine |
Author | Tania Kuteva |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2005-03-07 |
# of Pages | 328 |
ISBN | 0521845742 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David W Green |
Author | Alice Grogan |
Author | Jenny Crinion |
Author | Nilufa Ali |
Author | Catherine Sutton |
Author | Cathy J Price |
Abstract | Background: The causal basis of the different patterns of language recovery following stroke in bilingual speakers is not well understood. Our approach distinguishes the representation of language from the mechanisms involved in its control. Previous studies have suggested that difficulties in language control can explain selective aphasia in one language as well as pathological switching between languages. Here we test the hypothesis that difficulties in managing and resolving competition will also be observed in those who are equally impaired in both their languages even in the absence of pathological switching.Aims: To examine difficulties in language control in bilingual individuals with parallel recovery in aphasia and to compare their performance on different types of conflict task.Methods & Procedures: Two right-handed, non-native English-speaking participants who showed parallel recovery of two languages after stroke and a group of non-native English-speaking, bilingual controls described a scene in English and in their first language and completed three explicit conflict tasks. Two of these were verbal conflict tasks: a lexical decision task in English, in which individuals distinguished English words from non-words, and a Stroop task, in English and in their first language. The third conflict task was a non-verbal flanker task.Outcomes & Results: Both participants with aphasia were impaired in the picture description task in English and in their first language but showed different patterns of impairment on the conflict tasks. For the participant with left subcortical damage, conflict was abnormally high during the verbal tasks (lexical decision and Stroop) but not during the non-verbal flanker task. In contrast, for the participant with extensive left parietal damage, conflict was less abnormal during the Stroop task than the flanker or lexical decision task.Conclusions: Our data reveal two distinct control impairments associated with parallel recovery. We stress the need to explore the precise nature of control problems and how control is implemented in order to develop fuller causal accounts of language recovery patterns in bilingual aphasia. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 188-209 |
Date | Feb 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Aphasiology |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030902958316 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20186261 |
Accessed | Thu May 31 09:34:54 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20186261 |
Date Added | Thu May 31 09:34:54 2012 |
Modified | Thu May 31 09:34:54 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | H. Goodglass |
Author | N. Geschwind |
Contributor | E.C. Carterette |
Contributor | M.P. Friedman |
Book Title | Handbook of perception, VOl. 7: Speech and language⬚ ⬚ |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Lucy |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press⬚ ⬚ |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | Analysis of a linguistic atlas reveals an ecological gradient in the diversity of languages in West Africa. As one moves south from arid into lusher ecoclimatic zones, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups decreases. Various factors are considered which may have contributed to this distribution. I argue that the ethnolinguistic map is primarily a reflection of the systems of generalized exchange and mutual dependence into which people enter. It is hypothesized that such social networks function to reduce subsistence risk due to variations in the food supply. If this hypothesis is correct, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups should be inversely proportional to the degree of ecological variability they face. This prediction is tested and found to hold strongly for a large part of West Africa. There is also limited evidence of a correlation between linguistic diversity and topography. It is concluded that ecological risk has been a key historical force in West Africa and that the ethnolinguistic mosaic can be used as a valuable "fossil record" of people's adaptive social and economic strategies. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 403-438 |
Date | December 1996 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1996.0015 |
Short Title | Language Diversity in West Africa |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45MH18K-4/2/b47e74ec050954478f80710a3e4cae51 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:02:22 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Nov 12 20:38:00 2008 |
Modified | Wed Nov 12 20:38:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | Analysis of a linguistic atlas reveals an ecological gradient in the diversity of languages in West Africa. As one moves south from arid into lusher ecoclimatic zones, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups decreases. Various factors are considered which may have contributed to this distribution. I argue that the ethnolinguistic map is primarily a reflection of the systems of generalized exchange and mutual dependence into which people enter. It is hypothesized that such social networks function to reduce subsistence risk due to variations in the food supply. If this hypothesis is correct, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups should be inversely proportional to the degree of ecological variability they face. This prediction is tested and found to hold strongly for a large part of West Africa. There is also limited evidence of a correlation between linguistic diversity and topography. It is concluded that ecological risk has been a key historical force in West Africa and that the ethnolinguistic mosaic can be used as a valuable "fossil record" of people's adaptive social and economic strategies. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 403-438 |
Date | December 1996 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1996.0015 |
Short Title | Language Diversity in West Africa |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45MH18K-4/2/b47e74ec050954478f80710a3e4cae51 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:02:22 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Abstract | Analysis of a linguistic atlas reveals an ecological gradient in the diversity of languages in West Africa. As one moves south from arid into lusher ecoclimatic zones, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups decreases. Various factors are considered which may have contributed to this distribution. I argue that the ethnolinguistic map is primarily a reflection of the systems of generalized exchange and mutual dependence into which people enter. It is hypothesized that such social networks function to reduce subsistence risk due to variations in the food supply. If this hypothesis is correct, the average size of ethnolinguistic groups should be inversely proportional to the degree of ecological variability they face. This prediction is tested and found to hold strongly for a large part of West Africa. There is also limited evidence of a correlation between linguistic diversity and topography. It is concluded that ecological risk has been a key historical force in West Africa and that the ethnolinguistic mosaic can be used as a valuable "fossil record" of people's adaptive social and economic strategies. |
Publication | Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 403-438 |
Date | December 1996 |
DOI | 10.1006/jaar.1996.0015 |
Short Title | Language Diversity in West Africa |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH6-45MH18K-4/2/b47e74ec050954478f80710a3e4cae51 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 29 21:02:22 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Editor | M.H. Christiansen |
Editor | S. Kirby |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2003-10-09 |
# of Pages | 416 |
ISBN | 0199244847 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 22:53:58 2012 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 23:00:56 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul Vogt |
Author | Federico Divina |
Pages | 80–87 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=52775 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kenny Smith |
Author | James R Hurford |
Pages | 507–516 |
Date | 2003 |
URL | http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-39432-7_54 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Derek Bickerton |
Abstract | For the benefit of linguists new to the field of language evolution, the author sets out the issues that need to be distinguished in any research on it. He offers a guided tour of contemporary approaches, including the work of linguists (Bickerton, Carstairs-McCarthy, Chomsky, Hurford, Jackendoff, Pinker, Wray), animal behaviour experts (Dunbar, Hauser, Premack, Savage-Rumbaugh), neurophysiologists (Arbib, Calvin), psychologists (Corballis, Donald), archaeologists (Davidson), and computer modellers (Batali, Kirby, Steels). He criticises the expectation that recent discoveries such as [`]mirror neurons' and the FOXP2 gene will provide easy answers. He emphasises the extremely interdisciplinary nature of this field, and also the importance of involvement in it by linguists, after more than a century of neglect. |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 510-526 |
Date | March 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.lingua.2005.02.006 |
Short Title | Language evolution |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6H-4H3JHK6-3/1/5a641eccb91d5fd3d92359083cbab769 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 18 11:30:56 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Jul 18 11:30:56 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jul 18 11:34:32 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Author | S. Kirby |
Abstract | Why is language the way it is? How did language come to be this way? And why is our species alone in having complex language? These are old unsolved questions that have seen a renaissance in the dramatic recent growth in research being published on the origins and evolution of human language. This review provides a broad overview of some of the important current work in this area. We highlight new methodologies (such as computational modeling), emerging points of consensus (such as the importance of pre-adaptation), and the major remaining controversies (such as gestural origins of language). We also discuss why language evolution is such a difficult problem, and suggest probable directions research may take in the near future |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 300-307 |
Date | July 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000184366800008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D Gentner |
Author | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:49:22 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | James R. Hurford |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2011-10-15 |
# of Pages | 768 |
ISBN | 0199207879 |
Short Title | Language in the Light of Evolution, Vol. 2 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:15:44 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:15:44 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | John Mcwhorter |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-06-18 |
# of Pages | 304 |
ISBN | 0195309804 |
Short Title | Language Interrupted |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | John Mcwhorter |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-06-18 |
# of Pages | 304 |
ISBN | 0195309804 |
Short Title | Language Interrupted |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | John Mcwhorter |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-06-18 |
ISBN | 0195309804 |
Short Title | Language Interrupted |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 14:41:45 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 14:41:45 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | The Fifth International Conference on the Evolution of Language |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1077-1082 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 15 11:37:45 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ozge Ozturk |
Author | Shakila Shayan |
Author | Ulf Liszkowski |
Author | Asifa Majid |
Abstract | The origin of color categories is under debate. Some researchers argue that color categories are linguistically constructed, while others claim they have a pre-linguistic, and possibly even innate, basis. Although there is some evidence that 4-6-month-old infants respond categorically to color, these empirical results have been challenged in recent years. First, it has been claimed that previous demonstrations of color categories in infants may reflect color preferences instead. Second, and more seriously, other labs have reported failing to replicate the basic findings at all. In the current study we used eye-tracking to test 8-month-old infants' categorical perception of a previously attested color boundary (green-blue) and an additional color boundary (blue-purple). Our results show that infants are faster and more accurate at fixating targets when they come from a different color category than when from the same category (even though the chromatic separation sizes were equated). This is the case for both blue-green and blue-purple. Our findings provide independent evidence for the existence of color categories in pre-linguistic infants, and suggest that categorical perception of color can occur without color language. |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 111-115 |
Date | JAN 2013 |
Journal Abbr | Dev. Sci. |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1111/desc.12008 |
ISSN | 1363-755X |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Extra | WOS:000315383300011 |
Date Added | Sat Jul 20 11:52:39 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jul 20 11:52:39 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Laurie Bauer |
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 1999-09-07 |
# of Pages | 208 |
ISBN | 0140260234 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Laurie Bauer |
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 1999-09-07 |
# of Pages | 208 |
ISBN | 0140260234 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Laurie Bauer |
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 1999-09-07 |
# of Pages | 208 |
ISBN | 0140260234 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wai Ting Siok |
Author | Paul Kay |
Author | William S. Y. Wang |
Author | Alice H. D. Chan |
Author | Lin Chen |
Author | Kang-Kwong Luke |
Author | Li Hai Tan |
Abstract | The effect of language on the categorical perception of color is stronger for stimuli in the right visual field (RVF) than in the left visual field, but the neural correlates of the behavioral RVF advantage are unknown. Here we present brain activation maps revealing how language is differentially engaged in the discrimination of colored stimuli presented in either visual hemifield. In a rapid, event-related functional MRI study, we measured subjects' brain activity while they performed a visual search task. Compared with colors from the same lexical category, discrimination of colors from different linguistic categories provoked stronger and faster responses in the left hemisphere language regions, particularly when the colors were presented in the RVF. In addition, activation of visual areas 2/3, responsible for color perception, was much stronger for RVF stimuli from different linguistic categories than for stimuli from the same linguistic category. Notably, the enhanced activity of visual areas 2/3 coincided with the enhanced activity of the left posterior temporoparietal language region, suggesting that this language region may serve as a top-down control source that modulates the activation of the visual cortex. These findings shed light on the brain mechanisms that underlie the hemifield- dependent effect of language on visual perception. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 20 |
Pages | 8140 -8145 |
Date | May 19 , 2009 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0903627106 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/106/20/8140.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Mar 1 20:51:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 20:51:39 2011 |
Modified | Tue Mar 1 20:51:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | R.A. Dale |
Abstract | Languages differ greatly both in their syntactic and morphological systems and in the social environments in which they exist. We challenge the view that language grammars are unrelated to social environments in which they are learned and used. We conducted a statistical analysis of >2,000 languages using a combination of demographic sources and the World Atlas of Language Structures— a database of structural language properties. We found strong relationships between linguistic factors related to morphological complexity, and demographic/socio-historical factors such as the number of language users, geographic spread, and degree of language contact. The analyses suggest that languages spoken by large groups have simpler inflectional morphology than languages spoken by smaller groups as measured on a variety of factors such as case systems and complexity of conjugations. Additionally, languages spoken by large groups are much more likely to use lexical strategies in place of inflectional morphology to encode evidentiality, negation, aspect, and possession. Our findings indicate that just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. As adults learn a language, features that are difficult for them to acquire, are less likely to be passed on to subsequent learners. Languages used for communication in large groups that include adult learners appear to have been subjected to such selection. Conversely, the morphological complexity common to languages used in small groups increases redundancy which may facilitate language learning by infants. We hypothesize that language structures are subjected to different evolutionary pressures in different social environments. Just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. The proposed Linguistic Niche Hypothesis has implications for answering the broad question of why languages differ in the way they do and makes empirical predictions regarding language acquisition capacities of children versus adults. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | e8559 |
Date | January 20, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0008559 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008559 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 25 21:13:53 2011 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Fri Feb 25 21:13:53 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 23:53:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Qiang Liu |
Author | Hong Li |
Author | Jennifer L. Campos |
Author | Christopher Teeter |
Author | Weidong Tao |
Author | Qinglin Zhang |
Author | Hong-jin Sun |
Abstract | It is unclear how language influences colour perception so as to lead to the categorical perception of colour. This is particularly true when considering visual tasks that involve minimal memory requirements. In the present experiment we investigated this question by employing a “same–different” judgment task in which participants were asked to compare the colours of two presented visual features (a square and its surrounding frame), presented to the left visual field (LVF) or the right visual field (RVF), while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The “different” colour trials were of two types, including those consisting of within-category differences (e.g. two different shades of blue) and those consisting of between-category differences (i.e. blue vs. green), with matching hue differences for within-category comparisons and between-category comparisons. The ERP results show that, over the midline fronto-central scalp region, responses to the within-category stimuli presented in the RVF demonstrated a more negative N2 component (260–310 ms post-stimulus) than either the responses to the between-category stimuli in the RVF, the between-category stimulus in the LVF, or the within-category stimulus in the LVF. Further, the responses for the within-category stimulus in the RVF resulted in a P3 component with a longer latency than that observed for the other three conditions. The results observed in this rapid colour discrimination task suggest that the categorical perception of colour stimuli presented in the RVF may result from an effect of language-related processes suppressing the capacity to discriminate two shades of colour within the same colour category. |
Publication | Biological Psychology |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 45-52 |
Date | September 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Biological Psychology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.05.001 |
ISSN | 0301-0511 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301051110001201 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 23 13:47:25 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Dec 23 13:47:25 2012 |
Modified | Sun Dec 23 13:47:25 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Zhang |
Author | B. Schmitt |
Abstract | Classifiers are lexico-syntactic structures that are common in Chinese but not in English. In 3 studies, the authors demonstrated that classifiers provide a language-inherent classification of objects (affecting perceived similarity and memory) and, more importantly, guide individuals' judgments in a practically relevant context (e.g., in the evaluation of advertisements). Chinese speaking participants, relative to English speaking participants, judged objects sharing a classifier as more similar than objects not sharing a classifier and were more likely to recall them in clusters. Moreover, objects, presented as consumer products in an advertising context, were evaluated more positively when cued with a visual stimulus that triggers classifier-related associations. Results are discussed in the context of the recent reformulation of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 375-385 |
Date | December 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:38:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:38:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Cabrera |
Author | D. Billman |
Abstract | Four experiments assessed (Whorfian) effects of language on acquiring event categories. During learning, English-like spoken language accompanied animated scenes in some conditions. Lexical (novel verbs) and/or syntactic cues (either argument structures or prepositions) covaried with event category. Other conditions provided no language. All participants' knowledge of event categories was tested without language. Participants learned the event categories better when some aspect of language covaried with them (Experiments 1, 2, & 3; but not with sounds, Experiment 4), and better still when two aspects of language covaried (Experiments 1 & 3). However, multiple (Experiments 2 & 3) and individual language cues (Experiment 4) did not always facilitate learning. The effect of language is more complicated than providing feedback, as in supervised learning, or increasing systematicity, as in unsupervised learning. Language form induced specific expectations, with effects on learning analogous to the effects of prior theories |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 539-555 |
Date | March 1996 |
URL | ISI:A1996UC20600019 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerry T M Altmann |
Abstract | The 'visual world paradigm' typically involves presenting participants with a visual scene and recording eye movements as they either hear an instruction to manipulate objects in the scene or as they listen to a description of what may happen to those objects. In this study, participants heard each target sentence only after the corresponding visual scene had been displayed and then removed. For a scene depicting a man, a woman, a cake, and a newspaper, the eyes were subsequently directed, during 'eat' in 'the man will eat the cake', towards where the cake had previously been located even though the screen had been blank for over 2 s. The rapidity of these movements mirrored the anticipatory eye movements observed in previous studies [Cognition 73 (1999) 247; J. Mem. Lang. 49 (2003) 133]. Thus, anticipatory eye movements are not dependent on a concurrent visual scene, but are dependent on a mental record of the scene that is independent of whether the visual scene is still present. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 93 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | B79-87 |
Date | Sep 2004 |
DOI | 15147941 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Language-mediated eye movements in the absence of a visual world |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15147941 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 01:29:00 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15147941 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 01:29:00 2008 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R K Thompson |
Author | D L Oden |
Author | S T Boysen |
Abstract | Three chimpanzees with a history of conditional and numeric token training spontaneously matched relations between relations under conditions of nondifferential reinforcement. Heretofore, this conceptual ability was demonstrated only in language-trained chimpanzees. The performance levels of the language-naive animals in this study, however, were equivalent to those of a 4th animal--Sarah--whose history included language training and analogical problem solving. There was no evidence that associative factors mediated successful performance in any of the animals. Prior claims of a profound disparity between language-trained and language-naive chimpanzees apparently can be attributed to prior experience with arbitrary tokens consistently associated with abstract relations and not language per se. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 31-43 |
Date | Jan 1997 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
ISSN | 0097-7403 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9008861 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 14 17:48:37 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9008861 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 14 17:48:37 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Russell D. Gray |
Author | Quentin D. Atkinson |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 426 |
Issue | 6965 |
Pages | 435-439 |
Date | 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature02029 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02029 |
Accessed | Mon Mar 30 23:00:00 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 11:49:33 2009 |
Modified | Tue May 26 13:48:57 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Laurent Cohen |
Author | Stéphane Lehéricy |
Author | Florence Chochon |
Author | Cathy Lemer |
Author | Sophie Rivaud |
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Abstract | The first steps in the process of reading a printed word belong to the domain of visual object perception. They culminate in a representation of letter strings as an ordered set of abstract letter identities, a representation known as the Visual Word Form (VWF). Brain lesions in patients with pure alexia and functional imaging data suggest that the VWF is subtended by a restricted patch of left‐hemispheric fusiform cortex, which is reproducibly activated during reading. In order to determine whether the operation of this Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) depends exclusively on the visual features of stimuli, or is influenced by language‐dependent parameters, brain activations induced by words, consonant strings and chequerboards were compared in normal subjects using functional MRI (fMRI). Stimuli were presented in the left or right visual hemifield. The VWFA was identified in both a blocked‐design experiment and an event‐related experiment as a left‐hemispheric inferotemporal area showing a stronger activation to alphabetic strings than to chequerboards, and invariant for the spatial location of stimuli. In both experiments, stronger activations of the VWFA to words than to strings of consonants were observed. Considering that the VWFA is equally activated by real words and by readable pseudowords, this result demonstrates that the VWFA is initially plastic and becomes attuned to the orthographic regularities that constrain letter combination during the acquisition of literacy. Additionally, the use of split‐field stimulation shed some light on the cerebral bases of the classical right visual field (RVF) advantage in reading. A left occipital extrastriate area was found to be activated by RVF letter strings more than by chequerboards, while no symmetrical region was observed in the right hemisphere. Moreover, activations in the precuneus and the left thalamus were observed when subjects were reading RVF versus left visual field (LVF) words, and are likely to reflect the attentional component of the RVF advantage. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 125 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1054 -1069 |
Date | May 01 , 2002 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awf094 |
Short Title | Language‐specific tuning of visual cortex? |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/125/5/1054.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jul 19 00:22:31 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 00:22:31 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 19 00:22:31 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. J. Enfield |
Abstract | The study of language in relation to anthropological questions has deep and varied roots, from Humboldt and Boas, Malinowski and Vygotsky, Sapir and Whorf, Wittgenstein and Austin, through to the linguistic anthropologists of now. A recent book by the linguist Daniel Everett, Language: the cultural tool (2012), aims to bring some of the issues to a popular audience, with a focus on the idea that language is a tool for social action. I argue in this essay that the book does not represent the state of the art in this field, falling short on three central desiderata of a good account for the social functions of language and its relation to culture. I frame these desiderata in terms of three questions, here termed the cognition question, the causality question, and the culture question. I look at the relevance of this work for socio-cultural anthropology, in the context of a major interdisciplinary pendulum swing that is incipient in the study of language today, a swing away from formalist, innatist perspectives, and towards functionalist, empiricist perspectives. The role of human diversity and culture is foregrounded in all of this work. To that extent, Everett's book is representative, but the quality of his argument is neither strong in itself nor representative of a movement that ought to be of special interest to socio-cultural anthropologists. |
Publication | Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 155-169 |
Date | MAR 2013 |
Journal Abbr | J. R. Anthropol. Inst. |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-9655.12008 |
ISSN | 1359-0987 |
Short Title | Language, culture, and mind |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Extra | WOS:000314107600009 |
Date Added | Sat Jul 20 11:35:35 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jul 20 11:35:35 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Abstract | Embodied agents use bodily actions and environmental interventions to make the world a better place to think in. Where does language fit into this emerging picture of the embodied, ecologically efficient agent? One useful way to approach this question is to consider language itself as a cognition-enhancing animal-built structure. To take this perspective is to view language as a kind of self-constructed cognitive niche: a persisting but never stationary material scaffolding whose crucial role in promoting thought and reason remains surprisingly poorly understood. It is the very materiality of this linguistic scaffolding, I suggest, that gives it some key benefits. By materializing thought in words, we create structures that are themselves proper objects of perception, manipulation, and (further) thought. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 370-374 |
Date | August 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.012 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4KDBMB9-2/2/def24405f8730ef2cdcaf862c3b56a62 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 10 14:38:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 10 14:38:45 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 14:52:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Ozgen |
Abstract | People perceive colors categorically. But what is the role of the environment (or nurture)-specifically, language-in color perception? The effects of language on the way people categorize and perceive colors have been considered to be minimal, but recent evidence suggests that language may indeed change color perception. Speakers of languages with different color-name repertoires show differences in the way they perceive color. Research shows that categorical effects on color perception can be induced through laboratory training and suggests language can similarly change color perception through the mechanism of perceptual learning. |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 95-98 |
Date | 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Curr.Dir.Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Hermer-Vazquez |
Author | A. Moffet |
Author | P. Munkholm |
Abstract | Prior experiments have shown that young children, like adult rats, rely mainly on information about the macroscopic shape of the environment to reorient themselves, whereas human adults rely more flexibly on combinations of spatial and non-spatial landmark information. Adult rats have also been shown to exhibit a striking limitation in another spatial memory task, movable object search, again a limitation not shown by human adults. The present experiments explored the developmental change in humans leading to more flexible, human adult-like performance on these two tasks. Experiment 1 identified the age range of 5-7 years as the time the developmental change for reorientation occurs. Experiment 2 employed a multiple regression approach to determine that among several candidate measures, only a specific language production measure, the production of phrases specifying exactly the information needed to solve the task like adults, correlated with the reorientation performance of children in this age range. Experiment 3 revealed that similar language production abilities were associated with more flexible moving object search task performance. These results, in combination with findings with human adults, suggest that language production skills play a causal role in allowing older humans to construct novel representations rapidly, which can then be used to transcend the limits of phylogenetically older cognitive processes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 263-299 |
Date | May 2001 |
URL | ISI:000168383100002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:31 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:31 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Fodor |
Publication | Mind & Language |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1–15 |
Date | 2001 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/1468-0017.00153 |
ISSN | 1468-0017 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0017.00153/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Nov 12 19:21:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2001 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 12 19:21:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Feb 19 18:50:37 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Regier |
Author | P. Kay |
Abstract | The Whorf hypothesis holds that we view the world filtered through the semantic categories of our native language. Over the years, consensus has oscillated between embrace and dismissal of this hypothesis. Here, we review recent findings on the naming and perception of color, and argue that in this semantic domain the Whorf hypothesis is half right, in two different ways: (1) language influences color perception primarily in half the visual field, and (2) color naming across languages is shaped by both universal and language-specific forces. To the extent that these findings generalize to other semantic domains they suggest a possible resolution of the debate over the Whorf hypothesis. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 439-446 |
Date | October 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.001 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | Language, thought, and color |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4X3H2JD-2/2/6e39b7cac5f9c3d5c0ca53182c0d330b |
Accessed | Fri Mar 12 13:42:18 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Mar 12 13:42:18 2010 |
Modified | Fri Mar 4 00:06:37 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | B.L. Whorf |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1956 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 16:27:29 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Otto Jespersen |
Contributor | University of California Libraries |
Publisher | London : G. Allen & Unwin, ltd. |
Date | 1922 |
# of Pages | 460 |
Language | eng |
URL | http://archive.org/details/languageitsnatur00jespiala |
Accessed | Tue Sep 11 23:49:25 2012 |
Library Catalog | Internet Archive |
Call Number | SRLF:LAGE-229846 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 23:49:25 2012 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 23:49:35 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publisher | Dover Publications |
Date | 1921 |
Short Title | Language |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 21:29:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Goodale |
Author | D. Pélisson |
Author | C. Prablanc |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 320 |
Issue | 6064 |
Pages | 748-750 |
Date | April 24, 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L Standing |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 207-222 |
Date | May 1973 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0033-555X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4515818 |
Accessed | Sun Nov 15 17:36:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 4515818 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 15 17:36:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M. Bowerman |
Contributor | M. Rice |
Contributor | R. Schiefelbusch |
Book Title | The Teachability of Language |
Place | Baltimore, MD |
Publisher | Paul H. Brooks |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.T.M. Altmann |
Abstract | Infants can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar grammatical patterns expressed in a vocabulary that is distinct from that used earlier during familiarization (Cognition 70(2) (1999) 109; Science 283 (1999) 77). Various models have captured the data, although each required that discrimination be distinct, in terms of the computational process, from familiarization. This article describes a simple recurrent network (SRN), equipped only with the assumption that it should predict what comes next, which models the data without distinguishing between familiarization and discrimination. To accomplish this, the SRN requires pre-training on a range of sequences instantiating different structures and different vocabulary items to those used subsequently during familiarization and test. Pre-training enables the network to avoid replacing structure acquired during familiarization with structure experienced at test. An equivalent enabling condition may underpin infants' resistance to catastrophic interference between the different structures and vocabulary items to which they are exposed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | B43-B50 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Dennett |
Publication | Mind & Language |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 540-547 |
Date | 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Kuhl |
Publication | Current Opinions in Neurobiology |
Volume | 4 |
Pages | 812-822 |
Date | 1994 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 10 16:43:44 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catherine G. O'Hanlon |
Author | Debi Roberson |
Abstract | Three experiments investigated whether linguistic and/or attentional constraints might account for preschoolers' difficulties when learning color terms. Task structure and demands were equated across experiments, and both speed and degree of learning were compared. In Experiment 1, 3-year-olds who were matched on vocabulary score were taught new secondary color terms by corrective, semantic, or referential linguistic contrast. Corrective contrast produced more rapid and more extensive learning than did either semantic or referential contrast, supporting the hypothesis that targeted linguistic feedback facilitates learning. Experiment 2 replicated and extended the first experiment with Italian children and found cross-cultural differences in the amount learned about colors named differently in the two languages. In Experiment 3, some of the children were introduced to the new terms within a context of enhanced perceptual salience. These children learned as fast and performed as accurately as those given corrective linguistic feedback in Experiment 1. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 275-300 |
Date | August 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jecp.2005.11.007 |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
Short Title | Learning in context |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ9-4J3WPX3-1/2/fb2fc6a55750d0ec6ff3c05bf1a6b21d |
Accessed | Mon Apr 13 06:42:46 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 13 06:42:46 2009 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Author | G.E. Hinton |
Author | R.J. Williams |
Contributor | D.E. Rumelhart |
Contributor | J.L. McClelland |
Book Title | Parallel Distributed Processing Vol I |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1986 |
Pages | 318 -364 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:22:16 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Yamauchi |
Author | B.C. Love |
Author | A.B. Markman |
Abstract | Previous research suggests that learning categories by classifying new instances highlights information that is useful for discriminating between categories. In contrast, learning categories by making predictive inferences focuses learners on an abstract summary of each category (e.g., the prototype). To test this characterization of classification and inference learning further, the authors evaluated the two learning procedures with nonlinearly separable categories. In contrast to previous research involving cohesive, linearly separable categories, the authors found that it is more difficult to learn nonlinearly separable categories by making inferences about features than it is to learn them by classifying instances. This finding reflects that the prototype of a nonlinearly separable category does not provide a good summary of the category members. The results from this study suggest that having a cohesive category structure is more important for inference than it is for classification |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 585-593 |
Date | May 2002 |
URL | ISI:000175374000018 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:51 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:51 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Zemel |
Author | G.E. Hinton |
Abstract | The minimum description length (MDL) principle can be used to train the hidden units of a neural network to extract a representation I-hat is cheap to describe but nonetheless allows the input to be reconstructed accurately. We show how MDL can be used to develop highly redundant population codes. Each hidden unit has a location in a low-dimensional implicit space. If the hidden unit activities form a bump of a standard shape in this space, they can be cheaply encoded by the center of this bump. So the weights from the input units to the hidden units in an autoencoder are trained to make the activities form a standard bump. The coordinates of the hidden units in the implicit space are also learned, thus allowing flexibility, as the network develops a discontinuous topography when presented with different input classes |
Publication | Neural Computation |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 549-564 |
Date | May 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Neural Comput |
URL | ISI:A1995QQ86600007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:58 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 26 14:01:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Harold Pashler |
Author | Mark McDaniel |
Author | Doug Rohrer |
Author | Robert Bjork |
Abstract | The term “learning styles” refers to the concept that individuals differ in regard to what mode of instruction or study is most effective for them. Proponents of learning-style assessment contend that optimal instruction requires diagnosing individuals' learning style and tailoring instruction accordingly. Assessments of learning style typically ask people to evaluate what sort of information presentation they prefer (e.g., words versus pictures versus speech) and/or what kind of mental activity they find most engaging or congenial (e.g., analysis versus listening), although assessment instruments are extremely diverse. The most common—but not the only—hypothesis about the instructional relevance of learning styles is the meshing hypothesis, according to which instruction is best provided in a format that matches the preferences of the learner (e.g., for a “visual learner,” emphasizing visual presentation of information). The learning-styles view has acquired great influence within the education field, and is frequently encountered at levels ranging from kindergarten to graduate school. There is a thriving industry devoted to publishing learning-styles tests and guidebooks for teachers, and many organizations offer professional development workshops for teachers and educators built around the concept of learning styles. The authors of the present review were charged with determining whether these practices are supported by scientific evidence. We concluded that any credible validation of learning-styles-based instruction requires robust documentation of a very particular type of experimental finding with several necessary criteria. First, students must be divided into groups on the basis of their learning styles, and then students from each group must be randomly assigned to receive one of multiple instructional methods. Next, students must then sit for a final test that is the same for all students. Finally, in order to demonstrate that optimal learning requires that students receive instruction tailored to their putative learning style, the experiment must reveal a specific type of interaction between learning style and instructional method: Students with one learning style achieve the best educational outcome when given an instructional method that differs from the instructional method producing the best outcome for students with a different learning style. In other words, the instructional method that proves most effective for students with one learning style is not the most effective method for students with a different learning style. Our review of the literature disclosed ample evidence that children and adults will, if asked, express preferences about how they prefer information to be presented to them. There is also plentiful evidence arguing that people differ in the degree to which they have some fairly specific aptitudes for different kinds of thinking and for processing different types of information. However, we found virtually no evidence for the interaction pattern mentioned above, which was judged to be a precondition for validating the educational applications of learning styles. Although the literature on learning styles is enormous, very few studies have even used an experimental methodology capable of testing the validity of learning styles applied to education. Moreover, of those that did use an appropriate method, several found results that flatly contradict the popular meshing hypothesis. We conclude therefore, that at present, there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning-styles assessments into general educational practice. Thus, limited education resources would better be devoted to adopting other educational practices that have a strong evidence base, of which there are an increasing number. However, given the lack of methodologically sound studies of learning styles, it would be an error to conclude that all possible versions of learning styles have been tested and found wanting; many have simply not been tested at all. Further research on the use of learning-styles assessment in instruction may in some cases be warranted, but such research needs to be performed appropriately. |
Publication | Psychological Science in the Public Interest |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 105-119 |
Date | 2008-12-01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science in the Public Interest |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x |
ISSN | 1529-1006, 1539-6053 |
URL | http://psi.sagepub.com/content/9/3/105 |
Accessed | Thu Jan 31 18:18:46 2013 |
Library Catalog | psi.sagepub.com |
Date Added | Thu Jan 31 18:18:46 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jan 31 18:18:46 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. A. Murray |
Author | J. D. Kralik |
Author | S. P. Wise |
Publication | Animal behaviour |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 991–998 |
Date | 2005 |
Short Title | Learning to inhibit prepotent responses |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347205000175 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 14:40:02 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 14:40:02 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 14:40:02 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | JD Fodor |
Abstract | A strong claim about human sentence comprehension is that the processing mechanism is fully innate and applies differently to different languages only to the extent that their grammars differ If so, there is hope Sor an explanatory project which attributes all parsing "strategies" to fundamental design characteristics of the parsing device. However, the whole explanatory program is in peril because of the discovery (Cuetos & Mitchell, 1988) that Late Closure is not universal: Spanish, and also Dutch and other languages, favor Early Closure (high attachment) where English favors Late Closure (low attachment). I argue that the universal parser can weather this stem. Exceptions to Late Closure in Spanish and other languages are observed only in one construction (a relative clause attaching into a complex noun phrase [NP]), which is borderline in English too. For other constructions, low attachment is preferred in all languages tested I propose that what differentiates the complex NP construction is the heaviness of the attachee compared to that of the host configuration. A relative clause is a heavy attachee, and the lower NP alone is small as a host; the relative is therefore better balanced if the whole complex NP is its host. A wide range of facts is accounted for by the principle that a constituent likes to have a sister of its own size. Light constituents will tend to attach low and heavy ones to attach high, since larger constituents are dominated by higher nodes. A preference for balanced weight is familiar from work on prosodic phrasing. I suggest, therefore, that prosodic processing occurs in parallel with syntactic processing (even in reading) and influences structural ambiguity resolution. Height of attachment ambiguities are resolved by the prosodically motivated same-size-sister constraint. The exceptional behavior of English may be due to its prosodic packaging of a relative pronoun with the adjacent noun, overriding the balance tendency. If this explanation is correct, it is possible that all cross-language variations in parsing preferences are due to cross-language variations in the prosodic component of the competence grammar. |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 285-319 |
Date | MAR 1998 |
ISSN | 0090-6905 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=68&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=4 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 14:55:00 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:55:00 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 14:55:24 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mareschal |
Author | S.P. Johnson |
Abstract | To explore questions of how human infants begin to perceive partly occluded objects, we devised two connectionist models of perceptual development. The models were endowed with an existing ability to detect several kinds of visual information that have been found important in infants' and adults' perception of object unity (motion, co-motion, common motion, relatability, parallelism, texture and T-junctions). They were then presented with stimuli consisting of either one or two objects and an occluding screen. The models' task was to determine whether the objector objects were joined when such a percept was ambiguous, after specified amounts of training with events in which a subset of possible visual information was provided. The model that was trained in an enriched environment achieved superior levels of performance and was able to generalize veridical percepts to a wide range of novel stimuli. Implications for perceptual development in humans, current theories of development and origins of knowledge are discussed |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 151-172 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Diane Swick |
Author | Victoria Ashley |
Author | And U Turken |
Abstract | Background Lesion studies in human and non-human primates have linked several different regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) with the ability to inhibit inappropriate motor responses. However, recent functional neuroimaging studies have specifically implicated right inferior PFC in response inhibition. Right frontal dominance for inhibitory motor control has become a commonly accepted view, although support for this position has not been consistent. Particularly conspicuous is the lack of data on the importance of the homologous region in the left hemisphere. To investigate whether the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is critical for response inhibition, we used neuropsychological methodology with carefully characterized brain lesions in neurological patients. Results Twelve individuals with damage in the left IFG and the insula were tested in a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. In alternating blocks, the difficulty of response inhibition was easy (50% NoGo trials) or hard (10% NoGo trials). Controls showed the predicted pattern of faster reaction times and more false alarm errors in the hard condition. Left IFG patients had higher error rates than controls in both conditions, but were more impaired in the hard condition, when a greater degree of inhibitory control was required. In contrast, a patient control group with orbitofrontal cortex lesions showed intact performance. Conclusion Recent neuroimaging studies have focused on a highly specific association between right IFG and inhibitory control. The present results indicate that the integrity of left IFG is also critical for successful implementation of inhibitory control over motor responses. Our findings demonstrate the importance of obtaining converging evidence from multiple methodologies in cognitive neuroscience. |
Publication | BMC Neuroscience |
Volume | 9 |
Pages | 102 |
Date | 2008-10-21 |
Journal Abbr | BMC Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2202-9-102 |
ISSN | 1471-2202 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 18939997 PMCID: PMC2588614 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 21:34:18 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 21:34:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter E. Turkeltaub |
Author | Jennifer Benson |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | H. Branch Coslett |
Abstract | Background Poor reading efficiency is the most persistent problem for adults with developmental dyslexia. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between left posterior temporal cortex (pTC) function and reading ability, regardless of dyslexia status. Objective/Hypothesis In this study, we tested whether enhancing left lateralization of pTC using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improves reading efficiency in adults without dyslexia. Method Twenty-five right-handed adults with no history of learning disorder participated. Real and sham “Left lateralizing” tDCS were applied to the pTC in separate sessions. Standardized word and nonword reading tests were given immediately after stimulation. Results Modeling of the induced electrical field confirmed that tDCS was likely to increase left pTC excitability and reduce right pTC excitability as intended. Relative to sham, real tDCS induced improvements in word reading efficiency in below average readers. Conclusions Enhancing left lateralization of the pTC using tDCS improves word reading efficiency in below-average readers. This demonstrates that left lateralization of the pTC plays a role in reading ability, and provides stimulation parameters that could be used for a trial of tDCS in adults with developmental dyslexia. Such short-term gains could amplify the effect of appropriate reading interventions when performed in conjunction with them. |
Publication | Brain Stimulation |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 201-207 |
Date | July 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brs.2011.04.002 |
ISSN | 1935-861X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X11000611 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 25 14:00:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jul 25 14:00:31 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L Stewart |
Author | BU Meyer |
Author | U Frith |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Abstract | Functional imaging studies have proposed a role for left BA37 in phonological retrieval, semantic processing, face processing and object recognition. The present study targeted the posterior aspect of BA37 to see whether a deficit, specific to one of the above types of processing could be induced. Four conditions were investigated: word and nonword reading, colour naming and picture naming. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was delivered over posterior BA37 of the left and right hemispheres (lBA37 and rBA37, respectively) and over the vertex. Subjects were significantly slower to name pictures when TMS was given over lBA37 compared to vertex or rBA37. rTMS over lBA37 had no significant effect on word reading, nonword reading or colour naming. The picture naming deficit is suggested to result from a disruption to object recognition processes. This study corroborates the finding from a recent imaging study, that the most posterior part of left hemispheric BA37 has a necessary role in object recognition. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-6 |
Date | 2001 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Left posterior BA37 is involved in object recognition |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=Refine&qid=13&SID=4C6EhLO98cag9BCDep8&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:50:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:50:44 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 26 15:51:36 2011 |
Type | Report |
---|---|
Author | D.L.T. Rohde |
Place | School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jan 20 21:40:03 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G E Hinton |
Author | T Shallice |
Abstract | A recurrent connectionist network was trained to output semantic feature vectors when presented with letter strings. When damaged, the network exhibited characteristics that resembled several of the phenomena found in deep dyslexia and semantic-access dyslexia. Damaged networks sometimes settled to the semantic vectors for semantically similar but visually dissimilar words. With severe damage, a forced-choice decision between categories was possible even when the choice of the particular semantic vector within the category was not possible. The damaged networks typically exhibited many mixed visual and semantic errors in which the output corresponded to a word that was both visually and semantically similar. Surprisingly, damage near the output sometimes caused pure visual errors. Indeed, the characteristic error pattern of deep dyslexia occurred with damage to virtually any part of the network. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 74-95 |
Date | Jan 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
Short Title | Lesioning an attractor network |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006233 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 17 01:14:18 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2006233 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 17 01:14:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alan W. Kersten |
Author | Julie L. Earles |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 250-273 |
Date | February 2001 |
DOI | 10.1006/jmla.2000.2751 |
ISSN | 0749-596X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WK4-457VF49-21/2/140ab31ca5eb1fa1ac7ebbd10e664c53 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 16:55:45 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 16:55:45 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 16:55:45 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J V Baldo |
Author | A P Shimamura |
Abstract | This study examines the hypothesis that patients with frontal lobe lesions are impaired on tests of letter but not category fluency. This hypothesis was proposed by Moscovitch (1994), based on a series of cognitive studies with young, normal participants. A group of patients with lateral prefrontal lesions and age-matched controls were tested on 2 tests of verbal fluency, the FAS task and a category fluency task that used semantic categories as cues (e.g., animals). Patients with frontal lobe lesions generated fewer items than controls on both letter and category fluency. This effect did not interact with the type of fluency test, suggesting that the frontal lobes are more generally involved in verbal fluency. Moreover, this pattern of findings, along with previous results of impaired free recall and remote retrieval in this patient group, suggests that patients with frontal lobe lesions do not efficiently organize and develop retrieval strategies. |
Publication | Neuropsychology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 259-267 |
Date | Apr 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychology |
ISSN | 0894-4105 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9556772 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 23:02:49 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9556772 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 23:02:49 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.J. Bartram |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 593-602 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.D. Morris |
Author | J.D. Bransford |
Author | J.J. Franks |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 519-533 |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.J. Herrnstein |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 133-166 |
Date | November 1990 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:31 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:31 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.S. Dell |
Author | M.F. Schwartz |
Author | N. Martin |
Author | E.M. Saffran |
Author | D.A. Gagnon |
Abstract | An interactive 2-step theory of lexical retrieval was applied to the picture-naming error patterns of aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. The theory uses spreading activation in a lexical network to accomplish the mapping between the conceptual representation of an object and the phonological form of the word naming the object. A model developed from the theory was parameterized to fit normal error patterns. It was then ''lesioned'' by globally altering its connection weight, decay rates, or both to provide fits to the error patterns of 21 fluent aphasic patients. These fits were then used to derive predictions about the influence of syntactic categories on patient errors, the effect of phonology on semantic errors, error patterns after recovery, and patient performance on a single-word repetition task. The predictions were confirmed. It is argued that simple quantitative alterations to a normal processing model can explain much of the variety among patient patterns in naming |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 801-838 |
Date | October 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mary C. Pott |
Author | Kwok-Fai So |
Author | Barbara Von Eckardt |
Author | Laurie B. Feldman |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 23-38 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90489-4 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5J/2/35abf49da3ade7246cfe0f316a30e623 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:45 2010 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 20:01:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Clahsen |
Abstract | Following much work in linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational system of combinatorial operations to form larger linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations. Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem1affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the linguistic system. Results from event-related potentials confirm this linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children's language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult linguistic system. Our findings will be explained in terms of a linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational system but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations. |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 22 |
Pages | 991-1060 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Caramazza |
Author | A.E. Hillis |
Abstract | THE analysis of neuropsychological disorders of lexical processing has provided important clues about the general organization of the lexical system and the internal structure of the processing components 1-3. Reports of patients with selective dysfunction of specific semantic categories such as abstract versus concrete words 4-6, living things versus inanimate objects 7-11, animals 12-14, fruits and vegetables 15, proper names 16,17 and so forth, support the hypothesis that the neural organization of the semantic processing component is organized in these categories. There are reports of selective dysfunction of the grammatical categories noun and verb 18-21, suggesting that a dimension of lexical organization is the grammatical class of words. But the results reported in these studies have not provided unambiguous evidence concerning two fundamental questions about the nature and the locus of this organization within the lexical system. Is the noun-verb distinction represented in the semantic or in the phonological and orthographic lexicons? Is grammatical-class knowledge represented independently of lexical forms or is it represented separately and redundantly within each modality-specific lexicon? Here we report the performance of two brain-damaged subjects with modality-specific deficits restricted principally (H.W.) or virtually only (S.J.D) to verbs in oral and written production, respectively. The contrasting performance suggests that grammatical-class distinctions are redundantly represented in the phonological and orthographic output lexical components |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 349 |
Issue | 6312 |
Pages | 788-790 |
Date | February 28, 1991 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Ward |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 237-261 |
Date | 10/2003 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/S0010-0277(03)00122-7 |
ISSN | 00100277 |
Short Title | Lexical-gustatory synaesthesia |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=34&SID=4CjI5fpBb8cL8H4Aopd&page=1&doc=8&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:59:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:59:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:59:27 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eiling Yee |
Author | Sheila E Blumstein |
Author | Julie C Sedivy |
Abstract | Lexical processing requires both activating stored representations and selecting among active candidates. The current work uses an eye-tracking paradigm to conduct a detailed temporal investigation of lexical processing. Patients with Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia are studied to shed light on the roles of anterior and posterior brain regions in lexical processing as well as the effects of lexical competition on such processing. Experiment 1 investigates whether objects semantically related to an uttered word are preferentially fixated, for example, given the auditory target "hammer," do participants fixate a picture of a nail? Results show that, like normal controls, both groups of patients are more likely to fixate on an object semantically related to the target than an unrelated object. Experiment 2 explores whether Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics show competition effects when words share onsets with the uttered word, for instance, given the auditory target "hammer," do participants fixate a picture of a hammock? Experiment 3 investigates whether these patients activate words semantically related to onset competitors of the uttered word, for example, given the auditory target "hammock," do participants fixate a nail due to partial activation of the onset competitor hammer? Results of Experiments 2 and 3 show pathological patterns of performance for both Broca's and Wernicke's aphasics under conditions of lexical onset competition. However, the patterns of deficit differed, suggesting different functional and computational roles for anterior and posterior areas in lexical processing. Implications of the findings for the functional architecture of the lexical processing system and its potential neural substrates are considered. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 592-612 |
Date | Apr 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2008.20056 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Lexical-semantic activation in Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18052783 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 01:11:03 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18052783 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 01:11:03 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Alfred Lubrano |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Wiley |
Date | 2005-02-22 |
ISBN | 0471714399 |
Short Title | Limbo |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 11:19:40 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 11:19:40 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Nazzi |
Author | A. Gopnik |
Abstract | Infants' ability to form new object categories based on either visual or naming information alone was evaluated at two different ages (16 and 20 months) using an object manipulation task. Estimates of productive vocabulary size were also collected. Infants at both ages showed evidence of using visual information to categorize the objects, while only the older ones used naming information. Moreover, there was a correlation between vocabulary size and name-based categorization among the 20-month-olds. The present results establish that infants as young as 20 months can use the non-obvious cue of naming to categorize objects. The possibility of a link between this ability and lexical development is discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 80 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | B11-B20 |
Date | July 2001 |
URL | ISI:000169960100008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.D. Logan |
Abstract | A theory of voluntary, top-down control of visual spatial attention is presented that explains how linguistic cues like ''above,'' ''below,'' ''left,'' and ''right'' are used to direct attention from one object to another. The theory distinguishes between perceptual and conceptual representations of space and views attention as a set of mechanisms that establish correspondences between the representations. Spatial reference frames play an important part in this analysis. The theory interprets reference frames as mechanisms of attention, similar to spatial indices but with more computational power. The theory was tested in 11 experiments that assessed the importance of linguistic distinctions between classes of spatial relations (basic, deictic, and intrinsic) and examined the flexibility with which subjects manipulated spatial reference frames. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 103-174 |
Date | April 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Crawford |
Author | T. Regier |
Author | J. Huttenlocher |
Abstract | Three experiments examine the relation between linguistic and non-linguistic categorization of spatial relations. We compare linguistic and non-linguistic responses to the same spatial stimuli. Contrary to earlier claims in the literature (Hayward, W. G. & Tarr, M. J. (1995). Spatial language and spatial representation. Cognition, 55, 39-84), we fmd that linguistic and non-linguistic spatial categories do not correspond. Rather, they appear to have an inverse relation such that the prototypes of linguistic categories, such as 'above', are boundaries in non-linguistic spatial categorization. Evidence for this inverse relation comes from linguistic acceptability judgments and the pattern of bias in participants' reproductions of location. Our findings suggest that while linguistic and non-linguistic spatial organization rely on a common underlying structure, that structure may play different roles in the two organizational systems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 75 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 209-235 |
Date | June 15, 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Bates |
Author | P. Marangolo |
Author | L. Pizzamiglio |
Author | F. Dick |
Abstract | Studies of real-time processing in aphasia suggest that linguistic symptoms may be due to deficits in activation dynamics rather than loss of linguistic knowledge. To investigate the domain specificity of such processing deficits, we compared performance by Italian-speaking fluent aphasics, nonfluent aphasics, and normal controls in a linguistic priming task (grammatical gender) with their performance in a color-priming task that requires no verbal mediation. Normal or larger than normal color-priming effects were demonstrated in both aphasic groups. Gender priming did not reach significance in either group, even though the patients displayed above-chance sensitivity to gender class and gender agreement in their accuracy scores. The demonstration of spared gender knowledge despite impaired gender priming underscores the utility of on-line techniques in the study of aphasia. The demonstration of spared color priming suggests that priming deficits in aphasia are either (1) specific to speech and language or (2) specific only to those sensorimotor and attentional processes that language shares with other nonlinguistic systems. (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 62-69 |
Date | January 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Johanna Nichols |
Editor | G. Sampson |
Editor | David Gil |
Editor | Peter Trudgill |
Book Title | Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2009 |
Pages | 109-124 |
Date Added | Mon Sep 14 16:53:52 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 18:54:37 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Patrizia Tabossi |
Author | P. N. Johnson-Laird |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 595-603 |
Date | 11/1980 |
Journal Abbr | The Quart. J. of Expt. Psych. |
DOI | 10.1080/14640748008401848 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=article&doi=10.1080/14640748008401848&magic=crossref||D404A21C5BB053405B1A640AFFD44AE3 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 20:20:27 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:16:30 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Yoshida |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | When language is correlated with regularities in the world, does it enhance the learning of these regularities? This question lies at the core of both notions of linguistic bootstrapping in children and the Whorfian hypothesis. Support for an affirmative answer is provided in an artificial-noun-learning task in which 2-year-old children were taught to distinguish categories of solid and nonsolid things with and without supporting correlated linguistic cues |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 90-95 |
Date | February 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:56 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:56 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Brown |
Abstract | Some sib vs. A sib |
Publication | Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology |
Volume | 55 |
Pages | 1-5 |
Date | 1957 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Nettle |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 1999-07-10 |
# of Pages | 184 |
ISBN | 0198238576 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 22:10:46 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 22:10:46 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Johanna Nichols |
Publisher | University Of Chicago Press |
Date | 1999-06-01 |
# of Pages | 374 |
ISBN | 0226580571 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Nov 25 10:23:55 2008 |
Modified | Tue Nov 25 10:23:55 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Emily J. Ward |
Author | Gary Lupyan |
Abstract | Linguistic labels (e.g. “chair”) appear to activate associated visual properties of the objects to which they refer (Lupyan 2008, Lupyan & Thompson-Schill, 2010). Labels can also inform visual tasks and offer performance advantages compared to nonverbal cues. Can hearing verbal labels make visible images that are otherwise invisible? In two experiments, we used anaglyph glasses and continuous flash suppression (CFS) to suppress images of objects from awareness. CFS involves presenting dynamic, high-contrast patterns to one eye and an object to the other eye and produces continuous suppression of the object. For each trial, participants heard either 1) a label corresponding to the suppressed object, 2) a label corresponding to a different object, or 3) white noise. Participants then viewed the pattern-object anaglyph and performed a simple detection task. If they detected any object, they were asked to verify its identity. We predicted that if labels activate visual information, hearing a label should “un-suppress” the object, but only if the label corresponds to the object. Hearing a valid label prior to the object-detection task resulted in a significant increase in hit rate for simply detecting object presence, relative to baseline (an uninformative cue). Invalid labels resulted in a nonsignificant decrease relative to baseline. Signal-detection analysis showed a reliable increase in d′ following valid labels relative to baseline. We observed a similar pattern for verification responses. Analysis of correct-detection reaction times (RTs) revealed significantly shorter RTs following valid cues compared to invalid cues, and marginally longer RTs following invalid cues relative to baseline. A replication of the experiment using lower-contrast images to make detection more difficult yielded similar benefits of valid labels in both accuracy and RTs. Labels may preactivate visual properties associated with the labeled object in a top-down fashion. This top-down linguistic assistance propels the image into awareness. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 322-322 |
Date | 09/23/2011 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1167/11.11.322 |
ISSN | , 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/11/322 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 2 11:55:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.journalofvision.org |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 11:55:23 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 2 11:55:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Manuel Carreiras |
Author | Jorge Lopez |
Author | Francisco Rivero |
Author | David Corina |
Abstract | Silbo Gomero is a whistled language that is a rare and endangered surrogate of Spanish, used by shepherds on the island of La Gomera in the Canary Islands for communication over long distances on difficult terrain. Here we show that areas of the brain normally associated with spoken-language function are also activated in proficient whistlers, but not in controls, when they are listening to Silbo Gomero. Our findings demonstrate that the language-processing regions of the human brain can adapt to a surprisingly wide range of signalling forms. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 433 |
Issue | 7021 |
Pages | 31-32 |
Date | Jan 6, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/433031a |
ISSN | 1476-4687 |
Short Title | Linguistic perception |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15635400 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 11 13:04:18 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15635400 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 13:04:18 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Pilling |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | Native speakers of two languages (English and Nclonga) were compared on three colour cognition tasks (sorting, triads and visual search) in a test of the linguistic relativity hypothesis (Whorf, 1956). The colour lexicons of these two languages differ because Nclonga has no basic terms for ORANGE, PINK and PURPLE, and stimuli were chosen to exploit this difference. On the sorting task (sorting into similarity-groups) for each language, nominally similar colours were grouped together more often than nominally dissimilar colours. On the triads task (choosing the most different of three colours), when the most nominally isolated colour differed for the two language groups, each group tended to choose their nominal isolate. On the search task (scanning for target colours among distractors), targets were either in a different English category than distractors (cross-category), or some distractors were in the same English category as distractors (within-category). The 'cost' in speed of having within-category distractors was much greater for the English than for the Nclonga. Overall, these data suggest that a core universal component is modulated by a small relativist influence. The differences in the visual search task are consistent with language affecting pre-attentive processes (an indirect language effect) as well as exerting on-line influences (a direct effect) |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 95 |
Pages | 429-455 |
Date | November 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | John Leavitt |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2011-02-14 |
# of Pages | 256 |
ISBN | 0521767822 |
Short Title | Linguistic Relativities |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:22:03 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:22:03 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Wolff |
Author | K. Holmes |
Publication | Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 253-265 |
Date | 2011 |
Date Added | Sat Sep 4 23:42:39 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:55:47 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L Boroditsky |
Editor | L. Nadel |
Book Title | Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science |
Place | London |
Publisher | Macmillan |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 917-922 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Feb 23 23:38:25 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | E. Colunga |
Author | M. Gasser |
Abstract | Language plays a pervasive role in our day-to-day experience and is likely to have an effect on other non-linguistic aspects of life. At the same time, language is itself constrained by the world. In this paper we study this interaction using Playpen, a connectionist model of the acquisition of word meaning. We argue that the interaction between linguistic and non-linguistic categories depends on the pattern of correlations in the world and on their relation to the correlations defined by words. We then discuss three kinds of possible interactions and present simulations of each using Playpen, a neural-network model of the acquisition of word meaning. ⬚ ⬚ |
Date | 1998 |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Pages | 244-249 |
Series | Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Black |
Publication | The Philosophical Review |
Volume | 68 |
Pages | 228-238 |
Date | 1959 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Date | 2007-06-26 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/26/10944.full.pdf+html?frame=header |
Accessed | Wed Jul 16 19:25:10 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 16 19:25:08 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jul 16 19:25:08 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dan Dediu |
Author | D. Robert Ladd |
Abstract | The correlations between interpopulation genetic and linguistic diversities are mostly noncausal (spurious), being due to historical processes and geographical factors that shape them in similar ways. Studies of such correlations usually consider allele frequencies and linguistic groupings (dialects, languages, linguistic families or phyla), sometimes controlling for geographic, topographic, or ecological factors. Here, we consider the relation between allele frequencies and linguistic typological features. Specifically, we focus on the derived haplogroups of the brain growth and development-related genes ASPM and Microcephalin, which show signs of natural selection and a marked geographic structure, and on linguistic tone, the use of voice pitch to convey lexical or grammatical distinctions. We hypothesize that there is a relationship between the population frequency of these two alleles and the presence of linguistic tone and test this hypothesis relative to a large database (983 alleles and 26 linguistic features in 49 populations), showing that it is not due to the usual explanatory factors represented by geography and history. The relationship between genetic and linguistic diversity in this case may be causal: certain alleles can bias language acquisition or processing and thereby influence the trajectory of language change through iterated cultural transmission. learning biases tone language linguistic typology cultural transmission |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 26 |
Pages | 10944-10949 |
Date | 06/26/2007 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0610848104 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/26/10944 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 15 11:34:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Thu Mar 15 11:34:16 2012 |
Modified | Thu Mar 15 11:34:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | M.J. Tyler |
Author | K.M. Eberhard |
Author | M.K. Tanenhaus |
Abstract | During an individual's normal interaction with the environment and other humans, visual and linguistic signals often coincide and can be integrated very quickly. This has been clearly demonstrated in recent eyetracking studies showing that visual perception constraints on-line comprehension of spoken language. In a modified visual search task, we found the inverse, that real-time language comprehension can also constrain visual perception. In standard visual search tasks, the number of distractors in the display strongly affects search time for a target defined by a conjunction of features, but not for a target defined by a single feature. However, we found that when a conjunction target was identified by a spoken instruction presented concurrently with the visual display, the incremental processing of spoken language allowed the search process to proceed in a manner considerably less affected by the number of distractors. These results suggest that perceptual systems specialized for language and for vision interact more fluidly than previously thought |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 282-286 |
Date | July 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | M.J. Tyler |
Author | K.M. Eberhard |
Author | M.K. Tanenhaus |
Abstract | During an individual's normal interaction with the environment and other humans, visual and linguistic signals often coincide and can be integrated very quickly. This has been clearly demonstrated in recent eyetracking studies showing that visual perception constraints on-line comprehension of spoken language. In a modified visual search task, we found the inverse, that real-time language comprehension can also constrain visual perception. In standard visual search tasks, the number of distractors in the display strongly affects search time for a target defined by a conjunction of features, but not for a target defined by a single feature. However, we found that when a conjunction target was identified by a spoken instruction presented concurrently with the visual display, the incremental processing of spoken language allowed the search process to proceed in a manner considerably less affected by the number of distractors. These results suggest that perceptual systems specialized for language and for vision interact more fluidly than previously thought |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 282-286 |
Date | July 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.S. Gibson |
Author | K.M. Eberhard |
Author | T.A. Bryant |
Abstract | Recent studies have shown that the presentation of concurrent linguistic context can lead to highly efficient performance in a standard conjunction search task by die induction of an incremental search strategy (Spivey,Tyler, Eberhard, & Tanenhaus, 2001). However, these findings were obtained under anomalously slow speech rate conditions. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of concurrent linguistic context on visual search performance were compared when speech was recorded at both a normal rate and a slow rate. The findings provided clear evidence that the visual search benefit afforded by concurrent linguistic context was contingent on speech rate, with normal speech producing a smaller benefit. Overall, these findings have important implications for understanding how linguistic and visual processes interact in real time and suggest a disparity in the temporal resolution of speech comprehension and visual search processes |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 276-281 |
Date | April 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Abstract | How does language impact cognition and perception? A growing number of studies show that language, and specifically the practice of labeling, can exert extremely rapid and pervasive effects on putatively non-verbal processes such as categorization, visual discrimination, and even simply detecting the presence of a stimulus. Progress on the empirical front, however, has not been accompanied by progress in understanding the mechanisms by which language affects these processes. One puzzle is how effects of language can be both deep, in the sense of affecting even basic visual processes, and yet vulnerable to manipulations such as verbal interference, which can sometimes nullify effects of language. In this paper, I review some of the evidence for effects of language on cognition and perception, showing that performance on tasks that have been presumed to be non-verbal is rapidly modulated by language. I argue that a clearer understanding of the relationship between language and cognition can be achieved by rejecting the distinction between verbal and non-verbal representations and by adopting a framework in which language modulates ongoing cognitive and perceptual processing in a flexible and task-dependent manner. |
Publication | Frontiers in Cognition |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 54 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Cognition |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00054 |
Short Title | Linguistically modulated perception and cognition |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Cognition/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00054/abstract |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Tue Apr 3 16:31:39 2012 |
Modified | Thu May 16 00:52:56 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D. Mirman |
Abstract | In addition to its use in communication, language appears to have a variety of extra-communicative functions; disrupting language disrupts performance in seemingly non-linguistic tasks. Previous work has specifically linked linguistic impairments to categorization impairments. Here, we systematically tested this link by comparing categorization performance in a group of 12 participants with aphasia and 12 age- and education-matched control participants. Participants were asked to choose all of the objects that fit a specified criterion from sets of 20 pictured objects. The criterion was either “high-dimensional” (i.e., the objects shared many features, such as “farm animals”) or “low-dimensional” (i.e., the objects shared one or a few features, such as “things that are green”). Participants with aphasia were selectively impaired on low-dimensional categorization. This selective impairment was correlated with the severity of their naming impairment and not with the overall severity of their aphasia, semantic impairment, lesion size, or lesion location. These results indicate that linguistic impairment impacts categorization specifically when that categorization requires focusing attention and isolating individual features – a task that requires a larger degree of cognitive control than high-dimensional categorization. The results offer some support for the hypothesis that language supports cognitive functioning, particularly the ability to select task-relevant stimulus features. |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1187-1194 |
Date | 2013 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.006 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 01:57:17 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 10 23:47:02 2013 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D. Mirman |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Date | 2010 |
Conference Name | Second Conference on the Neurobiology of Language |
Place | San Diego, CA |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 14:34:54 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 14:36:10 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Contributor | L.M. Oakes |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion⬚ ⬚ |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 213-241 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 12:37:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wei Ji Ma |
Author | Xiang Zhou |
Author | Lars A. Ross |
Author | John J. Foxe |
Author | Lucas C. Parra |
Abstract | Watching a speaker's facial movements can dramatically enhance our ability to comprehend words, especially in noisy environments. From a general doctrine of combining information from different sensory modalities (the principle of inverse effectiveness), one would expect that the visual signals would be most effective at the highest levels of auditory noise. In contrast, we find, in accord with a recent paper, that visual information improves performance more at intermediate levels of auditory noise than at the highest levels, and we show that a novel visual stimulus containing only temporal information does the same. We present a Bayesian model of optimal cue integration that can explain these conflicts. In this model, words are regarded as points in a multidimensional space and word recognition is a probabilistic inference process. When the dimensionality of the feature space is low, the Bayesian model predicts inverse effectiveness; when the dimensionality is high, the enhancement is maximal at intermediate auditory noise levels. When the auditory and visual stimuli differ slightly in high noise, the model makes a counterintuitive prediction: as sound quality increases, the proportion of reported words corresponding to the visual stimulus should first increase and then decrease. We confirm this prediction in a behavioral experiment. We conclude that auditory-visual speech perception obeys the same notion of optimality previously observed only for simple multisensory stimuli. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | e4638 |
Date | March 04, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0004638 |
Short Title | Lip-Reading Aids Word Recognition Most in Moderate Noise |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004638 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 10 21:12:16 2009 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 21:12:16 2009 |
Modified | Thu Sep 10 21:12:16 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Buccino |
Author | L. Riggio |
Author | G. Melli |
Author | F. Binkofski |
Author | V. Gallese |
Author | G. Rizzolatti |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and a behavioral paradigm were used to assess whether listening to action-related sentences modulates the activity of the motor system. By means of single-pulse TMS, either the hand or the foot/leg motor area in the left hemisphere was stimulated in distinct experimental sessions, while participants were listening to sentences expressing hand and foot actions. Listening to abstract content sentences served as a control. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from hand and foot muscles. Results showed that MEPs recorded from hand muscles were specifically modulated by listening to hand-action-related sentences, as were MEPs recorded from foot muscles by listening to foot-action-related sentences. This modulation consisted of an amplitude decrease of the recorded MEPs. In the behavioral task, participants had to respond with the hand or the foot while listening to actions expressing hand and foot actions, as compared to abstract sentences. Coherently with the results obtained with TMS, when the response was given with the hand, reaction times were slower during listening to hand-action-related sentences, while when the response was given with the foot, reaction times were slower during listening to foot-action-related sentences. The present data show that processing verbally presented actions activates different sectors of the motor system, depending on the effector used in the listened-to action. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 355-363 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | Robert J. Hartsuiker |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 347 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1080/01690960903046926 |
ISSN | 0169-0965 |
Short Title | Listening to yourself is like listening to others |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/01690960903046926 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:11:49 2010 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:11:49 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 29 00:11:49 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Ueno |
Author | T. Tashiro |
Author | K. Harada |
Abstract | A method of localized stimulation of the human brain is proposed. The basic idea is to concentrate induced eddy currents locally in the vicinity of a target in the cortex by a pair of coils which are positioned outside the head so that time‐varying magnetic fields pass through the head in the opposite directions around a target. The eddy currents induced at the target are expected to flow together, which results in an increased current flow at the target. Spatial distributions of induced eddy currents are calculated in cubical and spherical volume conductor models by a finite element method. The results show that the current vectors make themselves two vortexes which flow together at the target. The current density at the target makes a peak which is higher by 2–3 times than current densities at nontarget regions. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated by experiments using frog nerve‐muscle preparations. |
Publication | Journal of Applied Physics |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 5862-5864 |
Date | Nov 1988 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1063/1.342181 |
ISSN | 0021-8979 |
Library Catalog | IEEE Xplore |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 09:41:21 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 11 09:41:21 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Hopf |
Author | E. VOGEL |
Author | G. Woodman |
Author | H.J. Heinze |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Abstract | Previous studies of visual processing in humans using event-related potentials (ERPs) have demonstrated that task-related modulations of an early component called the "N1" wave (140-200 ms) reflect the operation of a voluntary discrimination process. Specifically, this component is larger in tasks requiring target discrimination than in tasks requiring simple detection. The present study was designed to localize this discriminative process in both time and space by means of combined magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and ERP recordings. Discriminative processing led to differential ERP and MEG activity beginning within 150 ms of stimulus onset. Source localization of the combined ERP/MEG data was performed using anatomical constraints from structural magnetic resonance images. These analyses revealed highly reliable and focused activity in regions of inferior occipital-temporal cortex. These findings indicate that the earliest measurable correlates of discriminative operations in the visual system appear as neural activity in circumscribed regions of the ventral processing stream |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 88 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 2088-2095 |
Date | October 2002 |
URL | ISI:000178370200043 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Denny |
Editor | D. Darkas |
Editor | W.M. Jacobsen |
Editor | K.W. Todrys |
Book Title | Papers from the Parasessions of the Lexicon |
Publisher | Chicago Linguistic Society |
Date | 1978 |
Pages | 71-84 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 12:23:26 2009 |
Modified | Fri Jul 10 07:53:46 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.F. Damian |
Author | J.S. Bowers |
Abstract | Picture-word interference studies typically show that semantically related distractor words embedded within a picture slow picture-naming responses, relative to unrelated ones. This semantic interference effect is commonly interpreted as arising from the competition of lexical-semantic (e.g., Schriefers, Meyer, & Levelt, 1990) or lexical-phonological (e.g., Starreveld & La Heij, 1996) codes. The experiment reported here tests a crucial assumption shared by these accounts-namely, that the effect reflects a lexical, rather than a nonverbal, conceptual conflict. Pictures were named while participants attempted to ignore embedded distractors that were in either verbal or pictorial format. The presence of both words and pictures substantially interfered with naming responses, but only words, not pictures, were found to induce semantic interference. These findings support the claim that for semantic interference to arise, both target picture and distractor have to be lexicalized. Consequently, a general conceptual locus of the effect can be excluded, and the claim that semantic interference is based on a lexical conflict is confirmed |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 111-117 |
Date | March 2003 |
URL | ISI:000182332200010 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E Pöppel |
Abstract | The existence of colour-generating interactions across the corpus callosum has recently been suggested from observations with a 'split-brain' patient, thus indicating long-range colour computations at the cortical level. Observations on induced colours described here suggest long-range colour computations at the retinal level. If a white surface surrounded by a particular colour is fixated for some time, the resulting after-image has two colours: the surround appears in complementary colour, whereas the white centre takes on the colour of the surround. The question of whether such colour induction is located in the retina or more centrally was tested in a brain-injured patient with hemianopia. It could be demonstrated that areas of the visual field that are no longer represented in the geniculo-striatal pathway still contribute to colour induction, suggesting that colour induction is a retinal phenomenon. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 320 |
Issue | 6062 |
Pages | 523-525 |
Date | 1986 Apr 10-16 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/320523a0 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3960134 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:39:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 3960134 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:39:52 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tünde Tarczali |
Author | Du-Sik Park |
Author | Peter Bodrogi |
Author | Chang Yeong Kim |
Abstract | Long-term memory colors have been discussed extensively in the literature but previous articles focused on reflecting color samples. In this work, we studied six important long-term memory colors, skin (both Caucasian and Oriental), green grass, blue sky, deciduous foliage, orange, and banana, in the viewing situation of a self-luminous color monitor, for two different observer groups, Koreans and Hungarians. We quantified the long-term memory colors of both observer groups in terms of CIE L*,a*,b* values, in a given viewing situation, and estimated interobserver variability. We used a comprehensive psychophysical experimental methodology including both the method of constant stimuli and the method of adjustment. In many cases, we found significant differences (t tests, P < 0.05) between the Korean and the Hungarian long-term memory colors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 176-183, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20192 |
Publication | Color Research & Application |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 176-183 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | 10.1002/col.20192 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.20192 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:33:52 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:33:52 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:33:52 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stine Vogt |
Author | Svein Magnussen |
Abstract | Long-term memory for large numbers of color photographs with a common motif--doors--was studied using pictures with two levels of informative cues: original photographs, and edited pictures in which extraneous information on details such as vegetation, paint scratches, signs, and lamp posts was removed. In the study phase, subjects viewed 400 pictures and were subsequently tested for memory on two-alternative forced-choice discriminations between studied and distracter pictures from the same picture category, at retention intervals between 0.5 h and 9 days. When tested with the nonedited original photographs immediate memory performance was close to 85% correct; when pictorial details were removed memory performance dropped by 20%. The decay functions were shallow with parallel paths for the categories of pictures. It is concluded that specific details of visual scenes contributed to long-term memory of those scenes. |
Publication | Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 298-303 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 1618-3169 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17953150 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 24 20:49:06 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17953150 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:03 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Linus Holm |
Author | Johan Eriksson |
Author | Linus Andersson |
Abstract | Sometimes we seem to look at the very object we are searching for, without consciously seeing it. How do we select object relevant information before we become aware of the object? We addressed this question in two recognition experiments involving pictures of fragmented objects. In Experiment 1, participants preferred to look at the target object rather than a control region 25 fixations prior to explicit recognition. Furthermore, participants inspected the target as if they had identified it around 9 fixations prior to explicit recognition. In Experiment 2, we investigated the influence of semantic knowledge in guiding object inspection prior to explicit recognition. Consistently, more specific knowledge about target identity made participants scan the fragmented stimulus more efficiently. For instance, non-target regions were rejected faster when participants knew the target object's name. Both experiments showed that participants were looking at the objects as if they knew them before they became aware of their identity. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1-7 |
Date | April 18, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1167/8.4.14 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
Short Title | Looking as if you know |
URL | http://journalofvision.org/8/4/14/ |
Accessed | Tue Mar 23 15:05:15 2010 |
Library Catalog | Journal of Vision |
Date Added | Tue Mar 23 15:05:15 2010 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | Gerry T. M. Altmann |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2010.481474 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
Short Title | Looking at anything that is green when hearing “frog” |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17470218.2010.481474 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:20:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:20:39 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 29 00:20:39 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Delphine Dahan |
Author | Michael K Tanenhaus |
Abstract | Participants' eye movements to four objects displayed on a computer screen were monitored as the participants clicked on the object named in a spoken instruction. The display contained pictures of the referent (e.g., a snake), a competitor that shared features with the visual representation associated with the referent's concept (e.g., a rope), and two distractor objects (e.g., a couch and an umbrella). As the first sounds of the referent's name were heard, the participants were more likely to fixate the visual competitor than to fixate either of the distractor objects. Moreover, this effect was not modulated by the visual similarity between the referent and competitor pictures, independently estimated in a visual similarity rating task. Because the name of the visual competitor did not overlap with the phonetic input, eye movements reflected word-object matching at the level of lexically activated perceptual features and not merely at the level of preactivated sound forms. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 453-459 |
Date | Jun 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Looking at the rope when looking for the snake |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16235628 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 29 23:56:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16235628 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 29 23:56:25 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eiling Yee |
Author | Eve Overton |
Author | Sharon L. Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | Theories of semantic memory differ in the extent to which relationships among concepts are captured via associative or via semantic relatedness. We examined the contributions of these two factors, using a in which participants selected the named object from a four-picture display. We controlled for semantic relatedness while manipulating associative strength by using the visual world paradigm's analogue to presenting asymmetrically associated pairs in either their or associative direction (e.g., vs. ). Semantically related objects were preferentially fixated regardless of the direction of presentation (and the effect size was unchanged by presentation direction). However, when pairs were associated but not semantically related (e.g., ), associated objects were not preferentially fixated in either direction. These findings lend support to theories in which semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness (e.g., distributed models) and suggest that association by itself has little effect on this organization. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 869-874 |
Date | October 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.16.5.869 |
Short Title | Looking for meaning |
URL | http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/16/5/869.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:30:36 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:30:36 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 29 00:30:36 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eiling Yee |
Author | Eve Overton |
Author | Sharon L Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | Theories of semantic memory differ in the extent to which relationships among concepts are captured via associative or via semantic relatedness. We examined the contributions of these two factors, using a visual world paradigm in which participants selected the named object from a four-picture display. We controlled for semantic relatedness while manipulating associative strength by using the visual world paradigm's analogue to presenting asymmetrically associated pairs in either their forward or backward associative direction (e.g., ham-eggs vs. eggs-ham). Semantically related objects were preferentially fixated regardless of the direction of presentation (and the effect size was unchanged by presentation direction). However, when pairs were associated but not semantically related (e.g., iceberg-lettuce), associated objects were not preferentially fixated in either direction. These findings lend support to theories in which semantic memory is organized according to semantic relatedness (e.g., distributed models) and suggest that association by itself has little effect on this organization. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 869-874 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.16.5.869 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Looking for meaning |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815791 |
Accessed | Mon Nov 16 17:15:34 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19815791 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:15:34 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 16 17:15:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. C. Richardson |
Author | R. Dale |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 29 |
Pages | 1045-1060 |
Date | 2005 |
Short Title | Looking To Understand |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Benjamin Munson |
Author | Molly Babel |
Abstract | The notion that an individual's sexual orientation can be ascertained through distinctive speech patterns abounds in popular culture. This article reviews the small but growing body of literature examining whether sexual orientation is conveyed and perceived through speech. These studies show some individuals speak in a way that conveys their sexual orientation to na�ve listeners. Contrary to many popular-culture stereotypes, the phonetic parameters that convey gay, lesbian, or bisexual identities are not whole-sale approximation of opposite sex norms, nor does the perception of sexual orientation through speech appear to involve the simple perception of the sex typicality of a talker's voice. In addition to reviewing these studies, this article discusses their implications for research on language acquisition, language processing, and sociolinguistics. |
Publication | Language and Linguistics Compass |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 416-449 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00028.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00028.x |
Accessed | Tue Dec 16 19:29:58 2008 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Editor | P Carruthers |
Editor | J. Boucher |
Abstract | Public language, I argue, is a cognition-enhancing tool -- it is a species of external artifact whose current adaptive value is partially constituted by its role in re-shaping the kinds of computational space that our biological brains must negotiate in order to solve certain types of problems, or to carry out certain complex projects. This computational role of language has been somewhat neglected (not un-noticed, but not rigorously pursued either) in recent cognitive science, due perhaps to a (quite proper) fascination with and concentration upon, that other obvious dimension: the role of language as an instrument of interpersonal communication. In this chapter, I try to display the broad shape of the alternative orientation. I discuss the views of some recent (and not-so-recent) authors, who recognize in various ways, the potential role of language and text in transforming, reshaping and simplifying the computational tasks that confront the biological brain. I then pursue this idea through a series of examples involving planning, concept learning, the construction of complex thoughts and the capacity to refelect on our own cognitive profiles. |
Book Title | Language and Thought: Interdisciplinary themes |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1998 |
Pages | 162-183 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 01:14:34 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Alan Cowey |
Abstract | The panoply of non-invasive techniques for brain imaging is responsible for much of current excitement in cognitive neuroscience; sensory, perceptual and cognitive behaviour can now be correlated with cerebral blood flow as assessed by functional imaging, the electrical fields generated by populations of neurons or changes in magnetic fields created by electrical activity. Correlations between localized brain and behaviour, however, do not of themselves establish that any brain area is necessary for a particular task; necessity is the domain of the lesion technique. al magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique that can be used non-invasively duce reversible functional disruption and has already been used to investigate detection, discrimination, attention and plasticity. The power of TMS as a 'lesion' technique lies in the opportunity to combine reversible disruption with high degrees of and temporal resolution. In this review we trace some of the major,developments in the use of TMS as a technique for the investigation of visual cognition |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 103-110 |
Date | March 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:22:55 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shinya Kuriki |
Author | Yoshihiro Hirata |
Author | Norio Fujimaki |
Author | Testuo Kobayashi |
Abstract | <p><br/>Neuromagnetic fields were recorded from normal subjects to study the time course of cerebral neural activation while they performed a matching task of visual stimuli in which sequentially presented Japanese characters or unreadable pseudo-characters were compared according to phonological (reading of the characters) or graphical (geometry of the pseudo-characters) identity. In response to the single real-character or pseudo-character which was presented the latest distinct magnetic field components were observed, from which current dipole sources of the fields were localized in the individual magnetic resonance images of the brain. In the phonological identification, the sources were found in the parieto-occipital extrastriate cortex at 155-210 ms following the character presentation, and in the posterior temporal region (part of the Wernicke's area) and the posterior superior temporal region of the visual/auditory association cortex at 210-410 ms. The activity in these temporal regions was left hemisphere dominant, and may be the neural basis of phonological processing of the visual characters. In the graphical identification, sources occurring at 125-250 ms were noted in the inferior temporo-occipital region, and those at 180-460 ms in the posterior temporal and posterior superior temporal regions of the right hemisphere. These results indicate that the activities in the temporal area are lateralized to the left for the phonological processing and to the right for the graphical processing.</p> |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 185-199 |
Date | October 1996 |
DOI | 16/S0926-6410(96)00030-4 |
ISSN | 0926-6410 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926641096000304 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 17:04:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 17:04:12 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 7 17:04:12 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K Kveraga |
Author | J Boshyan |
Author | M. Bar |
Abstract | Object recognition is traditionally viewed as a hierarchical, bottom-up neural process. This view has been challenged recently by theoretical models and by findings indicating that top-down processes are involved in facilitating recognition. However, how such high-level information can be activated quickly enough to facilitate the bottom-up processing is yet unknown. We propose that such top-down facilitation is triggered by magnocellular information projected early and rapidly to the orbitofrontal cortex. Using human neuroimaging, we show that stimuli designed to bias processing toward the magnocellular pathway differentially activated the orbitofrontal cortex compared with parvocellular-biased stimuli. Although the magnocellular stimuli had a lower contrast than the parvocellular stimuli, they were recognized faster and just as accurately. Moreover, orbitofrontal activity predicted the performance advantage for the magnocellular, but not for the parvocellular-biased, stimuli, whereas the opposite was true in the fusiform gyrus. Last, analyses of effective connectivity using dynamic causal modeling showed that magnocellular-biased stimuli significantly activated pathways from occipital visual cortex to orbitofrontal cortex and from orbitofrontal cortex to fusiform gyrus. Conversely, parvocellular-biased stimuli significantly activated a pathway from the occipital visual cortex to fusiform gyrus. Our findings support the proposal that fast magnocellular projections linking early visual and inferotemporal object recognition regions with the orbitofrontal cortex facilitate object recognition by enabling the generation of early predictions.⬚ |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 48 |
Pages | 13232-13240 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | J.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 19:33:08 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Pollack |
Author | P.R. Knaff |
Abstract | Will a loud auditory signal help maintain a high level of alertness over a long period of visual monitoring? Apparently, yes. When the failure to detect a target is coupled with the occurrence of a loud signal, improved monitoring performance might be reasonably expected because the signal: (1) serves as an "alarm clock" to keep the subject awake; (2) serves to provide information that the target has not been detected; and (3) serves as a "punishment" for having failed to detect the target. Tests were conducted with 15 observers over six 90-min periods. The task of the observer was to detect a momentary change in the predicted course of the needle of a VU meter. The average frequency of targets was 0.8 target per min; the average probability of a target-occurrence was 0.027. After failure of target-detection, a truck horn placed near the ear was blasted. A substantial average gain in monitoring performance, relative to a control condition without the horn, was observed. The largest gain in monitoring performance was provided by the least proficient group of observers. Control tests suggest that the horn is effective primarily because it provides information and/or punishment, and not because it simply serves as an alarm to keep the observers awake |
Publication | Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1013-1016 |
Date | 1958 |
URL | ISI:A1958WK53600003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robin Martin |
Abstract | This study re-examines the afterimage paradigm which claims to show that a minority produces a conversion in a task involving afterimage judgements (more private influence than public influence) as opposed to mere compliance produced by a majority. Subsequent failures to replicate this finding have suggested that the changes in the afterimages could be attributed to increased attention due to an ambiguous stimulus coupled with subject suspiciousness. This study attempted to replicate the original experiment but with an unambiguous stimulus in order to remove potential biases. The results showed shifts in afterimages consistent with the increased attention hypothesis for a minority and majority and these were unaffected by the level of suspiciousness reported by the subjects. Additional data shows that no shifts were found in a no-influence control condition showing that shifts were related to exposure to a deviant source and not to response repetition. |
Publication | European Journal of Social Psychology |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 373-381 |
Date | 1995/07/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/ejsp.2420250402 |
ISSN | 1099-0992 |
Short Title | Majority and minority influence using the afterimage paradigm |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2420250402/abstract |
Accessed | Sun May 20 18:06:00 2012 |
Library Catalog | onlinelibrary.wiley.com |
Rights | Copyright © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
Date Added | Sun May 20 18:06:00 2012 |
Modified | Sun May 20 18:06:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Namy |
Author | D. Gentner |
Abstract | Comparison mechanisms have been implicated in the development of abstract, relational thought, including object categorization. D. Gentner and L. L. Namy (1999) found that comparing 2 perceptually similar category members yielded taxonomic categorization, whereas viewing a single member of the target category elicited shallower perceptual responding. The present experiments tested 2 predictions that follow from Gentner and Namy's (1999) model: (a) Comparison facilitates categorization only when the targets to be compared share relational commonalities, and (b) providing common labels for targets invites comparison, whereas providing conflicting labels deters it. Four-year-olds participated in a forced-choice task. They viewed 2 perceptually similar target objects and were asked to "find another one." Results suggest an important role for comparison in lexical and conceptual development |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 131 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5-15 |
Date | March 2002 |
URL | ISI:000174055300001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Author | E. Colunga |
Author | H. Yoshida |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Contributor | L.M. Oakes |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion⬚ ⬚ |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 275-302 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | G. B. Flores d'Arcais |
Editor | R. J. Jarvella |
Author | H.H. Clark |
Book Title | The Process of Language Understanding |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 1983 |
Pages | 297-331 |
ISBN | 0471901296 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Nov 21 19:37:29 2012 |
Modified | Wed Nov 21 19:38:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | e11452 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0011452 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 17 12:12:46 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:24:53 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | Zsigmond Tamás Kincses |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | W Paulus |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate the excitability of the human motor cortex, as revealed by the amplitude of the motor-evoked potentials (MEP). The aim of our study has been to produce localized changes of cerebral excitability of the visual cortex in the intact human by weak anodal and cathodal stimulation. For quantification of current-induced excitability changes, we measured phosphene threshold (PT) using short trains of 5-Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses in nine healthy subjects before, immediately after, 10 min, and 20 min after the end of tDCS. PTs are suggested as representative values of visual cortex excitability changes. Reduced PT was detected immediately and 10 min after the end of anodal stimulation, while cathodal stimulation resulted in an opposite effect. Our results show that tDCS elicits a transient, reversible excitability alteration of the visual cortex, thus representing a promising tool for neuroplasticity research. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale |
Volume | 150 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 375-378 |
Date | Jun 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-003-1459-8 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12698316 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 9 01:02:03 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12698316 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 9 01:02:03 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Fahrenfort |
Author | H.S. Scholte |
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Abstract | In masking, a stimulus is rendered invisible through the presentation of a second stimulus shortly after the first. Over the years, authors have typically explained masking by postulating some early disruption process. In these feedforward-type explanations, the mask somehow "catches up" with the target stimulus, disrupting its processing either through lateral or interchannel inhibition. However, studies from recent years indicate that visual perception-and most notably visual awareness itself-may depend strongly on cortico-cortical feedback connections from higher to lower visual areas. This has led some researchers to propose that masking derives its effectiveness from selectively interrupting these reentrant processes. In this experiment, we used electroencephalogram measurements to determine what happens in the human visual cortex during detection of a texture-defined square under nonmasked (seen) and masked (unseen) conditions. Electroencephalogram derivatives that are typically associated with reentrant processing turn out to be absent in the masked condition. Moreover, extrastriate visual areas are still activated early on by both seen and unseen stimuli, as shown by scalp surface Laplacian current source-density maps. This conclusively shows that feedforward processing is preserved, even when subject performance is at chance as determined by objective measures. From these results, we conclude that masking derives its effectiveness, at least partly, from disrupting reentrant processing, thereby interfering with the neural mechanisms of figure-ground segmentation and visual awareness itself |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1488-1497 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000249251100006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nikolaus Kriegeskorte |
Author | Marieke Mur |
Author | Douglas A Ruff |
Author | Roozbeh Kiani |
Author | Jerzy Bodurka |
Author | Hossein Esteky |
Author | Keiji Tanaka |
Author | Peter A Bandettini |
Abstract | Inferior temporal (IT) object representations have been intensively studied in monkeys and humans, but representations of the same particular objects have never been compared between the species. Moreover, IT's role in categorization is not well understood. Here, we presented monkeys and humans with the same images of real-world objects and measured the IT response pattern elicited by each image. In order to relate the representations between the species and to computational models, we compare response-pattern dissimilarity matrices. IT response patterns form category clusters, which match between man and monkey. The clusters correspond to animate and inanimate objects; within the animate objects, faces and bodies form subclusters. Within each category, IT distinguishes individual exemplars, and the within-category exemplar similarities also match between the species. Our findings suggest that primate IT across species may host a common code, which combines a categorical and a continuous representation of objects. |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1126-1141 |
Date | Dec 26, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.043 |
ISSN | 1097-4199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19109916 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 9 14:42:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19109916 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 9 14:42:24 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N Kriegeskorte |
Author | M Mur |
Author | D Ruff |
Author | R Kiani |
Author | J Bodurka |
Author | H Esteky |
Author | K Tanaka |
Author | P Bandettini |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1126-1141 |
Date | 12/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.043 |
ISSN | 08966273 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(08)00943-4 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 14 03:17:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Aug 14 03:17:39 2010 |
Modified | Sat Aug 14 03:17:39 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Henri Bergson |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1911/1990 |
ISBN | 0942299051 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Jul 20 13:04:08 2011 |
Modified | Wed Apr 4 12:45:47 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael H. Long |
Publication | Studies in Second Language Acquisition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 251-85 |
Date | 1990 |
Journal Abbr | Studies in Second Language Acquisition |
ISSN | ISSN-0272-2631 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:17:28 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 17:17:28 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elissa L. Newport |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 11-28 |
Date | January |
DOI | 10.1016/0364-0213(90)90024-Q |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W48-4BCYFHN-V/2/f33fb9c19b7f4af861ffa2ef62815bb6 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 17:30:22 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:30:22 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 17:30:22 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Potter |
Abstract | Viewers briefly glimpsed pictures presented in a sequence at rates up to eight per second. They recognized a target picture as accurately and almost as rapidly when they knew only its meaning given by a name (for example, a boat) as when they had seen the picture itself in advance. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 187 |
Issue | 4180 |
Pages | 965-966 |
Date | Mar 14, 1975 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1145183 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 1 01:37:19 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1145183 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 1 01:37:19 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Douglas Adams |
Publisher | Pan Macmillan |
Date | 1983-11-11 |
# of Pages | 191 |
ISBN | 0330281216 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 13:56:20 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 13:56:20 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Bentin |
Author | Y. Golland |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | B1–B14 |
Date | 2002 |
Short Title | Meaningful processing of meaningless stimuli |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Oct 18 17:53:04 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 18 17:53:04 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. H. Seliger |
Publication | Color Research & Application |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 233-242 |
Date | 08/2002 |
Journal Abbr | Color Res. Appl. |
DOI | 10.1002/col.10067 |
ISSN | 0361-2317 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=17&SID=2Bo5e8obeebMGm@8CD@&page=2&doc=15 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:35:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:35:21 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:35:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Patrick Juola |
Abstract | This work develops an information-theoretic and functionally motivated method of measuring ``linguistic complexity'' from corpora that can in theory be applied to any definable substructure. This method is further extended into a way of objectively and numerically measuring the morphological complexity of a given language sample, avoiding the typical difficulties of focusing on only a few unrepresentative types of constructions. By selectively altering the morphological information present in a sample, the complexity can be measured as the change in overall informativeness of a text. This claim has been tested in a small-scale cross-linguistic experiment; the results agree well with both intuitions and existing measurements. |
Publication | Journal of Quantitative Linguistics |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 206-213 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 22:39:47 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 22:41:29 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | Evangelia G. Chrysikou |
Author | Branch Coslett |
Abstract | One of the most frequent symptoms of unilateral stroke is aphasia, the impairment or loss of language functions. Over the past few years, behavioral and neuroimaging studies have shown that rehabilitation interventions can promote neuroplastic changes in aphasic patients that may be associated with the improvement of language functions. Following left hemisphere strokes, the functional reorganization of language in aphasic patients has been proposed to involve both intrahemispheric interactions between damaged left hemisphere and perilesional sites and transcallosal interhemispheric interactions between the lesioned left hemisphere language areas and homotopic regions in the right hemisphere. A growing body of evidence for such reorganization comes from studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), two safe and noninvasive procedures that can be applied clinically to modulate cortical excitability during post-stroke language recovery. We discuss a hierarchical model for the plastic changes in language representation that occur in the setting of dominant hemisphere stroke and aphasia. We further argue that TMS and tDCS are potentially promising tools for enhancing functional recovery of language and for further elucidating mechanisms of plasticity in patients with aphasia.</p> |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 40-50 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.005 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WC0-52HRJV2-1/2/57f16df8d760b545e59a6e87a7e3728d |
Accessed | Wed Apr 27 17:30:08 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Apr 27 17:30:08 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roy H Hamilton |
Author | Evangelia G Chrysikou |
Author | Branch Coslett |
Abstract | One of the most frequent symptoms of unilateral stroke is aphasia, the impairment or loss of language functions. Over the past few years, behavioral and neuroimaging studies have shown that rehabilitation interventions can promote neuroplastic changes in aphasic patients that may be associated with the improvement of language functions. Following left hemisphere strokes, the functional reorganization of language in aphasic patients has been proposed to involve both intrahemispheric interactions between damaged left hemisphere and perilesional sites and transcallosal interhemispheric interactions between the lesioned left hemisphere language areas and homotopic regions in the right hemisphere. A growing body of evidence for such reorganization comes from studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), two safe and noninvasive procedures that can be applied clinically to modulate cortical excitability during post-stroke language recovery. We discuss a hierarchical model for the plastic changes in language representation that occur in the setting of dominant hemisphere stroke and aphasia. We further argue that TMS and tDCS are potentially promising tools for enhancing functional recovery of language and for further elucidating mechanisms of plasticity in patients with aphasia. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 40-50 |
Date | Jul 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.005 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459427 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 24 10:49:45 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21459427 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 24 10:49:45 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roy H Hamilton |
Author | Evangelia G Chrysikou |
Author | Branch Coslett |
Abstract | One of the most frequent symptoms of unilateral stroke is aphasia, the impairment or loss of language functions. Over the past few years, behavioral and neuroimaging studies have shown that rehabilitation interventions can promote neuroplastic changes in aphasic patients that may be associated with the improvement of language functions. Following left hemisphere strokes, the functional reorganization of language in aphasic patients has been proposed to involve both intrahemispheric interactions between damaged left hemisphere and perilesional sites and transcallosal interhemispheric interactions between the lesioned left hemisphere language areas and homotopic regions in the right hemisphere. A growing body of evidence for such reorganization comes from studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), two safe and noninvasive procedures that can be applied clinically to modulate cortical excitability during post-stroke language recovery. We discuss a hierarchical model for the plastic changes in language representation that occur in the setting of dominant hemisphere stroke and aphasia. We further argue that TMS and tDCS are potentially promising tools for enhancing functional recovery of language and for further elucidating mechanisms of plasticity in patients with aphasia. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 40-50 |
Date | Jul 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.02.005 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459427 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 24 11:08:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21459427 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 24 11:08:31 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Farah |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 203-211 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Farah |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 203-211 |
Date | May 1989 |
URL | ISI:A1989U648100001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S J Luck |
Author | S A Hillyard |
Author | M Mouloua |
Author | H L Hawkins |
Abstract | Many studies have found that stimuli can be discriminated more accurately at attended locations than at unattended locations, and such results have typically been taken as evidence for the hypothesis that attention operates by allocating limited perceptual processing resources to attended locations. An alternative proposal, however, is that attention acts to reduce uncertainty about target location, thereby increasing accuracy by decreasing the number of noise sources. To distinguish between these alternatives, we conducted 6 spatial cuing experiments in which target location uncertainty was eliminated. Despite the absence of uncertainty, target discriminations were more accurate at the attended location, consistent with resource allocation models. These cue validity effects were observed under a broad range of conditions, including central and peripheral cuing, but were absent at very short cue-target delay intervals. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 725-737 |
Date | Jun 1996 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | Mechanisms of visual-spatial attention |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8666960 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 19 09:16:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8666960 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 19 09:16:24 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kay Livesay |
Author | Curt Burgess |
Abstract | The present experiment investigates hemispheric differences in mediated priming. Theories of lexical representation have argued for an asymmetrical coding between the right and left hemispheres ([Beeman, 1998]), claiming that the right hemisphere is more diffusely represented compared to the left hemisphere. Thus, the right hemisphere activates a larger semantic field compared to the left hemisphere. Mediated (two-step) priming is an ideal task to examine this representational claim, because of the distant nature of the prime-target pairs. Results showed no difference in the magnitude of priming (both mediated and direct) between the right and left hemispheres. These results suggest that the lexical representation of the two hemispheres is equivalent, not asymmetrical as Beeman suggests. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 283-286 |
Date | Nov 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14607165 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 22:33:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14607165 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 22:33:05 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L. Gabora |
Contributor | L. Nadel |
Contributor | D.L. Stein |
Book Title | 1993 Lectures in Complex Systems |
Publisher | Addison Wesley |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:31:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Burgio |
Author | A. Basso |
Abstract | Sixty-one acute and 17 chronic vascular left-hemisphere damaged patients were tested with five memory tasks that investigated verbal short-term (digit span) and long-term (paired associate and story learning) memory, and spatial short- and long-term memory (Corsi's span and learning). Both brain-damaged groups were significantly impaired in all memory tasks (except for chronic patients in the story learning task) compared to normal controls. The presence of aphasia and locus of lesion (anterior, posterior and deep) had no effect on the memory impairment, with only one exception of paired-associate learning that was better performed by non-aphasic than aphasic patients. Eleven subjects were better at paired-associate learning than story recall, the reverse dissociation was never found. Finally, chronic patients performed significantly better than acute patients only in the Corsi's learning task. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 759-766 |
Date | June 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | C. R. Gallistel |
Author | Adam Philip King |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 2009-04-28 |
# of Pages | 336 |
ISBN | 1405122889 |
Short Title | Memory and the Computational Brain |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 09:54:55 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 09:54:55 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. J. Bartleson |
Abstract | The memory colors of ten familiar, naturally occurring objects have been determined. Fifty observers chose their memory colors from an array of 931 Munsell color chips. The variability of the judgments is shown and their means are compared with the average chromaticities of the corresponding natural objects. The ten mean memory colors were all significantly different from the natural colors. Each memory color tended to be more characteristic of the dominant chromatic attribute of the object in question; grass was more green, bricks more red, etc. In most cases, saturation and lightness increased in memory. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 73-77 |
Date | January 01, 1960 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSA.50.000073 |
URL | http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-50-1-73 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:20:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:20:11 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 15:20:20 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | U. Neisser |
Abstract | There is no unique offset of infantile amnesia, no single developmental moment at which memory-relevant encoding begins. Whether a childhood experience is later remembered (in some sense) depends on both the nature of the experience itself and the paradigm being used to determine whether it is in fact remembered. The papers in this issue of Developmental Review illustrate that point for various ingenious non-verbal memory paradigms, but the same principle applies to explicit verbal recall. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Developmental Review |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 154-158 |
Date | March 2004 |
URL | ISI:000188810900007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kenneth A. Deffenbacher |
Author | John R. Leu |
Author | Evan L. Brown |
Abstract | Signal detection theory predicts a $\sqrt{2}$ recognition memory performance advantage for the two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) procedure over the yes-no (YN) procedure. In auditory psychophysics this advantage has been related to greater demands on memory in the YN task. The present experiment tested this prediction by assessing face-recognition accuracy and confidence in 72 college student subjects. Testing method (2AFC or YN) and encoding instructions (standard, overall gestalt, or distinctive feature scan) were varied, the latter in an effort to vary trace strength to see whether stronger traces would yield a lesser 2AFC advantage. A 1-week retention test revealed an overall 2AFC advantage of 1.61 and superiority of gestalt and feature-scan instructions over standard ones. While confidence and accuracy were related both within and across subjects, 2AFC subjects were significantly more confident than YN ones. Intriguingly, more efficient encodings resulted in a greater, rather than a lesser 2AFC advantage. |
Publication | The American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 13-26 |
Date | Mar., 1981 |
ISSN | 00029556 |
Short Title | Memory for Faces |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1422340 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 4 15:06:34 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Mar., 1981 / Copyright © 1981 University of Illinois Press |
Date Added | Mon Jan 4 15:06:34 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 4 15:06:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Gomez |
Author | J. Shutter |
Author | J. N. Rouder |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 940-944 |
Date | 10/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.15.5.940 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=Refine&qid=15&SID=1A6O8FjbI2i5Np8DNGh&page=1&doc=4&cacheurlFromRightClick=no |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 19:01:48 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 19:01:48 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 19:01:48 2010 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | David J M Kraemer |
Author | R. Prabhakaran |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Date | 2009 |
Conference Name | Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society. |
Place | Boston, MA |
Date Added | Thu Jul 14 15:20:24 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 14 15:22:59 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Koriat |
Author | M Goldsmith |
Abstract | The study of memory is witnessing a spirited clash between proponents of traditional laboratory research and those advocating a more naturalistic approach to the study of ''real-life'' or ''everyday'' memory. The debate has generally centered on the ''what'' (content), ''where'' (context), and ''how'' (methods) of memory research. In this target article, we argue that the controversy discloses a further, more fundamental breach between two underlying memory metaphors, each having distinct implications for memory theory and assessment: Whereas traditional memory research has been dominated by the storehouse metaphor, leading to a focus on the number of items remaining in store and accessible to memory, the recent wave of everyday memory research has shifted toward a correspondence metaphor, focusing on the accuracy of memory in representing past events. The correspondence metaphor calls for a research approach that differs from the traditional one in important respects: in emphasizing the intentional-representational function of memory, in addressing the wholistic and graded aspects of memory correspondence, in taking an output-bound assessment perspective, and in allowing more room for the operation of subject-controlled metamemory processes and motivational factors. This analysis can help tie together some of the what, where, and how aspects of the ''real-life/laboratory'' controversy. More important, however, by explicating the unique metatheoretical foundation of the accuracy-oriented approach to memory we aim to promote a more effective exploitation of the correspondence metaphor in both naturalistic and laboratory research contexts. |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 167-& |
Date | 1996 |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
Short Title | Memory metaphors and the real-life/laboratory controversy |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=53&SID=1CcOn1MOAlJej7Eo2KM&page=1&doc=3 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 10 12:23:24 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 12:23:24 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 12:10:41 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Thorsten Hansen |
Author | Maria Olkkonen |
Author | Sebastian Walter |
Author | Karl R Gegenfurtner |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1367-1368 |
Date | November 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1794 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
Short Title | Nat Neurosci |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1794 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 24 19:48:54 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 01:36:45 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z.W. Pylyshyn |
Abstract | It is generally accepted that there is something special about reasoning by using mental images. The question of how it is special, however, has never been satisfactorily spelled out, despite more than thirty years of research in the post-behaviorist tradition. This, article considers some of the general motivation for the assumption that entertaining mental images involves inspecting a picture-like object. It sets out a distinction between phenomena attributable to the nature of mind to what is called the cognitive architecture, and ones that are attributable to tacit knowledge used to simulate what would happen in a visual situation. With this distinction in mind, the paper then considers in detail the widely held assumption that in some important sense images are spatially displayed or are depictive, and that examining images uses the same mechanisms that are deployed in visual perception. I argue that the assumption of the spatial or depictive nature of images is only explanatory if taken literally, as a claim about how images are physically instantiated in the brain, and that the literal view fails for a number of empirical reasons-for example, because of the cognitive penetrability of the phenomena cited in its favor. Similarly, while it is arguably the case that imagery and vision involve some of the same mechanisms, this tells us very little about the nature of mental imagery and does not support claims about the pictorial nature of mental images. Finally, I consider whether recent neuroscience evidence clarifies the debate over the nature of mental images. I claim that when such questions as whether images are depictive or spatial are formulated more clearly, the evidence does not provide support for the picture-theory over a symbol-structure theory of mental imagery. Even if all the empirical claims were true, they do not warrant the conclusion that many people have drawn from them: that mental images are depictive or are displayed in some (possibly cortical) space. Such a conclusion is incompatible with what is known about how images function in thought. We are then left with the provisional counterintuitive conclusion that the available evidence does not support rejection of what I call the "null hypothesis"; namely, that reasoning with mental images involves the same form of representation and the same processes as that of reasoning in general, except that the content or subject matter of droughts experienced as images includes information about how thing's would look |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 157-+ |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A. Paivio |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:23:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.E. Bethellfox |
Author | R.N. Shepard |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 12-23 |
Date | February 1988 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Author | S. Pinker |
Abstract | How do we recognize objects despite differences in their retinal projections when they are seen at different orientations? ⬚Marr and Nishihara (1978) proposed that shapes are represented in memory as structural descriptions in object-centered coordinate systems, so that an object is represented identically regardless of its orientation. An alternative hypothesis is that an object is represented in memory in a single representation corresponding to a canonical orientation, and a mental rotation operation transforms an input shape into that orientation before input and memory are compared. A third possibility is that shapes are stored in a set of representations, each corresponding to a different orientation. In four experiments, subjects studied several objects each at a single orientation, and were given extensive practice at naming them quickly, or at classifying them as normal or mirror-reversed, at several orientations. At first, response times increased with departure from the study orientation, with a slope similar to those obtained in classic mental rotation experiments. This suggests that subjects made both judgments by mentally transforming the orientation of the input shape to the one they had initially studied. With practice, subjects recognized the objects almost equally quickly at all the familiar orientations. At that point they were probed with the same objects appearing at novel orientations. Response times for these probes increased with increasing disparity from the previously trained orientations. This indicates that subjects had stored representations of the shapes at each of the practice orientations and recognized shapes at the new orientations by rotating them to one of the stored orientations. The results are consistent with a hybrid of the second (mental transformation) and third (multiple view) hypotheses of shape recognition: input shapes are transformed to a stored view, either the one at the nearest orientation or one at a canonical orientation. Interestingly, when mirrorimages of trained shapes were presented for naming, subjects took the same time at all orientations. This suggests that mental transformations of orientation can take the shortest path of rotation that will align an input shape and its memorized counterpart, in this case a rotation in depth about an axis in the picture plane. ⬚⬚ ⬚ |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 233-282 |
Date | April 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Koriat |
Author | J. Norman |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 429-439 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.N. Shepard |
Author | J. Metzler |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 171 |
Issue | 3972 |
Pages | 701-& |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.A. Cooper |
Author | P. Podgorny |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 503-514 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jonathan R. Folstein |
Author | I. Gauthier |
Author | Thomas J. Palmeri |
Abstract | We investigated how mere exposure to complex objects with correlated or uncorrelated object features affects later category learning of new objects not seen during exposure. Correlations among pre-exposed object dimensions influenced later category learning. Unlike other published studies, the collection of pre-exposed objects provided no information regarding the categories to be learned, ruling out unsupervised or incidental category learning during pre-exposure. Instead, results are interpreted with respect to statistical learning mechanisms, providing one of the first demonstrations of how statistical learning can influence visual object learning. |
Publication | Frontiers in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 40 |
Date | 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Psychology |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00040 |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/cognitive_science/10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00040/pdf/abstract |
Accessed | Tue Apr 19 22:23:35 2011 |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Tue Apr 19 22:23:35 2011 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 15:09:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Norris |
Author | J M McQueen |
Author | A Cutler |
Abstract | Top-down feedback does not benefit speech recognition; on the contrary, it can hinder it. No experimental data imply that feedback loops are required for speech recognition. Feedback is accordingly unnecessary and spoken word recognition is modular. To defend this thesis, we analyse lexical involvement in phonemic decision making. TRACE (McClelland & Elman 1986), a model with feedback from the lexicon to prelexical processes, is unable to account for all the available data on phonemic decision making. The modular Race model (Cutler & Norris 1979) is likewise challenged by some recent results, however. We therefore present a new modular model of phonemic decision making, the Merge model. In Merge, information flows from prelexical processes to the lexicon without feedback. Because phonemic decisions are based on the merging of prelexical and lexical information, Merge correctly predicts lexical involvement in phonemic decisions in both words and nonwords. Computer simulations show how Merge is able to account for the data through a process of competition between lexical hypotheses. We discuss the issue of feedback in other areas of language processing and conclude that modular models are particularly well suited to the problems and constraints of speech recognition. |
Publication | The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 299-325; discussion 325-370 |
Date | Jun 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Brain Sci |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
Short Title | Merging information in speech recognition |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11301575 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 19 09:23:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11301575 |
Date Added | Fri Jun 19 09:23:48 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D. Gentner |
Author | B.F. Bowdle |
Author | P. Wolff |
Author | C. Boronat |
Contributor | D. Gentner |
Contributor | K.J. Holyoak |
Contributor | B.N. Kokinov |
Book Title | The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2004 |
Pages | 199-253 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Sat Apr 7 22:01:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | The present paper evaluates the claim that abstract conceptual domains are structured through metaphorical mappings from domains grounded directly in experience. In particular, the paper asks whether the abstract domain of time gets its relational structure from the more concrete domain of space. Relational similarities between space and time are outlined along with several explanations of how these similarities may have arisen. Three experiments designed to distinguish between these explanations are described. The results indicate that (1) the domains of space and time do share conceptual structure, (2) spatial relational information is just as useful for thinking about time as temporal information, and (3) with frequent use, mappings between space and time come to he stored in the domain of time and so thinking about lime does not necessarily require access to spatial schemas. These findings provide some of the first empirical evidence for Metaphoric Structuring. It appears that abstract domains such as time an indeed shaped by metaphorical mappings from more concrete and experiential domains such as space. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 75 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-28 |
Date | April 14, 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul H. Thibodeau |
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Editor | Jan Lauwereyns |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | e16782 |
Date | 2/2011 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0016782 |
ISSN | 1932-6203 |
Short Title | Metaphors We Think With |
URL | http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+plosone%2FNeuroscience+%28PLoS+ONE+Alerts%3A+Neuroscience%29&utm_source=feedburner&articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016782 |
Accessed | Tue Apr 12 10:20:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Apr 12 10:20:11 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 8 15:41:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Siegal |
Author | R. Varley |
Author | S.C. Want |
Abstract | Research on propositional reasoning (involving 'theory of mind' understanding) in adult patients with aphasia reveals that reasoning can proceed in the absence of explicit grammatical knowledge. Conversely, evidence from studies with deaf children shows that the presence of such knowledge is not sufficient to account for reasoning. These findings are in keeping with recent research on the development of naming, categorization and imitation, indicating that children's reasoning about objects and actions is guided by inferences about others' communicative intentions. We discuss the extent to which reasoning is supported by, and tied to, language in the form of conversational awareness and experience rather than grammar |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 296-301 |
Date | July 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Brian MacWhinney |
Abstract | This study examined four universal operating principles for first language acquisition proposed by Slobin (1973) and MacWhinney (1978). The applicability of these principles to second-language acquisition was tested by teaching children and adults a miniature linguistic system. The results suggested that the four principles played a major role in the learning of the system by 5- to 7-year-olds but not by adults. Modifications were made in the standard miniature linguistic system technique in order in maximize linguistic naturalness and referentiality. The result was a complex system that could still be taught even to 5-year-olds in the space of a few hours. |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 467-478 |
Date | 1983 |
DOI | 10.1007/BF01068027 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01068027 |
Accessed | Sun Nov 23 21:53:54 2008 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 21:53:54 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:53:54 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E F Loftus |
Author | H G Hoffman |
Abstract | Misleading information presented after an event can lead people to erroneous reports of that misinformation. Different process histories can be responsible for the same erroneous report in different people. We argue that the relative proportion of times that the different process histories are responsible for erroneous reporting will depend on the conditions of acquisition, retention, and retrieval of information. Given the conditions typical of most misinformation experiments, it appears that misinformation acceptance plays a major role, memory impairment plays some role, and pure guessing plays little or no role. Moreover, we argue that misinformation acceptance has not received the appreciation that it deserves as a phenomenon worthy of our sustained investigation. It may not tell us anything about impairment of memories, but it does tell us something about the creation of new memories. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 100-104 |
Date | Mar 1989 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | Misinformation and memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2522502 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 17 21:53:38 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2522502 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 17 21:53:38 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Burzio |
Abstract | The proposition that the mental lexicon is a 'dual route' system, advanced by Pinker and others to account for regular and irregular morphology, overlooks the important fact that morphological regularity correlates inversely with phonological regularity - 'regular' past-tense beeped being phonologically irregular (exceptional syllable), while 'irregular' past-tense kept is phonologically just regular. I argue that the correlation, which is general, can only be captured under a single - rather than 'dual' - architecture, and an associational - rather than rule based - theory of morphology. Where word-to-word associations are strong, morphology looks regular and phonological alternations are inhibited, making phonology look irregular. In a system in which regularities are attributed to 'rules', rules should be able to coexist with other rules, and morphological and phonological regularities should correlate directly, rather than inversely. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 157-199 |
Date | 2002 |
URL | ISI:000173487500001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 26 13:48:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.H. Baayen |
Author | D.J. Davidson |
Author | D.M. Bates |
Abstract | <p><br/>This paper provides an introduction to mixed-effects models for the analysis of repeated measurement data with subjects and items as crossed random effects. A worked-out example of how to use recent software for mixed-effects modeling is provided. Simulation studies illustrate the advantages offered by mixed-effects analyses compared to traditional analyses based on quasi-F tests, by-subjects analyses, combined by-subjects and by-items analyses, and random regression. Applications and possibilities across a range of domains of inquiry are discussed.</p> |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 59 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 390-412 |
Date | November 2008 |
DOI | 16/j.jml.2007.12.005 |
ISSN | 0749-596X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X07001398 |
Accessed | Thu Aug 4 15:33:46 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Aug 4 15:33:46 2011 |
Modified | Thu Aug 4 15:33:46 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Druks |
Author | T. Shallice |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 32 |
Pages | 245-247 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Sat Aug 16 01:31:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Shiffrin |
Author | M. Steyvers |
Abstract | A new model of recognition memory is reported. This model is placed within, and introduces, a more elaborate theory that is being developed to predict the phenomena of explicit and implicit, and episodic and generic, memory. The recognition model is applied to basic findings, including phenomena that pose problems for extant models: the list-strength effect (e.g., Ratcliff, Clark, & Shiffrin, 1990), the mirror effect (e.g., Glanzer & Adams, 1990), and the normal-ROC slope effect (e.g., Ratcliff, McKoon, & Tindall, 1994). The model assumes storage of separate episodic images for different words, each image consisting of a vector of feature values. Each image is an incomplete and error prone copy of the studied vector. For the simplest case, it is possible to calculate the probability that a test item is ''old,'' and it is assumed that a default ''old'' response is given if this probability is greater than .5. It is demonstrated that this model and its more complete and realistic versions produce excellent qualitative predictions |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 145-166 |
Date | June 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Baronchelli |
Author | T. Gong |
Author | A. Puglisi |
Author | V. Loreto |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Date | 01/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0908533107 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/01/22/0908533107.abstract |
Accessed | Sat Feb 6 10:41:57 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Feb 6 10:41:57 2010 |
Modified | Sat Feb 6 10:41:57 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Livingstone |
Author | Colin Fyfe |
Pages | 704–708 |
Date | 1999 |
URL | http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-48304-7_92 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Benjamin Cohen |
Author | Gregory L. Murphy |
Abstract | <p><br/>Over the last 10 years research on concepts has produced an important new theory known as prototype theory. Despite its empirical successes, prototype theory has been challenged by various arguments purporting to show its descriptive inadequacy for a variety of phenomena, including complex concepts and quantification. These arguments are primarily based on a settheoretic model of concepts. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of the set-theoretic approach and argue that if we instead model concepts as knowledge representations of a certain kind, it is possible not only to answer prototype theory's critics, but to address more fundamental issues in the theory of concepts. We also consider the implications of these different approaches for psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence (AI). To substantiate our claims, a knowledge representation model of prototype theory is outlined, based on work in schema theory and AI knowledge representation.</p> |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 27-58 |
Date | 1984 |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W48-4FWF9GC-5/2/1380a6f37c652401b55f2cc70268af7b |
Accessed | Fri Apr 29 16:23:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 16:23:26 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 17:59:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Sirois |
Author | D. Mareschal |
Abstract | Research on infant cognition using habituation methods has sparked considerable controversy in recent years. At the core of the debates is the issue of whether infants have early (and possibly innate) conceptual understandings. This article reviews a range of computational models of habituation that might provide insights into such discussions. The models are assessed against key behavioral and neural features of habituation: temporal unfolding, exponential decrease, familiarity-to-novelty shift, habituation to repeated testing, discriminability of habitual items, selective inhibition and cortical-subcortical interactions. The review suggests that current models fail to offer comprehensive explanations of the behavioral phenomena |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 293-298 |
Date | July 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Riesenhuber |
Author | T. Poggio |
Abstract | Understanding how biological visual systems recognize objects is one of the ultimate goals in computational neuroscience. From the computational viewpoint of learning, different recognition tasks, such as categorization and identification, are similar, representing different trade-offs between specificity and invariance. Thus, the different tasks do not require different classes of models. We briefly review some recent trends in computational vision and then focus on feedforward, view-based models that are supported by psychophysical and physiological data. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 3 Suppl |
Pages | 1199-1204 |
Date | Nov 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci |
DOI | 11127838 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11127838 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:01:21 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/groupmodulart.html |
Accessed | Wed Sep 3 16:43:57 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 3 16:43:57 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 3 16:43:57 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stacey M Schaefer |
Author | Daren C Jackson |
Author | Richard J Davidson |
Author | Geoffrey K Aguirre |
Author | Daniel Y Kimberg |
Author | Sharon L Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | Lesion and neuroimaging studies suggest the amygdala is important in the perception and production of negative emotion; however, the effects of emotion regulation on the amygdalar response to negative stimuli remain unknown. Using event-related fMRI, we tested the hypothesis that voluntary modulation of negative emotion is associated with changes in neural activity within the amygdala. Negative and neutral pictures were presented with instructions to either "maintain" the emotional response or "passively view" the picture without regulating the emotion. Each picture presentation was followed by a delay, after which subjects indicated how they currently felt via a response keypad. Consistent with previous reports, greater signal change was observed in the amygdala during the presentation of negative compared to neutral pictures. No significant effect of instruction was found during the picture presentation component of the trial. However, a prolonged increase in signal change was observed in the amygdala when subjects maintained the negative emotional response during the delay following negative picture offset. This increase in amygdalar signal due to the active maintenance of negative emotion was significantly correlated with subjects' self-reported dispositional levels of negative affect. These results suggest that consciously evoked cognitive mechanisms that alter the emotional response of the subject operate, at least in part, by altering the degree of neural activity within the amygdala. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 913-921 |
Date | Aug 15, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/089892902760191135 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12191458 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 24 16:48:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12191458 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 24 16:48:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Macaluso |
Author | C.D. Frith |
Author | J. Driver |
Abstract | A sudden touch on one hand can improve vision near that hand, revealing crossrnodal links in spatial attention. It is often assumed that such links involve only rnultimodal neural structures, but unimodal brain areas may also be affected. We tested the effect of simultaneous visuo-tactile stimulation on the activity of the human visual cortex. Tactile stimulation enhanced activity in the visual cortex, but only when it was on the same side as a visual target. Analysis of effective connectivity between brain areas suggests that touch influences unirnodal visual cortex via back-projections from multimodal parietal areas. This provides a neural explanation for crossrnodal links in spatial attention.⬚ ⬚ |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 289 |
Issue | 5482 |
Pages | 1206-1208 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Andoh |
Author | E Artiges |
Author | C Pallier |
Author | D Rivière |
Author | J F Mangin |
Author | A Cachia |
Author | M Plaze |
Author | M L Paillère-Martinot |
Author | J L Martinot |
Abstract | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can interfere with linguistic performance when delivered over language areas. At low frequency (1 Hz), rTMS is assumed to decrease cortical excitability; however, the degree of TMS effect on cortical language areas may depend on the localization of the stimulation coil with respect to the inter-individual anatomo-functional variations. Hence, we aimed at investigating individual brain areas involved in semantic and phonological auditory processes. We hypothesized that active rTMS targeted over Wernicke's area might modify the performance during a language-fragment-detection task. Sentences in native or foreign languages were presented to 12 right-handed male healthy volunteers during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). 3D-functional maps localized the posterior temporal activation (Wernicke) in each subject and MRI anatomical cortical landmarks were used to define Broca's pars opercularis (F3Op). A frameless stereotaxy system was used to guide the TMS coil position over Wernicke's and F3Op areas in each subject. Active and placebo randomized rTMS sessions were applied at 1 Hz, 110% of motor threshold, during the same language-fragment-detection task. Accuracy and response time (RT) were recorded. RT was significantly decreased by active rTMS compared to placebo over Wernicke's area, and was more decreased for native than for foreign languages. No significant RT change was observed for F3Op area. rTMS conditions did not impair participants' accuracy. Thus, low-frequency rTMS over Wernicke's area can speed-up the response to a task tapping on native language perception in healthy volunteers. This individually-guided stimulation study confirms that facilitatory effects are not confined to high-frequency rTMS. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 619-627 |
Date | Jan 15, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.029 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16168674 |
Accessed | Thu Jan 26 16:44:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16168674 |
Date Added | Thu Jan 26 16:44:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Satoshi Tsujimoto |
Author | Takemasa Yokoyama |
Author | Yasuki Noguchi |
Author | Shinichi Kita |
Author | Ryusuke Kakigi |
Abstract | When we encode faces in memory, we often do so in association with biographical information regarding the person. To examine the neural dynamics underlying such encoding processes, we devised a face recognition task and recorded cortical activity using magnetoencephalography. The task included two conditions. In the experimental condition, face stimuli were preceded by biographical information regarding the person whose face was to be memorized, whereas in the control condition, nonsense syllables were presented before face stimuli. Behavioral results indicated that the biographical information about a person facilitated the recognition memory of their face. Magnetoencephalography signals showed clear visually evoked magnetic fields mainly in the occipitotemporal cortex, in response to the face stimuli that were to be encoded. The phasic peak was observed at 100-200 ms after onset of a face stimulus, which was followed by late latency deflections (200-400 ms). Comparison of the signal between conditions revealed that the preceding semantic information does modulate the neuromagnetic responses to the face stimuli. This modulation occurred primarily at the late latency component in the sensors over the occipitotemporal cortex. In addition, the effects of conditions were also observed in the signals from more anterior sensors, which occurred earlier than the effects in the occipitotemporal cortex. These results provide insights into the neural dynamics underlying the encoding of faces in association with their biographical information. |
Publication | The European journal of neuroscience |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2043-2053 |
Date | Dec 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Eur. J. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07903.x |
ISSN | 1460-9568 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22098602 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 5 23:32:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22098602 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 5 23:32:46 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Goldsmith |
Author | M. Yeari |
Abstract | In R. Egly, J. Driver, and R. D. Rafal's (1994) influential double-rectangle spatial-cuing paradigm, exogenous cues consistently induce object-based attention, whereas endogenous cues generally induce space-based attention. This difference suggests an interdependency between mode of orienting (endogenous vs. exogenous) and mode of selection (object based vs. space based). However, mode of orienting is generally confounded with initial focus of attention: Endogenous orienting begins with attention focused on a central cue, whereas exogenous orienting begins with attention widely spread. In this study, an attentional-focusing hypothesis is examined and supported by experiments showing that for both endogenous and exogenous cuing, object-based effects are obtained under conditions that encourage spread attention, but they are attenuated under conditions that encourage focused attention. General implications for object-based attention are discussed |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 897-918 |
Date | October 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Prions cause transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases, including scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker diseases of humans. Infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein, which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. A posttranslational process, as yet unidentified, converts the cellular prion protein into an abnormal isoform. Scrapie incubation times, neuropathology, and prion synthesis in transgenic mice are controlled by the prion protein gene. Point mutations in the prion protein genes of animals and humans are genetically linked to development of neuro-degeneration. Transgenic mice expressing mutant prion proteins spontaneously develop neurologic dysfunction and spongiform neuropathology. Understanding prion diseases may advance investigations of other neurodegenerative disorders and of the processes by which neurons differentiate, function for decades, and then grow senescent. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 252 |
Issue | 5012 |
Pages | 1515-1522 |
Date | 06/14/1991 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1675487 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/252/5012/1515 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:51:59 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 1675487 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Prions cause transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases, including scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker diseases of humans. Infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein, which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. A posttranslational process, as yet unidentified, converts the cellular prion protein into an abnormal isoform. Scrapie incubation times, neuropathology, and prion synthesis in transgenic mice are controlled by the prion protein gene. Point mutations in the prion protein genes of animals and humans are genetically linked to development of neuro-degeneration. Transgenic mice expressing mutant prion proteins spontaneously develop neurologic dysfunction and spongiform neuropathology. Understanding prion diseases may advance investigations of other neurodegenerative disorders and of the processes by which neurons differentiate, function for decades, and then grow senescent. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 252 |
Issue | 5012 |
Pages | 1515-1522 |
Date | 06/14/1991 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1675487 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/252/5012/1515 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:51:59 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 1675487 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dmitry S. Kryndushkin |
Author | Abbi Engel |
Author | Herman Edskes |
Author | Reed B. Wickner |
Abstract | [URE3] is an amyloid-based prion of Ure2p, a regulator of nitrogen catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Ure2p of the human pathogen Candida albicans can also be a prion in S. cerevisiae. We find that overproduction of the disaggregating chaperone, Hsp104, increases the frequency of de novo [URE3] prion formation by the Ure2p of S. cerevisiae and that of C. albicans. This stimulation is strongly dependent on the presence of the [PIN+] prion, known from previous work to enhance [URE3] prion generation. Our data suggest that transient Hsp104 overproduction enhances prion generation through persistent effects on Rnq1 amyloid, as well as during overproduction by disassembly of amorphous Ure2 aggregates (generated during Ure2p overproduction), driving the aggregation toward the amyloid pathway. Overproduction of other major cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families (Ssa1p, Sse1p, and Ydj1p) inhibit prion formation, whereas another yeast Hsp40, Sis1p, modulates the effects of Hsp104p on both prion induction and prion curing in a prion-specific manner. The same factor may both enhance de novo prion generation and destabilize existing prion variants, suggesting that prion variants may be selected by changes in the chaperone network. |
Publication | Genetics |
Volume | 188 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 339-348 |
Date | 2011-06-01 |
Journal Abbr | Genetics |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1534/genetics.111.127779 |
ISSN | 0016-6731, 1943-2631 |
URL | http://www.genetics.org/content/188/2/339 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:56:14 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.genetics.org |
Extra | PMID: 21467567 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dmitry S. Kryndushkin |
Author | Abbi Engel |
Author | Herman Edskes |
Author | Reed B. Wickner |
Abstract | [URE3] is an amyloid-based prion of Ure2p, a regulator of nitrogen catabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Ure2p of the human pathogen Candida albicans can also be a prion in S. cerevisiae. We find that overproduction of the disaggregating chaperone, Hsp104, increases the frequency of de novo [URE3] prion formation by the Ure2p of S. cerevisiae and that of C. albicans. This stimulation is strongly dependent on the presence of the [PIN+] prion, known from previous work to enhance [URE3] prion generation. Our data suggest that transient Hsp104 overproduction enhances prion generation through persistent effects on Rnq1 amyloid, as well as during overproduction by disassembly of amorphous Ure2 aggregates (generated during Ure2p overproduction), driving the aggregation toward the amyloid pathway. Overproduction of other major cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 and Hsp40 families (Ssa1p, Sse1p, and Ydj1p) inhibit prion formation, whereas another yeast Hsp40, Sis1p, modulates the effects of Hsp104p on both prion induction and prion curing in a prion-specific manner. The same factor may both enhance de novo prion generation and destabilize existing prion variants, suggesting that prion variants may be selected by changes in the chaperone network. |
Publication | Genetics |
Volume | 188 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 339-348 |
Date | 2011-06-01 |
Journal Abbr | Genetics |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1534/genetics.111.127779 |
ISSN | 0016-6731, 1943-2631 |
URL | http://www.genetics.org/content/188/2/339 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:56:14 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.genetics.org |
Extra | PMID: 21467567 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Paul Auster |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | Penguin |
Date | 1990-04-01 |
ISBN | 9780140115857 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Jul 14 01:49:42 2011 |
Modified | Wed Apr 4 12:43:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Rattermann |
Author | D. Gentner |
Abstract | Gentner (1988) has proposed a relational shift whereby children interpret analogy and metaphor first in terms of object similarity and then in terms of relational similarity. Goswami (1996) argues against the relational shift hypothesis, citing as evidence a study performed by Goswami and Brown (1989) in which 3-, 4-, and 6-year-old children were able to correctly complete pictorial A:B::C:? analogies based on familiar causal relations, and, contrary to the predictions of the relational shift hypothesis, made very few object-similarity errors despite the presence of an object-similarity choice. In the present experiment we obtained similarity ratings of Goswami and Brown's stimuli and found that the materials did not contain a true object similarity choice and therefore that study was not an adequate test of the relational shift hypothesis. After appropriate modifications to their methodology, we found that 4- and 5-year-old children's performance was consistent with the relational shift hypothesis: First, object-similarity errors were highly frequent initially and decreased with age; second, the rate of relational (correct) responding increased with age; and third, performance on the analogues was positively related to children's knowledge about the participating causal relations. We conclude by proposing an explanation for the relational shift based on an alignment view of similarity comparison and, further, suggest a new role for object similarity in children's analogical development |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 453-478 |
Date | October 1998 |
URL | ISI:000077467900003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey S Bowers |
Abstract | Replies to the comments by Plaut and McClelland and Quian Quiroga and Kreiman on the authors original article both challenged my characterization of localist and distributed representations. They also challenged the biological plausibility of grandmother cells on conceptual and empirical grounds. This reply addresses these issues in turn. The premise of my argument is that grandmother cells in neuroscience are the equivalent of localist representations in psychology. When defined in this way, grandmother cells are biologically plausible, given the neuroscience to date. By contrast, the neurophysiology is shown to be inconsistent with the distributed representations often learned in existing parallel distributed processing (PDP) models, and it poses a challenge to PDP theories more generally. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 300-306; discussion 289-290, 297-299, 306-308 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
DOI | 10.1037/a0018047 |
ISSN | 1939-1471 |
Short Title | More on grandmother cells and the biological implausibility of PDP models of cognition |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20063980 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 16 11:43:59 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20063980 |
Date Added | Mon Aug 16 11:43:59 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Dessalegn |
Author | B. Landau |
Abstract | We investigated the effects of language on vision by focusing on a well-known problem: the binding and maintenance of color-location conjunctions. Four-year-olds performed a task in which they saw a target (e.g., a split square, red on the left and green on the right) followed by a brief delay and then were asked to find the target in an array including the target, its reflection (e.g., red on the right and green on the left), and a square with a different geometric split. Errors were overwhelmingly reflections. This finding shows that the children failed to maintain color-location conjunctions. Performance improved when targets were accompanied by sentences specifying color and direction (e.g., "the red is on the left"), but not when the conjunction was highlighted using a nonlinguistic cue (e.g., flashing, pointing, changes in size), nor when sentences specified a nondirectional relationship (e.g., "the red is touching the green"). The relation between children's matching performance and their long-term knowledge of directional terms suggests two distinct mechanisms by which language can temporarily bridge delays, providing more stable representations. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 189-195 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | PSCI2066 |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | More than meets the eye |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18271868 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 16:21:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18271868 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 16:21:30 2008 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L. Serres |
Contributor | C.A. Nelson |
Contributor | M. Luciana |
Book Title | Handbook of developmental cognitive neuroscience |
Place | Cambride, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 45 -58 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. L. Bybee |
Publisher | J. Benjamins |
Date | 1985 |
Short Title | Morphology |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Meteyard |
Author | B. Bahrami |
Author | G. Vigliocco |
Abstract | Recent theories propose that semantic representation and sensorimotor processing have a common substrate via simulation. We tested the prediction that comprehension interacts with perception, using a standard psychophysics methodology. While passively listening to verbs that referred to upward or downward motion, and to control verbs that did not refer to motion, 20 subjects performed a motion-detection task, indicating whether or not they saw motion in visual stimuli containing threshold levels of coherent vertical motion. A signal detection analysis revealed that when verbs were directionally incongruent with the motion signal, perceptual sensitivity was impaired. Word comprehension also affected decision criteria and reaction times, but in different ways. The results are discussed with reference to existing explanations of embodied processing and the potential of psychophysical methods for assessing interactions between language and perception |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1007-1013 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000250806900014 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Silvia P Gennari |
Author | Steven A Sloman |
Author | Barbara C Malt |
Author | W Tecumseh Fitch |
Abstract | This study investigated whether different lexicalization patterns of motion events in English and Spanish predict how speakers of these languages perform in non-linguistic tasks. Using 36 motion events, we compared English and Spanish speakers' linguistic descriptions to their performance on two non-linguistic tasks: recognition memory and similarity judgments. We investigated the effect of language processing on non-linguistic performance by varying the nature of the encoding before testing for recognition and similarity. Participants encoded the events while describing them verbally or not. No effect of language was obtained in the recognition memory task after either linguistic or non-linguistic encoding and in the similarity task after non-linguistic encoding. We did find a linguistic effect in the similarity task after verbal encoding, an effect that conformed to language-specific patterns. Linguistic descriptions directed attention to certain aspects of the events later used to make a non-linguistic judgment. This suggests that linguistic and non-linguistic performance are dissociable, but language-specific regularities made available in the experimental context may mediate the speaker's performance in specific tasks. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 49-79 |
Date | Feb 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11814486 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 8 22:59:20 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11814486 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 8 22:59:20 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Riikka Möttönen |
Author | Kate E Watkins |
Abstract | Listening to speech modulates activity in human motor cortex. It is unclear, however, whether the motor cortex has an essential role in speech perception. Here, we aimed to determine whether the motor representations of articulators contribute to categorical perception of speech sounds. Categorization of continuously variable acoustic signals into discrete phonemes is a fundamental feature of speech communication. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to temporarily disrupt the lip representation in the left primary motor cortex. This disruption impaired categorical perception of artificial acoustic continua ranging between two speech sounds that differed in place of articulation, in that the vocal tract is opened and closed rapidly either with the lips or the tip of the tongue (/ba/-/da/ and /pa/-/ta/). In contrast, it did not impair categorical perception of continua ranging between speech sounds that do not involve the lips in their articulation (/ka/-/ga/ and /da/-/ga/). Furthermore, an rTMS-induced disruption of the hand representation had no effect on categorical perception of either of the tested continua (/ba/-da/ and /ka/-/ga/). These findings indicate that motor circuits controlling production of speech sounds also contribute to their perception. Mapping acoustically highly variable speech sounds onto less variable motor representations may facilitate their phonemic categorization and be important for robust speech perception. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 31 |
Pages | 9819-9825 |
Date | Aug 5, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6018-08.2009 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19657034 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 17:45:05 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19657034 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 17:45:05 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Pridmore |
Author | J A Fernandes Filho |
Author | Z Nahas |
Author | C Liberatos |
Author | M S George |
Abstract | Motor threshold is a means of quantifying stimulus in transcranial magnetic stimulation. Two methods are used. One involves neurophysiology techniques and the other is visualization of movement. The aim was to compare the percentage of total machine output (PTMO) necessary to achieve motor threshold using these different methods. Neurophysiological and visualization of movement thresholds were determined in six subjects. In all subjects, the two thresholds were achieved with a < 10% difference in PTMO. Determination of motor threshold with a neurophysiological and a visualization of movement method produced similar results. |
Publication | The Journal of ECT |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-27 |
Date | Mar 1998 |
Journal Abbr | J ECT |
ISSN | 1095-0680 |
Short Title | Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9661090 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 27 13:36:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9661090 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 13:36:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Tranulis |
Author | B. Guéguen |
Author | A. Pham-Scottez |
Author | M.N. Vacheron |
Author | G. Cabelguen |
Author | A Costantini |
Author | G Valero |
Author | A. Galinovski |
Abstract | Aims. – Motor threshold (MT) is an important parameter for the practice of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Our goal was to compare three methods to estimate MT in a clinical setting. Methods. – Comparison of three MT estimation algorithms: 1) the Rossini-Rothwell method consists in lowering stimulus intensity until only five positive responses out of 10 trials are recorded, defining MT; 2) the Mills-Nithi method considers the MT as the mean of an upper threshold (10 positive out of 10 trials) and a lower threshold (0 out of 10 trials); 3) the supervised parametric method estimates the MT by fitting (mathematically and graphically) a sigmoid function on raw data obtained by stimulation at variable intensities. Six MT estimations (two per method) were recorded in a single session in 10 healthy subjects. Results. – The within-subject variation of MT (expressed as % of the mean MT ± standard deviation) during a single session was of 8.5 ± 7.2% for the Rossini-Rothwell method, 8.7 ± 5.7% for the Mills-Nithi method and 9.5 ± 4.0% for the supervised parametric method. No significant differences in variability of MT estimation were found between the methods, but the Rossini-Rothwell method was significantly shorter (half the number of stimuli compared to the two other methods). Conclusion. – In our setting, Rossini-Rothwell method was superior to the two other methods. The variability of MT estimation measured in our study is important, yet acceptable for clinical applications. However, this variability can be a source of considerable errors in excitability studies and should be a focus of future research. |
Publication | Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-7 |
Date | January–February 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neucli.2006.01.005 |
ISSN | 0987-7053 |
Short Title | Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0987705306000062 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 27 13:37:28 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 13:37:28 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 27 13:37:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Abstract | How do we find a target item in a visual world filled with distractors? A quarter of a century ago, in her influential 'Feature Integration Theory (FIT)', Treisman proposed a two-stage solution to the problem of visual search: a preattentive stage that could process a limited number of basic features in parallel and an attentive stage that could perform more complex acts of recognition, one object at a time. The theory posed a series of problems. What is the nature of that preattentive stage? How do serial and parallel processes interact? How does a search unfold over time? Recent work has shed new light on these issues |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 70-76 |
Date | February 2003 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Monojit Choudhury |
Author | Anupam Basu |
Author | Sudeshna Sarkar |
Publication | Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 2 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/9/2/2.html |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Arthur P. Sorensen |
Abstract | In the central Northwest Amazon, straddling the Brazilian-Colombian border, there is a complex linguistic situation involving more than 25 linguistic groups with a homogeneous culture. Almost every individual knows fluently three, four, or more languages. Only the Makú and the few non-Indians are monolingual. There are four linguae francae, but only tribal Tukano, doubling as a lingua franca, covers the entire area. The principal reason for this complexity is the insistence on tribal exogamy and the cultural identification of language with tribe. Consequently, a child begins with a personal linguistic repertoire of fluency in his mother's language as well as in his father's; to this he adds a knowledge of other languages in his vicinity. Contact with civilized people for 75 years has not significantly altered this linguistic situation, and periodic attempts to prohibit Indian languages have failed. The political boundary, which separates Portuguese speakers from Spanish speakers, reinforces the linguistic complex, for only Tukano, as a lingua franca, covers the entire culture area. Polylingualism in the individual, rather than monolingualism, is the cultural norm. |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 670-684 |
Date | Dec., 1967 |
Series | New Series |
ISSN | 00027294 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/669671 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 17 18:42:26 2009 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Dec., 1967 / Copyright © 1967 American Anthropological Association |
Date Added | Thu Sep 17 18:42:26 2009 |
Modified | Thu Sep 17 18:42:26 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A. McMains |
Author | D.C. Somers |
Abstract | Spatially directed attention strongly enhances visual perceptual processing. The metaphor of the "spotlight" has long been used to describe spatial attention; however, there has been considerable debate as to whether spatial attention must be unitary or may be split between discrete regions of space. This question was addressed here through functional MR imaging of human subjects as they performed a task that required simultaneous attention to two briefly displayed and masked targets at locations separated by distractor stimuli. These data reveal retinotopically specific enhanced activation in striate and extrastriate visual cortical representations of the two attended stimuli and no enhancement at the intervening representation of distractor stimuli. This finding of two spotlights was obtained within a single cortical hemisphere and across the two hemispheres. This provides direct evidence that spatial attention can select, in parallel, multiple low-level perceptual representations |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 677-686 |
Date | 2004 |
URL | ISI:000221708300016 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Charles E Schroeder |
Author | John Foxe |
Abstract | Neurobiologists have traditionally assumed that multisensory integration is a higher order process that occurs after sensory signals have undergone extensive processing through a hierarchy of unisensory subcortical and cortical regions. Recent findings, however, question this assumption. Studies in humans, nonhuman primates and other species demonstrate multisensory convergence in low level cortical structures that were generally believed to be unisensory in function. In addition to enriching current models of multisensory processing and perceptual functions, these new findings require a revision in our thinking about unisensory processing in low level cortical areas. |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 454-458 |
Date | Aug 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Opin. Neurobiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.conb.2005.06.008 |
ISSN | 0959-4388 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16019202 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 14:52:56 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16019202 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 14:52:56 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.S. Rockland |
Author | H. Ojima |
Abstract | The neural substrates of multisensory perception and integration are still obscure, especially at the cortical level. Alternative viewpoints emphasize (1) 'bottom-up' processes, where different modalities converge in higher order multisensory areas, or (2) 'top-down' projections from multimodal to unimodal areas. In this anatomic study, we use anterograde tracer injections in parietal (8 monkeys) and auditory (3 monkeys) association areas, and demonstrate direct projections to areas V1 and V2 in the calcarine fissure (i.e. the peripheral visual field representation). The laminar signature, with terminations in layers 1 and/or 6, could be consistent with feedback-type connections. A subset of connections from parietal areas, however, branch to both V1 and a ventral extrastriate area (TEO or TEp). Thus, the direct connections to early visual areas V1 and V2 may well operate in conjunction with polysynaptic pathways in a densely parallel network. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | International Journal of Psychophysiology |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 19-26 |
Date | October 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.R. Schneider |
Author | A.K. Engel |
Author | S. Debenerl |
Abstract | The question of how vision and audition interact in natural object identification is currently a matter of debate. We developed a large set of auditory and visual stimuli representing natural objects in order to facilitate research in the field of multisensory processing. Normative data was obtained for 270 brief environmental sounds and 320 visual object stimuli. Each stimulus was named, categorized, and rated with regard to familiarity and emotional valence by N = 56 participants (Study 1). This multimodal stimulus set was employed in two subsequent crossmodal priming experiments that used semantically congruent and incongruent stimulus pairs in a S1-S2 paradigm. Task-relevant targets were either auditory (Study 2) or visual stimuli (Study 3). The behavioral data of both experiments expressed a crossmodal priming effect with shorter reaction times for congruent as compared to incongruent stimulus pairs. The observed facilitation effect suggests that object identification in one modality is influenced by input from another modality. This result implicates that congruent visual and auditory stimulus pairs were perceived as the same object and demonstrates a first validation of the multimodal stimulus set |
Publication | Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 121-132 |
Date | 2008 |
URL | ISI:000254427100006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.R. Schneider |
Author | A.K. Engel |
Author | S. Debenerl |
Abstract | The question of how vision and audition interact in natural object identification is currently a matter of debate. We developed a large set of auditory and visual stimuli representing natural objects in order to facilitate research in the field of multisensory processing. Normative data was obtained for 270 brief environmental sounds and 320 visual object stimuli. Each stimulus was named, categorized, and rated with regard to familiarity and emotional valence by N = 56 participants (Study 1). This multimodal stimulus set was employed in two subsequent crossmodal priming experiments that used semantically congruent and incongruent stimulus pairs in a S1-S2 paradigm. Task-relevant targets were either auditory (Study 2) or visual stimuli (Study 3). The behavioral data of both experiments expressed a crossmodal priming effect with shorter reaction times for congruent as compared to incongruent stimulus pairs. The observed facilitation effect suggests that object identification in one modality is influenced by input from another modality. This result implicates that congruent visual and auditory stimulus pairs were perceived as the same object and demonstrates a first validation of the multimodal stimulus set |
Publication | Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 121-132 |
Date | 2008 |
URL | ISI:000254427100006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Till R Schneider |
Author | Andreas K Engel |
Author | Stefan Debener |
Abstract | The question of how vision and audition interact in natural object identification is currently a matter of debate. We developed a large set of auditory and visual stimuli representing natural objects in order to facilitate research in the field of multisensory processing. Normative data was obtained for 270 brief environmental sounds and 320 visual object stimuli. Each stimulus was named, categorized, and rated with regard to familiarity and emotional valence by N=56 participants (Study 1). This multimodal stimulus set was employed in two subsequent crossmodal priming experiments that used semantically congruent and incongruent stimulus pairs in a S1-S2 paradigm. Task-relevant targets were either auditory (Study 2) or visual stimuli (Study 3). The behavioral data of both experiments expressed a crossmodal priming effect with shorter reaction times for congruent as compared to incongruent stimulus pairs. The observed facilitation effect suggests that object identification in one modality is influenced by input from another modality. This result implicates that congruent visual and auditory stimulus pairs were perceived as the same object and demonstrates a first validation of the multimodal stimulus set. |
Publication | Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 121-132 |
Date | 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 1618-3169 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444522 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 22:08:52 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18444522 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 22:08:52 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Till R. Schneider |
Author | Andreas K. Engel |
Author | Stefan Debener |
Publication | Experimental Psychology (formerly "Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie") |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 121-132 |
Date | 1/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Experimental Psychology (formerly "Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie") |
DOI | 10.1027/1618-3169.55.2.121 |
ISSN | 1618-3169 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=53&SID=4CjI5fpBb8cL8H4Aopd&page=1&doc=3&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 21:55:58 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 21:55:58 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 21:55:58 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Driver |
Author | Toemme Noesselt |
Abstract | Although much traditional sensory research has studied each sensory modality in isolation, there has been a recent explosion of interest in causal interplay between different senses. Various techniques have now identified numerous multisensory convergence zones in the brain. Some convergence may arise surprisingly close to low-level sensory-specific cortex, and some direct connections may exist even between primary sensory cortices. A variety of multisensory phenomena have now been reported in which sensory-specific brain responses and perceptual judgments concerning one sense can be affected by relations with other senses. We survey recent progress in this multisensory field, foregrounding human studies against the background of invasive animal work and highlighting possible underlying mechanisms. These include rapid feedforward integration, possible thalamic influences, and/or feedback from multisensory regions to sensory-specific brain areas. Multisensory interplay is more prevalent than classic modular approaches assumed, and new methods are now available to determine the underlying circuits. |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 11-23 |
Date | 2008-1-10 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.12.013 |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 18184561 PMCID: 2427054 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 14:54:00 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 15:11:22 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Budinger |
Author | P. Heil |
Author | A. Hess |
Author | H. Scheich |
Abstract | It is still a popular view that primary sensory cortices are unimodal, but recent physiological studies have shown that under certain behavioral conditions primary sensory cortices can also be activated by multiple other modalities. Here, we investigate the anatomical substrate, which may underlie multisensory processes at the level of the primary auditory cortex (field AI), and which may, in turn, enable AI to influence other sensory systems. We approached this issue by means of the axonal transport of the sensitive bidirectional neuronal tracer fluorescein-labeled dextran which was injected into AI of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Of the total number of retrogradely labeled cell bodies (i.e. cells of origin of direct projections to AI) found in non-auditory sensory and multisensory brain areas, approximately 40% were in cortical areas and 60% in subcortical structures. Of the cell bodies in the cortical areas about 82% were located in multisensory cortex, viz., the dorsoposterior and ventroposterior, posterior parietal cortex, the claustrum, and the endopiriform nucleus, 10% were located in the primary somatosensory cortex (hind-limb and trunk region), and 8% in secondary visual cortex. The cortical regions with retrogradely labeled cells also contained anterogradely labeled axons and their terminations, i.e. they are also target areas of direct projections from AI. In addition, the primary olfactory cortex was identified as a target area of projections from AI. The laminar pattern of corticocortical connections suggests that AI receives primarily cortical feedback-type inputs and projects in a feedforward manner to its target areas. Of the labeled cell bodies in the subcortical structures, approximately 90% were located in multisensory thalamic, 4% in visual thalamic, and 6% in multisensory lower brainstem structures. At subcortical levels, we observed a similar correspondence of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled axons and terminals in visual (posterior limitans thalamic nucleus) and multisensory thalamic nuclei (dorsal and medial division of the medial geniculate body, suprageniculate nucleus, posterior thalamic cell group, zona incerta), and in the multisensory nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. Retrograde, but not anterograde, labeling was found in the multisensory pontine reticular formation, particularly in the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. Conversely, anterograde, but no retrograde, labeling was found in the visual laterodorsal and lateroposterior thalamic nuclei, in the multisensory peripeduncular, posterior intralaminar, and reticular thalamic nuclei, as well as in the multisensory superior and pericentral inferior colliculi (including cuneiform and sagulum nucleus), Pontine nuclei, and periaqueductal gray. Our study supports the notion that AI is not merely involved in the analysis of auditory stimulus properties but also in processing of other sensory and multisensory information. Since AI is directly connected to other primary sensory cortices (viz. the somatosensory and olfactory ones) multisensory information is probably also processed in these cortices. This suggests more generally, that primary sensory cortices may not be unimodal. (c) 2006 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuroscience |
Volume | 143 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1065-1083 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | ISI:000242822700013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Budinger |
Author | P. Heil |
Author | A. Hess |
Author | H. Scheich |
Abstract | It is still a popular view that primary sensory cortices are unimodal, but recent physiological studies have shown that under certain behavioral conditions primary sensory cortices can also be activated by multiple other modalities. Here, we investigate the anatomical substrate, which may underlie multisensory processes at the level of the primary auditory cortex (field AI), and which may, in turn, enable AI to influence other sensory systems. We approached this issue by means of the axonal transport of the sensitive bidirectional neuronal tracer fluorescein-labeled dextran which was injected into AI of Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Of the total number of retrogradely labeled cell bodies (i.e. cells of origin of direct projections to AI) found in non-auditory sensory and multisensory brain areas, approximately 40% were in cortical areas and 60% in subcortical structures. Of the cell bodies in the cortical areas about 82% were located in multisensory cortex, viz., the dorsoposterior and ventroposterior, posterior parietal cortex, the claustrum, and the endopiriform nucleus, 10% were located in the primary somatosensory cortex (hind-limb and trunk region), and 8% in secondary visual cortex. The cortical regions with retrogradely labeled cells also contained anterogradely labeled axons and their terminations, i.e. they are also target areas of direct projections from AI. In addition, the primary olfactory cortex was identified as a target area of projections from AI. The laminar pattern of corticocortical connections suggests that AI receives primarily cortical feedback-type inputs and projects in a feedforward manner to its target areas. Of the labeled cell bodies in the subcortical structures, approximately 90% were located in multisensory thalamic, 4% in visual thalamic, and 6% in multisensory lower brainstem structures. At subcortical levels, we observed a similar correspondence of retrogradely labeled cells and anterogradely labeled axons and terminals in visual (posterior limitans thalamic nucleus) and multisensory thalamic nuclei (dorsal and medial division of the medial geniculate body, suprageniculate nucleus, posterior thalamic cell group, zona incerta), and in the multisensory nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. Retrograde, but not anterograde, labeling was found in the multisensory pontine reticular formation, particularly in the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. Conversely, anterograde, but no retrograde, labeling was found in the visual laterodorsal and lateroposterior thalamic nuclei, in the multisensory peripeduncular, posterior intralaminar, and reticular thalamic nuclei, as well as in the multisensory superior and pericentral inferior colliculi (including cuneiform and sagulum nucleus), Pontine nuclei, and periaqueductal gray. Our study supports the notion that AI is not merely involved in the analysis of auditory stimulus properties but also in processing of other sensory and multisensory information. Since AI is directly connected to other primary sensory cortices (viz. the somatosensory and olfactory ones) multisensory information is probably also processed in these cortices. This suggests more generally, that primary sensory cortices may not be unimodal. (c) 2006 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuroscience |
Volume | 143 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1065-1083 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | ISI:000242822700013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alberto Gallace |
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | In the present study, we attempted to demonstrate a synesthetic relationship between auditory frequency and visual size. In Experiment 1, participants performed a speeded visual size discrimination task in which they had to judge whether a variable-sized disk was bigger or smaller than a standard reference disk. A task-irrelevant sound that was either synesthetically congruent with the relative size of the disk (e.g., a low-frequency sound presented with a bigger disk) or synesthetically incongruent with it (e.g., a low-frequency sound presented with a smaller disk) was sometimes presented together with the variable disk. Reaction times were shorter in the synesthetically congruent condition than in the incongruent condition. Verbal labeling and semantic mediation interpretations of this interaction were explored in Experiment 2, in which high- and low-frequency sounds were presented in separate blocks of trials, and in Experiment 3, in which the tones were replaced by the spoken words “high” and “low.” Response priming/bias explanations were ruled out in Experiment 4, in which a synesthetic congruency effect was still reported even when participants made same-versus-different discrimination responses regarding the relative sizes of the two disks. Taken together, these results provide the first empirical demonstration that the relative frequency of an irrelevant sound can influence the speed with which participants judge the size of visual stimuli when the sound varies on a trial-by-trial basis along a synesthetically compatible dimension. The possible cognitive bases for this synesthetic association are also discussed. |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 68 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1191-1203 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03193720 |
ISSN | 1943-3921 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/h3g26t2518766761/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:09:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:09:59 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Molholm |
Author | W. Ritter |
Author | D.C. Javitt |
Author | J.J. Foxe |
Abstract | Multisensory object-recognition processes were investigated by examining the combined influence of visual and auditory inputs upon object identification -- in this case, pictures and vocalizations of animals. Behaviorally, subjects were significantly faster and more accurate at identifying targets when the picture and vocalization were matched (i.e. from the same animal), than when the target was represented in only one sensory modality. This behavioral enhancement was accompanied by a modulation of the evoked potential in the latency range and general topographic region of the visual evoked N1 component, which is associated with early feature processing in the ventral visual stream. High-density topographic mapping and dipole modeling of this multisensory effect were consistent with generators in lateral occipito-temporal cortices, suggesting that auditory inputs were modulating processing in regions of the lateral occipital cortices. Both the timing and scalp topography of this modulation suggests that there are multisensory effects during what is considered to be a relatively early stage of visual object-recognition processes, and that this modulation occurs in regions of the visual system that have traditionally been held to be unisensory processing areas. Multisensory inputs also modulated the visual selection-negativity', an attention dependent component of the evoked potential this is usually evoked when subjects selectively attend to a particular feature of a visual stimulus. |
Publication | Cereb. Cortex |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 452-465 |
Date | April 1, 2004 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhh007 |
Short Title | Multisensory Visual-Auditory Object Recognition in Humans |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/4/452 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 19:24:33 2008 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 19:24:33 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 19:26:25 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hans Stadthagen-Gonzalez |
Author | Markus F. Damian |
Author | Miguel A. Pérez |
Author | Jeffrey S. Bowers |
Author | Javier Marín |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1581 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470210802511139 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
Short Title | Name–picture verification as a control measure for object naming |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/17470210802511139 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 28 13:54:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Mon Sep 28 13:54:24 2009 |
Modified | Mon Sep 28 13:54:24 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. White |
Publication | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 153-156 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.R. Hodges |
Author | K. Patterson |
Author | N. Graham |
Author | K. Dawson |
Abstract | We studied the relationship between naming and the integrity of physical and associative knowledge in a group of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and matched normal controls. All subjects named 48 line drawings and later generated verbal definitions in response to the names of a subset of the 48 items, which included a minimum of six definitions for correctly named objects and six definitions for items that the subject failed to name. A comprehensive scoring system was designed for the definitions, including physical and associative features of a general and a specific type, a superordinate label, the core concept, and various categories of errors. The definitions generated by the DAT patients, even those in the minimal group, contained significantly less correct information than those of normal subjects, and definitions corresponding to unnamed items were more impoverished than those for named items. Particularly striking was the loss of core concept for unnamed items. There was also a disproportionate reduction in;physical information on unnamed compared to named items. We conclude that quantitative assessment of verbal definitions is a sensitive index of semantic memory breakdown. Our findings offer some support for the hypothesis that successful naming depends upon integrity of the subset of semantic knowledge comprising physical features. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 302-325 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Semenza |
Author | P.S. Bisiacchi |
Author | L. Romani |
Abstract | The status of semantic conceptual structures in aphasia was investigated with relation to naming disorders in spontaneous and constrained speech production. A battery of six tasks was administered to 25 control subjects and 25 aphasics : spontaneous speech production (from which the percentage of nouns was calculated), confrontation naming, understanding class relationships (verbal and pictorial), and understanding thematic relationships (verbal and pictorial). Results indicated the important role of taxonomic abilities for naming, while other conceptual structures (i.e., thematic relations) do not seem to play any important role in the process of naming. These results are discussed in terms of the internal organization of semantic information |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 349-364 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Semenza |
Author | P.S. Bisiacchi |
Author | L. Romani |
Abstract | The status of semantic conceptual structures in aphasia was investigated with relation to naming disorders in spontaneous and constrained speech production. A battery of six tasks was administered to 25 control subjects and 25 aphasics : spontaneous speech production (from which the percentage of nouns was calculated), confrontation naming, understanding class relationships (verbal and pictorial), and understanding thematic relationships (verbal and pictorial). Results indicated the important role of taxonomic abilities for naming, while other conceptual structures (i.e., thematic relations) do not seem to play any important role in the process of naming. These results are discussed in terms of the internal organization of semantic information |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 349-364 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:54:53 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Whitehouse |
Author | A. Caramazza |
Author | E. Zurif |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 63-74 |
Date | 1978 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Apr 25 19:15:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Author | S.S. Jones |
Author | B. Landau |
Abstract | Previous studies have shown that young children selectively attend to some object properties and ignore others when generalizing a newly learned object name. Moreover, the specific properties children attend to depend on the stimulus and task context. The present study tested an attentional account: that children's feature selection in name generalization is guided by non-strategic attentional processes that are minimally influenced by new conceptual information presented in the task. Four experiments presented 3-year-old children and adults with novel artifacts consisting of distinctive base objects with appended parts. In a Name condition, subjects were asked whether test objects had the same name as the exemplar. In a Similarity condition, subjects made similarity judgments for the same objects. Subjects in two experiments were shown a function for either the base object or the parts. Both adults' naming and similarity judgments were influenced by the functional information. Children's similarity judgments were also influenced by the functions. However, children's naming was immune to influence from information about function. Instead, children's feature selection in naming was shifted only by changes in the relative salience of base objects and parts. The results are consistent with the idea that dumb attentional processes are responsible for young children's smart generalizations of novel words to new instances. Potential mechanisms to explain these findings are discussed |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 143-171 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.J. Bergen |
Abstract | The artifcial language Esperanto is spoken not only as a second language, by its proponents, but also as a native language by children of some of those proponents. The present study is a preliminary description of some characteristics of the Native Esperanto (NE) of eight speakers, ranging in age from six to fourteen years. As such, it is the first of its kind ± previous works on NE are either theoretical treatises or individual case studies.We find, at least for the eight subjects studied, both bilingualism and nativization effects, differentiating native from non-native Esperanto speech. Among these effects are loss or modification of the accusative case, phonological reduction, attrition of the tense}aspect system, and pronominal cliticization. The theoretical ramifications are discussed, particularly with regard to universals of language acquisition and the effects of expressive requirements of language. |
Publication | Journal of Child Language |
Volume | 28 |
Pages | 575-595 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Karla K Evans |
Author | Anne Treisman |
Abstract | The brain may combine information from different sense modalities to enhance the speed and accuracy of detection of objects and events, and the choice of appropriate responses. There is mounting evidence that perceptual experiences that appear to be modality-specific are also influenced by activity from other sensory modalities, even in the absence of awareness of this interaction. In a series of speeded classification tasks, we found spontaneous mappings between the auditory feature of pitch and the visual features of vertical location, size, and spatial frequency but not contrast. By dissociating the task variables from the features that were cross-modally related, we find that the interactions happen in an automatic fashion and are possibly located at the perceptual level. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Date | 2010-01-12 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1167/10.1.6 |
ISSN | , 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/10/1/6 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 29 17:53:33 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.journalofvision.org |
Date Added | Wed Feb 29 17:53:33 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 29 17:53:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gašper Tkačik |
Author | Patrick Garrigan |
Author | Charles Ratliff |
Author | Grega Milčinski |
Author | Jennifer M. Klein |
Author | Lucia H. Seyfarth |
Author | Peter Sterling |
Author | David H. Brainard |
Author | Vijay Balasubramanian |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | e20409 |
Date | 2011-06-16 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0020409 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 17 12:39:11 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jul 17 12:39:11 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simon Kirby |
Abstract | This article aims to show that linguistics, in particular the study of the lexico-syntactic aspects of language, provides fertile ground for artificial life modeling. A survey of the models that have been developed over the last decade and a half is presented to demonstrate that ALife techniques have a lot to offer an explanatory theory of language. It is argued that this is because much of the structure of language is determined by the interaction of three complex adaptive systems: learning, culture, and biological evolution. Computational simulation, informed by theoretical linguistics, is an appropriate response to the challenge of explaining real linguistic data in terms of the processes that underpin human language. |
Publication | Artificial Life |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 185-215 |
Date | 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Artif. Life |
DOI | 10.1162/106454602320184248 |
ISSN | 1064-5462 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171637 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 31 01:37:55 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12171637 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 01:37:55 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul H. Thibodeau |
Author | Lera Boroditsky |
Abstract | Metaphors pervade discussions of social issues like climate change, the economy, and crime. We ask how natural language metaphors shape the way people reason about such social issues. In previous work, we showed that describing crime metaphorically as a beast or a virus, led people to generate different solutions to a city’s crime problem. In the current series of studies, instead of asking people to generate a solution on their own, we provided them with a selection of possible solutions and asked them to choose the best ones. We found that metaphors influenced people’s reasoning even when they had a set of options available to compare and select among. These findings suggest that metaphors can influence not just what solution comes to mind first, but also which solution people think is best, even when given the opportunity to explicitly compare alternatives. Further, we tested whether participants were aware of the metaphor. We found that very few participants thought the metaphor played an important part in their decision. Further, participants who had no explicit memory of the metaphor were just as much affected by the metaphor as participants who were able to remember the metaphorical frame. These findings suggest that metaphors can act covertly in reasoning. Finally, we examined the role of political affiliation on reasoning about crime. The results confirm our previous findings that Republicans are more likely to generate enforcement and punishment solutions for dealing with crime, and are less swayed by metaphor than are Democrats or Independents. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | e52961 |
Date | January 2, 2013 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0052961 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0052961 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 15 18:01:54 2013 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Mon Apr 15 18:01:54 2013 |
Modified | Mon Apr 15 18:01:54 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | C. J. Schneider |
Volume | 97 |
Publisher | National Acad Sciences |
Date | 2000 |
# of Pages | 12398-12399 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Seiji Nagae |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 421-429 |
Date | 1980 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.6.4.421 |
ISSN | 0096-1515 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xlm/6/4/421/ |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 18:30:34 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:30:34 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 18:30:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R N Haber |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 335-51 |
Date | Jul 1966 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5329297 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 15:18:14 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 5329297 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:09 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Terry C. Daniel |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 152-157 |
Date | 1972 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
DOI | 10.1037/h0033486 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/96/1/152/ |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 18:30:01 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:30:01 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 18:30:01 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juha Silvanto |
Author | Neil G Muggleton |
Author | Alan Cowey |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is now widely used as a ‘virtual’ lesion paradigm to investigate behavioural functions, but the mechanisms through which it influences neural processing are unclear. To understand the differential effects of TMS on spatially overlapping populations of neurons we manipulated the relative activity levels of visual neurons by adapting subjects to a range of visual stimuli. By applying TMS to the visual cortex representing the central visual field we have shown in two experiments that the behavioural and perceptual effects of TMS depend on the state of adaptation of the neural population stimulated by TMS. Specifically, we have demonstrated that within the stimulated area TMS perceptually facilitates the attributes encoded by the less active neural population. We have demonstrated the generality of this principle for both suprathreshold and subthreshold TMS as well as for colour and orientation-contingent colour using both subjective reports and psychophsyical measures. These findings can explain how TMS disrupts cognitive functions and therefore have implications for all studies which use TMS to disrupt behaviour. |
Publication | European Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1874-1881 |
Date | 2007/03/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05440.x |
ISSN | 1460-9568 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05440.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 23:42:27 2011 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 23:42:27 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. A. Bunge |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 45 |
Pages | 10347-10350 |
Date | 2005-11-09 |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2937-05.2005 |
ISSN | 0270-6474, 1529-2401 |
URL | http://ukpmc.ac.uk/abstract/MED/16280570 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 9 22:27:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Jun 9 22:27:15 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 9 22:27:15 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dafna Bergerbest |
Author | Dara G. Ghahremani |
Author | John D.E. Gabrieli |
Abstract | Repetition priming refers to enhanced or biased performance with repeatedly presented stimuli. Modality-specific perceptual repetition priming has been demonstrated behaviorally for both visually and auditorily presented stimuli. In functional neuroimaging studies, repetition of visual stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in the visual cortex, as well as in multimodal frontal and temporal regions. The reductions in sensory cortices are thought to reflect plasticity in modality-specific neocortex. Unexpectedly, repetition of auditory stimuli has resulted in reduced activation in multimodal and visual regions, but not in the auditory temporal lobe cortex. This finding puts the coupling of perceptual priming and modality-specific cortical plasticity into question. Here, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used with environmental sounds to reexamine whether auditory priming is associated with reduced activation in the auditory cortex. Participants heard environmental sounds (e.g., animals, machines, musical instruments, etc.) in blocks, alternating between initial and repeated presentations, and decided whether or not each sound was produced by an animal. Repeated versus initial presentations of sounds resulted in repetition priming (faster responses) and reduced activation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral superior temporal sulci, and right inferior prefrontal cortex. The magnitude of behavioral priming correlated positively with reduced activation in these regions. This indicates that priming for environmental sounds is associated with modification of neural activation in modality-specific auditory cortex, as well as in multimodal areas. |
Publication | J. Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 966-977 |
Date | 2004 |
Short Title | Neural Correlates of Auditory Repetition Priming |
URL | http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1161325 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 10:59:49 2010 |
Library Catalog | ACM |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 10:59:49 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 10:59:49 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Diane M. Beck |
Author | Geraint Rees |
Author | Christopher D. Frith |
Author | Nilli Lavie |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 645-650 |
Date | June 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/88477 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/88477 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 10:50:52 2011 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 10:50:52 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 10:50:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elisabeth Fonteneau |
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Abstract | This study used an electrophysiological marker of visual detection to investigate adults' processing of colour difference. Event-related potentials were collected from the identical colour (green: G0) presented as the frequent or infrequent stimulus within different colour contexts. Critically, we compared differences within the same colour category (G0 vs. green: G1) to differences between colour categories (G0 vs. blue and G0 vs. red). All differences showed a change-related positivity with similar scalp distribution. It was, however, not simply the magnitude of colour difference that reduced the latencies of the change-related positivity. A change in colour category without a magnitude difference also reduced latency of the event-related potential. Thus, for the first time we report an independent neural correlate of a colour category. |
Publication | Neuroreport |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 1323-1327 |
Date | Aug 27, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroreport |
DOI | 10.1097/WNR.0b013e3282c48c33 |
ISSN | 0959-4965 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762706 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 8 18:08:32 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17762706 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 8 18:08:32 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nadine Kloth |
Author | Stefan R Schweinberger |
Author | Gyula Kovács |
Abstract | Abstract The perception of facial gender has been found to be adaptively recalibrated: adaptation to male faces causes participants to perceive subsequent faces as more feminine and vice versa [Webster, M. A., Kaping, D., Mizokami, Y., & Duhamel, P. Adaptation to natural facial categories. Nature, 428, 557-561, 2004]. In an event-related brain potential (ERP) study, Kovács et al. [Kovács, G., Zimmer, M., Banko, E., Harza, I., Antal, A., & Vidnyanszky, Z. Electrophysiological correlates of visual adaptation to faces and body parts in humans. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 742-753, 2006] reported reduced N170 amplitudes and increased latencies for test faces following female gender adaptation compared to control stimulus (a phase randomized face) adaptation. We examined whether this N170 attenuation to test faces was related to the adaptor's gender, or to adaptation to face exposure in general. We compared N170 effects after adaptation to either male or androgynous faces. Additionally, we investigated cross-modal adaptation for the same test faces following male or androgynous voice adaptors. Visual adaptation to face gender replicated previously reported aftereffects in classifying androgynous faces, and a similar trend was observed following adaptation to voice gender. Strikingly, N170 amplitudes were dramatically reduced for faces following face adaptors (relative to those following voice adaptors), whereas only minimal gender-specific adaptation effects were seen in the N170. By contrast, strong gender-specific adaptation effects appeared in a centroparietal P3-like component ( approximately 400-600 msec), which in the context of adaptation may reflect a neural correlate of the detection of perceptual novelty. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Date | Aug 24, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21329 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19702459 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 28 15:30:54 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19702459 |
Date Added | Wed Oct 28 15:30:54 2009 |
Modified | Wed Oct 28 15:30:54 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Cisek |
Author | J.F. Kalaska |
Abstract | We show that while a primate chooses between two reaching actions, its motor system first represents both options and later reflects selection between them. When two potential targets appeared, many (43%) task-related, directionally tuned cells in dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) discharged if one of the targets was near their preferred direction. At the population level, this generated two simultaneous sustained directional signals corresponding to the current reach options. After a subsequent nonspatial cue identified the correct target, the corresponding directional signal increased, and the signal for the rejected target was suppressed. The PMd population reliably predicted the monkey's response choice, including errors. This supports a planning model in which multiple reach options are initially specified and then gradually eliminated in a competition for overt execution, as more information accumulates |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 801-814 |
Date | March 03, 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.D. Schall |
Author | N.P. Bichot |
Abstract | Recent research has clarified and revealed characteristics of perceptual and motor decision processes in the brain. A democracy of sensory neurons discriminate the properties of a stimulus, while competition contrasts the attributes of stimuli across the visual field to locate conspicuous stimuli. Salience and significance are weighed to select an object on which to focus attention and action. Experimentally combining neural and mental chronometry has determined the contribution of perceptual and motor processes to the duration and variability of behavioral reaction time. Whereas perceptual processing occupies a relatively constant amount of time for a given stimulus condition, the processes of mapping particular stimuli onto the appropriate behavior and preparing the motor response provide flexibility but introduce delay and variability in reaction time |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 211-217 |
Date | April 1998 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Gail |
Author | R.A. Andersen |
Abstract | We investigated the neural dynamics of sensorimotor transformations in the parietal reach region (PRR) of monkeys. To dissociate sensory from motor goal representations, we used a memory-guided anti-reach task. The monkeys had to reach either to a visually instructed, memorized peripheral target position (pro-reach) or to a diametrically opposed position (anti) while keeping central ocular fixation. Pro- and anti-reaches were randomly interleaved and indicated by a color instruction from the beginning of each trial. We analyzed spatiotemporal single-cell tuning and performed time-resolved population decoding to quantify the dynamic representation of the spatial visual cue, the reach goal, and the currently valid task rule (pro/anti mapping). Sensory information regarding the visual cue position was represented weakly during a short period of cue visibility. PRR predominantly encoded the reach goal from the end of the cue period on. The representation of the reach goal in the memory task evolves later for the anti-compared with pro-reaches, consistent with a 40-50 ms difference in reaction time between the two task rules. The task rule could be decoded before the appearance of the spatial cue, which indicates that abstract rule information is present in PRR that is independent of spatial cue or motor goal representations. Our findings support the hypothesis that PRR immediately translates current sensory information into reach movement plans, rather than storing the memorized cue location in the instructed-delay task. This finding indicates that PRR represents integrated knowledge on spatial sensory information combined with abstract behavioral rules to encode the desired movement goal |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 37 |
Pages | 9376-9384 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | ISI:000240495500005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Do-Joon Yi |
Author | Geoffrey F Woodman |
Author | David Widders |
Author | René Marois |
Author | Marvin M Chun |
Abstract | Observers commonly experience functional blindness to unattended visual events, and this problem has fuelled an intense debate concerning the fate of unattended visual information in neural processing. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to demonstrate that the type of task that a human subject engages in determines the way in which ignored visual background stimuli are processed in parahippocampal cortex. Increasing the perceptual difficulty of a foveal target task attenuated processing of task-irrelevant background scenes, whereas increasing the number of objects held in working memory did not have this effect. These dissociable effects of perceptual and working memory load clarify how task-irrelevant, unattended stimuli are processed in category-selective areas in human ventral visual cortex. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 992-996 |
Date | Sep 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1294 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
Short Title | Neural fate of ignored stimuli |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286791 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 10 21:39:24 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15286791 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 10 21:39:24 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.M. Kosslyn |
Author | G. Ganis |
Author | W.L. Thompson |
Abstract | Mental imagery has, until recently, fallen within the purview of philosophy and cognitive psychology. Both enterprises have raised important questions about imagery, but have not made substantial progress in answering them. With the advent of cognitive neuroscience, these questions have become empirically tractable. Neuroimaging studies, combined with other methods (such as studies of brain-damaged patients and of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation), are revealing the ways in which imagery draws on mechanisms used in other activities, such as perception and motor control. Because of its close relation to these basic processes, imagery is now becoming one of the best understood 'higher' cognitive functions |
Publication | Nature Reviews Neuroscience |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 635-642 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | ISI:000170889700016 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hannah R. Snyder |
Author | Natalie Hutchison |
Author | Erika Nyhus |
Author | Tim Curran |
Author | Marie T. Banich |
Author | Randall C. O'Reilly |
Author | Yuko Munakata |
Abstract | Whether grocery shopping or choosing words to express a thought, selecting between options can be challenging, especially for people with anxiety. We investigate the neural mechanisms supporting selection during language processing and its breakdown in anxiety. Our neural network simulations demonstrate a critical role for competitive, inhibitory dynamics supported by GABAergic interneurons. As predicted by our model, we find that anxiety (associated with reduced neural inhibition) impairs selection among options and associated prefrontal cortical activity, even in a simple, nonaffective verb-generation task, and the GABA agonist midazolam (which increases neural inhibition) improves selection, whereas retrieval from semantic memory is unaffected when selection demands are low. Neural inhibition is key to choosing our words. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1002291107 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/08/27/1002291107.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 22:51:14 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 22:51:14 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 22:51:14 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Qasim Zaidi |
Author | Robert Ennis |
Author | Dingcai Cao |
Author | Barry Lee |
Abstract | After fixating on a colored pattern, observers see a similar pattern in complementary colors when the stimulus is removed [1-6]. Afterimages were important in disproving the theory that visual rays emanate from the eye, in demonstrating interocular interactions, and in revealing the independence of binocular vision from eye movements. Afterimages also prove invaluable in exploring selective attention, filling in, and consciousness. Proposed physiological mechanisms for color afterimages range from bleaching of cone photopigments to cortical adaptation [4-9], but direct neural measurements have not been reported. We introduce a time-varying method for evoking afterimages, which provides precise measurements of adaptation and a direct link between visual percepts and neural responses [10]. We then use in vivo electrophysiological recordings to show that all three classes of primate retinal ganglion cells exhibit subtractive adaptation to prolonged stimuli, with much slower time constants than those expected of photoreceptors. At the cessation of the stimulus, ganglion cells generate rebound responses that can provide afterimage signals for later neurons. Our results indicate that afterimage signals are generated in the retina but may be modified like other retinal signals by cortical processes, so that evidence presented for cortical generation of color afterimages is explainable by spatiotemporal factors that modify all signals. |
Publication | Current Biology: CB |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 220-224 |
Date | Feb 7, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Biol. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.021 |
ISSN | 1879-0445 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264612 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:17:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22264612 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:17:30 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:17:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.R. Kuperberg |
Abstract | In 1980, the N400 event-related potential was described in association with semantic anomalies within sentences. When, in 1992, a second waveform, the P600, was reported in association with syntactic anomalies and ambiguities, the story appeared to be complete: the brain respected a distinction between semantic and syntactic representation and processes. Subsequent. studies showed that the P600 to syntactic anomalies and ambiguities was modulated by lexical and discourse factors. Most surprisingly, more than a decade after the P600 was first described, a series of studies reported that semantic verb-argument violations, in the absence of any violations or ambiguities of syntax can evoke robust P600 effects and no N400 effects. These observations have raised fundamental questions about the relationship between semantic and syntactic processing in the brain. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent studies that have demonstrated P600s to semantic violations in light of several proposed triggers: semantic-thematic attraction, semantic associative relationships, animacy and semantic-thematic violations, plausibility, task, and context. I then discuss these findings in relation to a unifying theory that attempts to bring some of these factors together and to link the P600 produced by semantic verb-argument violations with the P600 evoked by unambiguous syntactic violations and syntactic ambiguities. I suggest that normal language comprehension proceeds along at least two competing neural processing streams: a semantic memory-based mechanism, and a combinatorial mechanism (or mechanisms) that assigns structure to a sentence primarily on the basis of morphosyntactic rules, but also on the basis of certain semantic-thematic constraints. I suggest that conflicts between the different representations that are output by these distinct but interactive streams lead to a continued combinatorial analysis that is reflected by the P600 effect. I discuss some of the implications of this non-syntactocentric, dynamic model of language processing for understanding individual differences, language processing disorders and the neuroanatomical circuitry engaged during language comprehension. Finally, I suggest that that these two processing streams may generalize beyond the language system to real-world visual event comprehension. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1146 |
Pages | 23-49 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000246494200003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Desimone |
Author | J. Duncan |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 18 |
Pages | 193-222 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Desimone |
Author | J. Duncan |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 18 |
Pages | 193-222 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S M Kosslyn |
Author | C.F Chabris |
Author | D.P. Baker |
Abstract | Cook (1995) criticizes the work of Jacobs and Kosslyn (1994) on spatial relations, shape representations, and receptive fields in neural network models on the grounds that first-order correlations between input and output unit activities can explain the results. We reply briefly to Cook's arguments here (and in Kosslyn, Chabris, Marsolek, Jacobs & Koenig, 1995) and discuss how new simulations can confirm the importance of receptive field size as a crucial variable in the encoding of categorical and coordinate spatial relations and the corresponding shape representations; such simulations would testify to the computational distinction between the different types of representations. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 575-579 |
Date | October 1995 |
DOI | 10.1016/0364-0213(95)90011-X |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/els/03640213/1995/00000019/00000004/art90011 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 25 15:55:20 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 25 15:55:20 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 25 15:58:24 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Misha Tsodyks |
Author | Charles Gilbert |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 431 |
Issue | 7010 |
Pages | 775-781 |
Date | October 14, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/nature03013 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03013 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 8 23:13:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Dec 8 23:13:26 2011 |
Modified | Thu Dec 8 23:13:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Baldi |
Author | K. Hornik |
Publication | Neural Networks |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 53-58 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Melissa Newhart |
Author | Lynda Ken |
Author | Jonathan T Kleinman |
Author | Jennifer Heidler-Gary |
Author | Argye E Hillis |
Abstract | Lesion/deficit association studies of aphasia commonly focus on one brain region as primarily responsible for a particular language deficit. However, functional imaging and some lesion studies indicate that multiple brain regions are likely necessary for any language task. We tested 156 acute stroke patients on basic language tasks (naming and spoken and written word comprehension) and magnetic resonance diffusion and perfusion imaging to determine the relative contributions of various brain regions to each task. Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that the error rate on each task was best predicted by dysfunction in several perisylvian regions, with both common and distinct regions for the 3 tasks. |
Publication | Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology: Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-30 |
Date | Mar 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Behav Neurol |
DOI | 10.1097/WNN.0b013e31802dc4a7 |
ISSN | 1543-3633 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356341 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 10 23:38:57 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17356341 |
Date Added | Fri Feb 10 23:38:57 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jessica DeLeon |
Author | Rebecca F. Gottesman |
Author | Jonathan T. Kleinman |
Author | Melissa Newhart |
Author | Cameron Davis |
Author | Jennifer Heidler-Gary |
Author | Andrew Lee |
Author | Argye E. Hillis |
Abstract | We hypothesized that distinct cognitive processes underlying oral and written picture naming depend on intact function of different, but overlapping, regions of the left hemisphere cortex, such that the distribution of tissue dysfunction in various areas can predict the component of the naming process that is disrupted. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated 116 individuals within 24 h of acute ischaemic stroke using a battery of oral and written naming and other lexical tests, and with magnetic resonance diffusion and perfusion imaging to identify the areas of tissue dysfunction. Discriminant function analysis, using the degree of hypoperfusion in various Brodmann's areas—BA 22 (including Wernicke's area), BA 44 (part of Broca's area), BA 45 (part of Broca's area), BA 21 (inferior temporal cortex), BA 37 (posterior, inferior temporal/fusiform gyrus), BA 38 (anterior temporal cortex) and BA 39 (angular gyrus)—as discriminant variables, classified patients on the basis of the primary component of the naming process that was impaired (defined as visual, semantics, modality-independent lexical access, phonological word form, orthographic word form and motor speech by the pattern of performance and types of errors across lexical tasks). Additionally, linear regression analysis demonstrated that the areas contributing the most information to the identification of patients with particular levels of impairment in the naming process were largely consistent with evidence for the roles of these regions from functional imaging. This study provides evidence that the level of impairment in the naming process reflects the distribution of tissue dysfunction in particular regions of the left anterior, inferior and posterior middle/superior temporal cortex, posterior inferior frontal and inferior parietal cortex. While occipital cortex is also critical for picture naming, it is likely that bilateral occipital damage is necessary to disrupt visual recognition. These findings provide new evidence that a network of brain regions supports naming, but separate components of this network are differentially required for distinct cognitive processes or representations underlying the complex task of naming pictures. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1408 -1422 |
Date | May 01 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awm011 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/5/1408.abstract |
Accessed | Sat Feb 11 16:56:41 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 11 16:56:41 2012 |
Modified | Sat Feb 11 16:56:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.P. Saygin |
Author | F. Dick |
Author | S.W. Wilson |
Author | N.F. Dronkers |
Author | E. Bates |
Abstract | Although aphasia is often characterized as a selective impairment in language function, left hemisphere lesions may cause impairments in semantic processing of auditory information, not only in verbal but also in nonverbal domains. We assessed the 'online' relationship between verbal and nonverbal auditory processing by examining the ability of 30 left hemisphere-damaged aphasic patients to match environmental sounds and linguistic phrases to corresponding pictures. The verbal and nonverbal task components were matched carefully through a norming study; 21 age-matched controls and five right hemisphere-damaged patients were also tested to provide further reference points. We found that, while the aphasic groups were impaired relative to normal controls, they were impaired to the same extent in both domains, with accuracy and reaction time for verbal and nonverbal trials revealing unusually high correlations (r = 0.74 for accuracy, r = 0.95 for reaction time). Severely aphasic patients tended to perform worse in both domains, but lesion size did not correlate with performance. Lesion overlay analysis indicated that damage to posterior regions in the left middle and superior temporal gyri and to the inferior parietal lobe was a predictor of deficits in processing for both speech and environmental sounds. The lesion mapping and further statistical assessments reliably revealed a posterior superior temporal region (Wernicke's area, traditionally considered a language-specific region) as being differentially more important for processing nonverbal sounds compared with verbal sounds. These results suggest that, in most cases, processing of meaningful verbal and nonverbal auditory information break down together in stroke and that subsequent recovery of function applies to both domains. This suggests that language shares neural resources with those used for processing information in other domains |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 126 |
Pages | 928-945 |
Date | April 2003 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eleni Orfanidou |
Author | William D. Marslen-Wilson |
Author | Matthew H. Davis |
Abstract | An important method for studying how the brain processes familiar stimuli is to present the same item on more than one occasion and measure how responses change with repetition. Here we use repetition priming in a sparse functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to probe the neuroanatomical basis of spoken word recognition and the representations of spoken words that mediate repetition priming effects. Participants made lexical decisions to words and pseudowords spoken by a male or female voice that were presented twice, with half of the repetitions in a different voice. Behavioral and neural priming was observed for both words and pseudowords and was not affected by voice changes. The fMRI data revealed an elevated response to words compared to pseudowords in both posterior and anterior temporal regions, suggesting that both contribute to word recognition. Both reduced and elevated activation for second presentations (repetition suppression and enhancement) were observed in frontal and posterior regions. Correlations between behavioral priming and neural repetition suppression were observed in frontal regions, suggesting that repetition priming effects for spoken words reflect changes within systems involved in generating behavioral responses. Based on the current results, these processes are sufficiently abstract to display priming despite changes in the physical form of the stimulus and operate equivalently for words and pseudowords. |
Publication | J. Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1237-1252 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1245826 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 13:18:52 2010 |
Library Catalog | ACM |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 13:18:52 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 13:18:52 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Hopf |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Author | M. Girelli |
Author | T. Hagner |
Author | G.R. Mangun |
Author | H. Scheich |
Author | H.J. Heinze |
Abstract | Previous studies of visual search in humans using event-related potentials (ERPs) have revealed an ERP component called 'N2pc' (180-280 ms) that reflects the focusing of attention onto potential target items in the search array. The present study was designed to localize the neuroanatomical sources of this component by means of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings, which provide greater spatial precision than ERP recordings. MEG recordings were obtained with an array of 148 magnetometers from six normal adult subjects, one of whom was tested in multiple sessions so that both single-subject and group analyses could be performed. Source localization procedures revealed that the N2pc is composed of two distinct neural responses, an early parietal source (180-200 ms) and a later occipito-temporal source (220-240 ms). These findings are consistent with the proposal that parietal areas are used to initiate a shift of attention within a visual search array and that the focusing of attention is implemented by extrastriate areas of the occipital and inferior temporal cortex |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1233-1241 |
Date | December 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:08 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:08 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Martin Pütz |
Editor | Marjolijn Verspoor |
Author | S.M. Lamb |
Book Title | Explorations in Linguistic Relativity |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
Pages | 173-196 |
ISBN | 1556199775 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 20 07:50:00 2009 |
Modified | Mon Apr 20 07:50:29 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. KAPUR |
Author | F.I.M. Craik |
Author | E. Tulving |
Author | A.A. Wilson |
Author | S. Houle |
Author | G.M. Brown |
Abstract | Cognitive studies of memory processes demonstrate that memory for stimuli is a function of how they are encoded; stimuli processed semantically are better remembered than those processed in a perceptual or shallow fashion. This study investigates the neural correlates of this cognitive phenomenon. Twelve subjects performed two different cognitive tasks on a series of visually presented nouns. In one task, subjects detected the presence or absence of the letter a; in the other, subjects categorized each noun as living or nonliving. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans using O-15-labeled water were obtained during both tasks. Subjects showed substantially better recognition memory for nouns seen in the living/nonliving task, compared to nouns seen in the a-checking task. Comparison of the PET images between the two cognitive tasks revealed a significant activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's areas 45, 46, 47, and 10) in the semantic task as compared to the perceptual task. We propose that memory processes are subserved by a wide neurocognitive network and that encoding processes involve preferential activation of the structures in the left inferior prefrontal cortex |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 91 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 2008-2011 |
Date | March 15, 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marina Bedny |
Author | Sharon L Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | The present study characterizes the neural correlates of noun and verb imageability and addresses the question of whether components of the neural network supporting word recognition can be separately modified by variations in grammatical class and imageability. We examined the effect of imageability on BOLD signal during single-word comprehension of nouns and verbs. Subjects made semantic similarity judgments while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Nouns and verbs were matched on imageability, and imageability varied continuously within a grammatical category. We observed three anatomically separable effects: a main effect of grammatical class, a main effect of imageability, and an imageability by grammatical class cross-over interaction. The left superior parietal lobule and a region in the left fusiform responded similarly to increases in noun and verb imageability; the left superior temporal gyrus showed greater activity for verbs than nouns after imageability was matched across grammatical class; and, in both the left middle temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal lobe, a decrease in noun but not verb imageability resulted in higher BOLD signal. The presence of reliable and anatomically separable main effects of both imageability and grammatical class renders unlikely the hypothesis that previously reported dissociations between nouns and verbs can be dismissed as imageability effects. However, some regions previously thought to respond to grammatical class or imageability instead respond to the interaction of these variables. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 127-139 |
Date | Aug 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.04.008 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716387 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 18:18:42 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16716387 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 18:18:42 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Gernsbacher |
Author | M.P. Kaschak |
Abstract | The 1990s were dubbed the "Decade of the Brain." During this time there was a marked increase in the amount of neuroimaging work observing how the brain accomplishes many tasks, including the processing of language. In this chapter we review the past 15 years of neuroimaging research on language production and comprehension. The findings of these studies indicate that the processing involved in language use occurs in diffuse brain regions. These regions include Broca's and Wernicke's areas, primary auditory and visual cortex, and frontal regions in the left hemisphere, as well as in the right hemisphere homologues to these regions. We conclude the chapter by discussing the future of neuroimaging research into language production and comprehension |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 54 |
Pages | 91-114 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M J Tovée |
Abstract | Recent evidence suggests that sensory information is processed much faster than was previously thought and that individual neurons need to be active for only twenty to thirty milliseconds to mediate perception. |
Publication | Current Biology: CB |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1125-7 |
Date | Dec 1, 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Curr Biol |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7704578 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 06:23:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7704578 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 10 06:23:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D T Stuss |
Author | D F Benson |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-28 |
Date | Jan 1984 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Bull |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6544432 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 15:01:04 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6544432 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 15:01:04 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Colin Renfrew |
Abstract | The human genome, and hence the human brain at birth, may not have changed greatly over the past 60 000 years. Yet many of the major behavioural changes that we associate with most human societies are very much more recent, some appearing with the sedentary revolution of some 10 000 years ago. Among these are activities implying the emergence of powerful concepts of value and of the sacred. What then are the neuronal mechanisms that may underlie these consistent, significant (and emergent) patterns of behaviour? |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 363 |
Issue | 1499 |
Pages | 2041 -2047 |
Date | June 12 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.2008.0010 |
Short Title | Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox |
URL | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1499/2041.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Sep 7 23:10:17 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 7 23:10:17 2010 |
Modified | Tue Sep 7 23:10:17 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Colin Renfrew |
Abstract | The human genome, and hence the human brain at birth, may not have changed greatly over the past 60 000 years. Yet many of the major behavioural changes that we associate with most human societies are very much more recent, some appearing with the sedentary revolution of some 10 000 years ago. Among these are activities implying the emergence of powerful concepts of value and of the sacred. What then are the neuronal mechanisms that may underlie these consistent, significant (and emergent) patterns of behaviour? |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 363 |
Issue | 1499 |
Pages | 2041 -2047 |
Date | June 12 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.2008.0010 |
Short Title | Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox |
URL | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1499/2041.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Sep 7 23:10:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 7 23:10:21 2010 |
Modified | Tue Sep 7 23:10:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Helmut Kober |
Author | Martin Möller |
Author | Christopher Nimsky |
Author | Jürgen Vieth |
Author | Rudolf Fahlbusch |
Author | Oliver Ganslandt |
Abstract | We used a current localization by spatial filtering-technique to determine primary language areas with magnetoencephalography (MEG) using a silent reading and a silent naming task. In all cases we could localize the sensory speech area (Wernicke) in the posterior part of the left superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22) and the motor speech area (Broca) in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 44). Left hemispheric speech dominance was determined in all cases by a laterality index comparing the current source strength of the activated left side speech areas to their right side homologous. In 12 cases we found early Wernicke and later Broca activation corresponding to the Wernicke-Geschwind model. In three cases, however, we also found early Broca activation indicating that speech-related brain areas need not necessarily be activated sequentially but can also be activated simultaneously. Magnetoencephalography can be a potent tool for functional mapping of speech-related brain areas in individuals, investigating the time-course of brain activation, and identifying the speech dominant hemisphere. This may have implications for presurgical planning in epilepsy and brain tumor patients. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:236–250, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Publication | Human Brain Mapping |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 236-250 |
Date | 2001/12/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/hbm.1056 |
ISSN | 1097-0193 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1002/hbm.1056/abstract |
Accessed | Thu Jul 7 16:56:47 2011 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Thu Jul 7 16:56:47 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 7 16:56:47 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Franklin |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Abstract | Bornstein, Kessen, and Weiskopf (1976) reported that pre-linguistic infants perceive colour categorically for primary boundaries: Following habituation, dishabituation only occurred if the test stimulus was from a different adult category to the original. Here, we replicated this important study and extended it to include secondary boundaries, with a crucial modification: The separations between habituated and novel stimuli were equated in a perceptually uniform metric (Munsell), rather than in wavelength. Experiment 1 found Categorical Perception and no within-category novelty preference for primary boundary blue-green and secondary boundary blue-purple. Experiment 2 replicated the categorical effect for blue-purple and found no within-category novelty preference with increased stimulus separation. Experiment 3 showed category effects for a lightness/saturation boundary, pink-red. Novelty preference requires a categorical difference between the habituated and novel stimulus. The implications for the origin of linguistic colour categories are discussed |
Publication | British Journal of Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 22 |
Pages | 349-377 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juha Silvanto |
Author | Neil G. Muggleton |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is often described as a method for inducing reversible lesions in neurologically normal observers ("virtual lesions"). However, there is evidence that the behavioral and perceptual effects of TMS are too subtle to fit neatly into such a conceptualization. The objective of this commentary is to address some of the behavioral and perceptual consequences of TMS and to propose a novel mechanism by which TMS influences behavior. The approach presented here allows differential stimulation of functionally distinct neural populations and thus enables TMS studies not only to investigate the necessity of cortical regions, but also the neural processes that underlie that necessity.</p> |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 549-552 |
Date | January 15, 2008 |
DOI | 16/j.neuroimage.2007.09.008 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | New light through old windows |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811907008051 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 23:48:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 23:48:12 2011 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 15:09:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bart de Boer |
Author | Wendy Sandler |
Author | Simon Kirby |
Abstract | An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics including the duality of patterning, effect of lexicon size in the combinatorial structure through social coordination experiment, and hypothesis on the impact of diachronic change in duality of patterning. |
Publication | Language & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 251-259 |
Date | November 12, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Language & Cognition |
ISSN | 18669808 |
Short Title | New perspectives on duality of patterning |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 83469172 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wieske van Zoest |
Author | Barry Giesbrecht |
Author | James T. Enns |
Author | Alan Kingstone |
Abstract | ABSTRACT2014A 90° rotation of a display can turn a relatively easy visual search into a more difficult one. A series of experiments examined the possible causes of this effect, including differences in overall item shape and response mapping (Experiment 1), the interpretation of scene lighting (Experiment 2), the axis of internal symmetry of the search items (Experiment 3), and the axes of interitem symmetry between target and distractor items (Experiment 4). Only the elimination of differences in interitem mirror symmetry resulted in equal search efficiency in the upright and rotated displays. This finding is strong support for the view that visual search is guided by an analysis that considers interitem relations. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 535-542 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01740.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01740.x |
Accessed | Tue Feb 9 11:38:53 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Feb 9 11:38:53 2010 |
Modified | Tue Feb 9 11:38:53 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wieske van Zoest |
Author | Barry Giesbrecht |
Author | James T Enns |
Author | Alan Kingstone |
Abstract | A 90 degrees rotation of a display can turn a relatively easy visual search into a more difficult one. A series of experiments examined the possible causes of this effect, including differences in overall item shape and response mapping (Experiment 1), the interpretation of scene lighting (Experiment 2), the axis of internal symmetry of the search items (Experiment 3), and the axes of interitem symmetry between target and distractor items (Experiment 4). Only the elimination of differences in interitem mirror symmetry resulted in equal search efficiency in the upright and rotated displays. This finding is strong support for the view that visual search is guided by an analysis that considers interitem relations. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 535-542 |
Date | Jun 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01740.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
Short Title | New reflections on visual search |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16771805 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 7 22:56:15 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16771805 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 7 22:56:15 2010 |
Modified | Sun Feb 7 23:11:48 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ke Zhou |
Author | Lei Mo |
Author | Paul Kay |
Author | Veronica P. Y. Kwok |
Author | Tiffany N. M. Ip |
Author | Li Hai Tan |
Abstract | Linguistic categories have been shown to influence perceptual discrimination, to do so preferentially in the right visual field, to fail to do so when competing demands are made on verbal memory, and to vary with the color-term boundaries of different languages. However, because there are strong commonalities across languages in the placement of color-term boundaries, the question remains open whether observed categorical perception for color can be entirely a result of learned categories or may rely to some degree on innate ones. We show here that lateralized color categorical perception can be entirely the result of learned categories. In a visual search task, reaction times to targets were faster in the right than the left visual field when the target and distractor colors, initially sharing the same linguistic term (e.g., “blue”), became between-category colors after training (i.e., when two different shades of blue had each acquired a new name). A control group, whose conditions exactly matched those of the experimental group except that no new categories were introduced, did not show this effect, establishing that the effect was not dependent on increased familiarity with either the color stimuli or the task. The present results show beyond question that lateralized categorical perception of color can reflect strictly learned color categories, even artificially learned categories that violate both universal tendencies in color naming and the categorization pattern of the language of the subject. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 22 |
Pages | 9974 -9978 |
Date | June 01 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1005669107 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/107/22/9974.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Mar 1 20:44:10 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 20:44:10 2011 |
Modified | Tue Mar 1 20:44:10 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A.L. Ralph |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | K. Patterson |
Author | C.J. Galton |
Author | J.R. Hodges |
Abstract | The processes required for object naming were addressed in a study of patients with semantic dementia (a selective decline of semantic memory resulting from progressive temporal lobe atrophy) and in a computational model of single-word production. Although all patients with semantic dementia are impaired in both single-word production and comprehension, previous reports had indicated two different patterns: (a) a parallel decline in accuracy of naming and comprehension with frequent semantic naming errors, suggesting a purely semantic basis for the anemia and (b) a dramatic progressive anemia without commensurate decline in comprehension, which might suggest a mainly postsemantic source of the anomia. Longitudinal data for 16 patients with semantic dementia reflected these two profiles, but with the following additional important specifications: (1) despite a few relatively extreme versions of one or other profile, the full set of cases formed a continuum in the extent of anomia for a given degree of degraded comprehension; (2) the degree of disparity between these two abilities was associated with relative asymmetry in laterality of atrophy: a parallel decline in the two measures characterized patients with greater right than left-temporal atrophy, while disproportionate anemia occurred with a predominance of atrophy in the left-temporal lobe. In an implemented computational model of naming, semantic representations were distributed across simulated left- and right-temporal regions, but the semantic units on the left were more strongly connected to left-lateralized phonological representations. Asymmetric damage to semantic units reproduced the longitudinal patient profiles of naming relative to comprehension. plus additional characteristics of che patients' naming performance. On the basis of both the neuropsychological and computational evidence, we propose that semantic impairment alone can account for the full range of word production deficits described here |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 341-356 |
Date | April 01, 2001 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Dale |
Author | Anne S. Warlaumont |
Author | D.C. Richardson |
Abstract | We briefly present lag sequential analysis for behavioral streams, a commonly used method in psychology for quantifying the relationships between two nominal time series. Cross recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) is shown as an extension of this technique, and we exemplify this nominal application of CRQA to eye-movement data in human interaction. In addition, we demonstrate nominal CRQA in a simple coupled logistic map simulation used in previous communication research, permitting the investigation of properties of nonlinear systems such as bifurcation and onset to chaos, even in the streams obtained by coarse-graining a coupled nonlinear model. We end with a summary of the importance of CRQA for exploring the relationship between two behavioral streams, and review a recent theoretical trend in the cognitive sciences that would be usefully informed by this and similar nonlinear methods. We hope this work will encourage scientists interested in general properties of complex, nonlinear dynamical systems to apply emerging methods to coarse-grained, nominal units of measure, as there is an immediate need for their application in the psychological domain. |
Publication | International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 04 |
Pages | 1153 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1142/S0218127411028970 |
ISSN | 0218-1274 |
URL | http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1314868/ |
Accessed | Mon Jul 23 01:21:51 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jul 23 01:21:51 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jul 23 01:22:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Agnes Flöel |
Abstract | Background: Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been used as a probe to modulate cognitive functions in humans for the last 20 years. The two most commonly reported techniques are transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which have both been used with different stimulation parameters to increase or decrease excitability in target cortical regions. Aims: In the present review, we highlight recent developments in TMS and tDCS in language research in healthy individuals. Main Contribution: We will first describe how tDCS and TMS have been employed to improve either performance of language tasks, or learning in the language domain (facilitatory brain stimulation). Then, we will show how these techniques were used as interference techniques (inhibitory brain stimulation) for understanding brain–behaviour interactions and to explore possible cause–effect links between altered activity in specific brain areas and particular behaviours. We will only review studies in healthy individuals, and first pilot trials in patient population with more general cognitive impairments (idiopathic Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease). For tDCS studies in aphasia, see Crinion (2011 this issue); for TMS studies in aphasia, see Coslett and Hamilton (2011 this issue). Conclusions: In the healthy brain, NIBS can be used to delineate the functional significance of a particular brain region for the respective language task under study. Here, new possibilities of combining TMS or tDCS with functional imaging techniques offer unique opportunities to not only address the functional significance of a brain area underlying the coil or electrode, but in addition allow testing NIBS effects on an entire network. In this setting, TMS, both in its single-pulse and its repetitive form, allows the modulation of a specific function within milliseconds (single-pulse) or the order of seconds (particularly high-frequency rTMS trains), while tDCS has the disadvantage of requiring longer stimulation times. On the other hand, the relatively easy use of tDCS in the magnetic resonance scanner environment will render simultaneous recording of brain function and activation much more accessible, thus offering novel avenues in the study of network effects of NIBS. For proof-of principle studies to improve language learning in the healthy brain, tDCS may be the most fruitful approach due to its easy applicability and excellent safety profile. Subsequent use of this technique in parallel to training protocols to improve re-acquisition of language functions aphasic patients offers exciting possibilities in the realm of neurorehabilitation. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | Online first |
Pages | 1-21 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687038.2011.589892 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02687038.2011.589892 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 08:29:05 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 08:29:05 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jul 22 23:30:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Clarke |
Author | A. Bellmann |
Author | F. DeRibaupierre |
Author | G. Assal |
Abstract | Three different aptitudes involved in sound object recognition were tested in 60 normal subjects and 20 brain-damaged patients: (i) capacity to segregate sound objects on different cues (intensity steps, coherent temporal modulations or signal onset synchrony); (ii) asemantic recognition of sounds of real objects by judging whether two different sound samples belonged to the same object; and (iii) semantic identification of sounds of real objects as judged by means of a multiple choice response test. In 12 patients, different aptitudes involved in auditory recognition were disrupted separately and in a way which speaks in favour of parallel rather than hierarchical processing. There was no strong association between deficits in non-verbal auditory recognition and aphasia or the side of lesion. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 587-603 |
Date | June 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Bozeat |
Author | M.A. Lambon-Ralph |
Author | Karalyn Patterson |
Author | P Garrard |
Author | J R Hodges |
Abstract | The clinical presentation of patients with semantic dementia is dominated by anomia and poor verbal comprehension. Although a number of researchers have argued that these patients have impaired comprehension of non-verbal as well as verbal stimuli, the evidence for semantic deterioration is mainly derived from tasks that include some form of verbal input or output. Few studies have investigated semantic impairment using entirely non-verbal assessments and the few exceptions have been based on results from single cases ([3]: Breedin SD, Saffran EM, Coslett HB. Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1994;11:617-660, [12]: Graham KS, Becker JT, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Lost for words: a case of primary progressive aphasia? In: Parkin A, editor. Case studies in the neuropsychology of memory, East Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997. pp. 83-110, [21]: Lambon Ralph MA, Howard D. Gogi aphasia or semantic dementia? Simulating and assessing poor verbal comprehension in a case of progressive fluent aphasia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, (in-press). This study employed sound recognition and semantic association tasks to investigate the nature of the verbal and non-verbal comprehension deficit in 10 patients with semantic dementia. The patients were impaired on both verbal and non-verbal conditions of the assessments, and their accuracy on these tasks was directly related to their scores on a range of other tests requiring access to semantic memory. Further analyses revealed that performance was graded by concept and sound familiarity and, in addition, identified significant item consistency across the different conditions of the tasks. These results support the notion that the patients' deficits across all modalities were due to degradation within a single, central network of conceptual knowledge. There were also reliable differences between conditions. The sound-picture matching task proved to be more sensitive to semantic impairment than the word-picture matching equivalent, and the patients performed significantly better on the picture than word version of a semantic association test. We propose that these differences arise directly from the nature of the mapping between input modality and semantic memory. Words and sounds have an arbitrary relationship with meaning while pictures benefit from a degree of systematicity with conceptual knowledge about the object. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1207-1215 |
Date | 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10865096 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 10 23:18:44 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10865096 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 10 23:18:44 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Ivanoff |
Author | W. Saoud |
Publication | Attention, Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 872 |
Date | 2009 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:35:57 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 16 17:35:57 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jason Ivanoff |
Author | Wafa Saoud |
Abstract | Recent evidence suggests that nonpredictive gaze, hand, arrow, and peripheral cues elicit shifts of reflexive attention. In the present article, we address whether these cues also influence the decision criterion in a go/no-go task. Nonpredictive central gaze and hand cues pointed toward or away from the location of an imminent target. Responses to the targets were faster, and false alarm errors were more frequent, when cues pointed toward the target than when they were directed away from it. Although a similar pattern was observed with nonpredictive arrow cues, it was not seen with nonpredictive peripheral cues. These results suggest that nonpredictive central cues not only affect attention, but also bias decision processes. |
Publication | Attention, Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 872-880 |
Date | May 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/APP.71.4.872 |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/71/4/872.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Nov 10 14:21:08 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 10 14:21:08 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 10 14:21:08 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Agnes Flöel |
Author | Nina Rösser |
Author | Olesya Michka |
Author | S. Knecht |
Author | Caterina Breitenstein |
Abstract | Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a reliable technique to improve motor learning. We here wanted to test its potential to enhance associative verbal learning, a skill crucial for both acquiring new languages in healthy individuals and for language reacquisition after stroke-induced aphasia. We applied tDCS (20 min, 1 mA) over the posterior part of the left peri-sylvian area of 19 young right-handed individuals while subjects acquired a miniature lexicon of 30 novel object names. Every subject participated in one session of anodal tDCS, one session of cathodal tDCS, and one sham session in a randomized and double-blinded design with three parallel versions of the miniature lexicon. Outcome measures were learning speed and learning success at the end of each session, and the transfer to the subjects' native language after the respective stimulation. With anodal stimulation, subjects showed faster and better associative learning as compared to sham stimulation. Mood ratings, reaction times, and response styles were comparable between stimulation conditions. Our results demonstrate that anodal tDCS is a promising technique to enhance language learning in healthy adults and may also have the potential to improve language reacquisition after stroke. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1415-1422 |
Date | Aug 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2008.20098 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18303984 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 14 15:14:02 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18303984 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 14 15:14:02 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Japkowicz |
Author | S.J. Hanson |
Author | M.A. Gluck |
Abstract | A common misperception within the neural network community is that even with nonlinearities in their hidden layer, autoassociators trained with backpropagation are equivalent to linear methods such as principal component analysis (PCA). Our purpose is to demonstrate that nonlinear autoassociators actually behave differently from linear methods and that they can outperform these methods when used for latent extraction, projection, and classification. While linear autoassociators emulate PCA, and thus exhibit a flat or unimodal reconstruction error surface, autoassociators with nonlinearities in their hidden layer learn domains by building error reconstruction surfaces that, depending on the task, contain multiple local valleys. This interpolation bias allows nonlinear autoassociators to represent appropriate classifications of nonlinear multimodal domains, in contrast to linear autoassociators, which are inappropriate for such tasks. In fact, autoassociators with hidden unit nonlinearities can be shown to perform nonlinear classification and nonlinear recognition |
Publication | Neural Computation |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 531-545 |
Date | March 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susan Wayland |
Author | John E Taplin |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 87-108 |
Date | 1982 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jun 7 10:45:21 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Basso |
Author | P. Faglioni |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-193 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Edward M Bowden |
Author | Mark Jung-Beeman |
Abstract | We have developed and tested 144 compound remote associate problems. Across eight experiments, 289 participants were given four time limits (2 sec, 7 sec, 15 sec, or 30 sec) for solving each problem. This paper provides a brief overview of the problems and normative data regarding the percentage of participants solving, and mean time-to-solution for, each problem at each time limit. These normative data can be used in selecting problems on the basis of difficulty or mean time necessary for reaching a solution. |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 634-639 |
Date | Nov 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput |
ISSN | 0743-3808 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748508 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 23:36:30 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14748508 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 23:36:30 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hans-Christoph Nuerk |
Author | Wiebke Iversen |
Author | Klaus Willmes |
Abstract | Number magnitude and number parity representation are fundamental number representations. However, the representation of parity is much less understood than that of magnitude: Therefore, we investigated it by examining the (new) Linguistic Markedness of Response Codes (MARC) effect: Responses are facilitated if stimuli and response codes both have the same (congruent) linguistic markedness (even-right, odd-left) while incongruent conditions (even-left, odd-right) lead to interference. We examined systematically the MARC (for parity) and the Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC; for magnitude) effect for different number notations (positive Arabic, negative Arabic, number words) and with different methods of data analysis. In a parity judgement task, the SNARCeffect indicating a magnitude representation was replicated for all notations except for negative numerals. The MARCeffect was found for number words in all analyses, but less consistently for the other notations. In contrast, a correlational analysis of the reaction time (RT) data, as suggested by Sternberg (1969) using a nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) procedure, produced a clear association of parity and response code for all notations (MARCeffect), but little evidence of the SNARCeffect. We discuss the extent to which these notation-specific MARC and SNARC effects constrain current models of number processing and elaborate on the possible functional locus of the MARC effect. |
Publication | The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 835-863 |
Date | Jul 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol A |
DOI | 10.1080/02724980343000512 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15204120 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 15:08:53 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Theodosius Dobzhansky |
Publication | The American Biology Teacher |
Volume | 35 |
Pages | 125-129 |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 01:58:55 2012 |
Modified | Sun Sep 2 02:00:55 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.A. Johnston |
Author | K.J. Hawley |
Author | J.M. Farnham |
Abstract | Observers received glimpses of 4-word arrays and were probed for the locations of particular words. Familiar words were repeated across arrays but novel words were not. Accuracy was higher for familiar than for novel arrays, but this baseline difference was diminished when a single novel word appeared with three familiar words. In these arrays, accuracy rose above baseline for novel words, defining novel popout (NPO), and fell below baseline for familiar words, defining familiar sink-in (FSI). In Experiments 1-4, these effects increased directly with field familiarity and associative unitization. In Experiments 5-7, NPO remained intact and FSI actually increased as duration of array exposure was reduced from 200 ms to as brief as 33 ms. At brief exposures, even familiar words popped out from fields in which they had never before appeared. NPO is attributed to the disinhibition of locations associated with bottom-up-top-down mismatches |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 140-153 |
Date | February 1993 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. B. Prusiner |
Abstract | After infection and a prolonged incubation period, the scrapie agent causes a degenerative disease of the central nervous system in sheep and goats. Six lines of evidence including sensitivity to proteases demonstrate that this agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Although the scrapie agent is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation. The agent shows heterogeneity with respect to size, apparently a result of its hydrophobicity; the smallest form may have a molecular weight of 50,000 or less. Because the novel properties of the scrapie agent distinguish it from viruses, plasmids, and viroids, a new term "prion" is proposed to denote a small proteinaceous infectious particle which is resistant to inactivation by most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Knowledge of the scrapie agent structure may have significance for understanding the causes of several degenerative diseases. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 216 |
Issue | 4542 |
Pages | 136-144 |
Date | 04/09/1982 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.6801762 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/216/4542/136 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:53:09 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 6801762 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. B. Prusiner |
Abstract | After infection and a prolonged incubation period, the scrapie agent causes a degenerative disease of the central nervous system in sheep and goats. Six lines of evidence including sensitivity to proteases demonstrate that this agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Although the scrapie agent is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation. The agent shows heterogeneity with respect to size, apparently a result of its hydrophobicity; the smallest form may have a molecular weight of 50,000 or less. Because the novel properties of the scrapie agent distinguish it from viruses, plasmids, and viroids, a new term "prion" is proposed to denote a small proteinaceous infectious particle which is resistant to inactivation by most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Knowledge of the scrapie agent structure may have significance for understanding the causes of several degenerative diseases. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 216 |
Issue | 4542 |
Pages | 136-144 |
Date | 04/09/1982 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.6801762 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/216/4542/136 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:53:09 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 6801762 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Astley |
Author | E.A. Wasserman |
Abstract | Superordinate categorization via association with a common response was studied in pigeons. Original training paired disparate classes (e.g., people + chairs and cars + flowers) with a common response (Responses 1 and 2, respectively). Reassignment training taught new responses (Responses 3 and 4, respectively) to one component class from each pair (e.g., people and cars). Superordinate categorization was documented in testing when the pigeons made the same responses to the stimuli that were withheld in reassignment training (e.g., chairs and flowers) as they did to the reassigned stimuli themselves (e.g., people and cars) and when the birds transferred these discriminative responses to novel stimuli from all four component classes. Reassignment training with novel stimuli produced effects that were similar to those of reassignment training with familiar stimuli. Superordinate categorization via association with a common response is thus a robust effect that generalizes to novel stimuli from each of the component classes |
Publication | Animal Learning & Behavior |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 125-138 |
Date | May 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Date | 2008 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Austin, TX |
Pages | 963-968 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:13 2009 |
Modified | Fri Apr 23 18:57:14 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Gelman |
Author | B. Butterworth |
Abstract | Does the ability to develop numerical concepts depend on our ability to use language? We consider the role of the vocabulary of counting words in developing numerical concepts. We challenge the 'bootstrapping' theory which claims that children move from using something like an object-file - an attentional process for responding to small numerosities - to a truly arithmetic one as a result of their learning the counting words. We also question the interpretation of recent findings from Amazonian cultures that have very restricted number vocabularies. Our review of data and theory, along with neuroscientific evidence, imply that numerical concepts have an ontogenetic origin and a neural basis that are independent of language |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 6-10 |
Date | January 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Frank |
Author | Daniel L. Everett |
Author | Evelina Fedorenko |
Author | Edward Gibson |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 819-824 |
Date | September 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.007 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Number as a cognitive technology |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T24-4SR081F-2/2/109fc92d3e16357e9daac9103d0ae23c |
Accessed | Mon Sep 6 01:04:41 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Sep 6 01:04:41 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabet Spaepen |
Author | Marie Coppola |
Author | Elizabeth S. Spelke |
Author | Susan E. Carey |
Author | Susan Goldin-Meadow |
Abstract | Cross-cultural studies suggest that access to a conventional language containing words that can be used for counting is essential to develop representations of large exact numbers. However, cultures that lack a conventional counting system typically differ from cultures that have such systems, not only in language but also in many other ways. As a result, it is difficult to isolate the effects of language on the development of number representations. Here we examine the numerical abilities of individuals who lack conventional language for number (deaf individuals who do not have access to a usable model for language, spoken or signed) but who live in a numerate culture (Nicaragua) and thus have access to other aspects of culture that might foster the development of number. These deaf individuals develop their own gestures, called homesigns, to communicate. We show that homesigners use gestures to communicate about number. However, they do not consistently extend the correct number of fingers when communicating about sets greater than three, nor do they always correctly match the number of items in one set to a target set when that target set is greater than three. Thus, even when integrated into a numerate society, individuals who lack input from a conventional language do not spontaneously develop representations of large exact numerosities. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Date | February 07 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1015975108 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/01/31/1015975108.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Oct 13 09:32:00 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Oct 13 09:32:00 2011 |
Modified | Thu Oct 13 09:32:00 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Gordon |
Abstract | Members of the Piraha tribe use a "one-two-many" system of counting. I ask whether speakers of this innumerate language can appreciate larger numerosities without the benefit of words to encode them. This addresses the classic Whorfian question about whether language can determine thought. Results of numerical tasks with varying cognitive demands show that numerical cognition is clearly affected by the lack of a counting system in the language. Performance with quantities greater than three was remarkably poor, but showed a constant coefficient of variation, which is suggestive of an analog estimation process |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 306 |
Issue | 5695 |
Pages | 496-499 |
Date | October 15, 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:21 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Brian Butterworth |
Author | Robert Reeve |
Author | Fiona Reynolds |
Author | Delyth Lloyd |
Abstract | Are thoughts impossible without the words to express them? It has been claimed that this is the case for thoughts about numbers: Children cannot have the concept of exact numbers until they know the words for them, and adults in cultures whose languages lack a counting vocabulary similarly cannot possess these concepts. Here, using classical methods of developmental psychology, we show that children who are monolingual speakers of two Australian languages with very restricted number vocabularies possess the same numerical concepts as a comparable group of English-speaking indigenous Australian children. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 35 |
Pages | 13179 -13184 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0806045105 |
Short Title | Numerical thought with and without words |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/105/35/13179.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 01:33:51 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 01:33:51 2012 |
Modified | Sun Feb 12 01:33:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael L Mack |
Author | I. Gauthier |
Author | Javid Sadr |
Author | Thomas J Palmeri |
Abstract | A tight temporal coupling between object detection (is an object there?) and object categorization (what kind of object is it?) has recently been reported (Grill-Spector & Kanwisher, 2005), suggesting that image segmentation into different objects and categorization of those objects at the basic level may be the very same mechanism. In the present work, we decoupled the time course of detection and categorization through two task manipulations. First, inverted objects were categorized significantly less accurately than upright objects across a range of image presentation durations, but no significant effect on object detection was observed. Second, systematically degrading stimuli affected categorization significantly more than object detection. The time course of object detection and object categorization can be selectively manipulated. They are not intrinsically linked. As soon as you know an object is there, you do not necessarily know what it is. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-35 |
Date | Feb 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Object detection and basic-level categorization |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18605476 |
Accessed | Sun May 17 20:20:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18605476 |
Date Added | Sun May 17 20:20:47 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Haline E Schendan |
Author | Stephen M Maher |
Abstract | The timing of activating memory about visual objects is important for theories of human cognition but largely unknown, especially for tasks like entry level categorization that activate semantic memory. We tested an implicit memory-categorization "equivalence" hypothesis of multiple memory systems theory that a cortical system that stores structural knowledge to support entry level categorization also stores long-term, perceptual implicit memory, resulting in priming of this knowledge. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded to impoverished pictures of new and repeated objects that were similar in perceptual properties but differed in categorization success. The cortical dynamics of object knowledge were defined using categorization ratings and naming. As predicted, rating, naming, and repetition effects on a frontocentral N350 show that implicit memory modifies the object knowledge network supporting categorization. This ERP is a complex of components between 200 and 500 ms indexing temporally overlapping substates from more perceptual to more conceptual knowledge. A frontopolar N350 subcomponent defines the first substate of a process of object model selection from occipitotemporal cortex based on shape similarity, and indicates that implicit memory in this system is greater with better categorization success. Afterwards, parietal positivity and a slow wave index secondary, post-model selection processes, like evaluating the success of a decision or memory match, and working memory for overt report, respectively. Altogether, ERP findings support the equivalence hypothesis and a two-state interactive account of visual object knowledge, and delineate the timing of multiple memory systems. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1423-1438 |
Date | Feb 15, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.061 |
ISSN | 1095-9572 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19010426 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 7 11:54:37 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19010426 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 7 11:54:37 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Author | Susan S. Jones |
Author | Barbara Landau |
Author | Lisa Gershkoff-Stowe |
Author | Larissa Samuelson |
Abstract | By the age of 3, children easily learn to name new objects, extending new names for unfamiliar objects by similarity in shape. Two experiments tested the proposal that experience in learning object names tunes children's attention to the properties relevant for naming--in the present case, to the property of shape--and thus facilitates the learning of more object names. In Experiment 1, a 9-week longitudinal study, 17-month-old children who repeatedly played with and heard names for members of unfamiliar object categories well organized by shape formed the generalization that only objects with similar shapes have the same name. Trained children also showed a dramatic increase in acquisition of new object names outside of the laboratory during the course of the study. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and showed that they depended on children's learning both a coherent category structure and object names. Thus, children who learn specific names for specific things in categories with a common organizing property--in this case, shape--also learn to attend to just the right property--in this case, shape--for learning more object names. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 13-19 |
Date | Jan., 2002 |
ISSN | 09567976 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063689 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 21:54:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jan., 2002 / Copyright © 2002 Association for Psychological Science |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 21:54:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Aug 30 00:16:20 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V. S. Ramachandran |
Author | C. Armel |
Author | C. Foster |
Author | R. Stoddard |
Abstract | When two spatially separated spots of light are flashed in rapid succession, apparent motion is seen between them. We extended this phenomenon by photographing a face and producing from it a fragmented 'puzzle picture' or 'Mooney face' in which the face is not initially visible (Fig. 1, left; frame 1) but is seen after 15 to 60 seconds. Another photograph of the same face seen in profile was used to produce a second Mooney face (Fig. 1, right; frame 2). When the two images were alternated, naive subjects at first saw random, incoherent, two-dimensional (2D) motion between the fragments. But once the face was recognized, it was perceived to rotate unambiguously in three dimensions. We conclude that complex image tokens set up by perceptual learning can drive perception of apparent motion. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 395 |
Issue | 6705 |
Pages | 852-853 |
Date | 1998-10-29 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/27573 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6705/abs/395852a0.html |
Accessed | Fri Dec 28 18:40:44 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 1998 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Fri Dec 28 18:40:44 2012 |
Modified | Fri Dec 28 18:40:44 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Landau |
Author | L. Smith |
Author | S. Jones |
Abstract | We investigated the roles of shape and function in object naming. Two-, three-, and five-year-olds and adults heard novel or familiar objects named; some participants also were instructed about the objects' functions. Then they were asked to generalize the names to new objects that preserved shape or functional capability; some participants also judged the objects' potential for carrying out the designated function. Children generalized the name by object shape regardless of instruction, but adults did so only in the absence of instruction or for familiar objects. Knowledge of function independent of naming became increasingly stronger and diverse over age. The strong developmental changes in the role of function bear on mechanisms of object naming. (C) 1998 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-27 |
Date | 1998 |
URL | ISI:000071684000001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | V. DiLollo |
Abstract | Can four dots that surround, but do not touch, a target shape act as a mask to reduce target discriminability? Although existing theories of metacontrast and pattern masking say ''no,'' we report this occurs when targets appear in unpredictable locations. In three experiments, a four-dot mask was compared with a standard metacontrast mask that surrounded the target. Although accuracy was predictably different for the two masks at a central display location in Experiment 1, both masks had similar strong effects on accuracy in parafoveal locations. Experiment 2 revealed that both four-dot and metacontrast masking were insensitive to contour proximity in parafoveal display locations, and Experiment 3 showed that four-dot masking could occur even at a central location if attention was distributed among several targets. We propose that targets in unattended locations are coded with low spatiotemporal resolution, leaving them vulnerable to substitution by the four dots when attention is directed to them |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 135-139 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Author | Nick Donnelly |
Abstract | Previous research on object superiority effects has shown that certain contexts enhance the recognition of an object part. However, those contexts would not normally be called objects. The present study discusses object superiority within more general issues of object recognition. By using what we call [`]complete' probes, superiority effects were extended to exposure durations much longer than those used in previous research. Experiments 1 and 2 found that complete probes gave stable superiorities at 250 msec and even 2-sec stimulus exposures. These object superiority effects were found for both objects (faces and chairs) investigated. Experiment 3 showed that object superiorities established with complete probes were not necessarily greater than those for part probes. The experiments stress the role of spatial arrangement of object parts in accessing stored information. It is argued that a successful match of a structural description to a representation in long-term memory influences stimulus processing by allowing the formation of higher level features. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 225-243 |
Date | April 1990 |
DOI | 10.1016/0001-6918(90)90024-A |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
Short Title | Object superiority |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V5T-45WHSJD-3/2/60627d0f728ba7f089df1780a96b55ed |
Accessed | Fri Oct 22 10:38:50 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Oct 22 10:38:50 2010 |
Modified | Fri Oct 22 10:38:50 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Mozer |
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Contributor | L. Itti |
Contributor | G. Rees |
Contributor | J. Tsotsos |
Abstract | Behavioral studies of visual attention have suggested two complementary modes of selection. In a space-based mode, locations in the visual field are selected; in an object-based mode, organized chunks of visual information-roughly, objects-are selected, even if the objects overlap in space or are spatially discontinuous. Although the two modes are distinct, they can operate in concert to influence the allocation of attention. This chapter presents key experimental results on space- and object-based attention and their interaction, and sketches a theoretical framework in which the two attentional modes can be unified. This chapter also discusses alternative notions of objectbased attention, from perceptual grouping of low-level features in a retinotopic reference frame to construction of structural descriptions, and argues that the data are consistent with the former-a simple, low-level mechanism. |
Book Title | Neurobiology of attention |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Date | 2005 |
Pages | 130-134 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Sat Apr 7 22:01:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven P. Tipper |
Author | Bruce Weaver |
Author | Loretta M. Jerreat |
Author | Arloene L. Burak |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 478-499 |
Date | 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-1523.20.3.478 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xhp/20/3/478.html |
Accessed | Mon Nov 2 19:30:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Nov 2 19:30:47 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 2 19:30:47 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.F. Kramer |
Author | T.A. Weber |
Author | S.E. Watson |
Abstract | S. P. Vecera and M. J. Farah (1994) have addressed the issue of whether visual attention selects objects or locations. They obtained data that they interpreted as evidence for attentional selection of objects from an internal spatially invariant representation. A. F. Kramer, T. A. Weber, and S. E. Watson question this interpretation on both theoretical and empirical grounds. First, the authors suggest that there are other interpretations of the Vecera and Farah data that are consistent with location-mediated selection of objects. Second, they provide data, using the displays employed by Vecera and Farah in conjunction with a postdisplay probe technique, that suggests that attention is directed to the locations of the target objects. The implications of the results for space and object-based attentional selection are discussed |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 126 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-13 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.F. Kramer |
Author | T.A. Weber |
Author | S.E. Watson |
Abstract | S. P. Vecera and M. J. Farah (1994) have addressed the issue of whether visual attention selects objects or locations. They obtained data that they interpreted as evidence for attentional selection of objects from an internal spatially invariant representation. A. F. Kramer, T. A. Weber, and S. E. Watson question this interpretation on both theoretical and empirical grounds. First, the authors suggest that there are other interpretations of the Vecera and Farah data that are consistent with location-mediated selection of objects. Second, they provide data, using the displays employed by Vecera and Farah in conjunction with a postdisplay probe technique, that suggests that attention is directed to the locations of the target objects. The implications of the results for space and object-based attentional selection are discussed |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 126 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-13 |
Date | March 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.B. Law |
Author | R.A. Abrams |
Abstract | In a series of experiments, we examined the effect of perceptual objects on visual attentional processing in the presence of spatially cued attentional selection. Subjects made speeded judgments about two visual elements that were either both on the same object or on two different objects. Judgments were faster when the elements were on the same object than when they were on different objects, revealing an object advantage. Importantly, the object advantage remained even when either exogenous or endogenous spatial cues were used to direct the subjects' attention to apart of the, display, contrary to earlier findings of other researchers. The object advantage, however, did disappear when the stimulus duration was shortened substantially. The results show that object-based selection is pervasive and is not diminished by the act of selective attention. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the mechanisms that underlie attentional selection |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1017-1027 |
Date | October 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Fodor |
Abstract | Several arguments are considered which purport to demonstrate the impossibility of theory-neutral observation. The most important of these infers the continuity of observation with theory from the presumed continuity of perception with cognition, a doctrine widely espoused in recent cognitive psychology. An alternative psychological account of the relation between cognition and perception is proposed and its epistemological consequences for the observation/theory distinction are then explored |
Publication | Philosophy of Science |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | March |
Pages | 23–43 |
Date | 1984 |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 00:19:37 2012 |
Modified | Tue Feb 19 18:50:27 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.G. Ashby |
Author | W. Todd Maddox |
Author | C.J. Bohil |
Abstract | The effects of two different kinds of categorization training were investigated. In observational training, observers are presented with a category label and then shown an exemplar from that category. In feedback training, they are shown an exemplar, asked to assign it to a category, and then given feedback about the accuracy of their response. These two types of training were compared as observers learned two types of category structures-those in which optimal accuracy could be achieved via some explicit rule-based strategy, and those in which optimal accuracy required integrating information from separate perceptual dimensions at some predecisional stage. There was an overall advantage for feedback training over observational training, but most importantly, type of training interacted strongly with type of category structure. With rule-based structures, the effects of training type were small, but with information-integration structures, accuracy was substantially higher with feedback training, and people were less likely to use suboptimal rule-based strategies. The implications of these results for current theories of category learning are discussed |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 666-677 |
Date | July 2002 |
URL | ISI:000177644300002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 19:39:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M J Spivey |
Author | J J Geng |
Abstract | It is hypothesized that eye movements are used to coordinate elements of a mental model with elements of the visual field. In two experiments, eye movements were recorded while observers imagined or recalled objects that were not present in the visual display. In both cases, observers spontaneously looked at particular blank regions of space in a systematic fashion, to manipulate and organize spatial relationships between mental and/or retinal images. These results contribute to evidence that interpreting a linguistic description of a visual scene requires a spatial (mental model) representation, and they support claims regarding the allocation of position markers in visual space for the manipulation of visual attention. More broadly, our results point to a concrete embodiment of cognition, in that a construction of a mental image is almost "acted out" by the eye movements, and a mental search of internal memory is accompanied by an ocolumotor search of external space. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 65 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 235-241 |
Date | Nov 2001 |
DOI | 11789427 |
ISSN | 0340-0727 |
Short Title | Oculomotor mechanisms activated by imagery and memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789427 |
Accessed | Fri Aug 29 16:16:51 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11789427 |
Date Added | Fri Aug 29 16:16:51 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pamela Dalton |
Abstract | Although the perceptual response to environmental odors can be quite variable, such variation has often been attributed to differences in individual sensitivity. An information-processing analysis of odor perception, however, treats both the reception and the subsequent evaluation of odor information as determinants of the perceptual response. Two experiments investigated whether a factor that influenced the evaluation stage affected the judgement of odor quality and the degree of adaptation to the odor. People were surveyed in order to measure their tacit perceptions of the healthfulness or hazardousness of nine common olfactory stimuli, and the instructional context influenced quality perception. In a second experiment subjects were exposed to an ambient odor under one of three different conditions, and odorant characterization influenced the degree of adaptation to the odor. Subjects who were led to believe the odor was a natural, healthy extract showed adaptation; those told that the odor was potentially hazardous showed apparent sensitization; while those told that the odor was a common olfactory test odorant showed a mixed pattern: some exhibited adaptation, whereas others showed sensitization. However, detection thresholds obtained before and after exposure showed adaptation effects that are characteristic of continuous exposure. These findings raise the possibility that cognitive factors may be modulating the overall sensory perception of odor exposure (i) for some individuals who exhibit extreme sensitivity to odors and (ii) in situations where adaptation to environmental odors is expected but does not occur. Chem. Senses 21: 447–458, 1996. |
Publication | Chemical Senses |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 447-458 |
Date | 08/01/1996 |
Journal Abbr | Chem. Senses |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/chemse/21.4.447 |
ISSN | 0379-864X, 1464-3553 |
URL | http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/4/447 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 15:36:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | chemse.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 15:36:24 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 15:36:24 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Li |
Author | Yarrow Dunham |
Author | Susan Carey |
Abstract | Shown an entity (e.g., a plastic whisk) labeled by a novel noun in neutral syntax, speakers of Japanese, a classifier language, are more likely to assume the noun refers to the substance (plastic) than are speakers of English, a count/mass language, who are instead more likely to assume it refers to the object kind [whisk; Imai, M., & Gentner, D. (1997). A cross-linguistic study of early word meaning: Universal ontology and linguistic influence. Cognition, 62, 169-200]. Five experiments replicated this language type effect on entity construal, extended it to quite different stimuli from those studied before, and extended it to a comparison between Mandarin speakers and English speakers. A sixth experiment, which did not involve interpreting the meaning of a noun or a pronoun that stands for a noun, failed to find any effect of language type on entity construal. Thus, the overall pattern of findings supports a non-Whorfian, language on language account, according to which sensitivity to lexical statistics in a count/mass language leads adults to assign a novel noun in neutral syntax the status of a count noun, influencing construal of ambiguous entities. The experiments also document and explore cross-linguistically universal factors that influence entity construal, and favor Prasada's [Prasada, S. (1999). Names for things and stuff: An Aristotelian perspective. In R. Jackendoff, P. Bloom, & K. Wynn (Eds.), Language, logic, and concepts (pp. 119-146). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press] hypothesis that features indicating non-accidentalness of an entity's form lead participants to a construal of object kind rather than substance kind. Finally, the experiments document the age at which the language type effect emerges in lexical projection. The details of the developmental pattern are consistent with the lexical statistics hypothesis, along with a universal increase in sensitivity to material kind. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 487-524 |
Date | June 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.12.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Of substance |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WCR-4VP172R-1/2/254befa0d2c230c3eb0148fb0d3e6eff |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 21:50:02 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 21:50:02 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I.E. Dror |
Author | I.C. Schmitz-Williams |
Author | W. Smith |
Abstract | Thirty-two participants ( 16 younger adults, mean age of 18, and 16 older adults, mean age of 70) were examined to determine whether older adults adopt mental representations and processes that are less taxing on the cognitive system. Specifically, they were asked to mentally rotate a variety of images with different levels of complexity to examine whether they mentally rotate stimuli holistically or piecemeal; that is, whether they rotate the image as a single undifferentiated unit or as a collection of segments that are connected together to form the image. Using analysis of variance ( ANOVA) the authors observed that younger adults found the more complex images harder to rotate, whereas the older adults rotated the complex images with the same effort as the simple images. The data reflected that older adults used holistic representations and processing in visual mental rotation. This information-processing schema reduces the use of cognitive resources as its underpinning because it is less computationally intensive. Furthermore, such a schema is more robust because it is not dependant or affected by the complexity of the image. The younger adults used piecemeal representations and processing. In contrast to the holistic strategy, the piecemeal schema is more volatile because it entails that the demands on the cognitive system vary with different images |
Publication | Experimental Aging Research |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 409-420 |
Date | October 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christina Zelano |
Author | Aprajita Mohanty |
Author | Jay A. Gottfried |
Abstract | Summary Neuroscientific models of sensory perception suggest that the brain utilizes predictive codes in advance of a stimulus encounter, enabling organisms to infer forthcoming sensory events. However, it is poorly understood how such mechanisms are implemented in the olfactory system. Combining high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging with multivariate (pattern-based) analyses, we examined the spatiotemporal evolution of odor perception in the human brain during an olfactory search task. Ensemble activity patterns in anterior piriform cortex (APC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) reflected the attended odor target both before and after stimulus onset. In contrast, prestimulus ensemble representations of the odor target in posterior piriform cortex (PPC) gave way to poststimulus representations of the odor itself. Critically, the robustness of target-related patterns in PPC predicted subsequent behavioral performance. Our findings directly show that the brain generates predictive templates or “search images” in PPC, with physical correspondence to odor-specific pattern representations, to augment olfactory perception. Video Abstract |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 178-187 |
Date | October 6, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.010 |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627311007318 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 3 14:05:50 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jul 3 14:05:50 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jul 3 14:05:50 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christina Zelano |
Author | Aprajita Mohanty |
Author | Jay A. Gottfried |
Abstract | Summary Neuroscientific models of sensory perception suggest that the brain utilizes predictive codes in advance of a stimulus encounter, enabling organisms to infer forthcoming sensory events. However, it is poorly understood how such mechanisms are implemented in the olfactory system. Combining high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging with multivariate (pattern-based) analyses, we examined the spatiotemporal evolution of odor perception in the human brain during an olfactory search task. Ensemble activity patterns in anterior piriform cortex (APC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) reflected the attended odor target both before and after stimulus onset. In contrast, prestimulus ensemble representations of the odor target in posterior piriform cortex (PPC) gave way to poststimulus representations of the odor itself. Critically, the robustness of target-related patterns in PPC predicted subsequent behavioral performance. Our findings directly show that the brain generates predictive templates or “search images” in PPC, with physical correspondence to odor-specific pattern representations, to augment olfactory perception. Video Abstract |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 178-187 |
Date | October 6, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.08.010 |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627311007318 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 3 14:40:10 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jul 3 14:40:10 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jul 3 14:40:10 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | Sarah Anderson |
Publication | Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 239-245 |
Date | 9/2008 |
Journal Abbr | <abbrev_title>J. of Expt. & Theor. Artificial Intelligence</abbrev_title> <abbrev_title>TETA</abbrev_title> |
DOI | 10.1080/09528130802319193 |
ISSN | 0952-813X |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=3&SID=1F2lhBMCEcc8m@1f5g3&page=1&doc=10&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Aug 10 16:19:46 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Aug 10 16:19:46 2009 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 16:39:51 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | D.C. Richardson |
Author | M. Gonzalez-Marquez |
Contributor | R. Zwaan |
Contributor | D. Pecher |
Book Title | The Grounding of Cognition: The role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:19:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Jackson |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 304-330 |
Date | 1878 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 20 01:27:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Lichtheim |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 7 |
Pages | 433-484 |
Date | 1885 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:29:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter Hagoort |
Abstract | In speaking and comprehending language, word information is retrieved from memory and combined into larger units (unification). Unification operations take place in parallel at the semantic, syntactic and phonological levels of processing. This article proposes a new framework that connects psycholinguistic models to a neurobiological account of language. According to this proposal the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) plays an important role in unification. Research in other domains of cognition indicates that left prefrontal cortex has the necessary neurobiological characteristics for its involvement in the unification for language. I offer here a psycholinguistic perspective on the nature of language unification and the role of LIFG. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 416-423 |
Date | September 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.004 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
Short Title | On Broca, brain, and binding |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4GR8NC9-1/2/64a77f25ccd3e04886d918c51d6060b5 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 13 15:38:14 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L E Marks |
Abstract | A series of four experiments explored how cross-modal similarities between sensory attributes in vision and hearing reveal themselves in speeded, two-stimulus discrimination. When subjects responded differentially to stimuli on one modality, speed and accuracy of response were greater on trials accompanied by informationally irrelevant "matching" versus "mismatching" stimuli from the other modality. Cross-modal interactions appeared in (a) responses to dim/bright lights and to dark/light colors accompanied by low-pitched/high-pitched tones; (b) responses to low-pitched/high-pitched tones accompanied by dim/bright lights or by dark/light colors; (c) responses to dim/bright lights, but not to dark/light colors, accompanied by soft/loud sounds; and (d) responses to rounded/sharp forms accompanied by low-pitched/high-pitched tones. These results concur with findings on cross-modal perception, synesthesia, and synesthetic metaphor, which reveal similarities between pitch and brightness, pitch and lightness, loudness and brightness, and pitch and form. The cross-modal interactions in response speed and accuracy may take place at a sensory/perceptual level of processing or after sensory stimuli are encoded semantically. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 384-394 |
Date | Aug 1987 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | On cross-modal similarity |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2958587 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 29 17:52:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2958587 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 29 17:52:08 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Place | Oxford |
Publisher | Blackwell |
Date | 1983 |
ISBN | 0631131515 |
Short Title | On dialect |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 23:02:50 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 23:03:14 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Author | S.W. Keele |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 77 |
Issue | 3P1 |
Pages | 353-& |
Date | 1968 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.R. Francis |
Author | M.J. Riddoch |
Author | G.W. Humphreys |
Abstract | We report data from a patient, NE, who after surviving encephalitis made misidentification responses to faces known to her premorbidly. NE frequently mistook one famous person for another, one relative for another, and, under some conditions, believed that a picture of a famous person actually depicted one of her relatives. Unlike previously reported patients who have misidentified faces, NE (1) performed reasonably well on tests of facial perception, (2) showed no obvious executive deficits in tests of frontal lobe function, and (3) showed an ability to constrain her misidentification responses in certain situations. A cognitive neuropsychological investigation revealed that NE was able to judge misidentified faces as familiar but failed to access precise semantic information. There were also semantic deficits when knowledge of people was probed through nonvisual modalities--for example, when naming people from definition. We argue that a semantic, as opposed to executive, deficit plays the major (though probably not sole) role in NE's misidentification responses, and we consider how the inter-active activation model of face recognition (Burton, Bruce, & Johnston, 1990) can account for such disorders of person recognition more comprehensively than the Bruce and Young (1986) model |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 467-490 |
Date | July 2004 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. H. Day |
Publication | The American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 784-790 |
Date | December 01, 1958 |
DOI | 10.2307/1420346 |
ISSN | 0002-9556 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1420346 |
Accessed | Wed Dec 7 23:58:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1958 / Copyright © 1958 University of Illinois Press |
Date Added | Wed Dec 7 23:58:25 2011 |
Modified | Wed Dec 7 23:58:25 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Keller |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Routledge |
Date | 1995-01-05 |
ISBN | 0415076722 |
Short Title | On Language Change |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 10:29:34 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 10:29:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Bates |
Publication | International Journal of Bilingualism |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 163-179 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:50:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.I. Posner |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 22 |
Pages | 279-& |
Date | 1970 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.L. Howe |
Author | M.L. Courage |
Abstract | Historical and current theories of infantile amnesia are examined. To evaluate the viability of these theories, as well as the phenomenon of infantile amnesia itself, a review of memory development from birth through the preschool years is provided, including an overview of relevant perceptual and neurological maturation. In the context of this review, extant theories of infantile amnesia are shown to falter, and it is concluded that infantile amnesia is a chimera of a previously unexplored relationship between the development of a cognitive sense of self and the personalization of event memory. This hypothesis is examined in detail and discussed in the context of related developments in language and social cognition |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 113 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 305-326 |
Date | March 1993 |
URL | ISI:A1993KQ40800006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:34 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:34 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R VanRullen |
Publication | Vision Research |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel N. Osherson |
Author | Edward E. Smith |
Abstract | <p><br/>Prototype theory construes membership in a concept's extension as graded, determined by similarity to the concept's "best" exemplar (or by some other measure of central tendency). The present paper is concerned with the compatibility of this view of concept membership with two criteria of adequacy for theories of concepts. The first criterion concerns the relationship between complex concepts and their conceptual constituents. The second concerns the truth conditions for thoughts corresponding to simple inclusions.</p> |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 35-58 |
Date | 1981 |
DOI | 10.1016/0010-0277(81)90013-5 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T24-45Y7TFV-B/2/9e761e3045609e4d6978145982cfa1c0 |
Accessed | Sat Apr 30 18:49:51 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Apr 30 18:49:51 2011 |
Modified | Sat Apr 30 18:49:51 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Debra A. Titone |
Author | Cynthia M. Connine |
Abstract | <p><br/>The present paper reviews linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on idiom representation and models of idiom processing. Two approaches in defining idiom representation and processing characteristics are compared. According to the [`]noncompositional approach', idioms are represented and processed similar to long words. In contrast, the [`]compositional approach' emphasizes the semantic contribution of an idiom's component word meanings in interpretation. We argue that neither approach alone adequately captures the existing body of data on idiom processing, and propose a model of idiom representation and processing that ascribes noncompositional and compositional characteristics to idiomatic expressions. In this view, idiomatic expressions function simultaneously as semantically arbitrary word sequences and compositional phrases. Consistent with this hybrid model, the results of an eye tracking study are presented in which reading rates differ as a function of the inherent decomposability of idioms.</p> |
Publication | Journal of Pragmatics |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1655-1674 |
Date | November 2, 1999 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00008-9 |
ISSN | 0378-2166 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VCW-4002B1J-8/2/11297eee7591c40265a85b374030cb50 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 28 18:51:05 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Apr 28 18:51:05 2011 |
Modified | Thu Apr 28 18:51:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mumford |
Publication | Biological Cybernetics |
Volume | 66 |
Issue | 241 |
Pages | 251 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | R. Dale |
Contributor | B. Ross |
Date | 2005 |
Proceedings Title | The Psychology of Learning and Motivation Vol. 45 |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Pages | 85 -142 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.G. Ashby |
Author | S. Queller |
Author | P.M. Berretty |
Abstract | In several experiments, observers tried to categorize stimuli constructed from two separable stimulus dimensions in the absence of any trial-by-trial feedback. In all of the experiments, the observers were told the number of categories (i.e., two), they were told that perfect accuracy was possible, and they were given extensive experience in the task (i.e., 800 trials). When the boundary separating the contrasting categories was unidimensional, the accuracy of all observers improved significantly over blocks (i.e., learning occurred), and all observers eventually responded optimally. When the optimal boundary was diagonal, none of the observers responded optimally. Instead they all used some sort of suboptimal unidimensional rule. In a separate feedback experiment, all observers responded optimally in the diagonal condition. These results contrast with those for supervised category learning; they support the hypothesis that in the absence of feedback, people are constrained to use unidimensional rules |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 61 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1178-1199 |
Date | 1999 |
URL | ISI:000082537200015 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carl R. Woese |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 8742-8747 |
Date | 06/25/2002 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.132266999 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/99/13/8742 |
Accessed | Sat May 4 14:28:51 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu |
Extra | PMID: 12077305 |
Date Added | Sat May 4 14:28:51 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 4 14:28:51 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carl R. Woese |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 8742-8747 |
Date | 06/25/2002 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.132266999 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/99/13/8742 |
Accessed | Sat May 4 14:28:54 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu |
Extra | PMID: 12077305 |
Date Added | Sat May 4 14:28:54 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 4 14:28:54 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carl R Woese |
Abstract | A theory for the evolution of cellular organization is presented. The model is based on the (data supported) conjecture that the dynamic of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is primarily determined by the organization of the recipient cell. Aboriginal cell designs are taken to be simple and loosely organized enough that all cellular componentry can be altered and/or displaced through HGT, making HGT the principal driving force in early cellular evolution. Primitive cells did not carry a stable organismal genealogical trace. Primitive cellular evolution is basically communal. The high level of novelty required to evolve cell designs is a product of communal invention, of the universal HGT field, not intralineage variation. It is the community as a whole, the ecosystem, which evolves. The individual cell designs that evolved in this way are nevertheless fundamentally distinct, because the initial conditions in each case are somewhat different. As a cell design becomes more complex and interconnected a critical point is reached where a more integrated cellular organization emerges, and vertically generated novelty can and does assume greater importance. This critical point is called the "Darwinian Threshold" for the reasons given. |
Publication | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 8742–8747 |
Date | June 2002 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.132266999 |
URL | http://eutils.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&id=12077305&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerry Jager |
Author | Albert Postma |
Abstract | This article reviews current evidence on the hemispheric specialization hypothesis for two types of spatial relations representations; categorical versus coordinate [Psychol. Rev. 94 (1987) 148; J. Exp. Psychol.: Percept. Perform. 15 (1989) 723]. Categorical representations capture general properties of the spatial structure of a visual stimulus, without defining the exact metric properties. Coordinate representations specify precise spatial locations of objects or parts in terms of metric units. It is claimed that a hemispheric difference in contribution to the computation of both types of spatial relations representations exists, in which the left hemisphere is specialized for the computation of categorical spatial representations while the right hemisphere is specialized for the computation of coordinate ones. Several forms of research (experimental, computer simulations, patient studies and neuroimaging studies) are reviewed. In general, there is convergent evidence for a conceptual separation of coordinate and categorical processing, with strongest indications for a relative right hemisphere advantage in encoding coordinate spatial relations, and weaker support for left hemispheric categorical specialization. The pattern appears to be critically linked to receptive field properties of the two hemispheres and as such is modulated by certain elementary visual characteristics of the displayed stimuli. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 504-515 |
Date | 2003 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00086-6 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | On the hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate spatial relations |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0D-473M69T-1/2/9fd823f0f2fd7618bd95406dc8a9ced5 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 25 16:00:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 25 16:00:45 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 25 16:00:45 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E. Rosch |
Contributor | T.E. Moore |
Book Title | Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 17:23:34 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. Elman |
Abstract | Although for many years a sharp distinction has been made in language research between rules and words—with primary interest on rules—this distinction is now blurred in many theories. If anything, the focus of attention has shifted in recent years in favor of words. Results from many different areas of language research suggest that the lexicon is representationally rich, that it is the source of much productive behavior, and that lexically-specific information plays a critical and early role in the interpretation of grammatical structure. But how much information can or should be placed in the lexicon? This is the question I address here. I review a set of studies whose results indicate that event knowledge plays a significant role in early stages of sentence processing and structural analysis. This poses a conundrum for traditional views of the lexicon. Either the lexicon must be expanded to include factors that do not plausibly seem to belong there; or else virtually all information about word meaning is removed, leaving the lexicon impoverished. I suggest a third alternative, which provides a way to account for lexical knowledge without a mental lexicon. |
Publication | Cognitive science |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 547-582 |
Date | 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01023.x |
ISSN | 0364-0213 |
Short Title | On the meaning of words and dinosaur bones |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19662108 PMCID: 2721468 |
Date Added | Wed Jan 18 00:37:28 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 14:49:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Jackson |
Publication | Medical Press and Circular |
Volume | i |
Issue | 19 |
Pages | 41-63 |
Date | 1874 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Editor | J. Fisiak |
Book Title | Historical dialectology. Regional and Social |
Series | Studies and Monographs 37 |
Place | Berlin |
Publisher | Walter de Gruyter |
Pages | 547-563 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Editor | J. Fisiak |
Book Title | Historical dialectology. Regional and Social |
Series | Studies and Monographs 37 |
Place | Berlin |
Publisher | Walter de Gruyter |
Pages | 547-563 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard, L. Bryck |
Author | Ulrich. Mayr |
Abstract | Recent task-switching work in which paper-and-pencil administered single-task lists were compared with task-alternation lists has demonstrated large increases in task-switch costs with concurrent articulatory suppression (AS), implicating a crucial role for verbalization during switching (Baddeley, Chincotta, & Adlam, 2001; Emerson & Miyake, 2003). Experiment 1 replicated this result, using computerized assessment, albeit with much smaller effect sizes than in the original reports. In Experiment 2, AS interference was reduced when a sequential cue (spatial location) that indicated the current position in the sequence of task alternations was given. Finally, in Experiment 3, switch trials and no-switch trials were compared within a block of alternating runs of two tasks. Again, AS interference was obtained mainly when the endogenous sequencing demand was high, and it was comparable for no-switch and switch trials. These results suggest that verbalization may be critical for endogenous maintenance and updating of a sequential plan, rather than exclusively for the actual switching process. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 611-623 |
Date | June 2005 |
DOI | VL - 33 |
Short Title | On the role of verbalization during task set selection |
URL | http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/33/4/611.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 16:03:11 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 16:03:11 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 25 16:04:04 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Chertkow |
Author | D. Bub |
Author | C. Deaudon |
Author | V. Whitehead |
Abstract | While verbal comprehension is often impaired in aphasia due to left hemispheric damage, the status of nonverbal conceptual knowledge of objects remains controversial. We tested 16 aphasic subjects for their comprehension of concrete single words. Eight showed significant impairment on word-to-picture matching, when distracters were semantically and not just perceptually confusable. These 8 also made errors in answering verbal probe questions concerning the same items. When tested on a nonverbal pictorial version of the same probe questions, however, 3 of these 8 improved their performance to the level of normal controls. The other 5 showed continuing impairment in indicating responses to pictorial probes. These 5 showed no evidence of generalized intellectual impairment, and it is concluded that they demonstrated a comprehension deficit not limited to the verbal domain. Unlike the other aphasic patients, these latter 5 also had CT scan lesions extending into the posterior left temporal lobe (involving Brodmann's areas 22, 21, and 37). They were also more impaired in terms of general aphasia severity. It is suggested that a nonverbal (as well as verbal) semantic memory deficit occurs in a subgroup of patients with single word comprehension disturbance due to aphasia, and this may reflect general severity of language impairment as well as damage to certain localized brain regions. (C) 1997 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 203-232 |
Date | June 15, 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sarah E Anderson |
Author | Eric Chiu |
Author | Stephanie Huette |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Abstract | Recent converging evidence suggests that language and vision interact immediately in non-trivial ways, although the exact nature of this interaction is still unclear. Not only does linguistic information influence visual perception in real-time, but visual information also influences language comprehension in real-time. For example, in visual search tasks, incremental spoken delivery of the target features (e.g., "Is there a red vertical?") can increase the efficiency of conjunction search because only one feature is heard at a time. Moreover, in spoken word recognition tasks, the visual presence of an object whose name is similar to the word being spoken (e.g., a candle present when instructed to "pick up the candy") can alter the process of comprehension. Dense sampling methods, such as eye-tracking and reach-tracking, richly illustrate the nature of this interaction, providing a semi-continuous measure of the temporal dynamics of individual behavioral responses. We review a variety of studies that demonstrate how these methods are particularly promising in further elucidating the dynamic competition that takes place between underlying linguistic and visual representations in multimodal contexts, and we conclude with a discussion of the consequences that these findings have for theories of embodied cognition. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 181-189 |
Date | Jun 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.09.008 |
ISSN | 1873-6297 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961519 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 20 09:04:24 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20961519 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 20 09:04:24 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 17:10:43 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Talmy Givón |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1979 |
# of Pages | 408 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780122854507 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Wed Jan 23 15:43:29 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jan 23 15:43:29 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth A Buchanan |
Author | Erin E Hvizdak |
Abstract | A SURVEY OF 750 UNIVERSITY HUMAN Research Ethics Boards (HRECs) in the United States revealed that Internet research protocols involving online or Web surveys are the type most often reviewed (94% of respondents), indicating the growing prevalence of this methodology for academic research. Respondents indicated that the electronic and online nature of these survey data challenges traditional research ethics principles such as consent, risk, privacy, anonymity, confidentiality, and autonomy, and adds new methodological complexities surrounding data storage, security, sampling, and survey design. Interesting discrepancies surfaced among respondents regarding strengths and weaknesses within extant guidelines, which are highlighted throughout the paper. The paper concludes with considerations and suggestions towards consistent protocol review of online surveys to ensure appropriate human subjects protections in the face of emergent electronic tools and methodologies. |
Publication | Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics: JERHRE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 37-48 |
Date | Jun 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics |
DOI | 10.1525/jer.2009.4.2.37 |
ISSN | 1556-2646 |
Short Title | Online survey tools |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19480590 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 16:41:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19480590 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:41:40 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeroen J. A Van Boxtel |
Author | Naotsugu Tsuchiya |
Author | Christof Koch |
Abstract | The brain's ability to handle sensory information is influenced by both selective attention and consciousness. There is no consensus on the exact relationship between these two processes and whether they are distinct. So far, no experiment has simultaneously manipulated both. We carried out a full factorial 2 × 2 study of the simultaneous influences of attention and consciousness (as assayed by visibility) on perception, correcting for possible concurrent changes in attention and consciousness. We investigated the duration of afterimages for all four combinations of high versus low attention and visible versus invisible. We show that selective attention and visual consciousness have opposite effects: paying attention to the grating decreases the duration of its afterimage, whereas consciously seeing the grating increases the afterimage duration. These findings provide clear evidence for distinctive influences of selective attention and consciousness on visual perception. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 107 |
Issue | 19 |
Pages | 8883-8888 |
Date | 05/11/2010 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0913292107 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/107/19/8883 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 01:51:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:51:46 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 01:51:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timo Mäantylä |
Abstract | In three cued recall experiments, prerequisites to optimal memory performance of large amounts of verbal materials were examined. Practically perfect recall of 500 and 600 words was obtained when effective retrieval cues were provided at test. The method used to demonstrate this was to instruct the subjects to define their own retrieval cues by generating properties or features to each word presented. At an unexpected recall test, these self-generated properties were presented as cues, and the subjects were instructed to recall the previously presented items. Cue effectiveness was manipulated by varying amount of retrieval information, type of cues, and retention interval. Distinctiveness and compatibility of retrieval cues are proposed as two necessary prerequisites to perfect recall performance. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 66-71 |
Date | 1986 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
DOI | 10.1037/0278-7393.12.1.66 |
ISSN | 1939-1285 |
Short Title | Optimizing cue effectiveness |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=fulltext.printArticle&jcode=xlm&vol=12&issue=1&format=html&page=66&language=eng |
Accessed | Mon Jan 4 11:01:23 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 4 11:01:23 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 4 11:02:13 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexander T Sack |
Author | Roi Cohen Kadosh |
Author | Teresa Schuhmann |
Author | Michelle Moerel |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Rainer Goebel |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a tool for inducing transient disruptions of neural activity noninvasively in conscious human volunteers. In recent years, the investigative domain of TMS has expanded and now encompasses causal structure-function relationships across the whole gamut of cognitive functions and associated cortical brain regions. Consequently, the importance of how to determine the target stimulation site has increased and a number of alternative methods have emerged. Comparison across studies is precluded because different studies necessarily use different tasks, sites, TMS conditions, and have different goals. Here, therefore, we systematically compare four commonly used TMS coil positioning approaches by using them to induce behavioral change in a single cognitive study. Specifically, we investigated the behavioral impact of right parietal TMS during a number comparison task, while basing TMS localization either on (i) individual fMRI-guided TMS neuronavigation, (ii) individual MRI-guided TMS neuronavigation, (iii) group functional Talairach coordinates, or (iv) 10-20 EEG position P4. We quantified the exact behavioral effects induced by TMS using each approach, calculated the standardized experimental effect sizes, and conducted a statistical power analysis in order to calculate the optimal sample size required to reveal statistical significance. Our findings revealed a systematic difference between the four approaches, with the individual fMRI-guided TMS neuronavigation yielding the strongest and the P4 stimulation approach yielding the smallest behavioral effect size. Accordingly, power analyses revealed that although in the fMRI-guided neuronavigation approach five participants were sufficient to reveal a significant behavioral effect, the number of necessary participants increased to n = 9 when employing MRI-guided neuronavigation, to n = 13 in case of TMS based on group Talairach coordinates, and to n = 47 when applying TMS over P4. We discuss these graded effect size differences in light of the revealed interindividual variances in the actual target stimulation site within and between approaches. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 207-221 |
Date | Feb 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21126 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | Optimizing functional accuracy of TMS in cognitive studies |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823235 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 25 15:07:13 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18823235 |
Date Added | Wed Jan 25 15:07:13 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Koemeda-Lutz |
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | E. Meier |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 321-337 |
Date | March 1987 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P A McCormick |
Abstract | Previous research has shown that visual attention can be directed to a spatial location in 2 qualitatively different ways. Attention can be allocated endogenously in response to centrally presented precues, or it can be captured exogenously by a visual stimulus with an abrupt onset. It has been suggested that exogenous orienting of attention is an automatic process, whereas endogenous orienting of attention represents a controlled and strategic process. M.I. Posner and C.R.R. Snyder (1975) suggested that an automatic process occurs without intention, does not interfere with other mental processes, and does not necessarily give rise to awareness, whereas a controlled process will likely interfere with other processes and necessarily requires intention and awareness. Three experiments investigated the role of awareness in orienting visual attention. Endogenous and exogenous components of orienting attention were placed in opposition to each other to assess the automaticity of exogenous orienting by examining the potential for brief stimulus events to capture attention in the absence of subjective awareness. Results show that an exogenous cue presented below a subjective threshold of awareness captured attention automatically and without awareness. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 168-180 |
Date | Feb 1997 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157183 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 24 20:27:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9157183 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 24 20:27:41 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Tipples |
Abstract | In separate experiments, counterpredictive arrow, eye gaze, or abrupt-onset cues were used to test the hypothesis that individual differences in voluntary control influence involuntary orienting. In contrast with previous findings (Friesen, Ristic, & Kingstone, 2004), involuntary orienting effects were found for arrow cues. Furthermore, for both eye gaze and arrow cues, individual differences in voluntary control were associated with involuntary orienting: Involuntary orienting effects were larger for participants who were more effective at using the cue to reorient attention, and also for participants who reported greater ability to control attention. Orienting to abrupt-onset cues was not correlated to individual differences in self-reported attentional control. The findings show that eye gaze and arrow cues instigate similar involuntary and voluntary effects and that involuntary orienting to symbolic cues is linked to individual differences in voluntary control. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 70 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 77-87 |
Date | January 2008 |
DOI | 10.3758/PP.70.1.77 |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/70/1/77.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Nov 10 16:30:16 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 10 16:30:16 2009 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 09:50:12 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Michael Tomasello |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2008-09-30 |
# of Pages | 400 |
ISBN | 0262201771 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:19:37 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:19:37 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth Loftus |
Abstract | The malleability of memory is becoming increasingly clear. Many influences can cause memories to change or even be created anew, including our imaginations and the leading questions or different recollections of others. The knowledge that we cannot rely on our memories, however compelling they might be, leads to questions about the validity of criminal convictions that are based largely on the testimony of victims or witnesses. Our scientific understanding of memory should be used to help the legal system to navigate this minefield. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 231-234 |
Date | Mar 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nrn1054 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
Short Title | Our changeable memories |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12612635 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 17 21:48:13 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12612635 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 17 21:48:13 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven Pinker |
Abstract | How does the brain reason and calculate? In his Perspective Pinker traces the history of this question and its answers. A new study in this issue reveals that 7-month-old infants can use rules to analyze their surroundings, changing the landscape of this debate. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 283 |
Issue | 5398 |
Pages | 40-41 |
Date | 01/01/1999 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.283.5398.40 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/283/5398/40 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 10 15:09:50 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 9917263 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 10 15:09:50 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jun 10 15:09:50 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W F Bacon |
Author | H E Egeth |
Abstract | Theeuwes (1992) found a distracting effect of irrelevant-dimension singletons in a task involving search for a known target. He argued from this that selectivity is determined solely by stimulus salience; the parallel stage of visual processing cannot provide top-down guidance to the attentive stage sufficient to permit completely selective use of task-relevant information. We argue that in the task used by Theeuwes, subjects may have adopted the strategy of searching for an odd form even though the specific target form was known. In Experiment 1, we replicated Theeuwes's findings. Search for a circle target among diamond nontargets was disrupted by the presence of a diamond nontarget that was uniquely colored. In two subsequent experiments, we discouraged the singleton detection strategy, forcing subjects to search for the target feature. There was no distracting effect of a color singleton in these experiments, even with displays physically identical to those of Experiment 1, demonstrating that top-down selectivity is indeed possible during visual search. We conclude that goal-directed selection of a specific known featural identity may override stimulus-driven capture by salient featural singletons. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 485-96 |
Date | May 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Percept Psychophys |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8008550 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 17:19:25 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8008550 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:14 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Adam Winsler |
Author | Jack Naglieri |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 659-678 |
Date | 05/2003 |
Journal Abbr | Child Development |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-8624.00561 |
ISSN | 0009-3920 |
Short Title | Overt and Covert Verbal Problem-Solving Strategies |
URL | http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/ehost/detail?vid=1&hid=11&sid=851356ec-b373-4857-9114-5843b749078d%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=tfh&AN=9762853 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 8 13:18:59 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Aug 8 13:18:59 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 8 13:18:59 2010 |
Type | Computer Program |
---|---|
Programmer | D. Bates |
Programmer | M. Maechler |
Date | 2012 |
URL | ftp://ftp.ctex.org/mirrors/CRAN/web/packages/lme4/lme4.pdf |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Accessed | Thu Nov 22 12:33:58 2012 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 12:33:58 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 12:35:44 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Author | D.E Smolensky |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | G.E. Hinton |
Contributor | J.L. McClelland |
Contributor | D.E. Rumelhart |
Book Title | Parallel Distributed Processing Vol II |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1986 |
Pages | 7-57 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:22:41 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | the PDP Research Group |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Egeth |
Author | D. Dagenbach |
Abstract | The authors propose a diagnostic for distinguishing between serial and parallel processing in visual search; it is based on testing for subadditive effects of a within-trial visual quality manipulation on target-absent trials. It was evaluated in 2 experiments wherein parallel and serial processing might be expected on the basis of previous work and was then applied to a more uncertain situation in a third experiment. The diagnostic indicates parallel processing of stimuli that differ from each other on a featural basis (Xs and Os) and canonical letters that differ in fine arrangement (Ts and Ls) but serial processing when Ts and Ls are randomly rotated. These results form a coherent pattern that is understandable in terms of the literature on visual search, and thus they suggest that the diagnostic may be a useful addition to the methodology used to distinguish between serial and parallel processes |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 551-560 |
Date | May 1991 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z.M. Williams |
Author | J.C. Elfar |
Author | E.N. Eskandar |
Author | L.J. Toth |
Author | J.A. Assad |
Abstract | We recorded from parietal neurons in monkeys (Macacca mulatta) trained to report the direction of an apparent motion stimulus consisting of regularly spaced columns of dots surrounded by an aperture. Displacing the dots by half their inter-column spacing produced vivid apparent motion that could be perceived in either the preferred or anti-preferred direction for each neuron. Many neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) responded more strongly on trials in which the animals reported perceiving the neurons' preferred direction, independent of the hand movement used to report their percept. This selectivity was less common in the medial superior temporal area (MST) and virtually absent in the middle temporal area (MT). Variations in activity of LIP and MST neurons just before motion onset were also predictive of the animals' subsequent perceived direction. These data suggest a hierarchy of representation in parietal cortex, whereby neuronal responses become more aligned with subjective perception in higher parietal areas |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 616-623 |
Date | June 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Friedman-hill |
Author | L.C. Robertson |
Author | A. Treisman |
Abstract | Neurophysiologists have documented the existence of multiple cortical areas responsive to different visual features. This modular organization has sparked theoretical interest in how the ''binding problem'' is solved. Recent data from a neurological patient (R.M.) with bilateral parietal-occipital lesions demonstrates that the binding problem is not just a hypothetical construct; it can be a practical problem, as rare as the selective inability to perceive motion or color. R.M. miscombines colors and shapes even under free viewing conditions and is unable to judge either relative or absolute visual locations. The evidence suggests that a single explanation-an inadequate spatial representation-can account for R.M.'s spatial judgment and feature-binding deficits |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 269 |
Issue | 5225 |
Pages | 853-855 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 19:36:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Friedman-hill |
Author | L.C. Robertson |
Author | A. Treisman |
Abstract | Neurophysiologists have documented the existence of multiple cortical areas responsive to different visual features. This modular organization has sparked theoretical interest in how the ''binding problem'' is solved. Recent data from a neurological patient (R.M.) with bilateral parietal-occipital lesions demonstrates that the binding problem is not just a hypothetical construct; it can be a practical problem, as rare as the selective inability to perceive motion or color. R.M. miscombines colors and shapes even under free viewing conditions and is unable to judge either relative or absolute visual locations. The evidence suggests that a single explanation-an inadequate spatial representation-can account for R.M.'s spatial judgment and feature-binding deficits |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 269 |
Issue | 5225 |
Pages | 853-855 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mariano Sigman |
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Abstract | The inability to operate two cognitive processes simultaneously - a mental bottleneck - can be explained by a model in which evidence is accumulated stochastically to reach a decision. |
Publication | PLoS Biology |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | e37 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS Biol |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030037 |
Short Title | Parsing a Cognitive Task |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030037 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 10 22:56:00 2009 |
Library Catalog | PLoS Biol |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 22:56:00 2009 |
Modified | Thu Sep 10 23:12:22 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel D. K. Sleator |
Author | Davy Temperley |
Abstract | We develop a formal grammatical system called a link grammar, show how English grammar can be encoded in such a system, and give algorithms for efficiently parsing with a link grammar. Although the expressive power of link grammars is equivalent to that of context free grammars, encoding natural language grammars appears to be much easier with the new system. We have written a program for general link parsing and written a link grammar for the English language. The performance of this preliminary system -- both in the breadth of English phenomena that it captures and in the computational resources used -- indicates that the approach may have practical uses as well as linguistic significance. Our program is written in C and may be obtained through the internet. |
Publication | arXiv:cmp-lg/9508004 |
Date | 1995-08-02 |
URL | http://arxiv.org/abs/cmp-lg/9508004 |
Accessed | Thu Nov 22 11:22:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | arXiv.org |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 11:22:38 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 11:22:38 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | D. Billman |
Author | A. Swilley |
Author | M. Krych |
Abstract | Path and manner are important organizing dimensions of verb lexicons. We investigated how priming with path verbs, manner verbs, or no priming might influence event processing. Before watching a videotaped target event, subjects were primed by path and manner verbs accompanying other unrelated events. We found effects of prioming verbs on the verbs subjects produced to describe an unlabeled event. We found effects of verb produced on subsequent recognition. We compare these effects from self-generated verbs with effects from experimenter-produced verbs. |
Date | 2000 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Pages | 615-620 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | U Neisser |
Abstract | This reprinted article originally appeared in Cognitive Psychology, 1967, East Norwalk, CT, US: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The problem of pattern recognition, or stimulus equivalence, is ubiquitous in psychology. This reading considers the solutions that have been proposed from the time of Gestalt psychology to the present, including recent techniques developed for computer programs. The two main theoretical approaches are "template-matching," in which each new input is compared with a standard, and "feature-analysis," in which the presence of particular parts or particular properties is decisive. The various theories are examined in the light of relevant observations, including recognition tests with displaced, rotated, or ill-defined figures; studies of decision time and visual search; stopped-image experiments, single-cell physiological recording; and certain developmental studies of visual discrimination. It is concluded that recognition is mediated, in part, by a hierarchy of "feature analyzers." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved) |
Book Title | Cognitive Psychology |
Place | East Norwalk, CT |
Publisher | Appleton-Century-Crofts |
Date | 1967 |
Language | English |
Date Added | Mon Jul 21 14:17:00 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 21 14:21:24 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Clement |
Author | K.W. Varnadoe |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 427-431 |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.A. Carlson |
Author | P. Schrater |
Author | S. He |
Abstract | Object perception has been a subject of extensive fMRI studies in recent years. Yet the nature of the cortical representation of objects in the human brain remains controversial. Analyses of fMRI data have traditionally focused on the activation of individual voxels associated with presentation of various stimuli. The current analysis approaches functional imaging data as collective information about the stimulus. Linking activity in the brain to a stimulus is treated as, a pattern-classification problem. Linear discriminant analysis as was used to reanalyze a set of data originally published by Ishai et al. (2000), available From the fMRIDC (accession no. 2-2000-1113D). Results of the new analysis reveal that patterns of activity that distinguish one category of objects from other categories are largely independent of one another, both in terms of the activity and spatial overlap. The information used to detect objects from phase-scrambled control stimuli is not essential in distinguishing one object category from another. Furthermore, performing an object-matching task during the scan significantly improved the ability to predict objects from controls, hut had minimal effect on object classification, suggesting that the task-based attentional benefit was nonspecific to object categories |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 704-717 |
Date | July 01, 2003 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
URL | ISI:000184270100008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Namy |
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Abstract | This study presents an analysis of children's spontaneous production of words and gestures during an experimental symbol learning task. Namy & Waxman (1998) previously reported that children aged I; 6 interpreted novel arbitrary words (e.g. blicket) and manual gestures (e.g. a dropping motion) as names for object categories (e.g. fruit) but that at 2;2, children interpreted words as names more readily than gestures. Based on this finding and other observational evidence of gesture use, it has been suggested that the younger infants have an initial general symbolic capacity that encompasses both words and gestures. Over time, as infants acquire greater experience with language, words begin to take on a greater priority in the infant's communicative repertoire. The current study examines this hypothesis by analyzing children's spontaneous production of the novel symbols in Namy & Waxman's original task. At 1; 6, children rarely produced either the novel words or gestures. At 2; 2, children frequently produced both symbolic forms; however, words were produced in a referential manner while gestures were produced in a non-referential manner. These findings are consistent with the argument that over time, words supplant gestures as a symbolic medium |
Publication | Journal of Child Language |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 911-921 |
Date | November 2002 |
URL | ISI:000179513600010 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dustin Stokes |
Abstract | This paper considers an orectic penetration hypothesis (OPH) which says that desires and desire-like states may influence perceptual experience in a non-externally mediated way. This hypothesis is clarified with a definition, which serves further to distinguish the interesting target phenomenon from trivial and non-genuine instances of desire-influenced perception. Orectic penetration is an interesting possible case of the cognitive penetrability of perceptual experience. The OPH is thus incompatible with the more common thesis that perception is cognitively impenetrable . It is of importance to issues in the philosophy of mind and cognitive science, epistemology, and general philosophy of science. The plausibility of orectic penetration can be motivated by some classic experimental studies, and some new experimental research inspired by those same studies. The general suggestion is that orectic penetration thus defined, and evidenced by the relevant studies, cannot be deflected by the standard strategies of the cognitive impenetrability theorist. |
Publication | Philosophical Studies |
Pages | 1-16 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1007/s11098-010-9688-8 |
ISSN | 0031-8116 |
Short Title | Perceiving and desiring |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/61l8ll5x6v6u2532/abstract/ |
Accessed | Tue Apr 17 03:04:26 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Apr 17 03:04:26 2012 |
Modified | Tue Apr 17 03:05:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L Standing |
Author | J. Conezio |
Author | R N Haber |
Publication | Psychonomic Science |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 73-74 |
Date | 1970 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 11 17:49:43 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 11 17:51:13 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Karl Friston |
Author | Michael Breakspear |
Author | Gustavo Deco |
Abstract | This paper considers state-dependent dynamics that mediate perception in the brain. In particular, it considers the formal basis of self-organized instabilities that enable perceptual transitions during Bayes-optimal perception. The basic phenomena we consider are perceptual transitions that lead to conscious ignition (Dehaene and Changeux, ) and how they depend on dynamical instabilities that underlie chaotic itinerancy (Breakspear, ; Tsuda, ) and self-organized criticality (Beggs and Plenz, ; Plenz and Thiagarajan, ; Shew et al., ). Our approach is based on a dynamical formulation of perception as approximate Bayesian inference, in terms of variational free energy minimization. This formulation suggests that perception has an inherent tendency to induce dynamical instabilities (critical slowing) that enable the brain to respond sensitively to sensory perturbations. We briefly review the dynamics of perception, in terms of generalized Bayesian filtering and free energy minimization, present a formal conjecture about self-organized instability and then test this conjecture, using neuronal (numerical) simulations of perceptual categorization. |
Publication | Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience |
Volume | 6 |
Date | 2012-7-06 |
Journal Abbr | Front Comput Neurosci |
DOI | 10.3389/fncom.2012.00044 |
ISSN | 1662-5188 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390798/ |
Accessed | Thu Jul 18 07:47:09 2013 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 22783185 PMCID: PMC3390798 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 18 07:47:09 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jul 18 07:47:09 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roberta L. Klatzky |
Author | Dinesh K. Pai |
Author | Eric P. Krotkov |
Abstract | Contact sounds can provide important perceptual cues in virtual environments. We investigated the relation between material perception and variables that govern the synthesis of contact sounds. A shape-invariant, auditory-decay parameter was a powerful determinant of the perceived material of an object. Subjects judged the similarity of synthesized sounds with respect to material (Experiment 1 and 2) or length (Experiment 3). The sounds corresponded to modal frequencies of clamped bars struck at an intermediate point, and they varied in fundamental frequency and frequency-dependent rate of decay. The latter parameter has been proposed as reflecting a shape-invariant material property: damping. Differences between sounds in both decay and frequency affected similarity judgments (magnitude of similarity and judgment duration), with decay playing a substantially larger role. Experiment 2, which varied the initial sound amplitude, showed that decay rate—rather than total energy or sound duration—was the critical factor in determining similarity. Experiment 3 demonstrated that similarity judgments in the first two studies were specific to instructions to judge material. Experiment 4, in which subjects assigned the sounds to one of four material categories, showed an influence of frequency and decay, but confirmed the greater importance of decay. Decay parameters associated with each category were estimated and found to correlate with physical measures of damping. The results support the use of a simplified model of material in virtual auditory environments. |
Publication | Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 399-410 |
Date | 2010/12/07 2000 |
DOI | 10.1162/105474600566907 |
ISSN | 1054-7460 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474600566907 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 19:25:55 2010 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 19:25:55 2010 |
Modified | Tue Dec 7 19:25:55 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Claudia Carello |
Author | Krista L. Anderson |
Author | Andrew J. Kunkler-Peck |
Abstract | Although hearing is classically considered a temporal sense, everyday listening suggests that subtle spatial properties constitute an important part of what people know about the world through sound. Typically neglected in psychoacoustics research, the ability to perceive the precise sizes of objects on the basis of sound was investigated during the routine event of dropping wooden dowels of different lengths onto a hard surface. In two experiments, the ordinal and metrical success of naive listeners was related to length but not to the simple acoustic variables (duration, amplitude, frequency) likely to be related to it. Additional analysis suggests the potential relevance of an object's inertia tensor in constraining perception of that object's length, analogous to the case that has been made for perceiving length by effortful touch. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 211-214 |
Date | May, 1998 |
ISSN | 09567976 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/40063281 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 19:27:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: May, 1998 / Copyright © 1998 Association for Psychological Science |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 19:27:21 2010 |
Modified | Tue Dec 7 19:27:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gail Martino |
Author | Lawrence E Marks |
Abstract | We tested the semantic coding hypothesis, which states that cross-modal interactions observed in speeded classification tasks arise after perceptual information is recoded into an abstract format common to perceptual and linguistic systems. Using a speeded classification task, we first confirmed the presence of congruence interactions between auditory pitch and visual light-;ness and observed Garner-type interference with nonlinguistic (perceptual) stimuli (low-frequency and high-frequency tones, black and white squares). Subsequently, we found that modifying the visual stimuli by (a) making them lexical (related words) or (b) reducing their compactness or figural 'goodness' altered congruence effects and Garner interference. The results are consistent with the semantic coding hypothesis, but only in part, and suggest the need for additional assumptions regarding the role of perceptual organization in cross-modal dimensional interactions. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 903 – 923 |
Date | 1999 |
DOI | 10.1068/p2866 |
Short Title | Perceptual and linguistic interactions in speeded classification |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p2866 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 29 17:45:28 2012 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Wed Feb 29 17:45:28 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 29 17:45:28 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Paradiso |
Abstract | Recent findings from the study of primary visual cortex in humans and animals blur the distinction between early and late visual processing. Under some conditions, the activity of neurons in primary visual cortex appears as close or closer to perception than activity in 'higher' visual areas |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 155-161 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marzia De Lucia |
Author | Luca Cocchi |
Author | Roberto Martuzzi |
Author | Reto A. Meuli |
Author | Stephanie Clarke |
Author | Micah M. Murray |
Abstract | Repetition of environmental sounds, like their visual counterparts, can facilitate behavior and modulate neural responses, exemplifying plasticity in how auditory objects are represented or accessed. It remains controversial whether such repetition priming/suppression involves solely plasticity based on acoustic features and/or also access to semantic features. To evaluate contributions of physical and semantic features in eliciting repetition-induced plasticity, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study repeated either identical or different exemplars of the initially presented object; reasoning that identical exemplars share both physical and semantic features, whereas different exemplars share only semantic features. Participants performed a living/man-made categorization task while being scanned at 3T. Repeated stimuli of both types significantly facilitated reaction times versus initial presentations, demonstrating perceptual and semantic repetition priming. There was also repetition suppression of fMRI activity within overlapping temporal, premotor, and prefrontal regions of the auditory "what" pathway. Importantly, the magnitude of suppression effects was equivalent for both physically identical and semantically related exemplars. That the degree of repetition suppression was irrespective of whether or not both perceptual and semantic information was repeated is suggestive of a degree of acoustically independent semantic analysis in how object representations are maintained and retrieved. |
Publication | Cereb. Cortex |
Pages | bhp230 |
Date | November 11, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhp230 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/bhp230v1 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 23 11:55:22 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Tue Feb 23 11:55:22 2010 |
Modified | Tue Feb 23 11:55:22 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.C. Quinn |
Author | P D Eimas |
Author | M J Tarr |
Abstract | Given evidence that silhouette information can be used by adults to form categorical representations at the basic level, four experiments utilizing the familiarization-novelty preference procedure were performed to examine whether 3- and 4-month-old infants could form categorical representations for cats versus dogs from the perceptual information available in silhouettes (e.g., global shape and external outline). Experiments 1 and 2 showed that infants could form individuated categorical representations for cat and dog silhouettes, whereas Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that infants could use silhouette information from the head, but not the body, to categorically separate the two species. These results indicate that general shape or external contour information that is centered about the head is sufficient for young infants to form individuated categorical representations for cats and dogs. The data thus provide information regarding the nature of the perceptual information that can be used by infants to form category representations for individual animal species and are discussed in terms of domain-general versus domain-specific processing accounts. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 78-94 |
Date | May 2001 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Child Psychol |
DOI | 11292312 |
ISSN | 0022-0965 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11292312 |
Accessed | Fri Nov 7 10:56:57 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11292312 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:08 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.C. Quinn |
Author | Peter D. Eimas |
Abstract | Eight experiments were performed to determine the perceptual cues used by 3- and 4-month-old infants to categorically distinguish between perceptually similar natural animal species. These experiments provided evidence that information from the facial and head region, specifically, the internal features of the face and the external contour of the head, give the infant a necessary and sufficient basis to form a categorical representation for cats that excludes dogs. The results are discussed in terms of Johnson and Morton's (1991) theory of facial recognition and more general accounts of the information underlying categorical representations. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 189-211 |
Date | October 1996 |
DOI | 10.1006/jecp.1996.0047 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJ9-45MGWJP-V/2/7f074767a379292bd058aee27d94009d |
Accessed | Fri Nov 7 10:59:50 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:05 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jun 4 09:39:33 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Gerlach |
Author | I. Law |
Author | A. Gade |
Author | O.B. Paulson |
Abstract | The purpose of the present PET study was (i) to investigate the neural correlates of object recognition, i.e, the matching of visual forms to memory, and (ii) to test the hypothesis that this process is more difficult for natural objects than for artefacts. This was done by using object decision tasks where subjects decided whether pictures represented real objects or non-objects. The object decision tasks differed in their difficulty (the degree of perceptual differentiation needed to perform them) and in the category of the real objects used (natural objects versus artefacts). A clear effect of task difficulty was found in both the behavioural and in the PET data. In the PET data, the increase in task difficulty was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior part of the right inferior temporal gyrus and in the anterior part of the right fusiform gyrus, This may be the neural correlate of matching visual forms to memory, and the amount of activation in these regions may correspond to the degree of perceptual differentiation required for recognition to occur. With respect to behaviour, it took significantly longer to make object decisions on natural objects than on artefacts in the difficult object decision tasks. Natural objects also recruited larger parts of the right inferior temporal and anterior fusiform gyri compared with artefacts as task difficultly increased. Differences in the amount of activation in these regions may reflect the greater perceptual differentiation required for recognizing natural objects. These findings are discussed in relation to category-specific impairments after neural damage |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 122 |
Pages | 2159-2170 |
Date | November 1999 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Gerlach |
Author | I. Law |
Author | A. Gade |
Author | O.B. Paulson |
Abstract | The purpose of the present PET study was (i) to investigate the neural correlates of object recognition, i.e, the matching of visual forms to memory, and (ii) to test the hypothesis that this process is more difficult for natural objects than for artefacts. This was done by using object decision tasks where subjects decided whether pictures represented real objects or non-objects. The object decision tasks differed in their difficulty (the degree of perceptual differentiation needed to perform them) and in the category of the real objects used (natural objects versus artefacts). A clear effect of task difficulty was found in both the behavioural and in the PET data. In the PET data, the increase in task difficulty was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow in the posterior part of the right inferior temporal gyrus and in the anterior part of the right fusiform gyrus, This may be the neural correlate of matching visual forms to memory, and the amount of activation in these regions may correspond to the degree of perceptual differentiation required for recognition to occur. With respect to behaviour, it took significantly longer to make object decisions on natural objects than on artefacts in the difficult object decision tasks. Natural objects also recruited larger parts of the right inferior temporal and anterior fusiform gyri compared with artefacts as task difficultly increased. Differences in the amount of activation in these regions may reflect the greater perceptual differentiation required for recognizing natural objects. These findings are discussed in relation to category-specific impairments after neural damage |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 122 |
Pages | 2159-2170 |
Date | November 1999 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. Marslen-Wilson |
Author | H.E. Moss |
Author | S. van Halen |
Abstract | Two experiments use rhyme priming techniques to explore the decision space for lexical access. The 1st experiment, using intramodal (auditory-auditory) priming, covaried the phonological distance of a spoken rhyme prime (e.g., pomato) from its source word (e.g., tomato) with the presence or absence of close lexical competitors. The results showed strong effects of phonological distance and no significant effects of competitor environment. The 2nd experiment, using ambiguous rhyme primes in a cross-modal (auditory-visual) priming task, showed that phonetically ambiguous primes could fully match their source words, but only in the appropriate lexical environment. The results support a view of lexical access in which the listener's perceptual experience is based on strict requirements for a bottom-up match with the speech input, and in which competitor environment does not directly modulate the on-line goodness-of-fit computation |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1376-1392 |
Date | 1996 |
URL | ISI:A1996VV56300003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Rauschenberger |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | The authors present 10 experiments that challenge some central assumptions of the dominant theories of visual search. Their results reveal that the complexity (or redundancy) of nontarget items is a crucial but overlooked determinant of search efficiency. The authors offer a new theoretical outline that emphasizes the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency, and they test this proposal using dot pattern stimuli adapted from W. R. Garner and D. E. Clement (1963). The results provide converging support for the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency in accounting for visual search performance |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 116-131 |
Date | February 2006 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Rauschenberger |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | The authors present 10 experiments that challenge some central assumptions of the dominant theories of visual search. Their results reveal that the complexity (or redundancy) of nontarget items is a crucial but overlooked determinant of search efficiency. The authors offer a new theoretical outline that emphasizes the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency, and they test this proposal using dot pattern stimuli adapted from W. R. Garner and D. E. Clement (1963). The results provide converging support for the importance of nontarget encoding efficiency in accounting for visual search performance |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 116-131 |
Date | February 2006 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael Esterman |
Author | Steven Yantis |
Abstract | Selective visual attention directed to a location (even in the absence of a stimulus) increases activity in the corresponding regions of visual cortex and enhances the speed and accuracy of target perception. We further explored top-down influences on perceptual representations by manipulating observers' expectations about the category of an upcoming target. Observers viewed a display in which an object (either a face or a house) gradually emerged from a state of phase-scrambled noise; a cue established expectation about the object category. Observers were faster to categorize faces (gender discrimination) or houses (structural discrimination) when the category of the partially scrambled object matched their expectation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that this expectation was associated with anticipatory increases in category-specific visual cortical activity, even in the absence of object- or category-specific visual information. Expecting a face evoked increased activity in face-selective cortical regions in the fusiform gyrus and superior temporal sulcus. Conversely, expecting a house increased activity in parahippocampal gyrus. These results suggest that visual anticipation facilitates subsequent perception by recruiting, in advance, the same cortical mechanisms as those involved in perception. |
Publication | Cereb. Cortex |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1245-1253 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhp188 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/bhp188v1 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 30 15:40:42 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat Jan 30 15:40:42 2010 |
Modified | Wed Jul 17 12:53:13 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Sheya |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | When children learn categories, they do not learn isolated facts but rather systems of knowledge. These systems of knowledge are composed of property-property (e.g., things with wings tend to have feathers), property-role (e.g., things with eyes tend to eat), and role-role (e.g., things that eat tend to sleep) correlations. Research has shown that even young children have knowledge of property-property and property-role correlations, but there has been little direct evidence of their knowledge of role-role correlations or for how children might acquire this knowledge. We found that 5-year-olds have knowledge of role-role correlations and 2- and 3-year-olds have different degrees of knowledge of property-role correlations. Two-year-olds needed multiple proper-ties to infer an appropriate role, whereas 3-year-olds needed only a single property (e.g., eyes or wheels). These results suggest that role knowledge may first be linked to object (or literal) similarity, then to clusters of properties, to a single property, and finally to other roles |
Publication | Journal of Cognition and Development |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 455-476 |
Date | 2006 |
URL | ISI:000241301800002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Treisman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 8 |
Pages | 194-214 |
Date | 1982 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Abstract | Perceptual learning involves relatively long-lasting changes to an organism's perceptual system that improve its ability to respond to its environment. Four mechanisms of perceptual learning are discussed: attention weighting, imprinting, differentiation, and unitization. By attention weighting, perception becomes adapted to tasks and environments by increasing the attention paid to important dimensions and features. By imprinting, receptors are developed that are specialized for stimuli or parts of stimuli. By differentiation, stimuli that were once indistinguishable become psychologically separated. By unitization, tasks that originally required detection of several parts are accomplished by detecting a single constructed unit representing a complex configuration. Research from cognitive psychology, psychophysics, neuroscience, expert/novice differences, development, computer science, and cross-cultural differences is described that relates to these mechanisms. The locus, limits, and applications of perceptual learning are also discussed |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 49 |
Pages | 585-612 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:16 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:16 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philip J. Kellman |
Author | Patrick Garrigan |
Abstract | We consider perceptual learning: experience-induced changes in the way perceivers extract information. Often neglected in scientific accounts of learning and in instruction, perceptual learning is a fundamental contributor to human expertise and is crucial in domains where humans show remarkable levels of attainment, such as language, chess, music, and mathematics. In Section 2, we give a brief history and discuss the relation of perceptual learning to other forms of learning. We consider in Section 3 several specific phenomena, illustrating the scope and characteristics of perceptual learning, including both discovery and fluency effects. We describe abstract perceptual learning, in which structural relationships are discovered and recognized in novel instances that do not share constituent elements or basic features. In Section 4, we consider primary concepts that have been used to explain and model perceptual learning, including receptive field change, selection, and relational recoding. In Section 5, we consider the scope of perceptual learning, contrasting recent research, focused on simple sensory discriminations, with earlier work that emphasized extraction of invariance from varied instances in more complex tasks. Contrary to some recent views, we argue that perceptual learning should not be confined to changes in early sensory analyzers. Phenomena at various levels, we suggest, can be unified by models that emphasize discovery and selection of relevant information. In a final section, we consider the potential role of perceptual learning in educational settings. Most instruction emphasizes facts and procedures that can be verbalized, whereas expertise depends heavily on implicit pattern recognition and selective extraction skills acquired through perceptual learning. We consider reasons why perceptual learning has not been systematically addressed in traditional instruction, and we describe recent successful efforts to create a technology of perceptual learning in areas such as aviation, mathematics, and medicine. Research in perceptual learning promises to advance scientific accounts of learning, and perceptual learning technology may offer similar promise in improving education. |
Publication | Physics of Life Reviews |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 53-84 |
Date | June 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.plrev.2008.12.001 |
ISSN | 1571-0645 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75DC-4V4VY92-2/2/82c39d46728a66e9ebd652d8331f5691 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 11 15:02:21 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 11 15:02:21 2009 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 15:09:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wu Li |
Author | Valentin Piech |
Author | C.D. Gilbert |
Abstract | Neuronal responses at early stages in visual cortical processing, including those in primary visual cortex (V1), are subject to the influences of visual context, experience and attention. Here we show that for monkeys trained in a shape discrimination task, V1 neurons took on novel functional properties related to the attributes of the trained shapes. Furthermore, these properties depended on the perceptual task being performed; neurons responded very differently to an identical visual stimulus under different visual discrimination tasks. These top-down influences were seen from the very beginning and throughout the entire time course of the neural responses. Information theoretic analysis showed that neurons carried more information about a stimulus attribute when the animals were performing a task related to that attribute. Our findings suggest that the output from V1 reflects both sensory and behavioral context. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 651-657 |
Date | Jun 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1255 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156149 |
Accessed | Mon May 25 21:21:12 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15156149 |
Date Added | Mon May 25 21:21:12 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wu Li |
Author | Valentin Piech |
Author | Charles D Gilbert |
Publication | Nature neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 651–657 |
Date | 2004 June |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1255 |
URL | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1440483 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 28 10:33:04 2009 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMC1440483 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 28 10:33:04 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 28 10:33:04 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Garrigan |
Author | P.J. Kellman |
Abstract | Perceptual learning refers to experience-induced improvements in the pick-up of information. Perceptual constancy describes the fact that, despite variable sensory input, perceptual representations typically correspond to stable properties of objects. Here, we show evidence of a strong link between perceptual learning and perceptual constancy: Perceptual learning depends on constancy-based perceptual representations. Perceptual learning may involve changes in early sensory analyzers, but such changes may in general be constrained by categorical distinctions among the high-level perceptual representations to which they contribute. Using established relations of perceptual constancy and sensory inputs, we tested the ability to discover regularities in tasks that dissociated perceptual and sensory invariants. We found that human subjects could learn to classify based on a perceptual invariant that depended on an underlying sensory invariant but could not learn the identical sensory invariant when it did not correlate with a perceptual invariant. These results suggest that constancy-based representations, known to be important for thought and action, also guide learning and plasticity. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 2248-2253 |
Date | 2008-02-12 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/105/6/2248.abstract?sid=bd4f71b5-b11d-4838-bb53-6940770ddf26 |
Accessed | Thu Aug 7 03:51:27 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 7 03:51:27 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 7 03:52:50 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Date | 2008-02-12 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/105/6/2248.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Aug 7 03:50:13 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 7 03:50:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 7 03:50:09 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Shiffrin |
Author | N. Lightfoot |
Contributor | R.L Goldstone |
Contributor | P.G. Schyns |
Contributor | D.L. Medin |
Book Title | The psychology of learning and motivation, Volume 36 |
Place | San Diego |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1997 |
Pages | 45 -82 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Don Donderi |
Author | E Kane |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 15-30 |
Date | Mar 1965 |
Journal Abbr | Can J Psychol |
ISSN | 0008-4255 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14304085 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 13:16:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14304085 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 13:16:57 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Gibson |
Author | E. J. Gibson |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 32-41 |
Date | Jan 1955 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Rev |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14357525 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:46:54 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14357525 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:46:54 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.M. Reder |
Author | DIMITRIOS K. Donavos |
Author | MICHAEL A. Erickson |
Abstract | The aim of the present study was to determine whether physical attributes of a memory representation would affect explicit memory performance and, if so, what type of factors would affect the size of a perceptual match effect. Subjects studied words in different, uncommon fonts and were later asked whether the word had been studied earlier. Words could be re-presented in the original font, a font studied with another word, or a font not seen earlier. In two additional experiments, we varied the numbers of words studied in the same unusual font (1 vs. 12 words per font). Recognition memory for the words was better if the test and study fonts matched, and this effect was larger for fonts not shared with other words. Moreover, old judgments were most likely to be classified as remember responses when words were re-presented in the same font when it had not been studied with other words. Although we found a significant effect of levels of processing, this factor did not interact with whether the font matched between study and test. These results are consistent with the predictions of the source of activation confusion model of memory and suggest that perceptual information operates according to the same memory principles as conceptual information. |
Publication | Memory & cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 312-323 |
Date | 2002-3 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
Short Title | Perceptual match effects in direct tests of memory |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 12035893 PMCID: 2396443 |
Date Added | Fri Dec 25 12:55:48 2009 |
Modified | Fri Dec 25 12:57:05 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.H. Adelson |
Abstract | The perceived brightness of a gray patch depends on the surrounding context. For example, a medium-gray patch appears darker when placed on a bright background and brighter when placed on a dark background. Models to explain these effects are usually based on simple low-level mechanisms. A new set of brightness illusions cannot be explained by such models. In these illusions, the brightness percept is strongly influenced by the perceptual organization of the stimuli. Simple modifications of the stimuli that should have little effect on low-level mechanisms greatly alter the strength of the illusion. These effects may be ascribed to more complex mechanisms occurring later in the visual system. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 262 |
Issue | 5142 |
Pages | 2042-2044 |
Date | 1993 |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=4FGd@CFi7G@c83fJhP5&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 21 10:25:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Mon Jul 21 10:25:29 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 21 10:26:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.F. Woodman |
Author | S.P. Vecera |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Abstract | Previous studies have demonstrated that top-down factors can bias the storage of information in visual working memory. However, relatively little is known about the role that bottom-up stimulus characteristics play in visual working memory storage. In the present study, subjects performed a change detection task in which the to-be-remembered objects were organized in accordance with Gestalt grouping principles. When an attention-capturing cue was presented at the location of one object, other objects that were perceptually grouped with the cued object were more likely to be stored in working memory than were objects that were not grouped with the cued object. Thus, objects that are grouped together tend to be stored together, indicating that bottom-up perceptual organization influences the storage of information in visual working memory |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 80-87 |
Date | March 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul M. Churchland |
Abstract | The doctrine that the character of our perceptual knowledge is plastic, and can vary substantially with the theories embraced by the perceiver, has been criticized in a recent paper by Fodor. His arguments are based on certain experimental facts and theoretical approaches in cognitive psychology. My aim in this paper is threefold: (1) to show that Fodor's views on the impenetrability of perceptual processing do not secure a theory-neutral foundation for knowledge; (2) to show that his views on impenetrability are almost certainly false; and (3) to provide some additional arguments for, and illustrations of, the theoretical character of all observation judgments |
Publication | Philosophy of Science |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | June |
Pages | 167–87 |
Date | 1988 |
Short Title | Perceptual Plasticity and Theoretical Neutrality |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Fri Dec 28 13:42:16 2012 |
Modified | Fri Dec 28 13:42:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | R410-R412 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Mon Aug 18 12:23:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gerald M. Reicher |
Abstract | Evaluates a class of models of human information processing made popular by D. E. Broadbent (see 33:5). A brief tachistoscopic display of 1 or 2 single letters, 4-letter common words, or 4-letter nonwords was immediately followed by a masking field along with 2 single-letter response alternatives chosen so as to minimize informational differences among the tasks. Giving 9 Ss response alternatives before the stimulus display as well as after it caused an impairment of performance. Performance on single words was clearly better than performance on single letters. The data suggested that the 1st stages of information processing are done in parallel, but scanning of the resultant highly processed information is done serially. (17 ref.) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 81 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 275-280 |
Date | 1969 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0027768 |
ISSN | 0022-1015(Print) |
Library Catalog | APA PsycNET |
Rights | (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved |
Date Added | Fri May 3 23:54:02 2013 |
Modified | Fri May 3 23:54:02 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H Egeth |
Author | E E SMITH |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 543-9 |
Date | Aug 1967 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6065475 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:39:21 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6065475 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Abstract | Prior to the twentieth century, theories of knowledge were inherently perceptual. Since then, developments in logic, statistics, and programming languages have inspired amodal theories that rest on principles fundamentally different from those underlying perception. In addition, perceptual approaches have become widely viewed as untenable because they are assumed to implement recording systems, not conceptual systems. A perceptual theory of knowledge is developed here in the context of current cognitive science and neuroscience. During perceptual experience, association areas in the brain capture bottom-up patterns of activation in sensory-motor areas. Later, in a top-down manner, association areas partially reactivate sensory-motor areas to implement perceptual symbols. The storage and reactivation of perceptual symbols operates at the level of perceptual components--not at the level of holistic perceptual experiences. Through the use of selective attention, schematic representations of perceptual components are extracted from experience and stored in memory (e.g., individual memories of green, purr, hot). As memories of the same component become organized around a common frame, they implement a simulator that produces limitless simulations of the component (e.g., simulations of purr). Not only do such simulators develop for aspects of sensory experience, they also develop for aspects of proprioception (e.g., lift, run) and introspection (e.g., compare, memory, happy, hungry). Once established, these simulators implement a basic conceptual system that represents types, supports categorization, and produces categorical inferences. These simulators further support productivity, propositions, and abstract concepts, thereby implementing a fully functional conceptual system. Productivity results from integrating simulators combinatorially and recursively to produce complex simulations. Propositions result from binding simulators to perceived individuals to represent type-token relations. Abstract concepts are grounded in complex simulations of combined physical and introspective events. Thus, a perceptual theory of knowledge can implement a fully functional conceptual system while avoiding problems associated with amodal symbol systems. Implications for cognition, neuroscience, evolution, development, and artificial intelligence are explored. |
Publication | The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 577-609; discussion 610-660 |
Date | Aug 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Brain Sci |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11301525 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 17:51:28 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11301525 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:51:28 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.M. Reingold |
Author | P. Jolicoeur |
Abstract | Two experiments demonstrated letter-context effects that cannot easily be accounted for by postperceptual theories based on structural redundancy, figural goodness, or memory advantage. In Experiment 1, subjects identified the color of a letter fragment more accurately in letter than in nonletter contexts. In Experiment 2, subjects identified the feature presented in a precued color more accurately in letters than in nonletters. We argue that these effects result from top-down perceptual processing |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 166-178 |
Date | February 1993 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.J. Segal |
Author | P.E. Gordon |
Publication | Perceptual and Motor Skills |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 791-& |
Date | 1969 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Basso |
Abstract | The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to present a study of perseveration in a continuous series of 50 left brain-damaged aphasic subjects and (2) to describe the treatment of 2 patients with high rates of perseveration. In the group of 50 subjects, 20 showed two or more perseverations in one or more language tasks. No difference in number of perseverations was found between fluent and nonfluent subjects, but perseverations in global aphasic subjects with stereotyped speech were less varied than they were in fluent aphasic subjects and were not unlike other types of recurrent utterances. Of the two patients who received treatment, subject 1 had severe semantic disruption and perseverated in all production and comprehension tasks, except in repetition, reading aloud, and writing to dictation, all of which could be performed by the undamaged sublexical routines. Treated subject 2 had writing disorders that were ascribed to damage to the output buffer. She perseverated in all writing tasks. Rehabilitation of the semantic system in subject 1 and of the output buffer in subject 2 greatly reduced the number of perseverations in both subjects. It is argued that recovery of the underlying functional damage reduces the perseverative behavior. |
Publication | Seminars in Speech and Language |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 375-389 |
Date | Nov 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Semin Speech Lang |
DOI | 10.1055/s-2004-837249 |
ISSN | 0734-0478 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15599826 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 5 19:25:44 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15599826 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 5 19:25:44 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas D. Duran |
Author | R.A. Dale |
Publication | New ideas in Psychology |
Date | in press |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:15:59 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:17:14 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | L. Wittgenstein |
Place | Oxford |
Publisher | Basil Blackwell |
Date | 1953 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Hay |
Author | L. Bauer |
Publication | Language |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 388 |
Date | 2007 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 19:41:20 2009 |
Modified | Tue Dec 1 18:40:30 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.F. Ganong |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 110-125 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicole A.E. Dietz |
Author | Karen M. Jones |
Author | Lynn Gareau |
Author | Thomas A. Zeffiro |
Author | Guinevere F. Eden |
Abstract | Aloud reading of novel words is achieved by phonological decoding, a process in which grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules are applied to ldquosound outrdquo a word's spoken representation. Numerous brain imaging studies have examined the neural bases of phonological decoding by contrasting pseudoword (pronounceable nonwords) to real word reading. However, only a few investigations have examined pseudoword reading under both aloud and silent conditions, task parameters that are likely to significantly alter the functional anatomy of phonological decoding. Subjects participated in an fMRI study of aloud pseudoword, aloud real word, silent pseudoword, and silent real word reading. Using this two-by-two design, we examined effects of word-type (real words vs. pseudowords) and response-modality (silent vs. aloud) and their interactions. We found 1) four regions to be invariantly active across the four reading conditions: the anterior aspect of the left precentral gyrus (Brodmann's Area (BA) 6), and three areas within the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex; 2) a main effect of word-type (pseudowords > words) in left inferior frontal gyrus and left intraparietal sulcus; 3) a main effect of response-modality (aloud > silent) that included bilateral motor, auditory, and extrastriate cortex; and 4) a single left hemisphere extrastriate region showing a word-type by response-modality interaction effect. This region, within the posterior fusiform cortex at BA 19, was uniquely modulated by varying phonological processing demands. This result suggests that when reading, word forms are subject to phonological analysis at the point they are first recognized as alphabetic stimuli and BA 19 is involved in processing the phonological properties of words. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Publication | Human Brain Mapping |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-93 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1002/hbm.20122 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20122 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 18:22:26 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 18:22:26 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 18:22:26 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.W. Cassidy |
Author | M.H. Kelly |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 348-369 |
Date | June 1991 |
URL | ISI:A1991FM83800005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Munson |
Abstract | Recent studies have suggested that both adults and children are sensitive to information about phonological pattern frequency; however, the influence of phonological pattern frequency on speech production has not been studied extensively. The current study examined the effect of phonological pattern frequency on the fluency and flexibility of speech production. Normal- and fast-rate nonsense-word repetitions of three groups of participants (preschool school-aged children, and adults) were analyzed. Subjective ratings of the wordlikeness of nonsense words, percentage phonemes correctly repeated, mean duration, and durational variability were measured. In the first experiment, ratings of the wordlikeness of nonsense words were found to correlate with the pattern frequency of sequences embedded in them. In the second analysis, it was found that children, but not adults, repeated infrequent sequences of phonemes less accurately than frequent sequences. in the third experiment, infrequent sequences were produced with longer durations than frequent ones, with children demonstrating a larger difference between frequent and infrequent sequences than adults. Phonological pattern frequency also influenced variability in infrequent sequences of sounds were more variable than frequent ones. Thus, there appears to be an influence of phonological pattern frequency on speech, and, for some measures, a larger effect size is noted for children |
Publication | Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 778-792 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | ISI:000170493000006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Geoffrey M Ghose |
Author | Tianming Yang |
Author | John H R Maunsell |
Abstract | Performance in visual discrimination tasks improves with practice. Although the psychophysical parameters of these improvements have suggested the involvement of early areas in visual cortex, there has been little direct study of the physiological correlates of such perceptual learning at the level of individual neurons. To examine how neuronal response properties in the early visual system may change with practice, we trained monkeys for more than 6 mo in an orientation discrimination task in which behaviorally relevant stimuli were restricted to a particular retinal location and oriented around a specific orientation. During training the monkeys' discrimination thresholds gradually improved to much better than those of naive monkeys or humans. Although this improvement was specific to the trained orientation, it showed little retinotopic specificity. The receptive field properties of single neurons from regions representing the trained location and a location in the opposite visual hemifield were measured in V1 and V2. In most respects the receptive field properties in the representations of the trained and untrained regions were indistinguishable. However, in the regions of V1 and V2 representing the trained location, there were slightly fewer neurons whose optimal orientation was near the trained orientation. This resulted in a small but significant decrease in the V1 population response to the trained orientation at the trained location. Consequently, the observed neuronal populations did not exhibit any orientation-specific biases sufficient to explain the orientation specificity of the behavioral improvement. Pooling models suggest that the behavioral improvement was accomplished with a task-dependent and orientation-selective pooling of unaltered signals from early visual neurons. These data suggest that, even for training with stimuli suited to the selectivities found in early areas of visual cortex, behavioral improvements can occur in the absence of pronounced changes in the physiology of those areas. |
Publication | Journal of Neurophysiology |
Volume | 87 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1867-1888 |
Date | Apr 2002 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1152/jn.00690.2001 |
ISSN | 0022-3077 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11929908 |
Accessed | Mon May 25 21:19:14 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11929908 |
Date Added | Mon May 25 21:19:14 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K Pezdek |
Author | R Maki |
Author | D Valencia-Laver |
Author | T Whetstone |
Author | J Stoeckert |
Author | T Dougherty |
Abstract | When people are presented simple and complex pictures and then tested in a same-changed recognition test with a simple or complex form of each, d' is greater for the simple than the complex picture (Pezdek & Chen, 1982). The results of three experiments confirm the robustness of this "asymmetric confusability effect" and test a model of the processes underlying this effect. According to the model, pictures are schematically encoded such that the memory representation of both simple and complex pictures is similar to the simple form of each. In Experiment 1, a sentence was presented that described the central schema in the picture prior to subjects' viewing each picture. This manipulation exaggerated the asymmetric confusability effect; schematic processing thus underlies the effect. Results of Experiment 2 refute the hypothesis that the effect results from subjects erroneously anticipating a recall test rather than a recognition test. Furthermore, although some of the nonschematic elaborative information in complex pictures is stored in memory, it is difficult to retrieve to verify that something is missing when complex presentation pictures are changed to simple test pictures (Experiment 3). Thus, although people are able to distinguish large sets of old pictures from new distractor pictures, their ability to detect missing elaborative visual details is more limited. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 468-476 |
Date | Jul 1988 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
Short Title | Picture memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2969943 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 19:17:31 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2969943 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 19:17:31 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Jolicoeur |
Author | M A Gluck |
Author | S M Kosslyn |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 243-275 |
Date | Apr 1984 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Psychol |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Pictures and names |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6734136 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 22 21:41:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6734136 |
Date Added | Sun Aug 22 21:41:12 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | William Vaughan |
Author | Sharon L Greene |
Abstract | Four experiments examined visual memory capacity in 13 White Carneaux pigeons. In Exp I, Ss learned to discriminate between 80 pairs of random shapes. Memory for 40 of those pairs was only slightly poorer following 490 days without exposure. In Exp II, 80 pairs of photographic slides were learned; 629 days without exposure did not significantly disrupt memory. In Exp III, 160 pairs of slides were learned; 731 days without exposure did not significantly disrupt memory. In the final experiment, Ss learned to respond appropriately to 40 pairs of slides in the normal orientation and to respond in the opposite way when the slides were left–right reversed. After an interval of 751 days, there was a transient disruption in discrimination. These experiments demonstrate that pigeons have a heretofore unsuspected capacity with regard to both breadth and stability of memory for abstract stimuli and pictures. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. Vol 10(2) |
Pages | 256-271 |
Date | Apr 1984 |
ISSN | 0097-7403 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (PsycINFO) |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 10:43:54 2009 |
Modified | Mon Dec 21 10:43:54 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E Van der Burg |
Author | CN Olivers |
Author | AW Bronkhorst |
Author | J Theeuwes |
Abstract | Searching for an object within a cluttered, continuously changing environment can be a very time-consuming process. The authors show that a simple auditory pip drastically decreases search times for a synchronized visual object that is normally very difficult to find. This effect occurs even though the pip contains no information on the location or identity of the visual object. The experiments also show that the effect is not due to general alerting (because it does not occur with visual cues), nor is it due to top-down cuing of the visual change (because it still occurs when the pip is synchronized with distractors on the majority of trials). Instead, we propose that the temporal information of the auditory signal is integrated with the visual signal, generating a relatively salient emergent feature that automatically draws attention. Phenomenally, the synchronous pip makes the visual object pop out from its complex environment, providing a direct demonstration of spatially nonspecific sounds affecting competition in spatial visual processing. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1053-1065 |
Date | October 2008 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | Pip and pop |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.5.1053 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 18:55:40 2010 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 18:55:40 2010 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.N. Sanes |
Author | J.P. Donoghue |
Abstract | One fundamental function of primary motor cortex (MI) is to control voluntary movements. Recent evidence suggests that this role emerges from distributed networks rather than discrete representations and that in adult mammals these networks are capable of modification. Neuronal recordings and activation patterns revealed with neuroimaging methods have shown considerable plasticity of MI representations and cell properties following pathological or traumatic changes and in relation to everyday experience, including motor-skill learning and cognitive motor actions. The intrinsic horizontal neuronal connections in MI are a strong candidate substrate for map reorganization: They interconnect large regions of MI, they show activity-dependent plasticity, and they modify in association with skill learning. These findings suggest that MI cortex is not simply a static motor control structure. It also contains a dynamic substrate that participates in motor learning and possibly in cognitive events as well |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 23 |
Pages | 393-415 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | ISI:000086730500013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | O. Pascalis |
Author | L. S. Scott |
Author | D. J. Kelly |
Author | R. W. Shannon |
Author | E. Nicholson |
Author | M. Coleman |
Author | C. A. Nelson |
Abstract | Experience plays a crucial role for the normal development of many perceptual and cognitive functions, such as speech perception. For example, between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds declines. However, a recent investigation suggests that some experience with nonnative languages from 9 months of age facilitates the maintenance of this ability at 12 months. Nelson has suggested that the systems underlying face processing may be similarly sculpted by experience with different kinds of faces. In the current investigation, we demonstrate that, in human infants between 6 and 9 months of age, exposure to nonnative faces, in this case, faces of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), facilitates the discrimination of monkey faces, an ability that is otherwise lost around 9 months of age. These data support, and further elucidate, the role of early experience in the development of face processing. development early experience monkey recognition |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 5297-5300 |
Date | 04/05/2005 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0406627102 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/102/14/5297 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 13 20:28:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 20:28:43 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 20:28:43 2012 |
Type | Report |
---|---|
Author | E. Colunga |
Author | M. Gasser |
Abstract | In this report we argue that the study of the acquisition of word meaning requires taking seriously non-linguistic cognition, in particular human vision and the pre-linguistic development of concepts. We consider the implications of this claim for the acquisition of spatial relations, and we present Playpen, an evolving neural network architecture for modeling the development of spatial language and spatial cognition. Playpen includes modules for high-level vision, the lexicon, and the conceptual space in which vision and lexicon come together, allowing for the mutual influence of all three. This report focuses on the basic building blocks of the network. Feature binding and object segregation are implemented through the use of phase angles, and the learning algorithm is a version of Contrastive Hebbian Learning [⬚Movellan, 1990], adapted for units with phase angles. We argue that to represent and learn the meanings of relational terms, the network also requires units which represent micro-relations explicitly. In Playpen these take the form of ⬚relation units⬚, hard-wired clusters of simpler units which become activated to the extent that they receive inputs from units representing distinct objects. ⬚ |
Place | Indiana University, Bloomington, IN |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Susan Goldin-Meadow |
Abstract | Tomasello, Carpenter, and Liszkowski (2007) have argued that pointing gestures do much more than single out objects in the world. Pointing gestures function as part of a system of shared intentionality even at early stages of development. As such, pointing gestures form the platform on which linguistic communication rests, paving the way for later language learning. This commentary provides evidence that pointing gestures do establish a foundation for learning a language and, moreover, set the stage for creating a language. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 741-745 |
Date | 2007 May-Jun |
Journal Abbr | Child Dev |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01029.x |
ISSN | 0009-3920 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517001 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 23:33:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17517001 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 23:33:03 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jemma L. Geoghegan |
Author | Hamish G. Spencer |
Abstract | There is increasing evidence that epigenetic modifications can be passed from one generation to the next. The population-level consequence of these discoveries, however, remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we introduce and analyze some simple models of constant viability selection acting on such heritable epigenetic variation. These “population-epigenetic” models are analogous to those of traditional population genetics, and are a preliminary step in quantifying the effect of non-genomic transgenerational inheritance, aiming to improve our understanding of how this sort of environmental response may affect evolution. |
Publication | Theoretical Population Biology |
Volume | 81 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 232-242 |
Date | May 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Theoretical Population Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.001 |
ISSN | 0040-5809 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040580911000700 |
Accessed | Fri May 24 23:50:25 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jemma L. Geoghegan |
Author | Hamish G. Spencer |
Abstract | There is increasing evidence that epigenetic modifications can be passed from one generation to the next. The population-level consequence of these discoveries, however, remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we introduce and analyze some simple models of constant viability selection acting on such heritable epigenetic variation. These “population-epigenetic” models are analogous to those of traditional population genetics, and are a preliminary step in quantifying the effect of non-genomic transgenerational inheritance, aiming to improve our understanding of how this sort of environmental response may affect evolution. |
Publication | Theoretical Population Biology |
Volume | 81 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 232-242 |
Date | May 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Theoretical Population Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tpb.2011.08.001 |
ISSN | 0040-5809 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040580911000700 |
Accessed | Fri May 24 23:50:25 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Harvey S. Levin |
Author | James Song |
Author | Linda Ewing-Cobbs |
Author | Garland Roberson |
Abstract | To investigate planning in traumatically brain injured children, the authors gave the Porteus Maze Test (PMT; S. D. Porteus, 1959) to 276 pediatric patients who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) at least 3 years previously. Sensitivity of the PMT to TBI severity, age at test, and volume of focal brain lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging was also studied. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (L. M. Dunn & L. M. Dunn, 1981) was also administered as a control measure. Results indicated that the PMT was highly sensitive to TBI severity and to volume of circumscribed prefrontal lesions. In contrast to the PMT data, receptive vocabulary was related to injury severity but not to discrete prefrontal lesions. Implications for mechanisms of cognitive deficit after TBI in children are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Neuropsychology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 557-567 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | 10.1037/0894-4105.15.4.557 |
ISSN | 1931-1559(Electronic);0894-4105(Print) |
Library Catalog | APA PsycNET |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 13:12:22 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 13:12:22 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gyula Kovács |
Author | Csaba Cziraki |
Author | Zoltán Vidnyánszky |
Author | Stefan R Schweinberger |
Author | Mark W Greenlee |
Abstract | Adaptation to faces leads to face aftereffects and currently this topic attracts a lot of attention because it clearly shows that adaptation occurs even at the higher stages of visual cortical processing. Recently it has been found that long-term exposure to a face stimulus results in adaptation of a position-specific population of face sensitive neurons in addition to a position-invariant neural population, the later being also adapted in the case of short-term adaptation. Here we used the fMRI adaptation technique to investigate the neural locus of position-specific and position-invariant face adaptation. We show that in the right fusiform face area adaptation effects are position invariant and can be evoked by short (500 ms) as well as long (4500 ms) adaptation durations. On the other hand adaptation effects in the right occipital face area are position-specific and require long-term adaptation to develop. These findings imply that the behaviourally observed face aftereffects reflect time-dependent adaptation processes of both position-specific and invariant face sensitive neurons at different stages of visual processing. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 156-164 |
Date | Oct 15, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.042 |
ISSN | 1095-9572 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18672076 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 28 15:21:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18672076 |
Date Added | Wed Oct 28 15:21:47 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jerre Levy |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 224 |
Issue | 5219 |
Pages | 614-615 |
Date | November 08, 1969 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/224614a0 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/224614a0 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 17:04:10 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Wed May 6 17:04:10 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 17:04:10 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.H. Ross |
Abstract | The use of category knowledge can affect category representations, including classification knowledge, even if people learn to classify before learning to use the categories. In 5 experiments, subjects first learned to classify spy messages and then learned a category use that required simple problem solving (applying a formula to decode a message). The number relations that were important for the decoding were later used as an additional basis of classification. This effect of category use occurred even when the classification was not provided during use learning, if the category representation was incidentally available. This incidental activation of the category representation is common in real-world situations and can occur by additional processing (Experiment 2) or by extended classification learning (Experiments 3-5). The discussion focuses on the conditions necessary for obtaining this effect and the generality of the findings |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 743-757 |
Date | May 1999 |
URL | ISI:000080553200011 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philip Tseng |
Author | Tzu-Yu Hsu |
Author | Neil G Muggleton |
Author | Ovid J L Tzeng |
Author | Daisy L Hung |
Author | Chi-Hung Juan |
Abstract | It is commonly accepted that right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays an important role in updating spatial representations, directing visuospatial attention, and planning actions. However, recent studies suggest that right PPC may also be involved in processes that are more closely associated with our visual awareness as its activation level positively correlates with successful conscious change detection (Beck, D.M., Rees, G., Frith, C.D., & Lavie, N. (2001). Neural correlates of change detection and change blindness. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 645-650.). Furthermore, disruption of its activity increases the occurrences of change blindness, thus suggesting a causal role for right PPC in change detection (Beck, D.M., Muggleton, N., Walsh, V., & Lavie, N. (2006). Right parietal cortex plays a critical role in change blindness. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 712-717.). In the context of a 1-shot change detection paradigm, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during different time intervals to elucidate the temporally precise involvement of PPC in change detection. While subjects attempted to detect changes between two image sets separated by a brief time interval, TMS was applied either during the presentation of picture 1 when subjects were encoding and maintaining information into visual short-term memory, or picture 2 when subjects were retrieving information relating to picture 1 and comparing it to picture 2. Our results show that change blindness occurred more often when TMS was applied during the viewing of picture 1, which implies that right PPC plays a crucial role in the processes of encoding and maintaining information in visual short-term memory. In addition, since our stimuli did not involve changes in spatial locations, our findings also support previous studies suggesting that PPC may be involved in the processes of encoding non-spatial visual information (Todd, J.J. & Marois, R. (2004). Capacity limit of visual short-term memory in human posterior parietal cortex. Nature, 428, 751-754.). |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1063-1070 |
Date | Mar 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.005 |
ISSN | 1873-3514 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20005882 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 10:44:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20005882 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 10:44:29 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kimberly A Barchard |
Author | John Williams |
Abstract | It is increasingly easy and, therefore, increasingly common to conduct experiments and questionnaire studies in online environments. However, the online environment is not a data collection medium that is familiar to many researchers or to many research methods instructors. Because of this, researchers have received little information about how to address ethical issues when conducting online research. Researchers need practical suggestions on how to translate federal and professional ethics codes into this new data collection medium. This article assists United States psychologists in designing online studies that meet accepted standards for informed consent, deception, debriefing, the right to withdraw, security of test materials, copyright of participants' materials, confidentiality and anonymity, and avoiding harm. |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1111-1128 |
Date | Nov 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Res Methods |
DOI | 10.3758/BRM.40.4.1111 |
ISSN | 1554-351X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19001403 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 16:41:45 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19001403 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:41:45 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael R. Basso |
Author | Natasha Lowery |
Author | Courtney Ghormley |
Author | Robert A. Bornstein |
Abstract | The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST: Heaton, Chelune, Talley, Kay, & Curtiss, 1993) is among the most commonly administered measures of executive function. Recently, a short form of the test was developed (WCST–64: Kongs, Thompson, Iverson, & Heaton, 2000), and it affords psychometric properties commensurate with the full version of the test. Yet, similar to other measures of executive function, relatively little is known concerning the effects of repeated administration on the WCST–64. Towards this end, 53 men (age M = 32.38) were administered the WCST–64 twice over 12 months, and scores on several indices improved significantly during this interval. Suggestions concerning the use of these measures in longitudinal research designs and clinical follow-up examinations are offered, and reliable change indices concerning these measures are included. |
Publication | The Clinical Neuropsychologist |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 471-478 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | 10.1076/clin.15.4.471.1883 |
ISSN | 1385-4046 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1076/clin.15.4.471.1883 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 13 16:24:01 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 16:24:01 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 16:24:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J G Snodgrass |
Author | J Corwin |
Abstract | This article has two purposes. The first is to describe four theoretical models of yes-no recognition memory and present their associated measures of discrimination and response bias. These models are then applied to a set of data from normal subjects to determine which pairs of discrimination and bias indices show independence between discrimination and bias. The following models demonstrated independence: a two-high-threshold model, a signal detection model with normal distributions using d' and C (rather than beta), and a signal detection model with logistic distributions and a bias measure analogous to C. C is defined as the distance of criterion from the intersection of the two underlying distributions. The second purpose is to use the indices from the acceptable models to characterize recognition memory deficits in dementia and amnesia. Young normal subjects, Alzheimer's disease patients, and parkinsonian dementia patients were tested with picture recognition tasks with repeated study-test trials. Huntington's disease patients, mixed etiology amnesics, and age-matched normals were tested by Butters, Wolfe, Martone, Granholm, and Cermak (1985) using the same paradigm with word stimuli. Demented and amnesic patients produced distinctly different patterns of abnormal memory performance. Both groups of demented patients showed poor discrimination and abnormally liberal response bias for words (Huntington's disease) and pictures (Alzheimer's disease and parkinsonian dementia), whereas the amnesic patients showed the worst discrimination but normal response bias for words. Although both signal detection theory and two-high-threshold discrimination parameters showed identical results, the bias measure from the two-high-threshold model was more sensitive to change than the bias measure (C) from signal detection theory. Three major points are emphasized. First, any index of recognition memory performance assumes an underlying model. Second, even acceptable models can lead to different conclusions about patterns of learning and forgetting. Third, efforts to characterize and ameliorate abnormal memory should address both discrimination and bias deficits. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 34-50 |
Date | Mar 1988 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2966230 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 4 15:18:44 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2966230 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 4 15:18:44 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. N. Slobodchikoff |
Author | Andrea Paseka |
Author | Jennifer L. Verdolin |
Publication | Animal Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 435-439 |
Date | 12/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Anim Cogn |
DOI | 10.1007/s10071-008-0203-y |
ISSN | 1435-9448 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/bg4n16253pj73673/ |
Accessed | Mon Jan 17 21:32:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 17 21:32:22 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 17 21:32:22 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. N. Slobodchikoff |
Author | Andrea Paseka |
Author | Jennifer L. Verdolin |
Publication | Animal Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 435-439 |
Date | 12/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Anim Cogn |
DOI | 10.1007/s10071-008-0203-y |
ISSN | 1435-9448 |
URL | http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/pqdlink?index=9&did=1895924901&SrchMode=3&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1295323122&clientId=3751&aid=1 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 17 22:00:56 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 17 22:00:56 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 17 22:00:56 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Barry Giesbrecht |
Author | Daniel H. Weissman |
Author | Marty G. Woldorff |
Author | George R. Mangun |
Abstract | Physiological studies in humans and monkeys have revealed that, in response to an instruction to attend, areas of sensory cortex that code the attributes of the expected stimulus exhibit increases in neural activity prior to the arrival of the stimulus. Models of selective visual attention posit that these increases in activity give attended stimuli a processing advantage over distracting stimuli. Here, we test two key predictions of this view by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to record human brain activity during a cued voluntary orienting task. First, we tested whether pre-stimulus modulations are observed during both cued spatial and cued feature attention. Secondly, we tested whether the magnitude of pre-stimulus modulations predicts behavioral performance. Our results indicate that cue-triggered expectation of targets with particular spatial or nonspatial features activates areas of the visual cortex selective for these features. Furthermore, the magnitude of the cue-triggered modulations correlated with behavioral measures, such that those subjects who exhibited relatively large pre-stimulus modulations of activity performed better on the behavioral task. These findings support the view that top–down control systems bias activity in sensory cortices to favor the processing of expected target features and that this bias is related to behavior. Keywords: Selective attention; fMRI; Behavior; Visual cortex Neuroscience classification codes: Neural basis of behavior, Cognition |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1080 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 63-72 |
Date | March 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.068 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6SYR-4J2CNF2-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ee810cddf94e1e3cb21e8327248464be |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 12:14:16 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Dec 15 12:14:16 2008 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Barry Giesbrecht |
Author | Daniel H Weissman |
Author | Marty G Woldorff |
Author | George R Mangun |
Abstract | Physiological studies in humans and monkeys have revealed that, in response to an instruction to attend, areas of sensory cortex that code the attributes of the expected stimulus exhibit increases in neural activity prior to the arrival of the stimulus. Models of selective visual attention posit that these increases in activity give attended stimuli a processing advantage over distracting stimuli. Here, we test two key predictions of this view by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to record human brain activity during a cued voluntary orienting task. First, we tested whether pre-stimulus modulations are observed during both cued spatial and cued feature attention. Secondly, we tested whether the magnitude of pre-stimulus modulations predicts behavioral performance. Our results indicate that cue-triggered expectation of targets with particular spatial or nonspatial features activates areas of the visual cortex selective for these features. Furthermore, the magnitude of the cue-triggered modulations correlated with behavioral measures, such that those subjects who exhibited relatively large pre-stimulus modulations of activity performed better on the behavioral task. These findings support the view that top-down control systems bias activity in sensory cortices to favor the processing of expected target features and that this bias is related to behavior. |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1080 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 63-72 |
Date | Mar 29, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res |
DOI | S0006-8993(05)01383-1 |
ISSN | 0006-8993 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16412994 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:18:31 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16412994 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | S.C. Bennett |
Abstract | A considerable body of recent evidence shows that preattentive processes can carve visual input into candidate objects. Borrowing and modifying terminology from Kahneman & Treisman (1984), this paper investigates the properties of these preattentive object files. Experiments 1-3 show that preattentive object files are loose collections of basic features. Thus, we can know preattentively that an object has the attributes ''red'' and ''vertical'' and yet have no idea if any part of the object is red ann vertical. Experiment 4 shows that some information about the structure of an object is available preattentively, but Experiments 5-12 search for and fail to find any preattentive representation of overall shape. Appreciation of the overall shape of an object appears to require the binding together of local form features-a process that requires attention. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-43 |
Date | January 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Edouard Machery |
Abstract | Although cognitive scientists have learned a lot about concepts, their findings have yet to be organized in a coherent theoretical framework. In addition, after twenty years of controversy, there is little sign that philosophers and psychologists are converging toward an agreement about the very nature of concepts. Doing without Concepts (Machery 2009) attempts to remedy this state of affairs. In this article, I review the main points and arguments developed at greater length in Doing without Concepts. |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 195-206 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X09991531 |
URL | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&pdftype=1&fid=7825838&jid=BBS&volumeId=33&issueId=&aid=7825836 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 18 16:29:10 2011 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Tue Jan 18 16:29:10 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jan 18 16:29:51 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hartwig R Siebner |
Author | Nicolas Lang |
Author | Vincenzo Rizzo |
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | W Paulus |
Author | Roger N Lemon |
Author | John C Rothwell |
Abstract | Recent experimental work in animals has emphasized the importance of homeostatic plasticity as a means of stabilizing the properties of neuronal circuits. Here, we report a phenomenon that indicates a homeostatic pattern of cortical plasticity in healthy human subjects. The experiments combined two techniques that can produce long-term effects on the excitability of corticospinal output neurons: transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left primary motor cortex. "Facilitatory preconditioning" with anodal TDCS caused a subsequent period of 1 Hz rTMS to reduce corticospinal excitability to below baseline levels for >20 min. Conversely, "inhibitory preconditioning" with cathodal TDCS resulted in 1 Hz rTMS increasing corticospinal excitability for at least 20 min. No changes in excitability occurred when 1 Hz rTMS was preceded by sham TDCS. Thus, changing the initial state of the motor cortex by a period of DC polarization reversed the conditioning effects of 1 Hz rTMS. These preconditioning effects of TDCS suggest the existence of a homeostatic mechanism in the human motor cortex that stabilizes corticospinal excitability within a physiologically useful range. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 3379-3385 |
Date | Mar 31, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5316-03.2004 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
Short Title | Preconditioning of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15056717 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 18:21:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15056717 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 18:21:39 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Summerfield |
Author | T. Egner |
Author | M. Greene |
Author | E. Koechlin |
Author | J. Mangels |
Author | J. Hirsch |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 314 |
Issue | 5803 |
Pages | 1311-1314 |
Date | 11/2006 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1132028 |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=4B@BdhON3f17fgBPMDF&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Oct 19 09:21:33 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Oct 19 09:21:33 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 19 09:21:33 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.P. Rao |
Author | D.H. Ballard |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 79-87 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Adrien Chopin |
Author | Pascal Mamassian |
Abstract | Summary What humans perceive depends in part on what they have previously experienced [1, 2]. After repeated exposure to one stimulus, adaptation takes place in the form of a negative correlation between the current percept and the last displayed stimuli [3–10]. Previous work has shown that this negative dependence can extend to a few minutes in the past [5, 11, 12], but the precise extent and nature of the dependence in vision is still unknown. In two experiments based on orientation judgments, we reveal a positive dependence of a visual percept with stimuli presented remotely in the past, unexpectedly and in contrast to what is known for the recent past. Previous theories of adaptation have postulated that the visual system attempts to calibrate itself relative to an ideal norm [13, 14] or to the recent past [5, 7, 10, 15, 16]. We propose instead that the remote past is used to estimate the world's statistics and that this estimate becomes the reference. According to this new framework, adaptation is predictive: the most likely forthcoming percept is the one that helps the statistics of the most recent percepts match that of the remote past. |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 622-626 |
Date | April 10, 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.021 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212001704 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 01:04:35 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:04:35 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 01:04:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Randall C. O'Reilly |
Author | David C. Noelle |
Author | Todd S. Braver |
Author | Jonathan D. Cohen |
Abstract | We present a computational model of the intradimensional/ extradimensional (ID/ED) task (a variant of the Wisconsin card sorting task) that simulates the performance of intact and frontally lesioned monkeys on three different kinds of rule changes (Dias et al., 1997, J Neurosci 17:9285–9297). Although Dias et al. interpret the lesion data as supporting a model in which prefrontal cortex is organized into different processing functions, our model suggests an alternative account based on representational content. A key aspect of the model is that prefrontal cortex representations are organized according to different levels of abstraction, with orbital areas encoding more specific featural information and dorsolateral areas encoding more abstract dimensional information. This representational scheme of the model is integrated with two additional key elements: (i) activation-based working memory representations controlled by a dynamic gating mechanism that simulates the hypothesized phasic actions of dopaminergic neuromodulation in prefrontal cortex, which acts to stabilize or destabilize frontal representations based on success in the task; and (ii) a weight-based associative learning system simulating posterior cortex and other subcortical areas, where the stimulus–response mappings are encoded. Frontal cortex contributes to the task via top-down activation-based biasing of task-appropriate features and dimensions in this posterior cortex system — this top-down biasing is specifically important for overcoming prepotent associations after a sorting rule reverses. The ability of the model to capture the double-dissociation observed by Dias et al. with orbital versus dorsolateral lesions supports the validity of these principles, many of which have also been useful in accounting for other frontal phenomena. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 246 -257 |
Date | March 01 , 2002 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/12.3.246 |
Short Title | Prefrontal Cortex and Dynamic Categorization Tasks |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/3/246.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 19:38:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 19:38:29 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 19:38:29 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bradley R Postle |
Author | Lauren N Brush |
Author | Andrew M Nick |
Abstract | Mediating proactive interference (PI), the deleterious effect of antecedent information on current memory representations, is believed to be a key function of prefrontal cortex (PFC). Item-specific PI results when an invalid probe matches a memorandum from the preceding trial; item-nonspecific PI is produced by the accumulation of no-longer-relevant items from previous trials. We tested the hypothesis that these two types of PI are mediated by common PFC-based processes with an fMRI study of a delayed-recognition task designed to produce both types of PI. Our results indicated that the fMRI correlates of both effects were restricted both to Brodmann's area 45 in the left hemisphere and to the memory probe epoch of the trial. These results suggest that a unification of the literatures and approaches that have independently studied these phenomena might offer a fruitful new perspective from which to study the relations between working memory, executive control, and the PFC. |
Publication | Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 600-608 |
Date | Dec 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci |
ISSN | 1530-7026 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15849900 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 19:17:53 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15849900 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 19:17:53 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. R Snyder |
Author | K. Feigenson |
Author | S. L Thompson-Schill |
Publication | Journal of cognitive neuroscience |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 761–775 |
Date | 2007 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Nov 10 00:53:08 2010 |
Modified | Wed Nov 10 00:53:08 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | D. Roberson |
Abstract | The present paper seeks to understand more about categorisation and its relation to naming. A patient with language impairments (LEW) was examined in a three-part investigation of his ability to make classification decisions. The first part demonstrated LEW's inability to make taxonomic classifications of shape thus confirming his previously documented impaired perceptual categorisation. The second part demonstrated that, despite LEW's inability to perform simple taxonomic classifications, he could reason analogically as well as a 4/5 year-old child. It is therefore argued that taxonomic classifications cannot be driven by the development of analogical reasoning. The third part more directly contrasted thematic and taxonomic classification. LEW showed a preference for thematic classification. In fact, there was no evidence of any substantial ability to make taxonomic colour classifications despite evidence for good preservation of the associated object-colour knowledge |
Publication | Language and Cognitive Processes |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 137-174 |
Date | February 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter Walker |
Author | J. Gavin Bremner |
Author | Uschi Mason |
Author | Jo Spring |
Author | Karen Mattock |
Author | Alan Slater |
Author | Scott P. Johnson |
Abstract | Stimulation of one sensory modality can induce perceptual experiences in another modality that reflect synaesthetic correspondences among different dimensions of sensory experience. In visual-hearing synaesthesia, for example, higher pitched sounds induce visual images that are brighter, smaller, higher in space, and sharper than those induced by lower pitched sounds. Claims that neonatal perception is synaesthetic imply that such correspondences are an unlearned aspect of perception. To date, the youngest children in whom such correspondences have been confirmed with any certainty were 2- to 3-year-olds. We examined preferential looking to assess 3- to 4-month-old preverbal infants’ sensitivity to the correspondences linking auditory pitch to visuospatial height and visual sharpness. The infants looked longer at a changing visual display when this was accompanied by a sound whose changing pitch was congruent, rather than incongruent, with these correspondences. This is the strongest indication to date that synaesthetic cross-modality correspondences are an unlearned aspect of perception. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 21-25 |
Date | 2010-01-01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797609354734 |
ISSN | 0956-7976, 1467-9280 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/1/21 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 16 20:07:35 2012 |
Library Catalog | pss.sagepub.com |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:07:35 2012 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:07:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robbins Burling |
Publication | Current Anthropology |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 53, 25 |
Date | 1993 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/2743729 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 27 18:12:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Mon Apr 27 18:12:48 2009 |
Modified | Mon Apr 27 18:12:48 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Tulving |
Author | D.L. Schacter |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 247 |
Issue | 4940 |
Pages | 301-306 |
Date | January 19, 1990 |
URL | ISI:A1990CJ66900029 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.I. Forster |
Abstract | Models of language processing which stress the autonomy of processing at each level predict that the semantic properties of an incomplete sentence context should have no influence on lexical processing, either facilitatory or inhibitory. An experiment similar to those reported by Fischler and Bloom (1979) and Stanovich and West (1979, 1981) was conducted using naming time as an index of lexical access time. No facilitatory effects of context were observed for either highly predictable or semantically appropriate (but unpredictable) completions, whereas strong inhibitory effects were obtained for inappropriate completions. When lexical decision time was the dependent measure, the same results were obtained, except that predictable completions now produced strong facilitation. In a further experiment the inhibitory effects of context on lexical decision times for inappropriate targets were maintained, even though unfocussed contexts were used, in which no clear expectancy for a particular completion was involved. These results were interpreted in terms of a two-factor theory which attributes the facilitation observed with the lexical decision task to postaccess decision processes which are not involved in the naming task. The inhibitory effects were attributed to interference resulting from semantic integration. In contrast to the results for sentence contexts, lexical contexts of the doctor-nurse variety produced clear facilitation effects on naming time (but no inhibitory effects). It was also shown that relatively minor variations in the type of neutral context could completely alter the relative importance of facilitation and inhibition. |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A. |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | NOV |
Pages | 465-495 |
Date | 1981 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=20&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=4 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 12:49:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 12:49:30 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:35:06 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mary Vanderwart |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 67-83 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90509-7 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5M/2/e565a0be0d3302b3fa5a1691c7e56396 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:51 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:38:51 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Tulving |
Author | D.L. Schacter |
Author | H.A. Stark |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 336-342 |
Date | 1982 |
URL | ISI:A1982NU48400007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Andoh |
Author | Eric Artiges |
Author | Christophe Pallier |
Author | Denis Rivière |
Author | Jean-Francois Mangin |
Author | Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot |
Author | Jean-Luc Martinot |
Abstract | Priming stimulations have shown powerful effects on motor cortex behavior. However, the effects over language areas have not been explored. We assessed the effects of different priming frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 1 Hz rTMS or 50 Hz bursts of rTMS (theta burst stimulation [TBS]), on temporoparietal language areas (i.e., Wernicke's area) localized with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional maps were acquired during an auditory word-detection task with native or foreign language sentences in 14 healthy men. Frameless stereotaxy was used to guide the transcranial magnetic stimulation coil position over Wernicke's area. Active and placebo randomized sessions of priming stimulations (1 Hz rTMS or TBS) were applied at rest, and response times (RTs) were recorded during the auditory word-detection task performed subsequently with 1 Hz rTMS. Individual anatomofunctional maps localized activation in Wernicke's area. Repeated-measure analysis of variance for RTs revealed that priming with 1 Hz rTMS facilitated the detection of native words, whereas priming with TBS facilitated the detection of foreign words. Consistent with motor cortex studies, these findings suggest that priming frequency plays a crucial role in word detection in the auditory stream. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 210 -216 |
Date | January 01 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhm047 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/1/210.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Jan 26 16:49:49 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Jan 26 16:49:49 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 28 18:14:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Andoh |
Author | Eric Artiges |
Author | Christophe Pallier |
Author | Denis Riviére |
Author | Jean-François Mangin |
Author | Marie-Laure Paillere-Martinot |
Author | Jean-Luc Martinot |
Abstract | Priming stimulations have shown powerful effects on motor cortex behavior. However, the effects over language areas have not been explored. We assessed the effects of different priming frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 1 Hz rTMS or 50 Hz bursts of rTMS (theta burst stimulation [TBS]), on temporoparietal language areas (i.e., Wernicke's area) localized with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Functional maps were acquired during an auditory word-detection task with native or foreign language sentences in 14 healthy men. Frameless stereotaxy was used to guide the transcranial magnetic stimulation coil position over Wernicke's area. Active and placebo randomized sessions of priming stimulations (1 Hz rTMS or TBS) were applied at rest, and response times (RTs) were recorded during the auditory word-detection task performed subsequently with 1 Hz rTMS. Individual anatomofunctional maps localized activation in Wernicke's area. Repeated-measure analysis of variance for RTs revealed that priming with 1 Hz rTMS facilitated the detection of native words, whereas priming with TBS facilitated the detection of foreign words. Consistent with motor cortex studies, these findings suggest that priming frequency plays a crucial role in word detection in the auditory stream. |
Publication | Cereb. Cortex |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 210-216 |
Date | January 1, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhm047 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/1/210 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 30 20:07:59 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:05 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 21:55:21 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | René Zeelenberg |
Author | Eric-Jan M Wagenmakers |
Author | Jeroen G W Raaijmakers |
Abstract | R. Ratcliff and G. McKoon (1995, 1996, 1997; R. Ratcliff, D. Allbritton, & G. McKoon, 1997) have argued that repetition priming effects are solely due to bias. They showed that prior study of the target resulted in a benefit in a later implicit memory task. However, prior study of a stimulus similar to the target resulted in a cost. The present study, using a 2-alternative forced-choice procedure, investigated the effect of prior study in an unbiased condition: Both alternatives were studied prior to their presentation in an implicit memory task. Contrary to a pure bias interpretation of priming, consistent evidence was obtained in 3 implicit memory tasks (word fragment completion, auditory word identification, and picture identification) that performance was better when both alternatives were studied than when neither alternative was studied. These results show that prior study results in enhanced discriminability, not only bias. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 131 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 38-47 |
Date | Mar 2002 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | Priming in implicit memory tasks |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11902152 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 10 21:30:14 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11902152 |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 21:30:14 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rajendra D. Badgaiyan |
Author | Daniel L. Schacter |
Author | Nathaniel M. Alpert |
Abstract | Neuroimaging studies suggest that within-modality priming is associated with reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the extrastriate area, whereas cross-modality priming is associated with increased rCBF in prefrontal cortex. To characterize the nature of rCBF changes in within- and cross-modality priming, we conducted two neuroimaging experiments using positron emission tomography (PET). In experiment 1, rCBF changes in within-modality auditory priming on a word stem completion task were observed under same- and different-voice conditions. Both conditions were associated with decreased rCBF in extrastriate cortex. In the different-voice condition there were additional rCBF changes in the middle temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex. Results suggest that the extrastriate involvement in within-modality priming is sensitive to a change in sensory modality of target stimuli between study and test, but not to a change in the feature of a stimulus within the same modality. In experiment 2, we studied cross-modality priming on a visual stem completion test after encoding under full- and divided-attention conditions. Increased rCBF in the anterior prefrontal cortex was observed in the full- but not in the divided-attention condition. Because explicit retrieval is compromised after encoding under the divided-attention condition, prefrontal involvement in cross-modality priming indicates recruitment of an aspect of explicit retrieval mechanism. The aspect of explicit retrieval that is most likely to be involved in cross-modality priming is the familiarity effect. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 272-282 |
Date | February 2001 |
DOI | 10.1006/nimg.2000.0693 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Priming within and across Modalities |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WNP-457VFR4-2M/2/85dfe9a8c87d25500528809a45f38c64 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 10:57:07 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 10:57:07 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 10:57:07 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E. Rosch |
Contributor | E. Rosch |
Contributor | B.B. Lloyd |
Book Title | Cognition and categorization |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Date | 1978 |
Pages | 27-48 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 00:21:25 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | W. James |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Holt |
Date | 1890 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:48:07 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stanley B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are among the most notable central nervous system degenerative disorders caused by prions. CJD may present as a sporadic, genetic, or infectious illness. Prions are transmissible particles that are devoid of nucleic acid and seem to be composed exclusively of a modified protein (PrPSc). The normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) is converted into PrPSc through a posttranslational process during which it acquires a high β-sheet content. It is thought that BSE is a result of cannibalism in which faulty industrial practices produced prion-contaminated feed for cattle. There is now considerable concern that bovine prions may have been passed to humans, resulting in a new form of CJD. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 278 |
Issue | 5336 |
Pages | 245-251 |
Date | 10/10/1997 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.278.5336.245 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/278/5336/245 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:52 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 9323196 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stanley B. Prusiner |
Abstract | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are among the most notable central nervous system degenerative disorders caused by prions. CJD may present as a sporadic, genetic, or infectious illness. Prions are transmissible particles that are devoid of nucleic acid and seem to be composed exclusively of a modified protein (PrPSc). The normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC) is converted into PrPSc through a posttranslational process during which it acquires a high β-sheet content. It is thought that BSE is a result of cannibalism in which faulty industrial practices produced prion-contaminated feed for cattle. There is now considerable concern that bovine prions may have been passed to humans, resulting in a new form of CJD. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 278 |
Issue | 5336 |
Pages | 245-251 |
Date | 10/10/1997 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.278.5336.245 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/278/5336/245 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:52 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 9323196 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne S Sindi |
Author | Tricia R Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, proteins may act in atypical roles as genetic elements of infectivity and inheritance by undergoing self-replicating changes in physical state. While the preponderance of evidence strongly supports this concept particularly in fungi, the detailed mechanisms by which distinct protein forms specify unique phenotypes are emerging concepts. A particularly active area of investigation is the molecular nature of the heritable species, which has been probed through genetic, biochemical, and cell biological experimentation as well as by mathematical modeling. Here, we suggest that these studies are converging to implicate small aggregates composed of prion-state conformers as the transmissible genetic determinants of protein-based phenotypes. |
Publication | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 623-630 |
Date | December 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mib.2009.09.003 |
ISSN | 1369-5274 |
Short Title | Growth and development: eukaryotes/prokaryotes |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527409001374 |
Accessed | Wed May 1 13:53:45 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed May 1 13:53:45 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 1 13:53:45 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne S Sindi |
Author | Tricia R Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, proteins may act in atypical roles as genetic elements of infectivity and inheritance by undergoing self-replicating changes in physical state. While the preponderance of evidence strongly supports this concept particularly in fungi, the detailed mechanisms by which distinct protein forms specify unique phenotypes are emerging concepts. A particularly active area of investigation is the molecular nature of the heritable species, which has been probed through genetic, biochemical, and cell biological experimentation as well as by mathematical modeling. Here, we suggest that these studies are converging to implicate small aggregates composed of prion-state conformers as the transmissible genetic determinants of protein-based phenotypes. |
Publication | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 623-630 |
Date | December 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mib.2009.09.003 |
ISSN | 1369-5274 |
Short Title | Growth and development: eukaryotes/prokaryotes |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527409001374 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:39:35 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne S Sindi |
Author | Tricia R Serio |
Abstract | According to the prion hypothesis, proteins may act in atypical roles as genetic elements of infectivity and inheritance by undergoing self-replicating changes in physical state. While the preponderance of evidence strongly supports this concept particularly in fungi, the detailed mechanisms by which distinct protein forms specify unique phenotypes are emerging concepts. A particularly active area of investigation is the molecular nature of the heritable species, which has been probed through genetic, biochemical, and cell biological experimentation as well as by mathematical modeling. Here, we suggest that these studies are converging to implicate small aggregates composed of prion-state conformers as the transmissible genetic determinants of protein-based phenotypes. |
Publication | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 623-630 |
Date | December 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Current Opinion in Microbiology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mib.2009.09.003 |
ISSN | 1369-5274 |
Short Title | Growth and development: eukaryotes/prokaryotes |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369527409001374 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:39:35 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Lee Byrne |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Publication | Prion |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 170-178 |
Date | 2007-07-01 |
DOI | 10.4161/pri.1.3.4839 |
ISSN | 1933-6896 |
URL | http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/4839/?nocache=2046527344 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:48:46 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Lee Byrne |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Publication | Prion |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 170-178 |
Date | 2007-07-01 |
DOI | 10.4161/pri.1.3.4839 |
ISSN | 1933-6896 |
URL | http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/article/4839/?nocache=2046527344 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:48:46 2013 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Randal Halfmann |
Author | Daniel F. Jarosz |
Author | Sandra K. Jones |
Author | Amelia Chang |
Author | Alex K. Lancaster |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | The self-templating conformations of yeast prion proteins act as epigenetic elements of inheritance. Yeast prions might provide a mechanism for generating heritable phenotypic diversity that promotes survival in fluctuating environments and the evolution of new traits. However, this hypothesis is highly controversial. Prions that create new traits have not been found in wild strains, leading to the perception that they are rare ‘diseases’ of laboratory cultivation. Here we biochemically test approximately 700 wild strains of Saccharomyces for [PSI+] or [MOT3+], and find these prions in many. They conferred diverse phenotypes that were frequently beneficial under selective conditions. Simple meiotic re-assortment of the variation harboured within a strain readily fixed one such trait, making it robust and prion-independent. Finally, we genetically screened for unknown prion elements. Fully one-third of wild strains harboured them. These, too, created diverse, often beneficial phenotypes. Thus, prions broadly govern heritable traits in nature, in a manner that could profoundly expand adaptive opportunities. View full text |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 482 |
Issue | 7385 |
Pages | 363-368 |
Date | February 16, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature10875 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7385/abs/nature10875.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:42:59 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Randal Halfmann |
Author | Daniel F. Jarosz |
Author | Sandra K. Jones |
Author | Amelia Chang |
Author | Alex K. Lancaster |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | The self-templating conformations of yeast prion proteins act as epigenetic elements of inheritance. Yeast prions might provide a mechanism for generating heritable phenotypic diversity that promotes survival in fluctuating environments and the evolution of new traits. However, this hypothesis is highly controversial. Prions that create new traits have not been found in wild strains, leading to the perception that they are rare ‘diseases’ of laboratory cultivation. Here we biochemically test approximately 700 wild strains of Saccharomyces for [PSI+] or [MOT3+], and find these prions in many. They conferred diverse phenotypes that were frequently beneficial under selective conditions. Simple meiotic re-assortment of the variation harboured within a strain readily fixed one such trait, making it robust and prion-independent. Finally, we genetically screened for unknown prion elements. Fully one-third of wild strains harboured them. These, too, created diverse, often beneficial phenotypes. Thus, prions broadly govern heritable traits in nature, in a manner that could profoundly expand adaptive opportunities. View full text |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 482 |
Issue | 7385 |
Pages | 363-368 |
Date | February 16, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature10875 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v482/n7385/abs/nature10875.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:42:59 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Steyvers |
Author | T.L. Griffiths |
Author | S. Dennis |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 327-334 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:31:56 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gesa Hartwigsen |
Author | Hartwig R. Siebner |
Abstract | Background: Current models emphasize that language-related functions are predominantly organized in left-lateralized fronto-temporo-parietal cortical networks. Aims: In this review, we summarize how ?online? transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during a language task can be used in healthy individuals to characterize the contribution of the stimulated area to a specific language function with a focus on the functional relevance of the right hemisphere. We first give an introduction to some basic mechanisms of TMS and outline the prerequisites for carrying out TMS studies of language. In particular, we highlight some methodological limitations and pitfalls of the TMS approach. We then review online TMS studies of language processing with a particular focus on the contribution of right hemisphere brain regions to language processing. Main Contribution: The majority of TMS studies on language have targeted a single left- hemisphere cortical area during a language task to identify the relevance of that area for a specific aspect of language processing. TMS has also been used to characterize the involvement of homologous right hemisphere regions. These studies have provided evidence for a significant role of right hemisphere regions in different aspects of language processing, including word comprehension, reading and paralinguistic features like emotional prosody. Conclusions: Recently, two areas have been targeted simultaneously with TMS while subjects performed a language task. This multifocal TMS approach has opened up new possibilities to compare the functional involvement of homologous regions in the right and left hemisphere and allows for the characterization of interhemispheric compensation during language processing. Background: Current models emphasize that language-related functions are predominantly organized in left-lateralized fronto-temporo-parietal cortical networks. Aims: In this review, we summarize how ?online? transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during a language task can be used in healthy individuals to characterize the contribution of the stimulated area to a specific language function with a focus on the functional relevance of the right hemisphere. We first give an introduction to some basic mechanisms of TMS and outline the prerequisites for carrying out TMS studies of language. In particular, we highlight some methodological limitations and pitfalls of the TMS approach. We then review online TMS studies of language processing with a particular focus on the contribution of right hemisphere brain regions to language processing. Main Contribution: The majority of TMS studies on language have targeted a single left- hemisphere cortical area during a language task to identify the relevance of that area for a specific aspect of language processing. TMS has also been used to characterize the involvement of homologous right hemisphere regions. These studies have provided evidence for a significant role of right hemisphere regions in different aspects of language processing, including word comprehension, reading and paralinguistic features like emotional prosody. Conclusions: Recently, two areas have been targeted simultaneously with TMS while subjects performed a language task. This multifocal TMS approach has opened up new possibilities to compare the functional involvement of homologous regions in the right and left hemisphere and allows for the characterization of interhemispheric compensation during language processing. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Pages | 1-22 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687038.2011.590573 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02687038.2011.590573 |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Thu Jan 26 12:00:30 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jan 26 12:00:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Bartl-Storck |
Author | G. Muller |
Abstract | This article investigates the relation of language and thinking from a neuropsychological perspective. Are language disorders accompanied by deficits in problem solving and planning? For that aim we investigate the problem solving process of a patient with motoric aphasia in detail. The patient works on a computer-aided non-verbal task. Though functions of memory and attention are sufficient to salve the task, the patient shows a specific impairment when pre-planning several steps or if it is necessary to accept negative side-effects. We conclude that the area of speech production might basically have the function of mental sequencing which is necessary for language production as well as for planning |
Publication | Sprache & Kognition |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 98-112 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A. McMains |
Author | D.C. Somers |
Abstract | Many visual tasks require deployment of attention to multiple objects or locations. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral experiments to investigate the relative processing efficiency of two putative attentional mechanisms for performing such tasks: the "zoom lens" and "multiple spotlights." Two key questions were investigated: ( 1) does splitting the spotlight into multiple foci incur an overhead cost that diminishes the efficacy of attention compared with the zoom lens, and ( 2) does splitting the spotlight provide a benefit relative to the zoom lens by conserving attention resources that otherwise would be directed to task irrelevant stimuli? For both mechanisms, attending to multiple object locations decreased processing efficiency at a single location, resulting in both decreased behavioral performance and decreased blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal attentional modulation. When the two mechanisms attended to multiple objects across the same spatial extent, the multiple spotlight mechanism, which ignores intervening stimuli, yielded better performance and higher BOLD signal. When the two mechanisms processed the same number of stimuli, splitting the spotlight neither impaired performance nor diminished BOLD signal in occipital cortex. The surprising efficiency of the multiple spotlight mechanism supports the emerging view that spatial attention is easily deployed in a diverse range of spatial configurations |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 41 |
Pages | 9444-9448 |
Date | 2005 |
URL | ISI:000232546300015 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | G. Vallabha |
Abstract | We argue that the Rules-Similarity continuum is only a useful formalism for particular, isolated tasks and must rest on the assumption that representations formed during a particular task are independent of other tasks. We show this to be an unrealistic conjecture. We additionally point out that describing categorization as selective weighing and abstracting of features misses the important step of discovering what the possible features are |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-+ |
Date | February 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
URL | ISI:000229944100017 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Richmond |
Author | L.M. Skipper |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | I.R. Olson |
Date | November, 2011 |
Conference Name | Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting |
Place | Washington DC |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 20:19:25 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 28 20:05:02 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.O. Dick |
Publication | Perception and Psychophysics |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3B |
Pages | 350-352 |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 19:34:54 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Berndt |
Author | M.W. Burton |
Author | A.N. Haendiges |
Author | C.C. Mitchum |
Abstract | This study investigated the ability of 10 aphasic speakers and 9 normal controls to produce unambiguous, frequency-matched nouns and verbs in four elicitation conditions. Two auditory conditions included naming to definition and sentence completion; two picture conditions preceded the presentation of the picture with an auditory cue consisting of a question (what is the action shown here?) or a sentence completion (this is a picture of the action to...). Patients were grouped in terms of whether they demonstrated only word retrieval problems (anomia), or also showed difficulty with sentence comprehension and production. Contrary to expectations, there were no reliable effects of elicitation condition on performance. Although both groups of aphasic speakers found verbs more difficult than nouns to retrieve across conditions, the sentence production-impaired group showed a more severe impairment of verb production that was reliable for individual subjects. Results reinforce the importance of grammatical class as a factor in the word retrieval impairments found in aphasia |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 83-106 |
Date | January 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.G. Doehring |
Author | J.G. Dudley |
Author | L. Coderre |
Publication | Folia Phoniatrica |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 414-426 |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.S.; Patterson Graham |
Publication | Neurocase |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 25-39 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Lucchelli |
Author | E. Derenzi |
Abstract | Following a left thalamic infarct, a patient showed a marked impairment in retrieving person proper names in response to faces and to verbal description, despite being able to provide precise information about the persons he could not name and to point to their photograph when the name was provided by the examiner. The patient was also impaired in generating proper names, but could easily retrieve common names as well as geographical names and names of monuments. It is hypothesized that the arbitrary nature of the link between proper names and their referents makes access of phonological forms from the semantic store particularly labile. In agreement with this interpretation is the patient's inability to recall telephone numbers and to learn semantically arbitrary paired associates |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 221-230 |
Date | June 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lenore Frigo |
Author | Janet L. McDonald |
Abstract | Many natural languages contain gender subclasses. Although membership in these classes may appear arbitrary, there are actually a variety of linguistic cues that indicate subclass membership. In three experiments using artificial languages, we manipulated properties of phonological markers and examined what conditions most easily allow adults to generalize subclass knowledge. Results suggest that generalization only occurs when some studied items are systematically marked and the process consists of two components. One component involves making a link between the phonological markers and the indicators (e.g., definite and indefinite articles) of subclass membership. This allows generalization to new words containing markers. This generalization is facilitated when markers are of high perceptual salience, high frequency, or in initial position. A second component involves linking indicators within a subclass to each other. This allows correct generalization to unmarked items if at least one subclass indicator is known. This second type of generalization may be facilitated when memory load is low, such as when subclass membership is indicated by highly salient and redundant markers. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 218-245 |
Date | August 1998 |
DOI | 10.1006/jmla.1998.2569 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/science/article/B6WK4-45J4WTY-12/1/ffb0c11839c50406a70e7d0b9f54ab64 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 29 14:16:49 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jul 29 14:16:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 29 14:16:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | DA Leopold |
Author | AJ O'Toole |
Author | T Vetter |
Author | V Blanz |
Abstract | We used high-level configural aftereffects induced by adaptation to realistic faces to investigate visual representations underlying complex pattern perception. We found that exposure to an individual face for a few seconds generated a significant and precise bias in the subsequent perception of face identity. In the context of a computationally derived 'face space,' adaptation specifically shifted perception along a trajectory passing through the adapting and average faces, selectively facilitating recognition of a test face lying on this trajectory and impairing recognition of other faces. The results suggest that the encoding of faces and other complex patterns draws upon contrastive neural mechanisms that reference the central tendency of the stimulus category. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 89-94 |
Date | JAN 2001 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=91&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 15:21:43 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 15:21:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 15:21:52 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Spencer |
Author | A.A. Hund |
Abstract | People use geometric cues to form spatial categories. This study investigated whether people also use the spatial distribution of exemplars. Adults pointed to remembered locations on a tabletop. In Experiment 1, a target was placed in each geometric category, and the location of targets was varied. Adults' responses were biased away from a midline category boundary toward geometric prototypes located at the centers of left and right categories. Experiment 2 showed that prototype effects were not influenced by cross-category interactions. In Experiment 3, subsets of targets were positioned at different locations within each category. When prototype effects were removed, there was a bias toward the center of the exemplar distribution, suggesting that common categorization processes operate across spatial and object domains |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 131 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 16-37 |
Date | March 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Minda |
Author | J.D. Smith |
Abstract | Although research in categorization has sometimes been motivated by prototype theory, recent studies have favored exemplar theory. However, some of these studies focused on small, poorly differentiated categories composed of simple, 4-dimensional stimuli. Some analyzed the aggregate data of entire groups. Some compared powerful multiplicative exemplar models to less powerful additive prototype models. Here, comparable prototype and exemplar models were fit to individual-participant data in 4 experiments that sampled category sets varying in size, level of category structure, and stimulus complexity (dimensionality). The prototype model always fit the observed data better than the exemplar model did. Prototype-based processes seemed especially relevant when participants learned categories that were larger or contained more complex stimuli |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 775-799 |
Date | May 2001 |
URL | ISI:000171140200012 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D.I Slobin |
Edition | 2 |
Publisher | Scott Foresman & Co |
Date | 1979-06 |
# of Pages | 224 |
ISBN | 0673151409 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 21:26:09 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:26:27 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | H. Gleitman |
Author | A.J. Fridlund |
Author | D. Reisberg |
Edition | 6th |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Norton & Company |
Date | 2004 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 16:37:35 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 16:43:20 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alfredo Campos |
Author | MaríA José PéRez-Fabello |
Publication | Perceptual and Motor Skills |
Volume | 108 |
Pages | 798-802 |
Date | 06/2009 |
DOI | 10.2466/pms.108.3.798-802 |
ISSN | 0031-5125, 1558-688X |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2009-12474-015 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 21 07:59:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Sep 21 07:59:57 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 8 18:09:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Farah |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 91-103 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Miozzo |
Author | M. Soardi |
Author | S.F. Cappa |
Abstract | We report the case of a patient who, after surgical ablation of an angioma in the depth of the left temporal lobe, developed a highly selective impairment of naming. A detailed investigation allowed to exclude a disorder of visual recognition or of semantic memory, and indicated the output lexicon as the most probable site of impairment. Grammatical class effects, with superior action naming, and a high consistency within and across output modalities Further characterized the patient's performance. Together with some other recently reported cases, this patient suggests a correlation between temporal lobe lesions outside Wernicke's area and output lexicon disorders. A relatively spared action naming seems to be a characteristic Feature of this pattern of impairment |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1101-& |
Date | 1994 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Matthew D. Lieberman |
Author | Naomi I. Eisenberger |
Author | Molly J. Crockett |
Author | Sabrina M. Tom |
Author | Jennifer H. Pfeifer |
Author | Baldwin M. Way |
Abstract | Putting feelings into words (affect labeling) has long been thought to help manage negative emotional experiences; however, the mechanisms by which affect labeling produces this benefit remain largely unknown. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest a possible neurocognitive pathway for this process, but methodological limitations of previous studies have prevented strong inferences from being drawn. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of affect labeling was conducted to remedy these limitations. The results indicated that affect labeling, relative to other forms of encoding, diminished the response of the amygdala and other limbic regions to negative emotional images. Additionally, affect labeling produced increased activity in a single brain region, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC). Finally, RVLPFC and amygdala activity during affect labeling were inversely correlated, a relationship that was mediated by activity in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). These results suggest that affect labeling may diminish emotional reactivity along a pathway from RVLPFC to MPFC to the amygdala. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 421 -428 |
Date | May 01 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/18/5/421.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Oct 5 18:44:39 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 5 18:44:39 2010 |
Modified | Tue Oct 5 18:44:39 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.J. Muller |
Abstract | Two response bias parameters were examined in a spatial (peripheral) cueing paradigm: (i) "cued location bias": the relative probability with which a signal is incorrectly assigned to the cued location; and (ii) "likelihood ratio (beta)": the amount of evidence required to decide that a signal appeared at a particular, cued or uncued, location. The two parameters were found to be differentially sensitive to the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between peripheral cue and target. Cued location bias was strongly affected by SOA, decreasing within 300 ms after peripheral cue onset. In contrast, the difference in beta between cued and uncued locations (cued < uncued) was independent of SOA. This suggests that cued location bias reflects strong but transitory pathway pre-activation following a peripheral cue, consistent with accounts of response bias effects in terms of relatively "early" processes of stimulus coding (e.g., Hawkins, Shafto, & Richardson, 1988; Shulman & Posner, 1988). In contrast, beta effects predominantly reflect "late" decision making processes that differentially weight the sensory evidence from cued and uncued locations according to their a-priori signal probabilities (e.g., Müller & Findlay, 1987; Shaw, 1982). |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology = Revue Canadienne De Psychologie Expérimentale |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 218-241 |
Date | Jun 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Can J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 1196-1961 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8069283 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 15 10:17:31 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8069283 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 15 10:17:31 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | EMMANUELLE PORCHER |
Author | MARINO GATTO |
Abstract | Laurent (1996a, Médecine/sciences12, 774–785; 1996b, Biochem. J.318, 35–39; 1998, Bio-phys. Chem.72, 211–222) proposed a model for the dynamics of diseases of the central nervous system caused by prions. It is based on the protein-only hypothesis (Prusiner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.78, 6675–6679), which assumes that infection can be spread by particular proteins (prions) that can exist in two forms that share the same sequence, but have a different structure. The normal form is harmless, while the infectious isoform of the prion protein catalyses a transconformation from the native isoform to itself within a specialized compartment of the brain cells. This paper systematically explores the model behavior with the aim of quantifying the fundamental parameters characterizing the dynamics of prion infection. To this end we use data from the literature to fix orders of magnitude for the rates of synthesis and degradation of the native form of prion protein and for the shape of the autocatalytic function. The dynamical behavior is classified with respect to two unknown parameters (bifurcation analysis): the rate of spontaneous transconformation and the rate of output of the infectious isoform from the specialized compartment. We thus find that the bistability properties evidenced by Laurent are confined to a certain range of parameters and that permanent oscillations of the two isoforms concentrations are possible. The bifurcation analysis allows us to estimate approximate ranges for the values of the two unknown parameters and consequently to derive incubation times and compare them with actual data for hamster. Also, our study predicts that the output rate of the infectious isoform is relatively insensitive to variations of model parameters. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 205 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 283-296 |
Date | July 21, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2068 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
Short Title | Quantifying the Dynamics of Prion Infection |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002251930092068X |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:12 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | EMMANUELLE PORCHER |
Author | MARINO GATTO |
Abstract | Laurent (1996a, Médecine/sciences12, 774–785; 1996b, Biochem. J.318, 35–39; 1998, Bio-phys. Chem.72, 211–222) proposed a model for the dynamics of diseases of the central nervous system caused by prions. It is based on the protein-only hypothesis (Prusiner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.78, 6675–6679), which assumes that infection can be spread by particular proteins (prions) that can exist in two forms that share the same sequence, but have a different structure. The normal form is harmless, while the infectious isoform of the prion protein catalyses a transconformation from the native isoform to itself within a specialized compartment of the brain cells. This paper systematically explores the model behavior with the aim of quantifying the fundamental parameters characterizing the dynamics of prion infection. To this end we use data from the literature to fix orders of magnitude for the rates of synthesis and degradation of the native form of prion protein and for the shape of the autocatalytic function. The dynamical behavior is classified with respect to two unknown parameters (bifurcation analysis): the rate of spontaneous transconformation and the rate of output of the infectious isoform from the specialized compartment. We thus find that the bistability properties evidenced by Laurent are confined to a certain range of parameters and that permanent oscillations of the two isoforms concentrations are possible. The bifurcation analysis allows us to estimate approximate ranges for the values of the two unknown parameters and consequently to derive incubation times and compare them with actual data for hamster. Also, our study predicts that the output rate of the infectious isoform is relatively insensitive to variations of model parameters. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 205 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 283-296 |
Date | July 21, 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
DOI | 10.1006/jtbi.2000.2068 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
Short Title | Quantifying the Dynamics of Prion Infection |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002251930092068X |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:50:12 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Erez Lieberman |
Author | Jean-Baptiste Michel |
Author | Joe Jackson |
Author | Tina Tang |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Abstract | Human language is based on grammatical rules. Cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time. Rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. To quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of English verbs over the past 1,200 years. Although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in English's proto-Germanic ancestor, Modern English uses the dental suffix, '-ed', to signify past tense. Here we describe the emergence of this linguistic rule amidst the evolutionary decay of its exceptions, known to us as irregular verbs. We have generated a data set of verbs whose conjugations have been evolving for more than a millennium, tracking inflectional changes to 177 Old-English irregular verbs. Of these irregular verbs, 145 remained irregular in Middle English and 98 are still irregular today. We study how the rate of regularization depends on the frequency of word usage. The half-life of an irregular verb scales as the square root of its usage frequency: a verb that is 100 times less frequent regularizes 10 times as fast. Our study provides a quantitative analysis of the regularization process by which ancestral forms gradually yield to an emerging linguistic rule. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 449 |
Issue | 7163 |
Pages | 713-716 |
Date | October 11, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature06137 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7163/abs/nature06137.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:27:44 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2007 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Erez Lieberman |
Author | Jean-Baptiste Michel |
Author | Joe Jackson |
Author | Tina Tang |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Abstract | Human language is based on grammatical rules. Cultural evolution allows these rules to change over time. Rules compete with each other: as new rules rise to prominence, old ones die away. To quantify the dynamics of language evolution, we studied the regularization of English verbs over the past 1,200 years. Although an elaborate system of productive conjugations existed in English's proto-Germanic ancestor, Modern English uses the dental suffix, '-ed', to signify past tense. Here we describe the emergence of this linguistic rule amidst the evolutionary decay of its exceptions, known to us as irregular verbs. We have generated a data set of verbs whose conjugations have been evolving for more than a millennium, tracking inflectional changes to 177 Old-English irregular verbs. Of these irregular verbs, 145 remained irregular in Middle English and 98 are still irregular today. We study how the rate of regularization depends on the frequency of word usage. The half-life of an irregular verb scales as the square root of its usage frequency: a verb that is 100 times less frequent regularizes 10 times as fast. Our study provides a quantitative analysis of the regularization process by which ancestral forms gradually yield to an emerging linguistic rule. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 449 |
Issue | 7163 |
Pages | 713-716 |
Date | October 11, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature06137 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v449/n7163/abs/nature06137.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:27:44 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2007 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joanna Masel |
Author | Vincent A.A. Jansen |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Abstract | The mechanism of protein-only prion replication is controversial. A detailed mathematical model of prion replication by nucleated polymerisation is developed, and its parameters are estimated from published data. PrP-res decay is around two orders of magnitude slower than PrP-sen decay, a plausible ratio of two parameters estimated from very different experiments. By varying the polymer breakage rate, we reveal that systems of short polymers grow the fastest. Drugs which break polymers could therefore accelerate disease progression. Growth in PrP-res seems slower than growth in infectious titre. This can be explained either by a novel hypothesis concerning inoculum clearance from a newly infected brain, or by the faster growth of compartments containing smaller polymers. The existence of compartments can also explain why prion growth sometimes reaches a plateau. Published kinetic data are all compatible with our mathematical model, so the nucleated polymerisation hypothesis cannot be ruled out on dynamic grounds. |
Publication | Biophysical Chemistry |
Volume | 77 |
Issue | 2–3 |
Pages | 139-152 |
Date | March 29, 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Biophysical Chemistry |
DOI | 10.1016/S0301-4622(99)00016-2 |
ISSN | 0301-4622 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301462299000162 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:19 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joanna Masel |
Author | Vincent A.A. Jansen |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Abstract | The mechanism of protein-only prion replication is controversial. A detailed mathematical model of prion replication by nucleated polymerisation is developed, and its parameters are estimated from published data. PrP-res decay is around two orders of magnitude slower than PrP-sen decay, a plausible ratio of two parameters estimated from very different experiments. By varying the polymer breakage rate, we reveal that systems of short polymers grow the fastest. Drugs which break polymers could therefore accelerate disease progression. Growth in PrP-res seems slower than growth in infectious titre. This can be explained either by a novel hypothesis concerning inoculum clearance from a newly infected brain, or by the faster growth of compartments containing smaller polymers. The existence of compartments can also explain why prion growth sometimes reaches a plateau. Published kinetic data are all compatible with our mathematical model, so the nucleated polymerisation hypothesis cannot be ruled out on dynamic grounds. |
Publication | Biophysical Chemistry |
Volume | 77 |
Issue | 2–3 |
Pages | 139-152 |
Date | March 29, 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Biophysical Chemistry |
DOI | 10.1016/S0301-4622(99)00016-2 |
ISSN | 0301-4622 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301462299000162 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:19 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jean-Baptiste Michel |
Author | Yuan Kui Shen |
Author | Aviva Presser Aiden |
Author | Adrian Veres |
Author | Matthew K. Gray |
Author | Joseph P. Pickett |
Author | Dale Hoiberg |
Author | Dan Clancy |
Author | Peter Norvig |
Author | Jon Orwant |
Author | Steven Pinker |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Erez Lieberman Aiden |
Abstract | We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 331 |
Issue | 6014 |
Pages | 176-182 |
Date | 01/14/2011 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1199644 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6014/176 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:26:37 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 21163965 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jean-Baptiste Michel |
Author | Yuan Kui Shen |
Author | Aviva Presser Aiden |
Author | Adrian Veres |
Author | Matthew K. Gray |
Author | Joseph P. Pickett |
Author | Dale Hoiberg |
Author | Dan Clancy |
Author | Peter Norvig |
Author | Jon Orwant |
Author | Steven Pinker |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Erez Lieberman Aiden |
Abstract | We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 331 |
Issue | 6014 |
Pages | 176-182 |
Date | 01/14/2011 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1199644 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6014/176 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:26:37 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 21163965 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jean-Baptiste Michel |
Author | Yuan Kui Shen |
Author | Aviva Presser Aiden |
Author | Adrian Veres |
Author | Matthew K. Gray |
Author | The Google Books Team |
Author | Joseph P. Pickett |
Author | Dale Hoiberg |
Author | Dan Clancy |
Author | Peter Norvig |
Author | Jon Orwant |
Author | Steven Pinker |
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | Erez Lieberman Aiden |
Abstract | We constructed a corpus of digitized texts containing about 4% of all books ever printed. Analysis of this corpus enables us to investigate cultural trends quantitatively. We survey the vast terrain of ‘culturomics,’ focusing on linguistic and cultural phenomena that were reflected in the English language between 1800 and 2000. We show how this approach can provide insights about fields as diverse as lexicography, the evolution of grammar, collective memory, the adoption of technology, the pursuit of fame, censorship, and historical epidemiology. Culturomics extends the boundaries of rigorous quantitative inquiry to a wide array of new phenomena spanning the social sciences and the humanities. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 331 |
Issue | 6014 |
Pages | 176 -182 |
Date | January 14 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1199644 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6014/176.abstract |
Accessed | Thu May 5 19:46:36 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu May 5 19:46:36 2011 |
Modified | Thu May 5 19:46:36 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Brackenbury |
Author | M.E. Fey |
Abstract | This stud examined the abilities of young children to identify and generalize new verbs from an indirect teaching context. Forty 4-year-olds re shown a story that presented the following manner-of-motion verbs: frolic, saunter, scurry, strut, and trudge. The experimental group (N = 20) heard the label of each verb 13 times while viewing the story, whereas the control group (N = 20) did not hear the verbs' labels. The performances of these two groups were compared to each other and to a group of adults (N = 22) who did not view the story but presumably had prior knowledge of the verbs. The experimental group correctly identified the target verbs in their prototypical form significantly more often than the control group but less often than the adult group. Generalization measures were evaluated for the children in the experimental group who correctly identified more than half of the target verbs (N = 6), their age-matched control group peers (N = 9), and the adult group. The experimental subgroup and the adults correctly generalized the verb labels to actions in which unimportant motion features had been altered. However, unlike the adult group, the experimental subgroup responded inconsistently to generalization questions in which important movement features of the actions had been altered. These results suggest that, even in their initial representations of manner-of-motion verbs, young children are sensitive to the relative importance of the different movements that make up these actions |
Publication | Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 313-327 |
Date | April 2003 |
URL | ISI:000184906200006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Alexander Bentley |
Author | Matthew W Hahn |
Author | Stephen J Shennan |
Abstract | We show that the frequency distributions of cultural variants, in three different real-world examples--first names, archaeological pottery and applications for technology patents--follow power laws that can be explained by a simple model of random drift. We conclude that cultural and economic choices often reflect a decision process that is value-neutral; this result has far-reaching testable implications for social-science research. |
Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 271 |
Issue | 1547 |
Pages | 1443-1450 |
Date | 2004-7-22 |
Journal Abbr | Proc Biol Sci |
DOI | 10.1098/rspb.2004.2746 |
ISSN | 0962-8452 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691747/ |
Accessed | Tue Apr 30 15:26:59 2013 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 15306315 PMCID: PMC1691747 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 30 15:26:59 2013 |
Modified | Tue Apr 30 15:26:59 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catherine Q Howe |
Author | Dale Purves |
Abstract | A long-standing puzzle in visual perception is that the apparent extent of a spatial interval (e.g., the distance between two points or the length of a line) does not simply accord with the length of the stimulus but varies as a function of orientation in the retinal image. Here, we show that this anomaly can be explained by the statistical relationship between the length of retinal projections and the length of their real-world sources. Using a laser range scanner, we acquired a database of natural images that included the three-dimensional location of every point in the scenes. An analysis of these range images showed that the average length of a physical interval in three-dimensional space changes systematically as a function of the orientation of the corresponding interval in the projected image, the variation being in good agreement with perceived length. This evidence implies that the perception of visual space is determined by the probability distribution of the possible real-world sources of retinal images. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 20 |
Pages | 13184-13188 |
Date | Oct 1, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.162474299 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12237401 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 14:48:14 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12237401 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 14:48:14 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://raphaeljs.com/animation.html |
Accessed | Tue Nov 13 11:23:46 2012 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 13 11:23:46 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 11:23:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Olivier R. Joubert |
Author | Guillaume A. Rousselet |
Author | Michele Fabre-Thorpe |
Author | Denis Fize |
Abstract | This study aimed to determine the extent to which rapid visual context categorization relies on global scene statistics, such as diagnostic amplitude spectrum information. We measured performance in a Natural vs. Man-made context categorization task using a set of achromatic photographs of natural scenes equalized in average luminance, global contrast, and spectral energy. Results suggest that the visual system might use amplitude spectrum characteristics of the scenes to speed up context categorization processes. In a second experiment, we measured performance impairments with a parametric degradation of phase information applied to power spectrum averaged scenes. Results showed that performance accuracy was virtually unaffected up to 50% of phase blurring, but then rapidly fell to chance level following a sharp sigmoid curve. Response time analysis showed that subjects tended to make their fastest responses based on the presence of diagnostic man-made information; if no man-made characteristics enable to reach rapidly a decision threshold, because of a natural scene display or a high level of noise, the alternative decision for a natural response became increasingly favored. This two-phase strategy could maximize categorization performance if the diagnostic features of man-made environments tolerate higher levels of noise than natural features, as proposed recently. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-16 |
Date | January 8, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1167/9.1.2 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://journalofvision.org/9/1/2/ |
Accessed | Mon Mar 2 23:55:52 2009 |
Library Catalog | Journal of Vision |
Date Added | Mon Mar 2 23:55:52 2009 |
Modified | Mon Mar 2 23:55:52 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amanda L. Woodward |
Author | Ellen M. Markman |
Author | Colleen M. Fitzsimmons |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 553-566 |
Date | 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Developmental Psychology |
DOI | 10.1037/0012-1649.30.4.553 |
ISSN | 0012-1649 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/dev/30/4/553/ |
Accessed | Sun Jun 5 18:02:37 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Jun 5 18:02:37 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jun 5 18:02:37 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C W Eriksen |
Author | T Spencer |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 79 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 1-16 |
Date | Feb 1969 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
Short Title | Rate of information processing in visual perception |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5779623 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 18 16:14:17 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 5779623 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:14 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.R.M. McKenzie |
Abstract | When people's behavior in laboratory tasks systematically deviates from a rational model, the implication is that real-world performance could be improved by changing the behavior. However, recent studies suggest that behavioral violations of rational models are at least sometimes the result of strategies that are well adapted to the real world (and not necessarily to the laboratory task). Thus, even if one accepts that certain behavior in the laboratory is irrational, compelling evidence that real-world behavior ought to change accordingly is often lacking. It is suggested here that rational models be seen as theories, and not standards, of behavior. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 403-406 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 17:46:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C Villardita |
Abstract | To assess the validity of Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) as a measure of intellectual impairment after focal brain damage, we compared the performance of 24 right brain-damaged patients, 24 left brain-damaged patients (10 non-aphasic and 15 aphasic) and 20 controls on the RCPM. In addition to the total, we analyzed the scores obtained on each of the three sets in which the 36 items of the test could be categorized on the grounds of the cognitive ability mainly involved for their solution. The first set, which calls for the identification of sameness, posed special problems to RBD patients. The second set, which involves the principle of symmetry, was selectively failed by aphasic patients. The third set, which is more demanding in terms of analogical and conceptual thinking, was poorly performed by left brain-damaged patients, aphasics as well as non-aphasics. The implications of these findings for the relation of focalized brain damage to intelligence is discussed. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 627-634 |
Date | Dec 1985 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
ISSN | 0010-9452 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2419033 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 1 19:02:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2419033 |
Date Added | Fri Jun 1 19:02:31 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David January |
Author | Edward Kako |
Abstract | Six unsuccessful attempts at replicating a key finding in the linguistic relativity literature [Boroditsky, L. (2001). Does language shape thought?: Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time. Cognitive Psychology, 43, 1-22] are reported. In addition to these empirical issues in replicating the original finding, theoretical issues present in the original report are discussed. In sum, we conclude that Boroditsky (2001) provides no support for the Whorfian hypothesis. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 417-426 |
Date | Aug 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.07.008 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | Re-evaluating evidence for linguistic relativity |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914131 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 26 09:20:46 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16914131 |
Date Added | Wed Jan 26 09:20:46 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | T.A. Welford |
Contributor | T.A. Welford |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Koriat |
Author | J. Norman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 490-508 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Samuel Shaki |
Author | Martin H. Fischer |
Abstract | Small numbers are spontaneously associated with left space and larger numbers with right space (the SNARC effect), for example when classifying numbers by parity. This effect is often attributed to reading habits but a causal link has so far never been documented. We report that bilingual Russian-Hebrew readers show a SNARC effect after reading Cyrillic script (from left-to-right) that is significantly reduced after reading Hebrew script (from right-to-left). In contrast, they have similar SNARC effects after listening to texts in either language. These results support the view that spatially directional scanning habits contribute to the spatial association of numbers but also emphasize its flexibility. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 590-599 |
Date | August 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T24-4SN8V9C-1/2/fc44e2b3a9fbdf2375fc50987efa9d1b |
Accessed | Tue Apr 14 08:23:08 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Apr 14 08:23:08 2009 |
Modified | Tue Apr 14 08:23:08 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Holger Mitterer |
Author | Jan Peter De Ruiter |
Abstract | When the perceptual system uses color to facilitate object recognition, it must solve the color-constancy problem: The light an object reflects to an observer's eyes confounds properties of the source of the illumination with the surface reflectance of the object. Information from the visual scene (bottom-up information) is insufficient to solve this problem. We show that observers use world knowledge about objects and their prototypical colors as a source of top-down information to improve color constancy. Specifically, observers use world knowledge to recalibrate their color categories. Our results also suggest that similar effects previously observed in language perception are the consequence of a general perceptual process. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 629-634 |
Date | Jul 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02133.x |
ISSN | 1467-9280 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18727774 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 20:09:31 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18727774 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 20:09:31 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 28 18:06:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | G. Woll |
Author | W. Walter |
Author | H Ehrenstein |
Abstract | Summary Two nonverbal short-term memory tasks, a Picture Recognition and a Paired Association Task, were performed by matched groups of aphasics and brain-damaged controls (N=52 each). For both tasks the alternatives on the answer forms differed systematically on three dimensions, one of which had been highlighted experimentally for each item before the target picture was indicated. In both tasks aphasics made more errors than braindamaged controls only with respect to those features that had been stressed beforehand; they were less able than controls to take advantage of focussed attention. The number of these errors was correlated with performance in the Token Test, a picture naming and a word comprehension task. There were no differences between the groups in response to variations in the semantic saliency of the discriminating features or in the semantic and phonetic relationship between words denoting the reference stimuli. The lack of interactions might have been due to a strong ceiling effect in both tasks. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 391-405 |
Date | 1981 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Sat Aug 16 01:29:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Potter |
Author | Adrian Staub |
Author | Janina Rado |
Author | Daniel H O'Connor |
Abstract | When viewing a rapid sequence of pictures, observers momentarily understand the gist of each scene but have poor recognition memory for most of them (M. C. Potter, 1976). Is forgetting immediate, or does some information persist briefly? Sequences of 5 scenes were presented for 173 ms/picture; when yes-no testing began immediately, recognition was initially high but declined markedly during the 10-item test. With testing delays of 2 or 6 s, the decline over testing was less steep. When 10 or 20 pictures were presented, there was again a marked initial decline during testing. A 2-alternative forced-choice recognition test produced similar results. Both the passage of time and test interference (but not presentation interference) led to forgetting. The brief persistence of information may assist in building a coherent representation over several fixations. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1163-1175 |
Date | Oct 2002 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | Recognition memory for briefly presented pictures |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12421062 |
Accessed | Fri May 8 11:39:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12421062 |
Date Added | Fri May 8 11:39:05 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.W. Bellhouse-King |
Author | L Standing |
Publication | Perceptual and Motor Skills |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 758 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | PMS |
DOI | 10.2466/PMS.104.3.758-762 |
ISSN | 0031-5125 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=4&SID=2Cd9mjOICl6dKenFKGh&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 15:34:11 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:34:11 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:34:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roger N. Shepard |
Abstract | The Ss looked through a series of about 600 stimuli selected at random from an initially larger population. They were then tested for their ability to recognize these "old" stimuli in pairs in which the alternative was always a "new" stimulus selected at random from the stimuli remaining in the original population. Depending upon whether this original population consisted solely of words, sentences, or pictures, median Ss were able correctly to recognize the "old" stimulus in 90, 88, or 98% of the test pairs, respectively. Estimated lower bounds on the informational capacity of human memory considerably exceed previously published estimates. |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 156-163 |
Date | February 1967 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80067-7 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4H3SDJD-11/2/cd25e5416fac82c809a3f5a60bc672c3 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 17:29:30 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed May 6 17:29:30 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 17:29:30 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kenneth J. Malmberg |
Abstract | The development of formal models has aided theoretical progress in recognition memory research. Here, I review the findings that are critical for testing them, including behavioral and brain imaging results of single-item recognition, plurality discrimination, and associative recognition experiments under a variety of testing conditions. I also review the major approaches to measurement and process modeling of recognition. The review indicates that several extant dual-process measures of recollection are unreliable, and thus they are unsuitable as a basis for forming strong conclusions. At the process level, however, the retrieval dynamics of recognition memory and the effect of strengthening operations suggest that a recall-to-reject process plays an important role in plurality discrimination and associative recognition, but not necessarily in single-item recognition. A new theoretical framework proposes that the contribution of recollection to recognition depends on whether the retrieval of episodic details improves accuracy, and it organizes the models around the construct of efficiency. Accordingly, subjects adopt strategies that they believe will produce a desired level of accuracy in the shortest amount of time. Several models derived from this framework are shown to account the accuracy, latency, and confidence with which the various recognition tasks are performed. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 335-384 |
Date | December 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2008.02.004 |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Recognition memory |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WCR-4SHFSPN-1/2/5f3b13b6c4f5f9cfe37c892447910d7d |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 21:51:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 21:51:47 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 21:51:47 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Koriat |
Author | J. Norman |
Author | R. Kimchi |
Abstract | Response time (RT) for identifying single letters is usually indifferent to disorientation, but in Experiment 1 RT increased with the angular deviation from that of the preceding letter (ADP). This occurs only when the same letter is repeated, which suggests a process of backward alignment. RT again increased with ADP when the same letter was repeated in the same format (normal or mirror-reflected; Experiment 2). These findings were replicated for a same-different task by using 2 simultaneously presented letters (Experiment 3). Experiments 4 and 5 focused on stimuli that are related by a rotation in depth and suggested that transformation in the depth plane may facilitate judgments of sameness and that backward alignment can occur for different views of the same three-dimensional shape. The results suggest the operation of a pattern-recognition mechanism that relies on the extraction of invariance over temporally or spatially contiguous events |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 444-457 |
Date | May 1991 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Faulkner T.F. |
Author | Rhodes G. |
Author | Palermo R. |
Author | Pellicano E. |
Author | Ferguson D. |
Abstract | Fodor (1983) has proposed that face perception is carried out by an informationally encapsulated module, whose operation is unaffected by context or expectancies. We tested the modularity hypothesis by examining whether discriminations between normal and distorted versions of famous faces can be primed, either by the name of an associated person (semantic context) or by a valid cue as to the identity of the target face (expectancy). A preliminary experiment showed that, in the absence of priming, discriminations between normal and distorted versions of a face were unaffected by whether the target faces were familiar or not, confirming that these judgments tap perceptual, not postperceptual (semantic), coding processes. In Experiment 1, accuracy was significantly higher when target face pairs were preceded by related name primes, as compared with unrelated ones. In Experiment 2, reaction times were significantly faster for targets preceded by a valid identity cue than for targets preceded by an invalid one. Neither effect could be explained as a speed–accuracy tradeoff. These results fail to support Fodor's conjecture that face processing is encapsulated. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 9 |
Pages | 327-334 |
Date | 1 June 2002 |
Short Title | Recognizing the un-real McCoy |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psocpubs/pbr/2002/00000009/00000002/art00014 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 12 15:01:28 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:13 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:13 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Judith F. Kroll |
Author | Mary C. Potter |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-66 |
Date | February 1984 |
DOI | doi: DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(84)90499-7 |
ISSN | 0022-5371 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MD4-4DJ4P5W-5K/2/48d332ee90e0cd3fdfa14f090b7e6e3b |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:38:48 2010 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 17:38:48 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jerzy J. Karylowski |
Author | Krzysztof Konarzewski |
Author | Michael A. Motes |
Abstract | Four experiments examined the recruitment of individual-person exemplars as reference points in social judgments. Making a judgment regarding one person facilitated making the same judgment regarding another, particularly when the two targets were of the same sex and similar age. For the category of sex, this category-specific facilitation was strongest for participants who were highly traditionally sex typed. Compared to initial judgments regarding specific persons, initial judgments regarding social prototypes were less effective in facilitating subsequent judgments regarding other persons. This occurred despite greater perceived similarity between prototype-person pairs than between person-person pairs. In general, the predicted effects occurred less consistently for self than for other familiar-person exemplars. Overall, the results provide support for a privileged role of exemplars in social judgments and for the relevance of the social categories of sex and age in determining which specific exemplars are used in making judgments regarding particular targets. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Social Psychology |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 275-303 |
Date | May 2000 |
DOI | 10.1006/jesp.1999.1405 |
ISSN | 0022-1031 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJB-45FCBHB-R/2/4430e1930a3e205fe7086ea7c1e1d63d |
Accessed | Tue Dec 16 19:57:06 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mika Koivisto |
Author | Henry Railo |
Author | Antti Revonsuo |
Author | Simo Vanni |
Author | Niina Salminen-Vaparanta |
Abstract | Humans are able to categorize complex natural scenes very rapidly and effortlessly, which has led to an assumption that such ultra-rapid categorization is driven by feedforward activation of ventral brain areas. However, recent accounts of visual perception stress the role of recurrent interactions that start rapidly after the activation of V1. To study whether or not recurrent processes play a causal role in categorization, we applied fMRI-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation on early visual cortex (V1/V2) and lateral occipital cortex (LO) while the participants categorized natural images as containing animals or not. The results showed that V1/V2 contributed to categorization speed and to subjective perception during a long activity period before and after the contribution of LO had started. This pattern of results suggests that recurrent interactions in visual cortex between areas along the ventral stream and striate cortex play a causal role in categorization and perception of natural scenes. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 2488-2492 |
Date | Feb 16, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3074-10.2011 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21325516 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 11:41:28 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21325516 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 11:41:28 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Akira Miyake |
Author | Lauren E. Kost-Smith |
Author | Noah D. Finkelstein |
Author | Steven J. Pollock |
Author | Geoffrey L. Cohen |
Author | Tiffany A. Ito |
Abstract | In many science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines, women are outperformed by men in test scores, jeopardizing their success in science-oriented courses and careers. The current study tested the effectiveness of a psychological intervention, called values affirmation, in reducing the gender achievement gap in a college-level introductory physics class. In this randomized double-blind study, 399 students either wrote about their most important values or not, twice at the beginning of the 15-week course. Values affirmation reduced the male-female performance and learning difference substantially and elevated women's modal grades from the C to B range. Benefits were strongest for women who tended to endorse the stereotype that men do better than women in physics. A brief psychological intervention may be a promising way to address the gender gap in science performance and learning. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6008 |
Pages | 1234 -1237 |
Date | November 26 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1195996 |
Short Title | Reducing the Gender Achievement Gap in College Science |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6008/1234.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Oct 25 08:43:58 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 25 08:43:58 2011 |
Modified | Tue Oct 25 08:43:58 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Abstract | Because of the strong associations between verbal labels and the visual objects that they denote, hearing a word may quickly guide the deployment of visual attention to the named objects. We report six experiments in which we investigated the effect of hearing redundant (noninformative) object labels on the visual processing of multiple objects from the named category. Even though the word cues did not provide additional information to the participants, hearing a label resulted in faster detection of attention probes appearing near the objects denoted by the label. For example, hearing the word resulted in more effective visual processing of all of the chairs in a scene relative to trials in which the participants attended to the chairs without actually hearing the label. This facilitation was mediated by stimulus typicality. Transformations of the stimuli that disrupted their association with the label while preserving the low-level visual features eliminated the facilitative effect of the labels. In the final experiment, we show that hearing a label improves the accuracy of locating multiple items matching the label, even when eye movements are restricted. We posit that verbal labels dynamically modulate visual processing via top-down feedback—an instance of linguistic labels greasing the wheels of perception. |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 2236-2253 |
Date | November 2010 |
DOI | 10.3758/APP.72.8.2236 |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/72/8/2236.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Nov 29 17:49:07 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 29 17:49:07 2010 |
Modified | Mon Nov 29 20:12:48 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.B. Markman |
Author | V.S. Makin |
Abstract | Explanations of category coherence include that categories reflect feature correlations in the world, that the human conceptual system is designed to create systematic categories, and that people have theories about the world that bind together seemingly unrelated features. The authors have suggested that the need to establish reference in communication also influences category coherence. This proposal was tested in 2 studies involving a referential communication task. In these studies, consistency was promoted between individuals by communication, which synchronized the category structures of different people. Further, people were focused on the commonalities of objects and an the differences related to the commonalities by communication-a pattern that is compatible with what has been observed in existing categories. These results suggest that categorization research must incorporate communication tasks into the canon of methodologies used to study category structure |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 127 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 331-354 |
Date | December 1998 |
URL | ISI:000077382100001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carla L. Hudson Kam |
Author | Elissa L. Newport |
Publication | Language Learning and Development |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 151 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1207/s15473341lld0102_3 |
ISSN | 1547-5441 |
Short Title | Regularizing Unpredictable Variation |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1207/s15473341lld0102_3 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 17:22:01 2010 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 17:22:01 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 17:33:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Margaret A Struchen |
Author | Allison N Clark |
Author | Angelle M Sander |
Author | Monique R Mills |
Author | Gina Evans |
Author | Diana Kurtz |
Abstract | Neuropsychologists are increasingly asked to provide recommendations regarding functional abilities based on test results, particularly within the rehabilitation setting. Yet, the empirical basis for making such recommendations is limited. The current study examines relationships between executive functioning and social communication measures and concurrently measured occupational and social integration outcomes. Participants were 121 individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) recruited from participants in a longitudinal study of outcome following TBI who had all received comprehensive brain injury rehabilitation. As part of a larger study designed to evaluate social communication abilities following TBI, participants completed measures of executive functioning, affect perception, perceived communication ability, and functional outcome. After adjusting for age, education, and performance on executive functioning measures, social communication performance accounted for a unique 5.6% of the variance in occupational outcomes and 7.9% of variance in social integration outcomes. Executive functioning performance accounted for a unique 13.3% of the variance in occupational functioning and 16.0% of explained variance in social integration. These results provide evidence of the value of executive functioning and social communication measures in the prediction of functional outcomes. Additionally, such results provide preliminary support for the addition of social communication measures to assessment of TBI in neuropsychological practice. |
Publication | NeuroRehabilitation |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 185-198 |
Date | 2008 |
Journal Abbr | NeuroRehabilitation |
ISSN | 1053-8135 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18525140 |
Accessed | Thu May 31 09:44:54 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18525140 |
Date Added | Thu May 31 09:44:54 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.S. Humphreys |
Abstract | A role for relational information was examined for the paradigm in which recognition-memory performance on items tested in the same context in which they were studied is compared with performance on items tested in different contexts. Over a series of five experiments, randomly formed pairs were used to manipulate the context of high-frequency English words. Comparisons were made between instructional manipulations designed to influence the use of relational information, and between yes/no, confidence rating (both between- and within-subject), and forced-choice tasks° There was a context effect not due to the use of inappropriate response strategies. However, high-criterion subjects resembled those subjects who were specifically instructed to use relational information, while low-criterion subjects showed little or no context effect. A model specifying the relationship between item and relational information and how relational information influences decisions in recognition-memory paradigms was proposed |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 221-232 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 17:55:01 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 17:56:15 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D Gentner |
Author | J. Loewenstein |
Editor | J Byrnes |
Editor | E. Amsel |
Book Title | Language, Literacy, and Cognitive Development |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | LEA |
Date | 2002 |
Pages | 87-120 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:09:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Loewenstein |
Author | D. Gentner |
Abstract | We test the claim that learning and using language for spatial relations can influence spatial representation and reasoning. Preschool children were given a mapping task in which they were asked to find a “winner” placed in a three-tiered box after seeing one placed in a virtually identical box. The correct choice was determined by finding the corresponding relative location in the test box, making it a difficult task for preschool children. We found that hearing language for spatial relations facilitated children’s mapping performance. We found effects at younger ages on easier tasks (Experiments 1 and 2) and at older ages on harder tasks (Experiment 3). The effects of spatial relational language differed predictably according to the semantics of the terms children heard (Experiment 4). Finally, the effects of spatial language were maintained over time (Experiment 5): children given one initial exposure to the spatial terms maintained their advantage over baseline children when they again carried out the mapping task 2 days later, with no further exposure to the spatial terms. The evidence is consistent with the explanation that language bolsters children’s spatial encodings, which in turn supports their mapping performance. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 315-353 |
Date | June 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.09.004 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WCR-4F7DJSH-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8695786079874d818967e7546f7acd31 |
Accessed | Fri Aug 15 19:22:08 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Aug 15 19:22:08 2008 |
Modified | Fri Aug 15 21:55:44 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | J. Loewenstein |
Author | D Gentner |
Abstract | One important function of language is to name relations. Preschool children performed a simple mapping task with and without hearing spatial prepositions calling attention to key relations. Children at 44 months were successful only if they were in the language condition. By 49 months, children were competent on the task regardless of condition, although there were still benefits of language. These results suggest that relational language can therefore be an important tool for highlighting relational commonalities children may otherwise fail to use. |
Date | 1998 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Pages | 615-620 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Berk |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 671-680 |
Date | 1986 |
ISSN | 0012-1649 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=6&SID=2Eah8FbgF5LMjBPKBM5&page=1&doc=3 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 8 13:13:17 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Sun Aug 8 13:13:17 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 8 13:13:52 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michelle C. St. Clair |
Author | Padraic Monaghan |
Author | Michael Ramscar |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1317-1329 |
Date | 09/2009 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01065.x |
ISSN | 03640213 |
URL | http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01065.x |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:18:32 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:18:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. J. Crow |
Author | L. R. Crow |
Author | D. J. Done |
Author | S. Leask |
Abstract | Population variation in handedness (a correlate of cerebral dominance for language) is in part genetic and, it has been suggested, its persistence represents a balanced polymorphism with respect to cognitive ability. This hypothesis was tested in a sample of 12,770 individuals in a UK national cohort (the National Child Development Study) by assessing relative hand skill (in a square checking task) as a predictor of verbal, non-verbal, and mathematical ability and reading comprehension at the age of 11 years. Whereas some modest decrements were present in extreme right handers the most substantial deficits in ability were seen close to the point of equal hand skill (hemispheric indecision). For verbal ability females performed better than males, but the relationship to relative hand skill was closely similar for the two sexes; for reading comprehension males close to the point of equal hand skill showed greater impairments than females. Analysed by writing hand the relationship of ability to hand skill appeared symmetrical about the point of hemispheric indecision. The variation associated with degrees of dominance may reflect the operation of continuing selection on the gene (postulated to be X-Y linked) by which language evolved and speciation occurred. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1275-1282 |
Date | December 1, 1998 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00039-6 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Relative hand skill predicts academic ability |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0D-3V974KX-2/2/a17873f7dfa5ccd58640cbb7efd3db73 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 16:38:15 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed May 6 16:38:15 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 16:38:15 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vaughan Bell |
Author | Venu Reddy |
Author | Peter Halligan |
Author | George Kirov |
Author | Hadyn Ellis |
Abstract | The tendency to perceive meaning in noise (apophenia) has been linked to "magical thinking" (MT), a distinctive form of thinking associated with a range of normal cognitive styles, anomalous perceptual experiences and frank psychosis. Important aspects of MT include the propensity to imbue meaning or causality to events that might otherwise be considered coincidental. Structures in the lateral temporal lobes have been hypothesised to be involved in both the clinical and non- clinical aspects of MT. Accordingly, in this study we used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to stimulate either the left or right lateral temporal areas, or the vertex, of 12 healthy participants (balanced for similar levels of MT, delusional ideation and temporal lobe disturbance) while they were required to indicate if they had "detected" pictures, claimed to be present by the experimenters, in visual noise. Relative to the vertex, TMS inhibition of the left lateral temporal area produced significant reduced tendency to report meaningful information, suggesting that left lateral temporal activation may be more important in MT and therefore producing and supporting anomalous beliefs and experiences. The effect cannot simply be explained by TMS induced cognitive slowing as reaction times were not affected. |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 551-557 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70249-1 |
ISSN | 0010-9452 |
Short Title | Relative Suppression of Magical Thinking |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B8JH1-4S03J0S-9/2/446726258518867aa9276def695715f5 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 30 20:05:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:12 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. S Bellezza |
Publication | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 324-326 |
Date | 1984 |
ISSN | 0090-5054 |
Short Title | Reliability of retrieval from semantic memory |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 18:25:43 2011 |
Modified | Tue Mar 1 18:26:43 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. S Bellezza |
Publication | Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 377-380 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 18:27:46 2011 |
Modified | Sat Jun 11 11:26:50 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | F.C. Bartlett |
Place | Cambridge, England |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1932 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bruno Laeng |
Author | Morten Øvervoll |
Author | Oddmar Ole Steinsvik |
Abstract | We hypothesized that the right hemisphere would be superior to the left hemisphere in remembering having seen a specific picture before, given its superiority in perceptually encoding specific aspects of visual form. A large set of pictures (N = 1500) of animals, human faces, artifacts, landscapes, and art paintings were shown for 2 s in central vision, or tachistoscopically (for 100 ms) in each half visual field, to normal participants who were then tested 1-6 days later for their recognition. Images that were presented initially to the right hemisphere were better recognized than those presented to the left hemisphere. These results, obtained with participants with intact brains, large number of stimuli, and long retention delays, are consistent with previously described hemispheric differences in the memory of split-brain patients. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 136-144 |
Date | March 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.10.009 |
ISSN | 0278-2626 |
Short Title | Remembering 1500 pictures |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WBY-4MMFVWK-1/2/b2f5e1e2cb5ddd6664f91b47bf65a24e |
Accessed | Wed May 6 13:38:08 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed May 6 13:38:08 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 13:38:08 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven M. Smith |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 460-71 |
Date | 1979 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 14:57:54 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 15:01:49 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lera Boroditsky |
Author | Alice Gaby |
Abstract | How do people think about time? Here we describe representations of time in Pormpuraaw, a remote Australian Aboriginal community. Pormpuraawans' representations of time differ strikingly from all others documented to date. Previously, people have been shown to represent time spatially from left to right or right to left, or from front to back or back to front. All of these representations are with respect to the body. Pormpuraawans instead arrange time according to cardinal directions: east to west. That is, time flows from left to right when one is facing south, from right to left when one is facing north, toward the body when one is facing east, and away from the body when one is facing west. These findings reveal a qualitatively different set of representations of time, with time organized in a coordinate frame that is independent from others reported previously. The results demonstrate that conceptions of even such fundamental domains as time can differ dramatically across cultures. |
Publication | Psychological science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1635-1639 |
Date | Nov 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797610386621 |
ISSN | 1467-9280 |
Short Title | Remembrances of times East |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20959511 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 5 18:07:28 2013 |
Modified | Tue Mar 5 18:07:28 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. Grill-Spector |
Author | R. Henson |
Author | A. Martin |
Abstract | One of the most robust experience-related cortical dynamics is reduced neural activity when stimuli are repeated. This reduction has been linked to performance improvements due to repetition and also used to probe functional characteristics of neural populations. However, the underlying neural mechanisms are as yet unknown. Here, we consider three models that have been proposed to account for repetition-related reductions in neural activity, and evaluate them in terms of their ability to account for the main properties of this phenomenon as measured with single-cell recordings and neuroimaging techniques. We also discuss future directions for distinguishing between these models, which will be important for understanding the neural consequences of repetition and for interpreting repetition-related effects in neuroimaging data. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 14-23 |
Date | 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Mar 10 09:07:16 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Raposo |
Author | H.E. Moss |
Author | E.A. Stamatakis |
Author | L.K. Tyler |
Abstract | The priming of a stimulus by another has become an important tool for exploring the neural underpinnings of conceptual representations. However, priming effects can derive from many different types of relationships and it is important to distinguish between them in order to be able to develop theoretical accounts of the representation of conceptual knowledge. While it is well known that repetition priming (the repeated presentation of the same stimulus) is associated with a reduced neural response, called repetition suppression (RS), the neural correlates of semantic priming (when two stimuli are related in meaning but not identical) are not so well established. We compared the neural correlates of repetition and semantic priming using written words, independently manipulating form and meaning. In an fMRI study, subjects saw single words and made a concrete-abstract decision. Two consecutive words were identical (town-town) or varied along a continuum of semantic relatedness, from highly related (cord-string) to unrelated (face-sail). We found distinct patterns of activation for repetition and semantic priming. Repetition priming was associated with RS in LIFG, bilateral parahippocampal gyrus and R fusiform gyrus. We also observed increased activation for word repetition in the RMFG and RMTG/STG, which may reflect recognition of item's earlier presentation. There was no evidence of suppression for semantic relatedness. Semantic priming was associated with enhanced activation in multiple bilateral fronto-temporal areas, i.e. semantic enhancement. The results suggest that repetition and semantic priming in visual word recognition depend on distinct cognitive processes and neural substrates. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2284-2295 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.017 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Repetition suppression and semantic enhancement |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0D-4K8SC97-4/2/79e979e0614033391606d01a84161db3 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 24 10:56:54 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Feb 24 10:56:54 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 24 10:56:54 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Mesulam |
Abstract | The anatomical basis of conscious experience has traditionally been linked to sensory-fugal (inward) pathways that convey sensory information to progressively “higher” association cortices. Current thinking is emphasizing the importance of sensory-petal pathways that run in the opposite (outward) direction. According to emerging views, many aspects of cognition may represent an iterative neural dialogue between sensory-fugal connections, which reflect the physical nature of ambient events, and sensory-petal connections, which infer the nature of the stimulus based on empirical accounts of past experience. These reciprocal pathways, embedded within the internally generated oscillations of the brain, are further modulated by top-down projections from high-order association cortices, most prominently located in prefrontal cortex. This set of top-down projections has the capacity to transcend experience-based representations and to insert internally generated priorities into the interpretation of ongoing events. The characteristically human capacity for resisting stimulus-bound responses and favoring novel interpretations may be linked to the influence of these top-down projections. The reciprocal sensory-processing pathways and their top-down modulations collectively define the conscious interpretation of experience. Ann Neurol 2008;64:367–378 |
Publication | Annals of Neurology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 367-378 |
Date | 2008/10/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/ana.21534 |
ISSN | 1531-8249 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.21534/abstract |
Accessed | Sat Feb 4 18:51:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sat Feb 4 18:51:36 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 8 18:49:26 2012 |
Type | Manuscript |
---|---|
Author | P. Williams |
Place | University of Massachusetts at Boston |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 27 23:35:21 2013 |
Modified | Sun Jan 27 23:37:23 2013 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2011 |
Proceedings Title | Concepts, Actions, and Objects Workshop |
Conference Name | Concepts, Actions, and Objects Workshop |
Place | Rovereto, Italy |
Date Added | Wed Aug 31 18:51:20 2011 |
Modified | Wed Aug 31 18:52:19 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bernard Barber |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 134 |
Issue | 3479 |
Pages | 596 -602 |
Date | 1961 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.134.3479.596 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/134/3479/596.short |
Accessed | Wed Feb 16 14:47:16 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 14:47:16 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 14:47:16 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ruth M. Ballard |
Author | Esther B. Sparberg |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 3507 |
Pages | 981-982 |
Date | Mar. 16, 1962 |
Series | New Series |
ISSN | 00368075 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org.proxy.library.cornell.edu/stable/1708761 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 3 17:13:06 2008 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Mar. 16, 1962 / Copyright © 1962 American Association for the Advancement of Science |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 17:13:06 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 17:13:06 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mareschal |
Author | S.P. Johnson |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 181-185 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nick Chater |
Author | Florencia Reali |
Author | Morten H Christiansen |
Abstract | Language acquisition and processing are governed by genetic constraints. A crucial unresolved question is how far these genetic constraints have coevolved with language, perhaps resulting in a highly specialized and species-specific language "module," and how much language acquisition and processing redeploy preexisting cognitive machinery. In the present work, we explored the circumstances under which genes encoding language-specific properties could have coevolved with language itself. We present a theoretical model, implemented in computer simulations, of key aspects of the interaction of genes and language. Our results show that genes for language could have coevolved only with highly stable aspects of the linguistic environment; a rapidly changing linguistic environment does not provide a stable target for natural selection. Thus, a biological endowment could not coevolve with properties of language that began as learned cultural conventions, because cultural conventions change much more rapidly than genes. We argue that this rules out the possibility that arbitrary properties of language, including abstract syntactic principles governing phrase structure, case marking, and agreement, have been built into a "language module" by natural selection. The genetic basis of human language acquisition and processing did not coevolve with language, but primarily predates the emergence of language. As suggested by Darwin, the fit between language and its underlying mechanisms arose because language has evolved to fit the human brain, rather than the reverse. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1015-1020 |
Date | Jan 27, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0807191106 |
ISSN | 1091-6490 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19164588 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 10:41:50 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 10:41:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.P. Bahrick |
Author | B. Boucher |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 3P1 |
Pages | 417-& |
Date | 1968 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Y. Munakata |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | M.H. Johnson |
Author | R.S. Siegler |
Abstract | Infants seem sensitive to hidden objects in habituation tasks st 3.5 months but fail to retrieve hidden objects until 8 months. The authors first consider principle-based accounts of these successes and failures, in which early successes imply knowledge of principles and failures are attributed to ancillary deficits. One account is that infants younger than 8 months have the object permanence principle but lack means-ends abilities. To test this, 7-month-olds were trained on means-ends behaviors and were tested on retrieval of visible and occluded toys. Means-ends demands were the same, yet infants made more toy-guided retrievals in the visible case. The authors offer an adaptive process account in which knowledge is graded and embedded in specific behavioral processes. Simulation models that learn gradually to represent occluded objects show how this approach can account for success and failure in object permanence tasks without assuming principles and ancillary deficits |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 686-713 |
Date | October 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Gumperz |
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | R.T. Oliver |
Author | D.H. Brainard |
Author | S.G. Robison |
Date | 2003 |
Proceedings Title | Cognitive Neuroscience Society Tenth Annual Meeting |
Conference Name | Cognitive Neuroscience Society Tenth Annual Meeting |
Place | New York, NY |
Date Added | Thu Aug 28 12:20:08 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 28 12:28:26 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Zingeser |
Author | R.S. Berndt |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 14-32 |
Date | July 1990 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jane E. Herron |
Author | Michael D. Rugg |
Abstract | Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether recognition test items are processed differently according to whether they are used to probe memory for previously studied words or pictures. In each of two study-test blocks, subjects encoded a mixed list of words and pictures, and then performed a recognition memory task with words as the test items. In one block, the requirement was to respond positively to test items corresponding to studied words, and to reject both new items and items corresponding to the studied pictures. In the other block, positive responses were made to test items corresponding to pictures, and items corresponding to words were classified along with the new items. ERPs elicited during the test phase by correctly classified new items differed according to whether words or pictures were the sought-for modality. This finding was interpreted as a neural correlate of the different retrieval orientations adopted when searching memory for words versus pictures. Relative to new items, correctly classified items studied in both target modalities elicited robust, positive-going “old/new” effects. When pictures were targets, test items corresponding to studied words also elicited large effects. By contrast, when words were targets, old/ new effects were absent for the items corresponding to studied pictures. These findings were interpreted as evidence that, in some circumstances, adoption of an appropriate retrieval orientation permits retrieval cues to be employed with a high degree of specificity. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 843-854 |
Date | 2003 |
DOI | 10.1162/089892903322370762 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892903322370762 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 9 15:42:04 2009 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Fri Oct 9 15:42:04 2009 |
Modified | Fri Oct 9 15:42:04 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Author | S. Kita |
Author | D.B.M. Haun |
Author | B.H. Rasch |
Abstract | Li and Gleitman (Turning the tables: language and spatial reasoning. Cognition, in press) seek to undermine a large-scale cross-cultural comparison of spatial language and cognition which claims to have demonstrated that language and conceptual coding in the spatial domain covary (see, for example, Space in language and cognition: explorations in linguistic diversity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in press; Language 74 (1998) 557): the most plausible interpretation is that different languages induce distinct conceptual codings. Arguing against this, Li and Gleitman attempt to show that in an American student population they can obtain any of the relevant conceptual codings just by varying spatial cues, holding language constant. They then argue that our findings are better interpreted in terms of ecologically-induced distinct cognitive styles reflected in language. Linguistic coding, they argue, has no causal effects on non-linguistic thinking - it simply reflects antecedently existing conceptual distinctions. We here show that Li and Gleitman did not make a crucial distinction between frames of spatial reference relevant to our line of research. We report a series of experiments designed to show that they have, as a consequence, misinterpreted the results of their own experiments, which are in fact in line with our hypothesis. Their attempts to reinterpret the large cross-cultural study, and to enlist support from animal and infant studies, fail for the same reasons. We further try to discern exactly what theory drives their presumption that language can have no cognitive efficacy, and conclude that their position is undermined by a wide range of considerations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 84 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 155-188 |
Date | June 2002 |
URL | ISI:000176166800002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Editor | D.S. McNamara |
Editor | J.G. Trafton |
Date | 2007 |
Proceedings Title | Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Austin, TX |
Publisher | Cognitive Science Society |
Pages | 1247-1252 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Feb 10 16:03:05 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Abstract | Work in philosophy and psychology has argued for a dissociation between perceptually-based similarity and higher-level rules in conceptual thought. Although such a dissociation may be justified at times, our goal is to illustrate ways in which conceptual processing is grounded in perception, both for perceptual similarity and abstract rules. We discuss the advantages, power and influences of perceptually-based representations. First, many of the properties associated with amodal symbol systems can be achieved with perceptually-based systems as well (e.g. productivity). Second, relatively raw perceptual representations are powerful because they can implicitly represent properties in an analog fashion. Third, perception naturally provides impressions of overall similarity, exactly the type of similarity useful for establishing many common categories. Fourth, perceptual similar;ty is not static but becomes tuned over time to conceptual demands. Fifth, the original motivation or basis for sophisticated cognition is often less sophisticated perceptual similarity. Sixth, perceptual simulation occurs even in conceptual tasks that have no explicit perceptual demands. Parallels between perceptual and conceptual processes suggest that many mechanisms typically associated with abstract thought are also present in perception, and that perceptual processes provide useful mechanisms that may be co-opted by abstract thought. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 65 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 231-262 |
Date | January 1998 |
URL | ISI:000072422500006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:15 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:15 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Marie |
Publication | Semaine Medicale |
Volume | 26 |
Pages | 241-247 |
Date | 1906 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Rossion |
Author | G. Pourtois |
Abstract | Theories of object recognition differ to the extent that they consider object representations as being mediated only by the shape of the object, or shape and surface details, if surface details are part of the representation. In particular, it has been suggested that color information may be helpful at recognizing objects only in very special cases, but not during basic-level object recognition in good viewing conditions. In this study, we collected normative data (naming agreement, familiarity, complexity, and imagery judgments) for Snodgrass and Vanderwart's object database of 260 black-and-white line drawings, and then compared the data to exactly the same shapes but with added gray-level texture and surface details (set 2), and color (set 3). Naming latencies were also recorded. Whereas the addition of texture and shading without color only slightly improved naming agreement scores for the objects, the addition of color information unambiguously improved naming accuracy and speeded correct response times. As shown in previous studies, the advantage provided by color was larger for objects with a diagnostic color, and structurally similar shapes, such as fruits and vegetables, but was also observed for man-made objects with and without a single diagnostic color. These observations show that basic-level 'everyday' object recognition in normal conditions is facilitated by the presence of color information, and support a 'shape + surface' model of object recognition, for which color is an integral part of the object representation. In addition, the new stimuli (sets 2 and 3) and the corresponding normative data provide valuable materials for a wide range of experimental and clinical studies of object recognition |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 217-236 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Smilek |
Author | M.J. Dixon |
Author | P.M. Merikle |
Abstract | A series of experiments evaluated whether the category membership of objects influences the efficiency of visual search (the category effect). Participants were trained to associate meaningful verbal labels with simple shapes so that it was possible to vary the categorical relationship between targets and distractors in the search displays while counterbalancing for the visual similarity of the targets and distractors. Participants were instructed (a) to simply search for the unique item in the displays, (b) to search for the unique item while adopting an active search strategy or (c) to search for the unique item while adopting a passive search strategy. The efficiency of search for targets embedded among distractors from the same category or different category was assessed in terms of the slopes of the search functions for detecting the targets. The results showed that the categorical relationship between targets and distractors influences the efficiency of visual search when participants adopt a passive search strategy but not when participants adopt an active search strategy. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1080 |
Pages | 73-90 |
Date | March 29, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Diane M. Beck |
Author | Neil Muggleton |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Nilli Lavie |
Abstract | There is increasing evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that visual awareness is not only associated with activity in ventral visual cortex but also with activity in the parietal cortex. However, due to the correlational nature of neuroimaging, it remains unclear whether this parietal activity plays a causal role in awareness. In the experiment presented here we disrupted activity in right or left parietal cortex by applying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over these areas while subjects attempted to detect changes between two images separated by a brief interval (i.e. 1-shot change detection task). We found that rTMS applied over right parietal cortex but not left parietal cortex resulted in longer latencies to detect changes and a greater rate of change blindness compared with no TMS. These results suggest that the right parietal cortex plays a critical role in conscious change detection. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 712 -717 |
Date | May 2006 |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhj017 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/5/712.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 10:40:46 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 10:40:46 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 10:40:46 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Janet Metcalfe |
Author | Margaret Funnell |
Author | Michael S. Gazzaniga |
Abstract | Examines the hemispheric memory differences in patients having a complete corpus callosum resection. Importance of the clarity of retrieved representations, amount of sensory information and memory in cognitive operations; Ability of right hemisphere to exhibit veridical memory within a certain range of relatedness; Sensitivity of left hemisphere to differences in semantic similarity. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 157-164 |
Date | May 1995 |
DOI | Article |
ISSN | 09567976 |
Short Title | RIGHT-HEMISPHERE MEMORY SUPERIORITY |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Wed May 6 15:44:02 2009 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 11:38:24 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E M Wassermann |
Abstract | Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and useful tool for investigating various aspects of human neurophysiology, particularly corticospinal function, in health and disease. Repetitive TMS (rTMS), however, is a more powerful and potentially dangerous modality, capable of regionally blocking or facilitating cortical processes. Although there is evidence that rTMS is useful for treating clinical depression, and possibly other brain disorders, it had caused 7 known seizures by 1996 and could have other undesirable effects. In June 1996 a workshop was organized to review the available data on the safety of rTMS and to develop guidelines for its safe use. This article summarizes the workshop's deliberations. In addition to issues of risk and safety, it also addresses the principles and applications of rTMS, nomenclature, and potential therapeutic effects of rTMS. The guidelines for the use of rTMS, which are summarized in an appendix, cover the ethical issues, recommended limits on stimulation parameters, monitoring of subjects (both physiologically and neuropsychologically), expertise and function of the rTMS team, medical and psychosocial management of induced seizures, and contra-indications to rTMS. |
Publication | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-16 |
Date | Jan 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 0013-4694 |
Short Title | Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9474057 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 11 09:55:03 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9474057 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 09:55:03 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Serre |
Author | L Wolf |
Author | S. Bileschi |
Author | M. Riesenhuber |
Author | T. Poggio |
Abstract | We introduce a new general framework for the recognition of complex visual scenes, which is motivated by biology: We describe a hierarchical system that closely follows the organization of visual cortex and builds an increasingly complex and invariant feature representation by alternating between a template matching and a maximum pooling operation. We demonstrate the strength of the approach on a range of recognition tasks: From invariant single object recognition in clutter to multiclass categorization problems and complex scene understanding tasks that rely on the recognition of both shape-based as well as texture-based objects. Given the biological constraints that the system had to satisfy, the approach performs surprisingly well: It has the capability of learning from only a few training examples and competes with state-of-the-art systems. We also discuss the existence of a universal, redundant dictionary of features that could handle the recognition of most object categories. In addition to its relevance for computer vision, the success of this approach suggests a plausibility proof for a class of feedforward models of object recognition in cortex. |
Publication | IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 411-26 |
Date | Mar 2007 |
DOI | 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.56 |
ISSN | 0162-8828 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17224612 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:01:08 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yigal Agam |
Author | Hesheng Liu |
Author | Alexander Papanastassiou |
Author | Calin Buia |
Author | Alexandra J. Golby |
Author | Joseph R. Madsen |
Author | Gabriel Kreiman |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 872-879 |
Date | 05/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Current Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.050 |
ISSN | 09609822 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(10)00376-3?script=true |
Accessed | Sat Aug 14 10:15:10 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sat Aug 14 10:15:10 2010 |
Modified | Sat Aug 14 10:15:10 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yazhu Ling |
Author | Anya Hurlbert |
Abstract | We investigate color constancy for real 2D paper samples using a successive matching paradigm in which the observer memorizes a reference surface color under neutral illumination and after a temporal interval selects a matching test surface under the same or different illumination. We find significant effects of the illumination, reference surface, and their interaction on the matching error. We characterize the matching error in the absence of illumination change as the “pure color memory shift” and introduce a new index for successive color constancy that compares this shift against the matching error under changing illumination. The index also incorporates the vector direction of the matching errors in chromaticity space, unlike the traditional constancy index. With this index, we find that color constancy is nearly perfect. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America A |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1215-1226 |
Date | June 01, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. A |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSAA.25.001215 |
URL | http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-25-6-1215 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 12 05:27:42 2009 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Sun Apr 12 05:27:42 2009 |
Modified | Fri Apr 17 20:36:00 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Homa |
Author | J. Cultice |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 83-94 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:34 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:34 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | M D'Esposito |
Author | G K Aguirre |
Author | M J Farah |
Abstract | A number of neuroimaging findings have been interpreted as evidence that the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) subserves retrieval of semantic knowledge. We provide a fundamentally different interpretation, that it is not retrieval of semantic knowledge per se that is associated with left IFG activity but rather selection of information among competing alternatives from semantic memory. Selection demands were varied across three semantic tasks in a single group of subjects. Functional magnetic resonance imaging signal in overlapping regions of left IFG was dependent on selection demands in all three tasks. In addition, the degree of semantic processing was varied independently of selection demands in one of the tasks. The absence of left IFG activity for this comparison counters the argument that the effects of selection can be attributed solely to variations in degree of semantic retrieval. Our findings suggest that it is selection, not retrieval, of semantic knowledge that drives activity in the left IFG. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 26 |
Pages | 14792-14797 |
Date | Dec 23, 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
Short Title | Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9405692 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 11 13:42:47 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9405692 |
Date Added | Fri Feb 11 13:42:47 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Harold W. Hake |
Author | Charles W. Eriksen |
Abstract | Ss given practice in using irrelevant labeling responses before learning to associate them with unfamiliar nonsense forms. Concluded that verbal labeling "has the function first of forcing Ss to differentiate the stimulus set, as well as the set of responses used, and can provide also a denotative process whereby Ss organize and identify the stimulus aspects differentiated by practice." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)</p> |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 52 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 235-243 |
Date | October 1956 |
DOI | 37/h0046633 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022101507637161 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:53:08 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:53:08 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 00:54:57 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Y. O. Chernoff |
Author | S. L. Lindquist |
Author | B. Ono |
Author | S. G. Inge-Vechtomov |
Author | S. W. Liebman |
Abstract | The yeast non-Mendelian factor [psi+] has been suggested to be a self-modified protein analogous to mammalian prions. Here it is reported that an intermediate amount of the chaperone protein Hsp104 was required for the propagation of the [psi+] factor. Over-production or inactivation of Hsp104 caused the loss of [psi+]. These results suggest that chaperone proteins play a role in prion-like phenomena, and that a certain level of chaperone expression can cure cells of prions without affecting viability. This may lead to antiprion treatments that involve the alteration of chaperone amounts or activity. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 268 |
Issue | 5212 |
Pages | 880-884 |
Date | 05/12/1995 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.7754373 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/268/5212/880 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:40:58 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 7754373 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Y. O. Chernoff |
Author | S. L. Lindquist |
Author | B. Ono |
Author | S. G. Inge-Vechtomov |
Author | S. W. Liebman |
Abstract | The yeast non-Mendelian factor [psi+] has been suggested to be a self-modified protein analogous to mammalian prions. Here it is reported that an intermediate amount of the chaperone protein Hsp104 was required for the propagation of the [psi+] factor. Over-production or inactivation of Hsp104 caused the loss of [psi+]. These results suggest that chaperone proteins play a role in prion-like phenomena, and that a certain level of chaperone expression can cure cells of prions without affecting viability. This may lead to antiprion treatments that involve the alteration of chaperone amounts or activity. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 268 |
Issue | 5212 |
Pages | 880-884 |
Date | 05/12/1995 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.7754373 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/268/5212/880 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:40:58 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Extra | PMID: 7754373 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E Hirshorn |
Author | S. L Thompson-Schill |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2547-2557 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.03.035 |
ISSN | 00283932 |
Short Title | Role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in covert word retrieval |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=4AJjfpge2Eb7cg1jlkC&page=1&doc=1&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Mon Nov 16 17:16:32 2009 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:16:32 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 01:06:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.B. Markman |
Author | C Hunt Stilwell |
Abstract | Theories of categorization have typically focused on the internal structure of categories. This paper is concerned with the external structure of categories. In particular, it is suggested that many categories specify the relational role that is played by category members. To support this claim, the paper distinguishes between traditional feature-based categories, relational categories (which specify a relational structure), and role-governed categories (which specify a relational role within a relational structure). After discussing the relationship among these types of categories, the implications of this view for the study of category learning and category use are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence |
Volume | 13⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 329-358 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Roman Jakobson |
Edition | First |
Publisher | Mouton |
Date | 1929/1962 |
# of Pages | 678 |
Short Title | Roman Jakobson--Selected Writings I |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Nov 25 08:48:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue Nov 25 08:48:34 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D. Bickerton |
Publisher | Karoma Publishers |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Derek Bickerton |
Publisher | Karoma Publishers |
Date | 1985-04 |
# of Pages | 351 |
ISBN | 089720073X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 22:14:32 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 26 13:59:50 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | P. Bloom |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 159-181 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:25:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maximilian F.A. Hauser |
Author | Juliane Hofmann |
Author | Bertram Opitz |
Abstract | Previous research on artificial grammar has indicated that the human ability to classify sentences or letter strings according to grammaticality relies on two types of knowledge. One is a superficial, familiarity-based understanding of a grammar the other is the knowledge of rules and critical features underlying a grammar. The fundamentally different characteristics of these systems permit an analysis of receiver-operating characteristics (ROC), which measures the extent to which each type of knowledge is used in grammaticality judgments. Furthermore, violations of a grammar can be divided into hierarchical and local violations. The present study is the first to combine the use of ROC analyses, fMRI and a grammaticality dichotomy. Based on previous neuroimaging studies, it was hypothesized that judgments based on rule knowledge, as extracted from individual ROC analyses, involve the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), whereas similarity would involve right IFG, as well as left hippocampal regions. With regards to violation types, it was hypothesized that hierarchical violations would recruit the opercular part of the left IFG as well as the posterior operculum, whereas local violations would bilaterally activate the premotor cortex (PMC). Results indicated that for greater reliance on rule knowledge, a ventral part of the left PMC was activated for ungrammatical items, whereas other PMC areas show a differentiated response for grammaticality for individuals less reliant on similarity. The right IFG was related to ungrammatical items as a function of similarity. Results are discussed with regards to possible error detection systems and differentiated efficiencies for respective classification strategies. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 2019-2026 |
Date | May 1, 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.016 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Rule and similarity in grammar |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811912001930 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 20 17:38:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Mar 20 17:38:30 2012 |
Modified | Tue Mar 20 17:38:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. F. Marcus |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 283 |
Issue | 5398 |
Pages | 77-80 |
Date | 1999-1-1 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.283.5398.77 |
ISSN | 00368075, 10959203 |
URL | http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...283...77M |
Accessed | Thu Nov 22 09:56:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 09:56:59 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 09:56:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Albright |
Author | B. Hayes |
Abstract | Are morphological patterns learned in the form of rules? Some models deny this, attributing all morphology to analogical mechanisms. The dual mechanism model (Pinker, S., & Prince, A. (1998). On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition. Cognition, 28, 73-193) posits that speakers do internalize rules, but that these rules are few and cover only regular processes; the remaining patterns are attributed to analogy. This article advocates a third approach, which uses multiple stochastic rules and no analogy. We propose a model that employs inductive learning to discover multiple rules, and assigns them confidence scores based on their performance in the lexicon. Our model is supported over the two alternatives by new "wug test" data on English past tenses, which show that participant ratings of novel pasts depend on the phonological shape of the stem, both for irregulars and, surprisingly, also for regulars. The latter observation cannot be explained under the dual mechanism approach, which derives all regulars with a single rule. To evaluate the alternative hypothesis that all morphology is analogical, we implemented a purely analogical model, which evaluates novel pasts based solely on their similarity to existing verbs. Tested against experimental data, this analogical model also failed in key respects: it could not locate patterns that require abstract structural characterizations, and it favored implausible responses based on single, highly similar exemplars. We conclude that speakers extend morphological patterns based on abstract structural properties, of a kind appropriately described with rules. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 90 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 119-161 |
Date | December 2003 |
URL | ISI:000186590800001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gabriele Paolacci |
Author | Jesse Chandler |
Author | P G Ipeirotis |
Publication | Judgment and Decision Making |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 411-419 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.2139/ssrn.1626226 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:55:41 2012 |
Modified | Tue May 29 16:55:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Winawer |
Author | N. Witthoft |
Author | M.C. Frank |
Author | L. Wu |
Author | A.R. Wade |
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | English and Russian color terms divide the color spectrum differently. Unlike English, Russian makes an obligatory distinction between lighter blues ("goluboy") and darker blues ("siniy"). We investigated whether this linguistic difference leads to differences in color discrimination. We tested English and Russian speakers in a speeded color discrimination task using blue stimuli that spanned the siniy/goluboy border. We found that Russian speakers were faster to discriminate two colors when they fell into different linguistic categories in Russian (one siniy and the other goluboy) than when they were from the same linguistic category (both siniy or both goluboy). Moreover, this category advantage was eliminated by a verbal, but not a spatial, dual task. These effects were stronger for difficult discriminations (i.e., when the colors were perceptually close) than for easy discriminations (i.e., when the colors were further apart). English speakers tested on the identical stimuli did not show a category advantage in any of the conditions. These results demonstrate that (i) categories in language affect performance on simple perceptual color tasks and (h) the effect of language is online (and can be disrupted by verbal interference) |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 19 |
Pages | 7780-7785 |
Date | May 08, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. B. Iyer |
Author | U. Mattu |
Author | J. Grafman |
Author | M. Lomarev |
Author | S. Sato |
Author | E. M. Wassermann |
Abstract | Background: Data from the human motor cortex suggest that, depending on polarity, direct current (DC) brain polarization can depress or activate cortical neurons. Activating effects on the frontal lobe might be beneficial for patients with frontal lobe disorders. This phase 1 study tested the safety of frontal DC, including its effects on frontal and other brain functions.Methods: The authors applied 20 minutes of anodal, cathodal, or sham DC to the left prefrontal cortex in three groups of right-handed subjects and looked for effects on global measures of processing and psychomotor speed, emotion, and verbal fluency, a measure of local cortical function. In one experiment (n = 30), the authors tested before and after 1 mA DC and monitored EEG in 9 subjects. In two other experiments using 1 mA (n = 43) and 2 mA (n = 30), the authors tested before and then starting 5 minutes after the onset of DC.Results: All subjects tolerated DC well. There were no significant effects on performance with 1 mA DC. At 2 mA, verbal fluency improved significantly with anodal and decreased mildly with cathodal DC. There were no clinically significant effects on the other measures.Conclusions: Limited exposure to direct current polarization of the prefrontal cortex is safe and can enhance verbal fluency selectively in healthy subjects. As such, it deserves consideration as a procedure to improve frontal lobe function in patients. |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 872 -875 |
Date | March 08 , 2005 |
DOI | 10.1212/01.WNL.0000152986.07469.E9 |
URL | http://www.neurology.org/content/64/5/872.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Jan 14 15:13:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 14 15:13:22 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jan 14 15:13:22 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Csaba Poreisz |
Author | Klára Boros |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | Walter Paulus |
Abstract | Cortical excitability changes induced by tDCS and revealed by TMS, are increasingly being used as an index of neuronal plasticity in the human cortex. The aim of this paper is to summarize the partially adverse effects of 567 tDCS sessions over motor and non-motor cortical areas (occipital, temporal, parietal) from the last 2 years, on work performed in our laboratories. One-hundred and two of our subjects who participated in our tDCS studies completed a questionnaire. The questionnaire contained rating scales regarding the presence and severity of headache, difficulties in concentrating, acute mood changes, visual perceptual changes and any discomforting sensation like pain, tingling, itching or burning under the electrodes, during and after tDCS. Participants were healthy subjects (75.5%), migraine patients (8.8%), post-stroke patients (5.9%) and tinnitus patients (9.8%). During tDCS a mild tingling sensation was the most common reported adverse effect (70.6%), moderate fatigue was felt by 35.3% of the subjects, whereas a light itching sensation under the stimulation electrodes occurred in 30.4% of cases. After tDCS headache (11.8%), nausea (2.9%) and insomnia (0.98%) were reported, but fairly infrequently. In addition, the incidence of the itching sensation (p=0.02) and the intensity of tingling sensation (p=0.02) were significantly higher during tDCS in the group of the healthy subjects, in comparison to patients; whereas the occurrence of headache was significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.03) after the stimulation. Our results suggest that tDCS applied to motor and non-motor areas according to the present tDCS safety guidelines, is associated with relatively minor adverse effects in healthy humans and patients with varying neurological disorders. |
Publication | Brain Research Bulletin |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 4-6 |
Pages | 208-214 |
Date | May 30, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res. Bull. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004 |
ISSN | 0361-9230 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17452283 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 24 10:39:44 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17452283 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 24 10:39:44 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M A Nitsche |
Author | David Liebetanz |
Author | Nicolas Lang |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Author | Frithjof Tergau |
Author | W Paulus |
Publication | Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 2220-2222; author reply 2222-2223 |
Date | Nov 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 1388-2457 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14580622 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 18:23:53 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14580622 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 18:23:53 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | C M Houser |
Author | K Reese |
Author | L I Shotland |
Author | J Grafman |
Author | S Sato |
Author | J Valls-Solé |
Author | J P Brasil-Neto |
Author | E M Wassermann |
Author | L G Cohen |
Abstract | In 9 normal volunteers, we studied the safety of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to different scalp positions at various frequencies and intensities. Pure tone threshold audiometry showed temporary threshold shifts in 3 subjects. In the subject stimulated at the highest intensity, rTMS induced a focal, secondarily generalized seizure despite the absence of definite risk factors for seizures. Rapid-rate TMS did not result in any important changes in the neurological examination findings, cognitive performance, electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, and hormone levels (prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone). In 10 additional subjects, the electromyographic activity in several contralateral muscles showed that trains of rTMS applied to the motor cortex induced a spread of cortical excitability. The spread of excitability depended on the intensity and frequency of the stimuli and probably constituted an early epileptogenic effect of rTMS. Guidelines for preventing the undesirable side effects of rTMS are offered. |
Publication | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 120-130 |
Date | Apr 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 0013-4694 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7683602 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 11 09:50:56 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7683602 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 09:50:56 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simone Rossi |
Author | Mark Hallett |
Author | Paolo M Rossini |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract | This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano, Siena (Italy) on March 7-9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the application of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in research and clinical settings. Over the past decade the scientific and medical community has had the opportunity to evaluate the safety record of research studies and clinical applications of TMS and repetitive TMS (rTMS). In these years the number of applications of conventional TMS has grown impressively, new paradigms of stimulation have been developed (e.g., patterned repetitive TMS) and technical advances have led to new device designs and to the real-time integration of TMS with electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thousands of healthy subjects and patients with various neurological and psychiatric diseases have undergone TMS allowing a better assessment of relative risks. The occurrence of seizures (i.e., the most serious TMS-related acute adverse effect) has been extremely rare, with most of the few new cases receiving rTMS exceeding previous guidelines, often in patients under treatment with drugs which potentially lower the seizure threshold. The present updated guidelines review issues of risk and safety of conventional TMS protocols, address the undesired effects and risks of emerging TMS interventions, the applications of TMS in patients with implanted electrodes in the central nervous system, and safety aspects of TMS in neuroimaging environments. We cover recommended limits of stimulation parameters and other important precautions, monitoring of subjects, expertise of the rTMS team, and ethical issues. While all the recommendations here are expert based, they utilize published data to the extent possible. |
Publication | Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 120 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2008-2039 |
Date | Dec 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Clin Neurophysiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016 |
ISSN | 1872-8952 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19833552 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 27 11:34:35 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19833552 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 27 11:34:35 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Farell |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 419-456 |
Date | 1985 |
URL | ISI:A1985AUN3000001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Edward A Wasserman |
Author | Michael E Young |
Abstract | Discriminating same from different collections of items is central to human thought and reasoning. Recent comparative research suggests that same-different discrimination behavior is not uniquely human, does not require human language, is based on the variability of the collection of items, obeys fundamental psychophysical laws, and may be captured by quantitative models of the stimulus collection. The comparative study of same-different discrimination behavior sheds fresh light on the mechanisms and functions of abstract conceptualization. This study also has prompted the development of a theory-the Finding Differences Model-that successfully explains a wealth of findings in the comparative psychology of same-different discrimination behavior. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-22 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
DOI | 10.1037/a0016327 |
ISSN | 1939-2184 |
Short Title | Same-different discrimination |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141313 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 19:37:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20141313 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 19:37:25 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marie Doumic |
Author | Thierry Goudon |
Author | Thomas Lepoutre |
Abstract | This paper investigates the connection between discrete and continuous models describing prion proliferation. The scaling parameters are interpreted on biological grounds and we establish rigorous convergence statements. We also discuss, based on the asymptotic analysis, relevant boundary conditions that can be used to complete the continuous model. |
Publication | Communications in Mathematical Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 839-865 |
Date | 2009-12 |
Journal Abbr | Commun. Math. Sci. |
Language | EN |
ISSN | 1539-6746 |
URL | http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cms/1264434135 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | Euclid |
Extra | Zentralblatt MATH identifier: 05685821; Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet): MR2604623 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marie Doumic |
Author | Thierry Goudon |
Author | Thomas Lepoutre |
Abstract | This paper investigates the connection between discrete and continuous models describing prion proliferation. The scaling parameters are interpreted on biological grounds and we establish rigorous convergence statements. We also discuss, based on the asymptotic analysis, relevant boundary conditions that can be used to complete the continuous model. |
Publication | Communications in Mathematical Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 839-865 |
Date | 2009-12 |
Journal Abbr | Commun. Math. Sci. |
Language | EN |
ISSN | 1539-6746 |
URL | http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cms/1264434135 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:48 2013 |
Library Catalog | Euclid |
Extra | Zentralblatt MATH identifier: 05685821; Mathematical Reviews number (MathSciNet): MR2604623 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 93 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 411-28 |
Date | 1986 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Review |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Wed Jun 3 16:11:56 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jun 3 16:11:56 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.J Crow |
Abstract | The central paradox of schizophrenia is that the condition, apparently genetic in origin, persists in spite of a substantial fecundity disadvantage. The hypothesis is proposed that the predisposition to schizophrenia is a component of Homo sapiens-specific variation associated with the capacity for language. A genetic change (the `speciation event', predicted to be related to the Xq21.3 to Yp chromosomal transposition that separates Homo sapiens from the great apes) allowed the hemispheres to develop with a `cerebral torque', reflected particularly in association cortex, from right frontal to left occipital. Variations in the dimension of lateralization are associated with differences in the rate at which verbal and non-verbal ability develops. The nuclear symptoms of schizophrenia can be understood as a failure to establish dominance for a key component – the phonological sequence – of language in one hemisphere, with consequent disruption of the mechanism of `indexicality' that allows the speaker to distinguish his thoughts from the speech output that he generates and the speech input that he receives and decodes from others. |
Publication | Brain Research Reviews |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2–3 |
Pages | 118-129 |
Date | March 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Research Reviews |
DOI | 10.1016/S0165-0173(99)00029-6 |
ISSN | 0165-0173 |
Short Title | Schizophrenia as the price that Homo sapiens pays for language |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017399000296 |
Accessed | Sun Mar 31 22:05:40 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Mar 31 22:05:40 2013 |
Modified | Sun Mar 31 22:05:40 2013 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Publisher | Global Mapping International |
URL | http://www.gmi.org/ |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Treisman |
Author | J. Souther |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 285-310 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph Schmidt |
Author | G.J. Zelinsky |
Abstract | Visual search studies typically assume the availability of precise target information to guide search, often a picture of the exact target. However, search targets in the real world are often defined categorically and with varying degrees of visual specificity. In five target preview conditions we manipulated the availability of target visual information in a search task for common real-world objects. Previews were: a picture of the target, an abstract textual description of the target, a precise textual description, an abstract + colour textual description, or a precise + colour textual description. Guidance generally increased as information was added to the target preview. We conclude that the information used for search guidance need not be limited to a picture of the target. Although generally less precise, to the extent that visual information can be extracted from a target label and loaded into working memory, this information too can be used to guide search. |
Publication | Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1904-1914 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol |
DOI | 10.1080/17470210902853530 |
ISSN | 1747-0226 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19459137 |
Accessed | Thu Aug 26 20:09:46 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19459137 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 26 20:09:46 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeroen G Raaijmakers |
Author | Richard M Shiffrin |
Abstract | Describes search of associative memory (SAM), a general theory of retrieval from long-term memory that combines features of associative network models and random search models. It posits cue-dependent probabilistic sampling and recovery from an associative network, but the network is specified as a retrieval structure rather than a storage structure. A quantitative computer simulation of SAM was developed and applied to the part-list cuing paradigm. When free recall of a list of words was cued by a random subset of words from that list, the probability of recalling one of the remaining words was less than if no cues were provided at all. SAM predicted this effect in all its variations by making extensive use of interword associations in retrieval, a process that previous theorizing has dismissed. (55 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Psychological Review. Vol 88(2) |
Pages | 93-134 |
Date | Mar 1981 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (PsycINFO) |
Date Added | Fri Dec 25 12:39:05 2009 |
Modified | Fri Dec 25 12:39:05 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J A Burkell |
Author | Z W Pylyshyn |
Abstract | This paper presents three experiments investigating the claim that the visual system utilizes a primitive indexing mechanism (sometimes called FINSTS; Pylyshyn, 1989) to make non-contiguous features directly accessible for further visual processing. This claim is investigated using a variant of the conjunction search task in which subjects search among a subset of the items in a conjunction search display for targets defined by a conjunction of colour and orientation. The members of the subset were identified by virtue of the late onset of the objects' place-holders. The cued subset was manipulated to include either homogeneous distractors or mixed distractors. Observers were able to select a subset of three items from among fifteen for further processing (Experiment 1); furthermore, a reaction time advantage for homogeneous subsets over mixed subsets was observed, indicating that more than one of the subset is selected for further specialized processing. The homogeneous subset advantage held for subsets of two to five items (Experiment 2), and the time required to process the cued subset did not increase with increased dispersion of the items (Experiment 3). These results support the basic claim of the indexing theory: the claim that multiple visual indexes are used in selecting objects for visual processing. |
Publication | Spatial Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 225-58 |
Date | 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Spat Vis |
ISSN | 0169-1015 |
Short Title | Searching through subsets |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9428097 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 5 08:26:06 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9428097 |
Date Added | Sun Apr 5 08:26:06 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Caterina Gratton |
Author | Karen M. evans |
Author | Kara d. FederMeier |
Abstract | Two event-related potential (ERP) experiments were used to examine the representation of object feature information and background knowledge in semantic memory. Participants were trained on novel object categories with three features and were tested with new exemplars that were complete or were missing one to two features that were essential or nonessential to object function. In both a category membership judgment task (Experiment 1) and a parts detection task (Experiment 2), the N400, a functionally specific measure of semantic access, was graded with feature number but was insensitive to knowledge-based feature importance. A separable ERP effect related to knowledge was seen in Experiment 1 as an enhanced frontocentral negativity (beginning ∼300 msec) to exemplars missing a nonessential versus an essential feature, but this effect did not manifest when background knowledge was less task relevant (Experiment 2). Thus, similarity- and knowledge-based effects are separable, and the locus of knowledge effects varies with task demands but does not seem to arise from facilitated semantic access. |
Publication | Memory & cognition |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 277-291 |
Date | 2009-4 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
DOI | 10.3758/MC.37.3.277 |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
Short Title | See what I mean? |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19246343 PMCID: 2682721 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 10 22:03:21 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 10 22:03:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Emily Balcetis |
Author | David Dunning |
Publication | Journal of personality and social psychology |
Volume | 91 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 612 |
Date | 2006 |
Short Title | See what you want to see |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/91/4/612/ |
Accessed | Wed Aug 7 09:23:29 2013 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Aug 7 09:23:29 2013 |
Modified | Wed Aug 7 09:23:29 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S M Kosslyn |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 148-75 |
Date | 1987 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Review |
Short Title | Seeing and Imagining in the Cerebral Hemispheres |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Tue Aug 25 15:59:36 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 25 15:59:44 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Z.W. Pylyshyn |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 15 17:16:37 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Author | A.E. Booth |
Abstract | Words from different grammatical categories (e.g., nouns and adjectives) highlight different aspects of the same objects (e.g., object categories and object properties). Two experiments examine the acquisition of this phenomenon in 14-month-olds, asking whether infants can construe the very same set of objects (e.g., four purple animals) either as members of an object category (e.g., animals) or as embodying a salient object property (e.g., four purple things) and whether naming (with either count nouns or adjectives) influences infants' construals. Results suggest (1) that infants have begun to distinguish count nouns front adjectives, (2) that infants share with mature language-users an expectation that different grammatical forms highlight different aspects, and (3) that infants recruit these expectations when extending novel words. Further, these results suggest that an expectation linking count nouns to object categories emerges early in acquisition and supports the emergence of other word-to-world mappings. (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 217-242 |
Date | November 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rasha Abdel Rahman |
Author | Werner Sommer |
Abstract | Expertise in object recognition, as in bird watching or X-ray specialization, is based on extensive perceptual experience and in-depth semantic knowledge. Although it has been shown that rich perceptual experience shapes elementary perception and higher level discrimination and identification, little is known about the influence of in-depth semantic knowledge on object perception and identification. By means of recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we show that the amount of knowledge acquired about initially unfamiliar objects modulates visual ERP components already 120 msec after object presentation, and causes gradual variations of activity in similar brain systems within a later timeframe commonly associated with meaning access. When perceptual analysis is made more difficult by blurring object pictures, knowledge has an even stronger effect on perceptual analysis and facilitates recognition. These findings demonstrate that in-depth knowledge not only affects involuntary semantic memory access, but also shapes perception by penetrating early visual processes traditionally held to be immune to such influences. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1055-1063 |
Date | December 2008 |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.15.6.1055 |
Short Title | Seeing what we know and understand |
URL | http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/15/6/1055.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Sep 1 14:58:00 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 1 14:58:00 2010 |
Modified | Wed May 1 08:50:26 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rolf A. Zwaan |
Author | Lawrence J. Taylor |
Abstract | Observing actions and understanding sentences about actions activates corresponding motor processes in the observer-comprehender. In 5 experiments, the authors addressed 2 novel questions regarding language-based motor resonance. The 1st question asks whether visual motion that is associated with an action produces motor resonance in sentence comprehension. The 2nd question asks whether motor resonance is modulated during sentence comprehension. The authors' experiments provide an affirmative response to both questions. A rotating visual stimulus affects both actual manual rotation and the comprehension of manual rotation sentences. Motor resonance is modulated by the linguistic input and is a rather immediate and localized phenomenon. The results are discussed in the context of theories of action observation and mental simulation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). (journal abstract) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-11 |
Date | February 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.1 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | Seeing, acting, understanding |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Sun Mar 24 00:26:56 2013 |
Modified | Sun Mar 24 00:26:56 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Livingstone |
Author | D Hubel |
Abstract | Anatomical and physiological observations in monkeys indicate that the primate visual system consists of several separate and independent subdivisions that analyze different aspects of the same retinal image: cells in cortical visual areas 1 and 2 and higher visual areas are segregated into three interdigitating subdivisions that differ in their selectivity for color, stereopsis, movement, and orientation. The pathways selective for form and color seem to be derived mainly from the parvocellular geniculate subdivisions, the depth- and movement-selective components from the magnocellular. At lower levels, in the retina and in the geniculate, cells in these two subdivisions differ in their color selectivity, contrast sensitivity, temporal properties, and spatial resolution. These major differences in the properties of cells at lower levels in each of the subdivisions led to the prediction that different visual functions, such as color, depth, movement, and form perception, should exhibit corresponding differences. Human perceptual experiments are remarkably consistent with these predictions. Moreover, perceptual experiments can be designed to ask which subdivisions of the system are responsible for particular visual abilities, such as figure/ground discrimination or perception of depth from perspective or relative movement--functions that might be difficult to deduce from single-cell response properties. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 240 |
Issue | 4853 |
Pages | 740-9 |
Date | May 6, 1988 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
Short Title | Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3283936 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 19:14:34 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 3283936 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:04 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Contributor | D.G. Mandelbaum |
Place | Berkeley |
Publisher | University of California Press⬚ ⬚ |
Date | 1949 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I.P. Kan |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | The lateral prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a wide variety of functions that guide our behavior, and one such candidate function is selection. Selection mechanisms have been described in several domains spanning different stages of processing, from visual attention to response execution. Here, we consider two such mechanisms: selecting relevant information from the perceptual world (e.g., visual selective attention) and selecting relevant information from conceptual representations (e.g., selecting a specific attribute about an object from long-term memory). Although the mechanisms involved in visual selective attention have been well characterized, much less is known about the latter case of selection. In this article, we review the relevant literature from the attention domain as a springboard to understanding the mechanisms involved in conceptual selection. |
Publication | Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 466-482 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Sun Jan 16 01:29:29 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.R.R. Snyder |
Abstract | A two-stage model of visual search, as suggested by perceptual theory, animal studies, and visual search data, was tested in a partial report paradigm. According to this model, a "preattentive" process selects portions of the field for higher "attentive" processing, signaling the selected input by its location in the field. It follows from this model that errors should cluster spatially around cued items in a display. The 5s were briefly shown an array of letters and required to report the name and location of a single cued letter. In all three cue conditions, items adjacent to targets were reported more frequently than other nontargets ⬚(p ⬚< .025). Also, the magnitude of this adjacency effect varied with cue type (fragmentation > color > inversion; ⬚p < ⬚.02), suggesting an inverse relationship between the level at which a cue property might be analyzed and the likelihood of a signaling error. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 428-& |
Date | 1972 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Moran |
Author | R. Desimone |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 229 |
Issue | 4715 |
Pages | 782-784 |
Date | 1985 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Semenza |
Author | G. Denes |
Author | D. Lucchese |
Author | P. Bisiacchi |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 243-248 |
Date | 1980 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John Hart |
Author | Ronald P. Lesser |
Author | Barry Gordon |
Abstract | A specific category in human cognition, size representation, was disrupted by the application of cortical electrical interference through a recently modified technique involving implantation of indwelling subdural electrode arrays. When subjected to electrical stimulation at a specific site, the subject was unable to access size information when questioned verbally, but showed no deficit if the size discrimination was presented visually. Verbal questions about size were answered correctly when the patient was not subjected to cortical interference. Other measures of verbal and visual comprehension for the categories of color, shape, orientation, movement, texture, and structure, tested under cortical interference, were normal. This clear-cut distinction between verbal and visual access to information about size, shown by a reversible block at a known and anatomically circumscribed site, provides further evidence that higher order neural processing is categorically represented. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 337-344 |
Date | October 01, 1992 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.337 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.337 |
Accessed | Thu Oct 15 17:01:59 2009 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Thu Oct 15 17:01:59 2009 |
Modified | Thu Oct 15 17:01:59 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John Hart |
Author | Ronald P. Lesser |
Author | Barry Gordon |
Abstract | A specific category in human cognition, size representation, was disrupted by the application of cortical electrical interference through a recently modified technique involving implantation of indwelling subdural electrode arrays. When subjected to electrical stimulation at a specific site, the subject was unable to access size information when questioned verbally, but showed no deficit if the size discrimination was presented visually. Verbal questions about size were answered correctly when the patient was not subjected to cortical interference. Other measures of verbal and visual comprehension for the categories of color, shape, orientation, movement, texture, and structure, tested under cortical interference, were normal. This clear-cut distinction between verbal and visual access to information about size, shown by a reversible block at a known and anatomically circumscribed site, provides further evidence that higher order neural processing is categorically represented. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 337-344 |
Date | October 01, 1992 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.337 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1992.4.4.337 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 28 15:19:10 2009 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Wed Oct 28 15:19:10 2009 |
Modified | Wed Oct 28 15:19:10 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.J. Lupker |
Author | D.W. Massaro |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 60-69 |
Date | 1979 |
URL | ISI:A1979GR88100009 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Ramsberger |
Author | A. Miyake |
Author | L. Menn |
Author | K. Reilly |
Author | C.M. Filley |
Abstract | This paper reports a single-case study of a patient with severe anemia, who demonstrated a remarkably spared ability to produce spoken output for numerical and geographical information in the context of severe word-retrieval impairments for common objects and concepts. This unique profile of naming impairments does not seem to reflect problems at the level of visual processing or speech output. He performed poorly, however, on a set of experimental tasks and standardized tests that we believe are heavily dependent on visual semantic knowledge, suggesting that impairments in visual semantic knowledge may have underlain his category-specific naming deficits |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 625-645 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Druks |
Author | T. Shallice |
Abstract | We report the case of a patient, LEW, who presents with modality-specific naming deficits. He is seriously impaired in naming pictures of both objects and actions. His naming to auditory verbal definitions and of actions carried out by the experimenter is, however, relatively well preserved. He has no visual perceptual deficits and his access to the semantics of pictures is as good as that to the semantics of spoken words. While LEW is not an optic aphasic patient, his pattern of performance is relevant to the debate that has taken place of the organization of the semantic system. We discuss his case from this perspective and argue that LEW's selective deficits support the multiple semantics position. We also argue that the "preverbal message" level in the speech production model of Levelt (1989) is the equivalent of "verbal semantics." We provide additional constraints and principles to the concept of the preverbal message and we term the system so constrained the "restricted preverbal message." (C) 2000 Academic Press |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 100-128 |
Date | April 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kuniyoshi L Sakai |
Author | Yasuki Noguchi |
Author | Tatsuya Takeuchi |
Author | Eiju Watanabe |
Abstract | It remains controversial whether Broca's aphasia is an articulatory deficit, a lexical-access problem, or agrammatism. In spite of recent neuroimaging studies, the causal link between cortical activity and linguistic subcomponents has not been elucidated. Here we report an experiment with event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to clarify the role of Broca's area, more specifically, the left inferior frontal gyrus (F3op/F3t), in syntactic processing. An experimental paradigm contrasted sentences requiring syntactic decisions with those requiring semantic decisions. We found selective priming effects on syntactic decisions when TMS was administered to the left F3op/F3t at a specific timing, but not to the left middle frontal gyrus (F2). Our results provide direct evidence of the involvement of the left F3op/F3t in syntactic processing. |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1177-1182 |
Date | Sep 12, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Neuron |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12354406 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 18:23:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12354406 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 18:23:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Serences |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | Conscious perception of the visual world depends on neural activity at all levels of the visual system from the retina to regions of parietal and frontal cortex, Neurons in early visual areas have small spatial receptive fields (RFs) and code basic image features; neurons in later areas have large RFs and code abstract features such as behavioral relevance. This hierarchical organization presents challenges to perception: objects compete when they are presented in a single RF, and component object features are coded by anatomically distributed neuronal activity. Recent research has shown that selective attention coordinates the activity of neurons to resolve competition and link distributed object representations. We refer to this ensemble activity as a 'coherence field', and propose that voluntary shifts of attention are initiated by a transient control signal that,nudges' the visual system from one coherent state to another |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 38-45 |
Date | January 2006 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eric L Smith |
Author | Marcia Grabowecky |
Author | Satoru Suzuki |
Publication | Current Biology: CB |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | R414-5 |
Date | May 20, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Curr Biol |
DOI | S0960-9822(08)00306-0 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18492469 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 11 09:47:11 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18492469 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D. Swingley |
Editor | S. Ohlsson |
Editor | R. Catrambone |
Book Title | Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Austin, TX |
Publisher | Cognitive Science Society |
Date | 2010 |
Pages | 1210-1215 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 10 16:43:28 2011 |
Modified | Wed Aug 10 23:21:33 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D. Swingley |
Abstract | People often talk to themselves, yet very little is known about the functions of this self-directed speech. We explore effects of self-directed speech on visual processing by using a visual search task. According to the label feedback hypothesis (Lupyan, 2007a), verbal labels can change ongoing perceptual processing?for example, actually hearing ?chair? compared to simply thinking about a chair can temporarily make the visual system a better ?chair detector?. Participants searched for common objects, while being sometimes asked to speak the target's name aloud. Speaking facilitated search, particularly when there was a strong association between the name and the visual target. As the discrepancy between the name and the target increased, speaking began to impair performance. Together, these results speak to the power of words to modulate ongoing visual processing. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 65 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1068-1085 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2011.647039 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470218.2011.647039 |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 23:43:41 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 19:04:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C Chiarello |
Author | C Burgess |
Author | L Richards |
Author | A Pollock |
Abstract | This study investigated spreading activation for words presented to the left and right hemispheres using an automatic semantic priming paradigm. Three types of semantic relations were used: similar-only (Deer-Pony), associated-only (Bee-Honey), and similar + associated (Doctor-Nurse). Priming of lexical decisions was symmetrical over visual fields for all semantic relations when prime words were centrally presented. However, when primes and targets were lateralized to the same visual field, similar-only priming was greater in the LVF than in the RVF, no priming was obtained for associated-only words, and priming was equivalent over visual fields for similar + associated words. Similar results were found using a naming task. These findings suggest that it is important to lateralize both prime and target information to assess hemisphere-specific spreading activation processes. Further, while spreading activation occurs in either hemisphere for the most highly related words (those related by category membership and association), our findings suggest that automatic access to semantic category relatedness occurs primarily in the right cerebral hemisphere. These results imply a unique role for the right hemisphere in the processing of word meanings. We relate our results to our previous proposal (Burgess & Simpson, 1988a; Chiarello, 1988c) that there is rapid selection of one meaning and suppression of other candidates in the left hemisphere, while activation spreads more diffusely in the right hemisphere. We also outline a new proposal that activation spreads in a different manner for associated words than for words related by semantic similarity. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 75-104 |
Date | Jan 1990 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Semantic and associative priming in the cerebral hemispheres |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2302547 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:28:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2302547 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:28:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Germani |
Author | R.S. Pierce |
Abstract | This study investigated the nature of semantic attribute knowledge in subjects with left and right hemisphere brain damage and subjects with no brain damage. The relationship between attribute knowledge and both auditory comprehension level and naming skills was also studied. Subjects completed a sorting task involving high, mid, and low frequency of occurrence nouns and high (HI) and low importance (LI) attributes. Subjects also named pictures of the stimulus nouns. While the identification of HI attributes remained intact, left and right hemisphere-damaged subjects exhibited equivalent reductions in identification of LI attributes across frequency levels. In contrast, the left hemisphere-damaged subjects were significantly more impaired on comprehension and naming measures than were the right hemisphere-damaged subjects. Comprehension and naming performance demonstrated a systematic relationship with attribute knowledge in the left hemisphere-damaged subjects only |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-21 |
Date | January 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Basso |
Author | F. Burgio |
Author | P. Prandoni |
Abstract | Fluency deficits have been found in different neuropsychological populations, and dissociation of letter initial and category fluency has been demonstrated in right-brain-damaged and Alzheimer patients. Studies on normal controls also indicate that letter initial and category fluency are supported by different brain regions. We studied letter initial and category fluency in 79 left-brain-damaged patients, 18 non-aphasic and 61 aphasic. Our results indicate that brain-damaged patients are significantly impaired in both fluency tasks compared to normal controls, and a difference between letter initial and category fluency emerges from our data. Firstly, only letter initial fluency is more impaired in aphasic than in non-aphasic patients; secondly, many aphasics have normal category fluency and pathological letter initial fluency but the reverse is seldom true and thirdly, only category fluency scores correlate with confrontation-naming scores. It is suggested that strategies to recover words based on a semantic or a phonological prompt are different. A semantic strategy is coherent with the organizational structure of the semantic system and corresponds to the normal way in which we recover words whereas a phonological strategy is quite unusual and it is not used for actual communication. |
Publication | European Journal of Neurology |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 544-550 |
Date | 1997/11/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00404.x |
ISSN | 1468-1331 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1468-1331.1997.tb00404.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 23:34:50 2011 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 23:34:50 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.B. Karlin |
Author | G.H. Bower |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 417-424 |
Date | 1976 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Mccleary |
Author | W. Hirst |
Abstract | Nonfluent and fluent aphasics were given classification tasks that required the aphasics to identify three kinds of relations: (1) same basic level category. (2) same superordinate level category, and (3) same function. The subjects received the items in word and picture form. In addition the aphasics were required to name the items they were asked to classify. The results showed that the ability to classify is more disrupted in fluent aphasia than in nonfluent aphasia. Within fluent aphasia, the degree to which classification is disrupted is dependent upon the type of relation being tested. While the overall performance of the fluent aphasics was depressed in comparison to nonfluent aphasics, it was significantly more depressed on function relations. The ability to name an item had a significant effect on the ability to classify only for basic level items. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 199-209 |
Date | March 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | T.T Rogers |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | Bradford Book |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:23:43 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Saariluoma |
Author | S. Kujala |
Abstract | Perceptual classification may be based either on the physical features of target and background items or on the semantic attributes of the presented items. In this paper we used enumeration tasks to study the role of semantic features in a categorial classification task. This means that subjects were asked to count the number of target words in a display belonging to one semantic category among a number of background items of other categories. Our goal was to study the decision logic in category search by manipulating target background conditions and the semantic distance between target and background classes. In the first experiment we found that the larger the semantic distance between targets and background words, the easier it was to find the targets. In the second experiment we found a ''pop-out'' effect, in which subjects could use and benefit from a single distinctive semantic feature, ''part-likeness'', in categorial classification. The results of the two experiments imply that the categorization decision logic is basically the same in physical and semantic perceptual classification |
Publication | Scandinavian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 317-328 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Sun Jul 17 10:39:35 2011 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2013 |
Proceedings Title | Meeting of the Vision Science Society |
Conference Name | Meeting of the Vision Science Society |
Place | Naples, FL |
Date Added | Sat Mar 16 01:18:14 2013 |
Modified | Sat Mar 16 01:19:18 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. McRae |
Author | G.S. Cree |
Author | M.S. Seidenberg |
Author | C. McNorgan |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 547-559 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.B. Zurif |
Author | A. Caramazza |
Author | R. Myerson |
Author | J. Galvin |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 167-187 |
Date | 1974 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Feb 15 01:35:20 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Goodglass |
Author | E. Baker |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 359-374 |
Date | 1976 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth Walter |
Author | Paul Dassonville |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1124 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280444000670 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/13506280444000670 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 22 11:33:33 2010 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Sun Aug 22 11:33:33 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 22 11:33:33 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elizabeth Jefferies |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | Different neuropsychological populations implicate diverse cortical regions in semantic memory: semantic dementia (SD) is characterized by atrophy of the anterior temporal lobes whilst poor comprehension in stroke aphasia is associated with prefrontal or temporal–parietal infarcts. This study employed a case-series design to compare SD and comprehension-impaired stroke aphasic patients directly on the same battery of semantic tests. Although the two groups obtained broadly equivalent scores, they showed qualitatively different semantic deficits. The SD group showed strong correlations between different semantic tasks—regardless of input/output modality—and substantial consistency when a set of items was assessed several times. They were also highly sensitive to frequency/familiarity and made coordinate and superordinate semantic errors in picture naming. These findings support the notion that amodal semantic representations degrade in SD. The stroke aphasia group also showed multimodal deficits and consistency across different input modalities, but inconsistent performance on tasks requiring different types of semantic processing. They were insensitive to familiarity/frequency—instead, tests of semantic association were influenced by the ease with which relevant semantic relationships could be identified and distractors rejected. In addition, the aphasic patients made associative semantic errors in picture naming that SD patients did not make. The aphasic patients' picture naming performance improved considerably with phonemic cues suggesting that these patients retained knowledge that could not be accessed without contextual support. We propose that semantic cognition is supported by two interacting principal components: (i) a set of amodal representations (which progressively degrade in SD) and (ii) executive processes that help to direct and control semantic activation in a task-appropriate fashion (which are dysfunctional in comprehension-impaired stroke aphasic patients). |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 2132-2147 |
Date | 08/01/2006 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awl153 |
ISSN | 0006-8950, 1460-2156 |
Short Title | Semantic impairment in stroke aphasia versus semantic dementia |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/129/8/2132 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 16:17:02 2012 |
Library Catalog | brain.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 16:17:02 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jun 7 11:43:13 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tatiana T. Schnur |
Author | Myrna F. Schwartz |
Author | Adelyn Brecher |
Author | Catherine Hodgson |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 199-227 |
Date | February 00, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Memory and Language |
ISSN | ISSN-0749-596X |
Short Title | Semantic Interference during Blocked-Cyclic Naming |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ724619 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 8 15:56:15 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Tue Feb 8 15:56:15 2011 |
Modified | Tue Feb 8 15:56:15 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robert D. Tarte |
Author | Michael W. O'Boyle |
Abstract | Both frequency and speed of utterance have been implicated in studies of phonetic symbolism. Therefore, these two variables were manipulated independently. Three monosyllables were recorded and distorted by either increasing or decreasing frequency, holding speed constant, and by increasing or decreasing speed, holding frequency constant. The subjects were 15 college students who rated the resulting 15 stimuli (3 monosyllables X fast speed-normal frequency, slow speed-normal frequency, normal speed-high frequency, normal speed-low frequency, and normal speed-normal frequency) using 15 bipolar adjective scales, chosen on the basis of previous semantic differential and phonetic symbolism research. Five separate factor analyses were applied to the data. It was found that the normal speed-low frequency, slow speed-normal frequency, and normal speed-normal frequency stimuli generated approximately the same factors, while the fast speed-normal frequency and normal speed-high frequency stimuli generated factors similar to each other but with some notable differences. Separate analyses of variance were applied to the bipolar adjectives using speed, frequency, and vowels as main effects. The 15 analyses showed that subjects did judge the monosyllables as different on the basis of both speed and frequency. The implications of this study for phonetic symbolism research are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 183-196 |
Date | 1982 |
DOI | 10.1007/BF01067562 |
ISSN | 0090-6905 |
Short Title | Semantic judgments of compressed monosyllables |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/n2u01n250624g152/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:38:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:38:59 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:38:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Visser |
Author | E Jefferies |
Author | M A Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | The role of the anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) in semantic cognition is not clear from the current literature. Semantic dementia patients show a progressive and a specific semantic impairment, following bilateral atrophy of the ATLs. Neuroimaging studies of healthy participants, however, do not consistently show ATL activation during semantic tasks. Consequently, several influential theories of semantic memory do not ascribe a central role to the ATLs. We conducted a meta-analysis of 164 functional neuroimaging studies of semantic processing to investigate factors that might contribute to the inconsistency in previous results. Four factors influenced the likelihood of finding ATL activation: (1) the use of PET versus fMRI, reflecting the fact that fMRI but not PET is sensitive to distortion artifacts caused by large variations in magnetic susceptibility in the area of the ATL; (2) a field of view (FOV) of more than 15 cm, thereby ensuring whole-brain coverage; (3) the use of a high baseline task to prevent subtraction of otherwise uncontrolled semantic activation; (4) the inclusion of the ATL as an ROI. The type of stimuli or task did not influence the likelihood of ATL activation, consistent with the view that this region underpins an amodal semantic system. Spoken words, written words, and picture stimuli produced overlapping ATL peaks. On average, these were more inferior for picture-based tasks. We suggest that the specific pattern of ATL activation may be influenced by stimulus type due to variations across this region in the degree of connectivity with modality-specific areas in posterior temporal cortex. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1083-1094 |
Date | Jun 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21309 |
ISSN | 1530-8898 |
Short Title | Semantic processing in the anterior temporal lobes |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19583477 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 15:18:08 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19583477 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 15:18:08 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Pederson |
Author | E. Danziger |
Author | D. Wilkins |
Author | S. Levinson |
Author | S. Kita |
Author | G. Senft |
Abstract | This project collected linguistic data for spatial relations across a typologically and genetically varied set of languages. In the linguistic analysis, we focus on the ways in which propositions may be functionally equivalent across the linguistic communities while nonetheless representing semantically quite distinctive frames of reference. Running nonlinguistic experiments on subjects from these language communities, we find that a population's cognitive frame of reference correlates with the linguistic frame of reference within the same referential domain.* |
Publication | Language |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 557-589 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.P. Denny |
Publication | International Journal of American Linguistics |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 359-384 |
Date | October 01, 1982 |
ISSN | 0020-7071 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1264840 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 22 20:40:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Oct., 1982 / Copyright © 1982 The University of Chicago Press |
Date Added | Thu Mar 22 20:40:52 2012 |
Modified | Thu Sep 20 15:32:04 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | John Lyons |
Edition | Revised |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1977-06-24 |
# of Pages | 388 |
ISBN | 0521291658 |
Short Title | Semantics |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Jul 1 09:40:12 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jul 1 09:40:12 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. French |
Abstract | ... A simple algorithm called activation sharpening is presented that allows a standard feed-forward backpropagation nework to develop semi-distributed representations, thereby reducing the problem of catastrophic interference. ... |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 & 4 |
Pages | 365-377 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mary Hare |
Author | Ken Mcrae |
Author | Jeffrey Elman |
Abstract | Readers are sensitive to the fact that verbs may allow multiple subcategorization frames that differ in their probability of occurrence. Although a verb's overall subcategorization preferences can be described probabilistically, underlying non-random factors may determine those probabilities. One potential factor is verb semantics: Many verbs show sense differences, and a verb's subcategorization profile can vary by sense. Thus, although find can occur with a direct object (DO) or a sentential complement (SC), when it is used to mean `locate' it occurs only with a DO, whereas in its `realize' sense it is SC-biased, but can take either frame. We used corpus analyses to identify verbs that occur with both frames, and found that their subcategorization probabilities differ by sense. Off-line sentence completions demonstrated that contexts can promote a specific sense of a verb, which subsequently influenced subcategorization probability. Finally, in a self-paced reading time experiment, verbs occurred in target sentences containing either a structurally unambiguous or ambiguous SC, following a context favoring the verb's DO- or SC-biased sense. Sense-biasing context influenced reading times at that, and interacted with ambiguity in the disambiguating region. Thus, readers use sense-contingent subcategorization preferences during on-line language comprehension. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 303, 281 |
Date | February 2003 |
Short Title | Sense and structure |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00516-8 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 29 17:27:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Sep 29 17:27:05 2009 |
Modified | Tue Sep 29 17:27:05 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Suzanne Dikker |
Author | Hugh Rabagliati |
Author | Liina Pylkkänen |
Abstract | One of the most intriguing findings on language comprehension is that violations of syntactic predictions can affect event-related potentials as early as 120 ms, in the same time-window as early sensory processing. This effect, the so-called early left-anterior negativity (ELAN), has been argued to reflect word category access and initial syntactic structure building (Friederici, 2002). In two experiments, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate whether (a) rapid word category identification relies on overt category-marking closed-class morphemes and (b) whether violations of word category predictions affect modality-specific sensory responses. Participants read sentences containing violations of word category predictions. Unexpected items varied in whether or not their word category was marked by an overt function morpheme. In Experiment 1, the amplitude of the visual evoked M100 component was increased for unexpected items, but only when word category was overtly marked by a function morpheme. Dipole modeling localized the generator of this effect to the occipital cortex. Experiment 2 replicated the main results of Experiment 1 and eliminated two non-morphology-related explanations of the M100 contrast we observed between targets containing overt category-marking and targets that lacked such morphology. Our results show that during reading, syntactically relevant cues in the input can affect activity in occipital regions at around 125 ms, a finding that may shed new light on the remarkable rapidity of language processing. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 110 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 293-321 |
Date | March 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.09.008 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6T24-4V936PG-1/2/836e152128ffb998695a2659d54e2896 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 25 16:22:51 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Oct 25 16:22:51 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 25 16:22:51 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Shimojo |
Author | L Shams |
Abstract | Historically, perception has been viewed as a modular function, with the different sensory modalities operating independently of each other. Recent behavioral and brain imaging studies challenge this view, by suggesting that cross-modal interactions are the rule and not the exception in perception, and that the cortical pathways previously thought to be sensory-specific are modulated by signals from other modalities. |
Publication | Current opinion in neurobiology |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 505-509 |
Date | Aug 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. |
Language | eng |
ISSN | 0959-4388 |
Short Title | Sensory modalities are not separate modalities |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11502399 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 8 11:29:35 2013 |
Modified | Thu Aug 8 11:29:35 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pia Knoeferle |
Author | Matthew W. Crocker |
Author | Friedemann Pulverm�ller |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 137-142 |
Date | March 2010 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2009.11.004 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093934X09001679 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 9 11:17:15 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Sep 9 11:17:15 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 9 11:17:15 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.I. Jack |
Author | G.L. Shulman |
Author | A.Z. Snyder |
Author | M. McAvoy |
Author | M. Corbetta |
Abstract | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used while normal human volunteers engaged in simple detection and discrimination tasks, revealing separable modulations of early visual cortex associated with spatial attention and task structure. Both modulations occur even when there is no change in sensory stimulation. The modulation due to spatial attention is present throughout the early visual areas V1, V2, V3, and VP, and varies with the attended location. The task structure activations are strongest in V1 and are greater in regions that represent more peripheral parts of the visual field. Control experiments demonstrate that the task structure activations cannot be attributed to visual, auditory, or somatosensory processing, the motor response for the detection/discrimination judgment, or oculomotor responses such as blinks or saccades. These findings demonstrate that early visual areas are modulated by at least two types of endogenous signals, each with distinct cortical distributions |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 135-147 |
Date | July 06, 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.I. Jack |
Author | G.L. Shulman |
Author | A.Z. Snyder |
Author | M. McAvoy |
Author | M. Corbetta |
Abstract | Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used while normal human volunteers engaged in simple detection and discrimination tasks, revealing separable modulations of early visual cortex associated with spatial attention and task structure. Both modulations occur even when there is no change in sensory stimulation. The modulation due to spatial attention is present throughout the early visual areas V1, V2, V3, and VP, and varies with the attended location. The task structure activations are strongest in V1 and are greater in regions that represent more peripheral parts of the visual field. Control experiments demonstrate that the task structure activations cannot be attributed to visual, auditory, or somatosensory processing, the motor response for the detection/discrimination judgment, or oculomotor responses such as blinks or saccades. These findings demonstrate that early visual areas are modulated by at least two types of endogenous signals, each with distinct cortical distributions |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 135-147 |
Date | July 06, 2006 |
URL | ISI:000239037700016 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Author | V. Rodriguez-Rodriguez |
Author | H. Spekreijse |
Abstract | A visual scene is rapidly segmented into the regions that are occupied by different objects and background. Segmentation may be initiated from the detection of boundaries, followed by the filling in of the surfaces between these boundaries to render them visible. Alternatively, segmentation may be based on grouping of surface elements that are similar, so that boundaries are (implicitly) identified as the borders between elements that are grouped into objects. Here, we present recordings from awake monkey primary visual cortex that show that in late (>80 ms) components of the neural responses a correlate of boundary formation is expressed, followed by a filling in (also called colouring) between the edges. These data favour a model of segmentation where boundary formation initiates surface filling-in |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 406-413 |
Date | June 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.M. Conway |
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Abstract | Sequential learning plays a role in a variety of common tasks, such as human language processing, animal communication, and the learning of action sequences. In this article, we investigate sequential learning in non-human primates from a comparative perspective, focusing on three areas: the learning of arbitrary, fixed sequences; statistical learning; and the learning of hierarchical structure. Although primates exhibit many similarities to humans in their performance on sequence learning tasks, there are also important differences. Crucially, non-human primates appear to be limited in their ability to learn and represent the hierarchical structure of sequences. We consider the evolutionary implications of these differences and suggest that limitations in sequential learning may help explain why non-human primates lack human-like language |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 539-546 |
Date | December 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000172508800019 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | P. Faglioni |
Author | P. Villa |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 43-& |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Townsend |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 46-54 |
Date | January 1990 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timothy J Vickery |
Author | Li-Wei King |
Author | Yuhong Jiang |
Abstract | Top-down knowledge about the target is essential in visual search. It biases visual attention to information that matches the target-defining criteria. Extensive research in the past has examined visual search when the target is defined by fixed criteria throughout the experiment, with few studies investigating how subjects set up the target. To address this issue, we conducted five experiments using random polygons and real-world objects, allowing the target criteria to change from trial to trial. On each trial, subjects first see a cue informing them about the target, followed 200-1000 ms later by the search array. We find that when the cue matches the target exactly, search speed increases and the slope of response time-set size function decreases. Deviations from the exact match in size or orientation slow down search speed, although they lead to faster speed compared with a neutral cue or a semantic cue. We conclude that the template set-up process uses detailed visual information, rather than schematic or semantic information, to find the target. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 81-92 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
DOI | 10:1167/5.1.8 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831069 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 19:43:13 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15831069 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:09 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | F. Anggoro |
Author | D Gentner |
Abstract | The current study explored the effects of different semantic categories in kinship terms on similarity judgments, word extensions, and recognition memory. We compared Indonesian - in which sibling terms are based on ⬚relative age ⬚- with English - in which sibling terms are based on ⬚gender⬚. In Experiment 1, participants saw triads of pictures of scenes involving kinship relations and were asked to make similarity judgments and to extend novel labels from the standards to the variants. The variants each resembled the standard along one dimension and differed along the other. In Experiment 2, other participants were asked to remember the standard pictures and were later tested on their recognition memory using the variants. Results from both experiments converged to suggest that participants' judgments, word extensions, and memory were influenced by their semantic categories. |
Date | 2003 |
Series | Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lisa Gershkoff-Stowe |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | This paper reports evidence from a longitudinal study in which children's attention to shape in a laboratory task of artificial noun learning was correlated with a rate shift in noun acquisitions. Eight children were tested in the laboratory at 3-week intervals beginning when they had less than 25 nouns in their productive vocabulary (M age=17 months). Children were presented with a novel word generalization task at each session. Additionally, the study examined the kinds of words the children learned early, based on parent reports, and the statistical regularities inherent in those vocabularies. The results indicate that as children learned nouns, they also learned to attend to shape in the novel word task. At the same time, children showed an acceleration in new noun production outside of the laboratory. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 75 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1098-1114 |
Date | 2004 Jul-Aug |
Journal Abbr | Child Dev |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00728.x |
ISSN | 0009-3920 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15260867 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 23 20:29:20 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15260867 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 23 20:29:20 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Arguin |
Author | D. Bub |
Author | G. Dudek |
Abstract | series of experiments was conducted on a patient (ELM) with bilateral inferior temporal lobe damage and category-specific visual agnosia in order to specify the nature of his functional impairment. In Experiment 1, ELM performed a task of picture/word matching that used line drawings of fruits and vegetables as stimuli. The pattern of confusions exhibited by the patient suggested a failure in processing the full range of shape features necessary for the unique specification of the target relative to other structurally related items. This hypothesis of a shape integration impairment was tested and verified by subsequent visual recognition experiments (Experiments 2-4), which used synthetic stimuli with shapes precisely defined on the dimensions of elongation, curvature, and tapering. Futhermore, it was determined (Experiment 5) that the integration deficit is specific to the retrieval of shape knowledge from memory and does not affect the encoding of the properties of visual stimuli. It is argued that these findings have critical implications for cognitive theories of visual object recognition and for an interpretation or the visual function of the inferior temporal cortex. Finally, it was shown that the patient's deficit for structural knowledge integration is modulated by the semantic properties of the objects (Experiment 6), thereby demonstrating the applicability of the present findings to an explanation of category-specific visual agnosia |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 221-275 |
Date | 1996 |
URL | ISI:A1996VR74500003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hongjing Lu |
Author | Bosco S Tjan |
Author | Zili Liu |
Abstract | A fundamental question in visual perception is to characterize how information from sensory input is integrated with prior probabilities. The role of prior probabilities is controversial for elementary visual processes, which are often believed to be immune from higher-level influences. In this paper, we demonstrate such influences. We tested human observers' abilities to discriminate stereoscopic depth defined by points embedded in a biological pattern--a human figure. Our results indicate that the internal representation of a walking human figure imposed constraints on depth discrimination of a static stimulus. This constraint was manifested when the stimulus was recognized as a human figure. When the expected human figure configuration (forearms having equal length) was inconsistent with the sensory input information, discrimination of forearm lengths was impaired. In contrast, when there was no inconsistency (the hand-hip distance on the left was not expected to be equal to that on the right), discrimination between the two distances was improved, presumably because the human figure configuration provided a more accurate frame of reference for stereoscopic depth. Both the impairment and improvement were due to changes of discrimination sensitivity rather than decision bias. Our findings support the view that visual perception is an inference process constrained by Bayesian prior probabilities. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 75-86 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
DOI | 10.1167/6.1.7 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16489860 |
Accessed | Mon Mar 2 01:52:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16489860 |
Date Added | Mon Mar 2 01:52:41 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M. Bowerman |
Author | S Choi |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 475-511 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:29:18 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Viorica Marian |
Author | Michael Spivey |
Author | Joy Hirsch |
Abstract | <p><br/>The neurological and cognitive aspects of bilingual language processing were examined in late Russian-English bilinguals using headband-mounted eyetracking and functional neuroimaging. A series of three eyetracking studies suggested that, at early stages of word recognition, bilinguals can activate both languages in parallel, even when direct linguistic input is in one language only. A functional neuroimaging study suggested that, although the same general structures are active for both languages, differences within these general structures are present across languages and across levels of processing. For example, different centers of activation were associated with first versus second language processing within the left Inferior Frontal Gyrus, but not within the Superior Temporal Gyrus. We suggest that parallel activation (as found with eyetracking) and shared cortical structures (as found with fMRI) may be characteristic of early stages of language processing (such as phonetic processing), but the two languages may be using separate structures at later stages of processing (such as lexical processing).</p> |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 70-82 |
Date | July 2003 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0093-934X(02)00535-7 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Shared and separate systems in bilingual language processing |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WC0-47YH4PG-5/2/0b2915fcee9633fac048b9fa13b8cc05 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 10 21:48:34 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Apr 10 21:48:34 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Yoshida |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | Past research shows that young language learners know something about the different category organizations of animals, objects and substances. The three experiments reported here compare Japanese-speaking and English-speaking children's novel name generalizations for two kinds of objects: clear instances of artifacts and objects with ambiguous features suggestive of animates. This comparison was motivated by the very different nature of individuation in the two languages and by the boundary shift hypothesis that proposes that entities that straddle the individuation boundary of a language are assimilated toward the individuated side. The results of the three experiments support the hypothesis. An explanation in terms of mutually reinforcing correlations among language, perceptual properties and category structure is proposed |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-17 |
Date | February 2003 |
URL | ISI:000181147500001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:52 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:52 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Egly |
Author | J. Driver |
Author | R.D. Rafal |
Abstract | Space- and object-based attention components were examined in neurologically normal and parietal-lesion subjects, who detected a luminance change at 1 of 4 ends of 2 outline rectangles. One rectangle end was precued (75% valid); on invalid-cue trials, the target appeared at the other end of the cued rectangle or at 1 end of the uncued rectangle. For normals, the cost for invalid cues was greater for targets in the uncued rectangle, indicating an object-based component. Both right- and left-hemisphere patients showed costs that were greater for contralesional targets. For right-hemisphere patients, the object cost was equivalent for contralesional and ipsilesional targets, indicating a spatial deficit, whereas the object cost for left-hemisphere patients was larger for contralesional targets, indicating an object deficit |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 123 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 161-177 |
Date | June 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:50:33 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M C Potter |
Abstract | Three converving procedures were used to determine whether pictures presented in a rapid sequence at rates comparable to eye fixations are understood and then quickly forgotten. In two experiments, sequences of 16 color photographs were presented at rates of 113, 167, or 333 msec per picture. In one group, subjects were given an immediate test of recognition memory for the pictures and in other groups they searched for a target picture. Even when the target had only been specified by a title (e.g., a boat) detection of a target was strikingly superior to recognition memory. Detection was slightly but significantly better for pictured than named targets. In a third experiment pictures were presented for 50, 70, 90 or 120 msec preceded and followed by a visual mask; at 120 msec recognition memory was as accurate as detection had been. The results, taken together with those in 1969 of Potter and Levy for slower rates of sequential presentation, suggest that on the average a scene is understood and so becomes immune to ordinary visual masking within about 100 msec but requires about 300 msec of further processing before the memory representation is resistant to conceptual masking from a following picture. Possible functions of a short-term conceptual memory, such as the control of eye fixations, are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Learning and Memory |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 509-522 |
Date | Sep 1976 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Learn |
ISSN | 0096-1515 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1003124 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 30 23:22:14 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 1003124 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 30 23:22:14 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philippe G Schyns |
Author | Lizann Bonnar |
Author | Frederic Gosselin |
Abstract | We propose an approach that allows a rigorous understanding of the visual categorization and recognition process without asking direct questions about unobservable memory representations. Our approach builds on the selective use of visual information in recognition and a new method (Bubbles) to depict and measure what this information is. We examine three face-recognition tasks (identity, gender, expressive or not) and establish the componential and holistic information responsible for recognition performance. On the basis of this information, we derive task-specific gradients of probability for the allocation of attention to the different regions of the face. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 402-9 |
Date | Sep 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12219805 |
Accessed | Fri Mar 6 11:36:40 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12219805 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 6 11:36:39 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philippe G. Schyns |
Author | Lizann Bonnar |
Author | Fr�d�ric Gosselin |
Abstract | We propose an approach that allows a rigorous understanding of the visual categorization and recognition process without asking direct questions about unobservable memory representations. Our approach builds on the selective use of visual information in recognition and a new method (Bubbles) to depict and measure what this information is. We examine three face2013recognition tasks (identity, gender, expressive or not) and establish the componential and holistic information responsible for recognition performance. On the basis of this information, we derive task2013specific gradients of probability for the allocation of attention to the different regions of the face. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 402-409 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-9280.00472 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00472 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 5 20:37:11 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:17 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:17 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | David Marvin Green |
Author | John A. Swets |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Wiley |
Date | 1966 |
ISBN | 0932146236 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Sep 1 22:25:41 2009 |
Modified | Tue Sep 1 22:29:50 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | N. Braisby |
Abstract | A series of experiments are reported on a patient (LEW) with difficulties in naming. initial findings indicated severe impairments in his ability to freesort colours and facial expressions. However, LEW's performance on other tasks revealed that he was able to show implicit understanding of some of the classic hallmarks of categorical perception; for example, in experiments requiring the choice of an odd-one-out, the patient chose alternatives dictated by category rather than by perceptual distance. Thus, underlying categories appeared normal and boundaries appeared intact. Furthermore, in a two-alternative forced-choice recognition memory task, performance was worse for within-category decisions than for cross-category decisions. Ina replication of the study of Kay and Kempton [Kay, P., Kempton, W., 1984. What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? American Anthropologist 86, 65-78], LEW showed that his similarity judgements for colours could be based on perceptual or categorical similarity according to task demands. The consequences for issues concerned with perceptual categories and the relationship between perceptual similarity and explicit categorisation are considered; we argue for a dissociation between these kinds of judgements in the freesort tasks. LEW's inability to make explicit use of his intact (implicit) knowledge is seen as related to his language impairment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 71 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-42 |
Date | May 03, 1999 |
URL | ISI:000080867500001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | U. Hasson |
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Contributor | W. Gray |
Contributor | C. Schunn |
Date | 2002 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Pages | 429 -434 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:27 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Tulving |
Abstract | Under certain conditions, subjects in a forced-choice recognition task can discriminate between targets and distractors more accurately when the targets and distractors are similar than when they are dissimilar. This reversal of the conventional result is demonstrated in two picture-recognition experiments. The results of the experiments suggest that two kinds of similarity relations-perceptual and ecphoric similarity-must be specified in descriptions of the phenomena of forced-choice recognition memory. |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 20 |
Pages | 496-479 |
Date | 1981 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 18:31:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Feb 22 19:56:04 2010 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L.B. Smith |
Author | P. Evans |
Contributor | B.E. Shepp |
Contributor | S. Ballesteros |
Book Title | Object Perception: Structure and Process |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Amos Tversky |
Author | Itamar Gati |
Abstract | <p><br/>An alternative analysis of geometric models of proximity data, based on a feature-matching model, leads to the coincidence hypothesis that the dissimilarity between objects that differ on 2 separable dimensions is larger than predicted from their unidimensional differences on the basis of the triangle inequality and segmental additivity. A series of studies of 2-dimensional stimuli with separable attributes (including house plants, parallelograms, schematic faces, and histograms), using judgments of similarity and dissimilarity, classification, inference, and recognition errors, all support the coincidence hypothesis. The size of the effect is determined by the separability of the stimuli, the transparency of the dimensional structure, and the discriminability of the levels within each dimension. Applications of the coincidence effect to inductive inference are investigated, and its relations to selective attention and spatial density are discussed. It is concluded that the triangle inequality and segmental additivity cannot be jointly satisfied for separable attributes. The implications of this result for multidimensional scaling are discussed. (57 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)</p> |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 123-154 |
Date | March 1982 |
DOI | 37/0033-295X.89.2.123 |
ISSN | 0033-295X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033295X0762708X |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 13:05:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 13:05:25 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 4 13:05:25 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timothy D. Sweeny |
Author | Marcia Grabowecky |
Author | Satoru Suzuki |
Abstract | Although local interactions involving orientation and spatial frequency are well understood, less is known about spatial interactions involving higher level pattern features. We examined interactive coding of aspect ratio, a prevalent two-dimensional feature. We measured perception of two simultaneously flashed ellipses by randomly post-cueing one of them and having observers indicate its aspect ratio. Aspect ratios interacted in two ways. One manifested as an aspect-ratio-repulsion effect. For example, when a slightly tall ellipse and a taller ellipse were simultaneously flashed, the less tall ellipse appeared flatter and the taller ellipse appeared even taller. This repulsive interaction was long range, occurring even when the ellipses were presented in different visual hemifields. The other interaction manifested as a global assimilation effect. An ellipse appeared taller when it was a part of a global vertical organization than when it was a part of a global horizontal organization. The repulsion and assimilation effects temporally dissociated as the former slightly strengthened, and the latter disappeared when the ellipse-to-mask stimulus onset asynchrony was increased from 40 to 140 ms. These results are consistent with the idea that shape perception emerges from rapid lateral and hierarchical neural interactions. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Date | January 19 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1167/11.1.16 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/1/16.abstract |
Accessed | Fri Nov 25 08:55:27 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Fri Nov 25 08:55:27 2011 |
Modified | Fri Nov 25 08:55:27 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McDonald |
Author | M. Plauche |
Abstract | The acquisition of the formal structure of an artificial language was examined using variants of the language that featured no cues, single extralinguistic or linguistic cues, and correlated pairs of these cues to word class. While performance on a grammatical judgment test was generally better for single cues than no cues and equal for all types of single cues, performance for correlated pairs of cues only exceeded that of corresponding single cues when both cues were fairly transparent as markers. In addition, distinctiveness of the markings played a role in ease of acquisition. These results clarify previous artificial language learning results, and are in accord with data from natural language learning |
Publication | Language and Speech |
Volume | 38 |
Pages | 223-236 |
Date | July 1995 |
URL | ISI:A1995UH54600001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Raphael Cilento |
Publication | Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 157-161 |
Date | December 01, 1971 |
ISSN | 0035-9149 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/531160 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 17 11:32:07 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1971 / Copyright © 1971 The Royal Society |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 11:32:07 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 11:32:07 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Raphael Cilento |
Publication | Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 157-161 |
Date | December 01, 1971 |
ISSN | 0035-9149 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/531160 |
Accessed | Tue Jan 17 11:26:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1971 / Copyright © 1971 The Royal Society |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 11:26:06 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 11:26:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catherine Q Howe |
Author | Dale Purves |
Abstract | The term "size contrast and assimilation" refers to a large class of geometrical illusions in which the apparent sizes of identical visual targets in various contexts are different. Here we have examined whether these intriguing discrepancies between physical and perceived size can be explained by a visual process in which percepts are determined by the probability distribution of the possible real-world sources of retinal stimuli. To test this idea, we acquired a range image database of natural scenes that specified the location of every image point in 3-D space. By sampling the possible physical sources of various size contrast or assimilation stimuli in the database, we determined the probability distributions of the size of the target in the images generated by these sources. For each of the various stimuli tested, these probability distributions of target size in different contexts accurately predicted the perceptual effects reported in psychophysical studies. We conclude that size contrast and assimilation effects are a further manifestation of a fundamentally probabilistic process of visual perception. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 90-102 |
Date | 2004 Jan-Feb |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/089892904322755584 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15006039 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 14:45:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15006039 |
Date Added | Tue May 29 14:45:42 2012 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:27:44 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Biederman |
Author | E.E. Cooper |
Abstract | The magnitude of priming resulting from perception of a briefly presented picture of an object in an earlier trial block, as assessed by naming reaction times (RTs), was independent of whether the primed object was presented at the same or a different size as when originally viewed. RTs and error rates for "same" responses for old-new shape judgments were much increased by a change in object size from initial presentation. We conjecture that this dissociation between the effects of size consistency on naming and old-new shape recognition may reflect the differential functioning of 2 independent systems subserving object memory: 1 for representing object shape and the other for representing its size, position, and orientation (metric attributes). Allowing for response selection, object naming RTs may provide a relatively pure measure of the functioning of the shape system. Both the shape and metric systems may affect the feelings of familiarity that govern old-new episodic shape judgments. A comparison of speeded naming and episodic recognition judgments may provide a behavioral, noninvasive technique for determining the neural loci of these 2 systems. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 18 |
Pages | 121-133 |
Date | 1992 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Tue Mar 10 08:40:15 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 10 08:42:36 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stephen O. Murray |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 89 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 443-444 |
Date | June 01, 1987 |
Series | New Series |
ISSN | 0002-7294 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/677771 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 13 23:28:20 2012 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 1987 / Copyright © 1987 American Anthropological Association |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 23:28:20 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 23:28:20 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | N.E. Miller |
Author | J. Dollard |
Place | New Haven |
Publisher | Yale University Press |
Date | 1941 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Tue Sep 1 22:30:22 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | R. Brown |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Free Press |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Sat Apr 7 22:01:47 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Abstract | Peter Trudgill looks at why human societies at different times and places produce different kinds of language. He considers how far social factors influence language structure and compares languages and dialects spoken across the globe, from Vietnam to Nigeria, Polynesia to Scandinavia, and from Canada to Amazonia. Modesty prevents Pennsylvanian Dutch Mennonites using the verb wotte ('want'); stratified society lies behind complicated Japanese honorifics; and a mountainous homeland suggests why speakers of Tibetan-Burmese Lahu have words for up there and down there. But culture and environment don't explain why Amazonian Jarawara needs three past tenses, nor why Nigerian Igbo can make do with eight adjectives, nor why most languages spoken in high altitudes do not exhibit an array of spatial demonstratives. Nor do they account for some languages changing faster than others or why some get more complex while others get simpler. The author looks at these and many other puzzles, exploring the social, linguistic, and other factors that might explain them and in the context of a huge range of languages and societies. Peter Trudgill writes readably, accessibly, and congenially. His book is jargon-free, informed by acute observation, and enlivened by argument: it will appeal to everyone with an interest in the interactions of language with culture, environment, and society. |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2011-10-20 |
# of Pages | 276 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780199604340 |
Short Title | Sociolinguistic Typology |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Wed Jan 23 15:42:17 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jan 23 15:42:17 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Georgetown University Press |
Date | 2002-03 |
# of Pages | 197 |
ISBN | 0878403698 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Publisher | Georgetown University Press |
Date | 2002-03 |
# of Pages | 197 |
ISBN | 0878403698 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Edition | 4 |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 2001-08-01 |
# of Pages | 240 |
ISBN | 0140289216 |
Short Title | Sociolinguistics |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Peter Trudgill |
Edition | 4 |
Publisher | Penguin (Non-Classics) |
Date | 2001-08-01 |
# of Pages | 240 |
ISBN | 0140289216 |
Short Title | Sociolinguistics |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Treisman |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 105-110 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph De Rivera |
Abstract | <p><br/>Conflicting studies on the effect which teaching differential responses to cues has on the acquired distinctiveness of these cues leads to the statement of 2 hypotheses. Experimental test shows the validity of predictions based upon these hypotheses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)</p> |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 299-304 |
Date | May 1959 |
DOI | 37/h0046054 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022101507641196 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 10:30:38 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 10:30:38 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 10:30:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Finke |
Publication | American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 257-274 |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark Aveyard |
Abstract | Two experiments explored the influence of consonant sound symbolism on object recognition. In Experiment 1, participants heard a word ostensibly from a foreign language (in reality, a pseudoword) followed by two objects on screen: a rectilinear object and a curvilinear object. The task involved judging which of the two objects was properly described by the unknown pseudoword. The results showed that congruent sound-symbolic pseudoword–object pairs produced higher task accuracy over three rounds of testing than did incongruent pairs, despite the fact that “hard” pseudowords (with three plosives) and “soft” pseudowords (with three nonplosives) were paired equally with rectilinear and curvilinear objects. Experiment 2 reduced awareness of the manipulation by including similar-shaped, target-related distractors. Sound symbolism effects still emerged, though the time course of these effects over three rounds differed from that in Experiment 1. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 83-92 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.3758/s13421-011-0139-3 |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
Short Title | Some consonants sound curvy |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/q558411512w57022/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:24:33 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:24:33 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.W. Massaro |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 213-234 |
Date | April 1988 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.M. Cardosi |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 317-330 |
Date | November 1986 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.E. Rumelhart |
Editor | A. Ortony |
Book Title | Metaphor and Thought |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1979 |
Pages | 71-82 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 1 19:08:00 2010 |
Modified | Wed Jan 18 00:33:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Sekuler |
Author | A.B. Sekuler |
Author | R. Lau |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 385 |
Issue | 6614 |
Pages | 308 |
Date | January 23, 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Vroomen |
Author | B. de Gelder |
Abstract | Six experiments demonstrated cross-modal influences from the auditory modality on the visual modality at an early level of perceptual organization. Participants had to detect a visual target in a rapidly changing sequence of visual distracters. A high tone embedded in a sequence of low tones improved detection of a synchronously presented visual target (Experiment 1), but the effect disappeared when the high tone was presented before the target (Experiment 2). Rhythmically based or order-based anticipation was unlikely to account for the effect because the improvement was unaffected by whether there was jitter (Experiment 3) or a random number of distracters between successive targets (Experiment 4). The facilitatory effect was greatly reduced when the tone was less abrupt and part of a melody (Experiments 5 and 6). These results show that perceptual organization in the auditory modality can have an effect on perceptibility in the visual modality |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1583-1590 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | ISI:000089509100005 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Patrick D Thompson |
Author | Zachary Estes |
Abstract | Although linguistic traditions of the last century assumed that there is no link between sound and meaning (i.e., arbitrariness), recent research has established a nonarbitrary relation between sound and meaning (i.e., sound symbolism). For example, some sounds (e.g., /u/ as in took) suggest bigness whereas others (e.g., /i/ as in tiny) suggest smallness. We tested whether sound symbolism only marks contrasts (e.g., small versus big things) or whether it marks object properties in a graded manner (e.g., small, medium, and large things). In two experiments, participants viewed novel objects (i.e., greebles) of varying size and chose the most appropriate name for each object from a list of visually or auditorily presented nonwords that varied incrementally in the number of "large" and "small" phonemes. For instance, "wodolo" contains all large-sounding phonemes, whereas "kitete" contains all small-sounding phonemes. Participants' choices revealed a graded relationship between sound and size: The size of the object linearly predicted the number of large-sounding phonemes in its preferred name. That is, small, medium, and large objects elicited names with increasing numbers of large-sounding phonemes. The results are discussed in relation to cross-modal processing, gesture, and vocal pitch. |
Publication | Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006) |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2392-2404 |
Date | Dec 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2011.605898 |
ISSN | 1747-0226 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21895561 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 30 10:12:54 2013 |
Modified | Tue Apr 30 10:12:54 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mutsumi Imai |
Author | Sotaro Kita |
Author | Miho Nagumo |
Author | Hiroyuki Okada |
Abstract | Some words are sound-symbolic in that they involve a non-arbitrary relationship between sound and meaning. Here, we report that 25-month-old children are sensitive to cross-linguistically valid sound-symbolic matches in the domain of action and that this sound symbolism facilitates verb learning in young children. We constructed a set of novel sound-symbolic verbs whose sounds were judged to match certain actions better than others, as confirmed by adult Japanese- as well as English speakers, and by 2- and 3-year-old Japanese-speaking children. These sound-symbolic verbs, together with other novel non-sound-symbolic verbs, were used in a verb learning task with 3-year-old Japanese children. In line with the previous literature, 3-year-olds could not generalize the meaning of novel non-sound-symbolic verbs on the basis of the sameness of action. However, 3-year-olds could correctly generalize the meaning of novel sound-symbolic verbs. These results suggest that iconic scaffolding by means of sound symbolism plays an important role in early verb learning. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 109 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 54-65 |
Date | Oct 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.07.015 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18835600 |
Date Added | Sun Apr 21 23:05:45 2013 |
Modified | Sun Apr 21 23:05:45 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ozge Ozturk |
Author | Madelaine Krehm |
Author | Athena Vouloumanos |
Abstract | Perceptual experiences in one modality are often dependent on activity from other sensory modalities. These cross-modal correspondences are also evident in language. Adults and toddlers spontaneously and consistently map particular words (e.g., 'kiki') to particular shapes (e.g., angular shapes). However, the origins of these systematic mappings are unknown. Because adults and toddlers have had significant experience with the language mappings that exist in their environment, it is unclear whether the pairings are the result of language exposure or the product of an initial proclivity. We examined whether 4-month-old infants make the same sound-shape mappings as adults and toddlers. Four month-olds consistently distinguished between congruent and incongruent sound-shape mappings in a looking time task (Experiment 1). Furthermore, mapping was based on the combination of consonants and vowels in the words given that neither consonants (Experiment 2) nor vowels (Experiment 3) alone sufficed for mapping. Finally, we confirmed that adults also made systematic sound-shape mappings (Experiment 4); however, for adults, vowels or consonants alone sufficed. These results suggest that some sound-shape mappings precede language learning, and may in fact aid in language learning by establishing a basis for matching labels to referents and narrowing the hypothesis space for young infants. |
Publication | Journal of experimental child psychology |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 173-186 |
Date | Feb 2013 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Child Psychol |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jecp.2012.05.004 |
ISSN | 1096-0457 |
Short Title | Sound symbolism in infancy |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22960203 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 30 10:22:21 2013 |
Modified | Tue Apr 30 10:22:21 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lynne C. Nygaard |
Author | Allison E. Cook |
Author | Laura L. Namy |
Abstract | A fundamental assumption regarding spoken language is that the relationship between sound and meaning is essentially arbitrary. The present investigation questioned this arbitrariness assumption by examining the influence of potential non-arbitrary mappings between sound and meaning on word learning in adults. Native English-speaking monolinguals learned meanings for Japanese words in a vocabulary-learning task. Spoken Japanese words were paired with English meanings that: (1) matched the actual meaning of the Japanese word (e.g., “hayai” paired with fast); (2) were antonyms for the actual meaning (e.g., “hayai” paired with slow); or (3) were randomly selected from the set of antonyms (e.g., “hayai” paired with blunt). The results showed that participants learned the actual English equivalents and antonyms for Japanese words more accurately and responded faster than when learning randomly paired meanings. These findings suggest that natural languages contain non-arbitrary links between sound structure and meaning and further, that learners are sensitive to these non-arbitrary relationships within spoken language. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 112 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 181-186 |
Date | July 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.04.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027709000870 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 29 11:27:48 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Feb 29 11:27:48 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 29 11:27:48 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Hermer-Vazquez |
Author | E.S. Spelke |
Author | A.S. Katsnelson |
Abstract | Under many circumstances, children and adult rats reorient themselves through a process which operates only on information about the shape of the environment (e.g., Cheng, 1986; Hermer & Spelke, 1996). In contrast, human adults relocate themselves more flexibly, by conjoining geometric and nongeometric information to specify their position (Hermer & Spelke, 1994). The present experiments used a dual-task method to investigate the processes that underlie the flexible conjunction of information. In Experiment 1, subjects reoriented themselves flexibly when they performed no secondary task, but they reoriented themselves like children and adult rats when they engaged in verbal shadowing of continuous speech. In Experiment 2, subjects who engaged in nonverbal shadowing of a continuous rhythm reoriented like nonshadowing subjects, suggesting that the interference effect in Experiment 1 did not stem from general limits on working memory or attention but from processes more specific to language. In further experiments, verbally shadowing subjects detected and remembered both nongeometric information (Experiment 3) and geometric information (Experiments 1, 2, and 4), but they failed to conjoin the two types of information to specify the positions of objects (Experiment 4). Together, the experiments suggest that humans' flexible spatial memory depends on the ability to combine diverse information sources rapidly into unitary representations and that this ability, in turn, depends on natural language. (C) 1999 Academic Press |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-36 |
Date | 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
URL | ISI:000081930900002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:30 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:30 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T Gruber |
Author | B Maess |
Author | N J Trujillo-Barreto |
Author | M M Müller |
Abstract | Natural stimuli are compiled of numerous features, which are cortically represented in dispersed structures. Synchronized oscillations in the Gamma-Band (>30 Hz; induced Gamma-Band Responses, iGBRs), are regarded as a plausible mechanism to re-integrate these regions into a meaningful cortical object representation. Using electroencephalography (EEG) it was demonstrated that the generators of iGBRs can be localized to temporal, parietal, posterior, and frontal areas. The present magnetoencephalogram (MEG) study intended to replicate these findings in order contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the possible functional difference of high-frequency signals as measured by both techniques. During a standard object recognition task we found an augmentation of the iGBR after the presentation of meaningful as opposed to meaningless stimuli at approximately 160-440 ms after stimulus onset. This peak was localized to inferior temporal gyri, superior parietal lobules and the right middle frontal gyrus. Importantly, most of these brain structures were significantly phase-locked to each other. The implications of these results are twofold: (1) they present further evidence for the view that iGBRs signify neuronal activity in a broadly distributed network during object recognition. (2) MEG is well suited to detect induced high-frequency oscillations with a very similar morphology as revealed by EEG recordings, thereby eliminating known problems with electroencephalographical methods (e.g. reference confounds). In contrast to the iGBR, the localization of event-related fields (ERFs) and evoked Gamma-Band Response (eGBRs) revealed generators in focal visual areas, and thus, seem to mirror early sensory processing. |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1196 |
Pages | 74-84 |
Date | Feb 27, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.12.037 |
ISSN | 0006-8993 |
Short Title | Sources of synchronized induced Gamma-Band responses during a simple object recognition task |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18234156 |
Accessed | Thu Jan 27 16:37:30 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18234156 |
Date Added | Thu Jan 27 16:37:30 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Prahlad Gupta |
Author | John Lipinski |
Author | Brandon Abbs |
Author | Po-Han Lin |
Author | Emrah Aktunc |
Author | David Ludden |
Author | Nadine Martin |
Author | Rochelle Newman |
Abstract | We describe a set of pictorial and auditory stimuli that we have developed for use in word learning tasks in which the participant learns pairings of novel auditory sound patterns ( names ) with pictorial depictions of novel objects ( referents ). The pictorial referents are drawings of “space aliens,” consisting of images that are variants of 144 different aliens. The auditory names are possible nonwords of English; the stimulus set consists of over 2,500 nonword stimuli recorded in a single voice, with controlled onsets, varying from one to seven syllables in length. The pictorial and nonword stimuli can also serve as independent stimulus sets for purposes other than word learning. The full set of these stimuli may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/ . |
Publication | Behavior Research Methods |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 599-603 |
Date | 2004 |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03206540 |
ISSN | 1554-351X |
Short Title | Space aliens and nonwords |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/7602527016623654/abstract/ |
Accessed | Fri Apr 27 16:02:11 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Fri Apr 27 16:02:11 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.G. Hayward |
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Abstract | This study explores the commonalities between linguistic and visual representations of space. In particular, because common types of spatial relations, specifically closed-class spatial forms in language and qualitative spatial relations in perception, have been proposed in both representational systems, we investigate whether they share underlying structural similarities. Moreover, while visual spatial relations are a basic element of several theories of object representation, they have been characterized mainly in terms of their linguistic counterparts and without direct evidence about their organization. In order to illuminate the nature of these structures, as well as demonstrate possible correspondences between the two systems, we compare how the spatial relationship between pairs of objects in a scene is encoded linguistically and visually. Spatial language was investigated by having subjects either generate (Experiment 1) or rate the applicability of (Experiment 2) spatial terms for describing the spatial relationship between object pairs. Both the frequency of use and the applicability of spatial terms were highest when the two objects were in vertical or in horizontal alignment. Spatial representation was investigated by paradigms in which subjects either recalled the position of one object relative to the other (Experiment 3) or judged whether one object presented sequentially was in the same or a different position relative to the other (Experiment 4). The accuracy of position estimates and the sensitivity to shifts in position were both highest when the rated object was in a spatial location where spatial terms had been judged to have high applicability in Experiments 1 and 2. These results indicate that the structure of space as encoded by language may be determined by the structure of spatial relations in visual representation |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 39-84 |
Date | April 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:28 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:28 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.C. Richardson |
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Author | K. McRae |
Abstract | Previous research has shown that na"yve participants display a high level of agreement when asked to choose or drawschematic representations, or image schemas, of concrete and abstract verbs [Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2001, Erlbaum, Mawhah, NJ, p. 873]. For example, participants tended to ascribe a horizontal image schema to ⬚push⬚, and a vertical image schema to ⬚respect⬚. This consistency in offline data is preliminary evidence that language invokes spatial forms of representation. It also provided norms that were used in the present research to investigate the activation of spatial image schemas during online language comprehension. We predicted that if comprehending a verb activates a spatial representation that is extended along a particular horizontal or vertical axis, it will affect other forms of spatial processing along that axis. Participants listened to short sentences while engaged in a visual discrimination task (Experiment 1) and a picture memory task (Experiment 2). In both cases, reaction times showed an interaction between the horizontal/vertical nature of the verb's image schema, and the horizontal/vertical position of the visual stimuli. We argue that such spatial effects of verb comprehension provide evidence for the perceptual-motor character of linguistic representations. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 27 |
Pages | 767-780 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | B.C. Malt |
Author | S.A. Sloman |
Author | S. Gennari |
Contributor | D Gentner |
Contributor | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Book Title | Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:50:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Laurent Cohen |
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Abstract | Is there specialization for visual word recognition within the visual ventral stream of literate human adults? We review the evidence for a specialized "visual word form area" and critically examine some of the arguments recently placed against this hypothesis. Three distinct forms of specialization must be distinguished: functional specialization, reproducible localization, and regional selectivity. Examination of the literature with this theoretical division in mind indicates that reading activates a precise subpart of the left ventral occipitotemporal sulcus, and that patients with pure alexia consistently exhibit lesions of this region (reproducible localization). Second, this region implements processes adequate for reading in a specific script, such as invariance across upper- and lower-case letters, and its lesion results in the selective loss of reading-specific processes (functional specialization). Third, the issue of regional selectivity, namely, the existence of putative cortical patches dedicated to letter and word recognition, cannot be resolved by positron emission tomography or lesion data, but requires high-resolution neuroimaging techniques. The available evidence from single-subject fMRI and intracranial recordings suggests that some cortical sites respond preferentially to letter strings than to other categories of visual stimuli such as faces or objects, though the preference is often relative rather than absolute. We conclude that learning to read results in the progressive development of an inferotemporal region increasingly responsive to visual words, which is aptly named the visual word form area (VWFA). |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 466-476 |
Date | May 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.049 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Specialization within the ventral stream |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15110040 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 17 13:34:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15110040 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 17 13:34:12 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Bianca Drager |
Author | Caterina Breitenstein |
Author | Ulf Helmke |
Author | Sandra Kamping |
Author | S. Knecht |
Abstract | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can temporarily impair or improve performance, including language processing. It remains unclear, however, (i) which scalp sites are most appropriate to achieve the desired effects and (ii) which experimental setups produce facilitation or inhibition of language functions. We assessed the effects of TMS at different stimulation sites on picture2013word verification in healthy volunteers. Twenty healthy volunteers with left language lateralization, as determined by functional transcranial Dopplersonography, performed picture2013word verification prior to and after rTMS (1�Hz for 600�s at 110% of subjects' resting motor thresholds). Stimulation sites were the classical language areas (Broca's and Wernicke's), their homolog brain regions of the right hemisphere, and the occipital cortex. Additionally, sham stimulation over Broca's area was applied in a subsample of 11 subjects. As a control task, 10 volunteers performed a colour2013tone matching task under the same experimental conditions. There was a general nonspecific arousal effect for both verum and sham TMS for both the picture2013word verification and for the control task. However, superimposed there were opposite effects on picture2013word verification for stimulation of Wernicke's area and Broca's area, namely a relative inhibition in the case of Wernicke's area and a relative facilitation in the case of Broca's area. These results demonstrate that low frequency rTMS has both general arousing effects and domain-specific effects. |
Publication | European Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1681-1687 |
Date | 2004 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03623.x |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03623.x |
Accessed | Fri Jan 30 20:02:39 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:14 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 12:59:32 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Jacoby |
Author | C.A.G. Hayman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 456-463 |
Date | 1987 |
URL | ISI:A1987H892500011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Jacoby |
Author | C.A.G. Hayman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 456-463 |
Date | 1987 |
URL | ISI:A1987H892500011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Abstract | Recent research has documented that for infants as young as 12-13 months of age, novel words (both count nouns and adjectives) highlight commonalities among objects and, in this way, foster the formation of object categories. The current experiment was designed to capture more precisely the scope of this phenomenon. We asked whether novel words (count nouns; adjectives) are linked specifically to category-based commonalities from the start, or whether they also direct infants' attention to a wider range of commonalities, including property-based commonalities among objects (e.g. color, texture). The results indicate that by 12-13 months, (1) infants have begun to distinguish between novel words presented as count nouns versus. adjectives in fluent, infant-directed speech, and (2) infants expectations for novel words accord with this emerging sensitivity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 70 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | B35-B50 |
Date | April 01, 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | Romain Hennequin |
Author | Roland Badeau |
Author | Bertrand David |
Editor | Société Française d'Acoustique- SFA |
Abstract | This paper presents a statistical model aiming at quantitatively evaluate the spectral similarity between two sounds. The measurement of similarity is a central issue in the field of Music Information Retrieval as several popular applications rely on comparisons between sound objects as for instance musical sequence seeking in a big database or automatic transcription. To take musicological considerations into account, the measure is intended to be invariant to pitch shifting and to amplitude scaling. The main idea of the method is to compare a target spectrum to a reference spectrum using the reference to drive a statistical model, the target being an outcome of the model. The likelihood of the target spectrum is then derived in order to measure the similarity between both spectra. To be able to compare sounds of unequal intensity and pitch, the reference spectrum is made tunable in term of transposition and rescaling. Transposition and scaling parameters maximizing the likelihood are selected and the values are kept to compute the similarity measure. Thanks to a joint model, the measure is then made symmetrical. The measure is used to assess the similarity between two simple sounds (i.e. single isolated notes). Experimental results illustrate the usefulness of the approach: Applications of the method to classification and multipitch estimation are presented. |
Date | 2010 |
Proceedings Title | 10ème Congrès Français d'Acoustique |
Place | Lyon, France |
Pages | - |
Language | Français |
URL | http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00551177 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 18 09:16:08 2013 |
Library Catalog | HAL Archives Ouvertes |
Date Added | Thu Jul 18 09:16:08 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jul 18 09:16:08 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Fadiga |
Author | L. Craighero |
Author | G. Buccino |
Author | G. Rizzolatti |
Abstract | The precise neural mechanisms underlying speech perception are still to a large extent unknown. The most accepted view is that speech perception depends on auditory-cognitive mechanisms specifically devoted to the analysis of speech sounds. An alternative view is that, crucial for speech perception, it is the activation of the articulatory (motor) gestures that generate these sounds. The listener understands the speaker when his/her articulatory gestures are activated (motor theory of speech perception). Here, by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we demonstrate that, during speech listening, there is an increase of motor-evoked potentials recorded from the listeners' tongue muscles when the presented words strongly involve, when pronounced, tongue movements. Although these data do not prove the motor theory of speech perception, they demonstrate for the first time that word listening produces a phoneme specific activation of speech motor centres |
Publication | European Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 399-402 |
Date | January 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Jennum |
Author | L Friberg |
Author | A Fuglsang-Frederiksen |
Author | M Dam |
Abstract | To evaluate whether repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (RTMS) may be used for speech localization, we compared the results from RTMS with the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) in 21 patients undergoing surgical treatment (amygdalohippocampectomy or anterior temporal lobe resection) for medically intractable partial epilepsy. None of the patients had aphasia. We stimulated the temporal and frontal cortex on each side at a frequency of 30 Hz for 1 second and increased the intensity until speech was inhibited. A list of words and forward and backward counting were used to test speech function. The IAT was performed on the hemisphere of proposed surgery by unilateral injection and simultaneous regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) recordings. In one patient, there was doubt about hemisphere dominance and a second bilateral IAT was performed. Fifteen patients had left-sided speech dominance; one, left-sided dominance and a moderate right-sided speech inhibition; two, right-sided speech dominance; and one, bilateral speech representations (bilateral injection at the IAT) with both techniques. One patient showed bilateral with right-sided speech dominance by RTMS and showed right-sided speech inhibition with right-sided injection only at the IAT procedure. One patient differed from the rest, showing bilateral representations with right-sided speech dominance with RTMS and left-sided speech inhibition by IAT with left-sided injection only. The concordance was 95%. None of the patients had seizures provoked by the procedure. We conclude that speech localization with RTMS shows a high concordance with the results from the IAT and may be useful in addition to traditional techniques in speech localization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
Publication | Neurology |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 269-273 |
Date | Feb 1994 |
Journal Abbr | Neurology |
ISSN | 0028-3878 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8309572 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 11 10:20:55 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8309572 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 10:20:55 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D.W. Massaro |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum |
Date | 1987-04-01 |
ISBN | 080580062X |
Short Title | Speech Perception By Ear and Eye |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Sep 10 22:20:23 2009 |
Modified | Mon Mar 29 12:38:53 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. A. Ryan |
Author | Carol B. Schwartz |
Publication | The American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 60-69 |
Date | March 1, 1956 |
Journal Abbr | The American Journal of Psychology |
DOI | 10.2307/1418115 |
ISSN | 0002-9556 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1418115 |
Accessed | Fri Feb 8 10:54:26 2013 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Rights | Copyright © 1956 University of Illinois Press |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 1956 / Copyright © 1956 University of Illinois Press |
Date Added | Fri Feb 8 10:54:26 2013 |
Modified | Fri Feb 8 10:54:26 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S Thorpe |
Author | D Fize |
Author | C Marlot |
Abstract | How long does it take for the human visual system to process a complex natural image? Subjectively, recognition of familiar objects and scenes appears to be virtually instantaneous, but measuring this processing time experimentally has proved difficult. Behavioural measures such as reaction times can be used, but these include not only visual processing but also the time required for response execution. However, event-related potentials (ERPs) can sometimes reveal signs of neural processing well before the motor output. Here we use a go/no-go categorization task in which subjects have to decide whether a previously unseen photograph, flashed on for just 20 ms, contains an animal. ERP analysis revealed a frontal negativity specific to no-go trials that develops roughly 150 ms after stimulus onset. We conclude that the visual processing needed to perform this highly demanding task can be achieved in under 150 ms. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 381 |
Issue | 6582 |
Pages | 520-522 |
Date | Jun 6, 1996 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/381520a0 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8632824 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 21:13:00 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8632824 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 21:13:00 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. A. Brandt |
Author | L. W. Stark |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 27–38 |
Date | 1997 |
URL | http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.27 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 28 19:58:05 2013 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Jan 28 19:58:05 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jan 28 19:58:05 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joaquim Veà |
Author | Jordi Sabater-Pi |
Publication | Folia Primatologica |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 289-290 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1159/000021640 |
ISSN | 1421-9980, 0015-5713 |
URL | http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=21640 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 07:36:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 07:36:46 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 07:36:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John H. Flavell |
Author | David R. Beach |
Author | Jack M. Chinsky |
Abstract | A distinction is made between 2 alternative hypotheses for explaining an often-reported deficiency in verbally mediated performance during early childhood: (1) the verbal response is made, but tends not to mediate performance ("mediational-deficiency hypothesis"); (2) the verbal response tends not to be made ("production-deficiency hypothesis"). A study is described which attempts to meet the ideal criteria for a test of the production-deficiency hypothesis. The method used was that of direct observation of S's spontaneous verbalizations, and the hypothesis was confirmed by the finding that kindergarteners are less likely than older children to rehearse stimulus names in a nonverbal serial recall task. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 283-299 |
Date | Jun., 1966 |
ISSN | 00093920 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1126804 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 12:53:14 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: primary_article / Full publication date: Jun., 1966 / Copyright © 1966 Society for Research in Child Development |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 12:53:14 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 12:53:14 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J. Davidoff |
Author | L. Shapiro |
Publication | Journal of Cognition and Culture |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 29-53 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Dale |
Author | G. Lupyan |
Editor | Andrew D. M. Smith |
Editor | Bart De Boer |
Editor | Marieke Schouwstra |
Abstract | This volume comprises refereed papers and abstracts of the 8th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (EVOLANG8), held in Utrecht on 1417 April 2010. As the leading international conference in the field, the biennial EVOLANG meeting is characterized by an invigorating, multidisciplinary approach to the origins and evolution of human language, and brings together researchers from many subject areas, including anthropology, archaeology, biology, cognitive science, computer science, genetics, linguistics, neuroscience, palaeontology, primatology and psychology.The latest theoretical, experimental and modelling research on language evolution is presented in this collection, including contributions from many leading scientists in the field. |
Book Title | The evolution of language: proceedings of the 8th International Conference |
Place | Singapore |
Publisher | World Scientific |
Date | 2010-04-04 |
Pages | 391-392 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9789814295215 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 11:01:54 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 11:04:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.S. Dell |
Author | P.G. O'Seaghdha |
Abstract | We describe two primary stages in the top-down process of lexical access in production, a stage of lemma access in which words are retrieved as syntactic-semantic entities, and a stage of phonological access in which the forms of the words are fleshed out. We suggest a reconciliation of modular and interactive accounts of these stages whereby modularity is traceable to the action of discrete linguistic rule systems, but interaction arises in the lexical network on which these rules operate. We also discuss the time-course of lexical access in multi-word utterances. We report some initial production priming explorations that support the hypothesis that lemmas are buffered in longer utterances before they are phonologically specified. Because such techniques provide a relatively direct way of assessing activation at the primary stages of lexical access they are an important new resource for the study of language production |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 287-314 |
Date | March 1992 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:10 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:10 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.S. Dell |
Author | P.G. Oseaghdha |
Abstract | We describe two primary stages in the top-down process of lexical access in production, a stage of lemma access in which words are retrieved as syntactic-semantic entities, and a stage of phonological access in which the forms of the words are fleshed out. We suggest a reconciliation of modular and interactive accounts of these stages whereby modularity is traceable to the action of discrete linguistic rule systems, but interaction arises in the lexical network on which these rules operate. We also discuss the time-course of lexical access in multi-word utterances. We report some initial production priming explorations that support the hypothesis that lemmas are buffered in longer utterances before they are phonologically specified. Because such techniques provide a relatively direct way of assessing activation at the primary stages of lexical access they are an important new resource for the study of language production |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 287-314 |
Date | March 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | D.R. White |
Date | 2007 |
URL | http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/courses/index.html |
Accessed | Tue Mar 31 12:38:26 2009 |
Date Added | Tue Mar 31 12:38:26 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 31 12:39:12 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Dean V Buonomano |
Author | Wolfgang Maass |
Abstract | A conspicuous ability of the brain is to seamlessly assimilate and process spatial and temporal features of sensory stimuli. This ability is indispensable for the recognition of natural stimuli. Yet, a general computational framework for processing spatiotemporal stimuli remains elusive. Recent theoretical and experimental work suggests that spatiotemporal processing emerges from the interaction between incoming stimuli and the internal dynamic state of neural networks, including not only their ongoing spiking activity but also their 'hidden' neuronal states, such as short-term synaptic plasticity. |
Publication | Nature reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 113-125 |
Date | Feb 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nrn2558 |
ISSN | 1471-0048 |
Short Title | State-dependent computations |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19145235 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 19:31:40 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 19:31:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Weissenborn |
Author | T. Duka |
Abstract | Abstract Rationale: Memory performance can be facilitated when the context in which retrieval occurs matches the context in which learning initially took place in two separate ways, in form of interactive or independent context. In the present study, the differential effects of alcohol, as independent context, on the free recall of items of high or low semantic associations were investigated. The high and low associations offer different strengths of interactive context at stimulus input, i.e. context that influences what will be stored. Methods: Using a state-dependent retrieval paradigm, alcohol (0.8 g/kg) or placebo was administered prior to encoding and/or retrieval and their effects were tested using measures of free recall. Forty-eight participants were tested according to a traditional state-dependent retrieval design where half of the subjects studied the items under alcohol (A), half under placebo (P) followed by retrieval of the items under A or P giving four groups (AA, AP, PA, PP). Results: Delayed free recall was significantly impaired when alcohol was administered prior to both encoding and retrieval of study material (P<0.05). Alcohol administered prior to encoding and prior to retrieval decreased especially the recall of high association items (P<0.05). Participants in the same-state groups (AA, PP) recalled fewer low association items than participants in disparate state groups (AP, PA; P<0.05). This effect of drug state on low associations may reflect an inability of weaker cues to facilitate retrieval in the presence of stronger cues (i.e. high associations and drug). Indeed, participants in the same-state groups recalled a greater percentage of material in form of high association items than participants in disparate-state groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: These results demonstrate that alcohol given at encoding and at retrieval specifically impairs retrieval of high association items. However, if the drug state is the same at encoding and at retrieval, the items with the high associations represent a higher proportion of the total recalled items. These data suggest that alcohol may provide an internal context that can facilitate retrieval of information, acquired in semantic context, which otherwise would have been lost. |
Publication | Psychopharmacology |
Volume | 149 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 98-106 |
Date | March 18, 2000 |
DOI | 10.1007/s002139900349 |
Short Title | State-dependent effects of alcohol on explicit memory |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002139900349 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 14:41:03 2009 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 14:41:03 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 24 14:41:03 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | Linda Sanders |
Author | Jennifer Benson |
Author | Olufunsho Faseyitan |
Author | Catherine Norise |
Author | Margaret Naeser |
Author | Paula Martin |
Author | H Branch Coslett |
Abstract | Although evidence suggests that patients with left hemisphere strokes and non-fluent aphasia who receive 1Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the intact right inferior frontal gyrus experience persistent benefits in naming, it remains unclear whether the effects of rTMS in these patients generalize to other language abilities. We report a subject with chronic non-fluent aphasia who showed stable deficits of elicited propositional speech over the course of 5 years, and received 1200 pulses of 1Hz rTMS daily for 10 days at a site identified as being optimally responsive to rTMS in this patient. Consistent with prior studies there was improvement in object naming, with a statistically significant improvement in action naming. Improvement was also demonstrated in picture description at 2, 6, and 10 months after rTMS with respect to the number of narrative words and nouns, sentence length, and use of closed class words. Compared to his baseline performance, the patient showed significant improvement on the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) subscale for spontaneous speech. These findings suggest that manipulation of the intact contralesional cortex in patients with non-fluent aphasia may result in language benefits that generalize beyond naming to include other aspects of language production. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 113 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 45-50 |
Date | Apr 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.01.001 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
Short Title | Stimulating conversation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159655 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 27 20:26:09 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20159655 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 20:26:09 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph T. Devlin |
Author | Kate E. Watkins |
Abstract | Fifteen years ago, Pascual-Leone and colleagues used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate speech production in pre-surgical epilepsy patients and in doing so, introduced a novel tool into language research. TMS can be used to non-invasively stimulate a specific cortical region and transiently disrupt information processing. These ‘virtual lesion’ studies offer not only the ability to explore causal relations between brain regions and language functions absent in functional neuroimaging, but also spatial and temporal precision not typically available in patient studies. For instance, TMS has been used to demonstrate functionally distinct sub-regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus; to clarify the relationship between pre-morbid language organization and susceptibility to unilateral lesions and to investigate the contribution of both left and right hemisphere language areas in recovery from aphasia. When TMS is used as a measure of functional connectivity, it demonstrates a close link between action words and motor programmes; it suggests a potential evolutionary link between hand gestures and language and it suggests a role in speech perception for the motor system underlying speech production. In combination with functional neuroimaging, it can elucidate the circuits responsible for this involvement. Finally, TMS may even be useful for enhancing recovery in aphasic patients. In other words, TMS has already become an important tool for studying language at both the cognitive and neural levels, and it is clear that further developments in TMS methodology are likely to result in even greater opportunities for language research. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 610 -622 |
Date | March 01 , 2007 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/awl331 |
Short Title | Stimulating language |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/3/610.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 19:00:07 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 19:00:07 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jul 10 19:00:07 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Terry C. Daniel |
Author | Henry C. Ellis |
Abstract | Investigated the role of distinctive verbal labels and scaled stimulus codability on the temporal course of recognition memory for complex random shapes. Either immediately or after delays of 15 min. or 1 wk., 120 undergraduates were given a 5-stimulus, forced-choice, shape-recognition test and a free recall test for retention of associated verbal labels. High stimulus codability, longer stimulus exposure, and verbal label training all resulted in superior recognition performance. Shape recognition was generally stable over the delays employed, while label recall showed a significant retention decrement. The course of shape-recognition memory and label recall was found to be essentially independent. It is concluded that the effect of verbal labels on memory for form, even under conditions designed to maximize label use, is best attributed to processes occurring during the encoding or acquisition phase of the memory task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 93 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 83-89 |
Date | April 1972 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0032486 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B8JB9-4NWW8F7-C/2/62b0811b4ab5080e8a828365ffbbf57f |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:46:03 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:46:03 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 15:46:03 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fofi Constantinidou |
Author | Susan Baker |
Abstract | The present study investigated the effects of modality presentation on the verbal learning performance of 26 older adults and 26 younger cohorts. A multitrial free-recall paradigm was implemented incorporating three modalities: Auditory, Visual, and simultaneous Auditory plus Visual. Older subjects learned fewer words than younger subjects but their rate of learning was similar to that of the younger group. The visual presentation of objects (with or without the simultaneous auditory presentation of names) resulted in better learning, recall, and retrieval of information than the auditory presentation alone. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 82 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 296-311 |
Date | Sep 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12160526 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 15:04:49 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12160526 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:04:49 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Desimone |
Author | T.D. Albright |
Author | C.G. Gross |
Author | C. Bruce |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 2051-2062 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Sebrechts |
Author | W.R. Garner |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 41-49 |
Date | 1981 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.D. Smith |
Author | M.J. Murray |
Author | J.P. Minda |
Abstract | It is intuitive that prototypes and additive similarity calculations might underlie human categorization, promoting a special appreciation of linearly separable categories. The failure to document empirically this appreciation has helped focus interest instead on exemplar strategies, multiplicative similarity calculations, and theory-based categorization. However, existing studies have mainly sampled poorly differentiated categories with small exemplar sets. Therefore, the present research repeated existing studies on linear separability, using better differentiated categories better stocked with exemplars. Both the data patterns and modeling suggest that prototypes and a linear separability constraint may have a stronger influence on categorization for these alternative category structures. The information-processing basis for this result is discussed |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 659-680 |
Date | May 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WY39700008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | T.A Farmer |
Author | S.A. Cargill |
Author | N. Hindy |
Author | R.A. Dale |
Author | M. Spivey |
Date | 2006 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the Twenty-Eight Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 02:24:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Juha Silvanto |
Author | Alan Cowey |
Author | Nilli Lavie |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Abstract | A key question in understanding visual awareness is whether any single cortical area is indispensable. In a transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment, we show that observers' awareness of activity in extrastriate area V5 depends on the amount of activity in striate cortex (V1). From the timing and pattern of effects, we infer that back-projections from extrastriate cortex influence information content in V1, but it is V1 that determines whether that information reaches awareness. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 143-144 |
Date | Feb 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn1379 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15643428 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 11 11:02:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15643428 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 11 11:02:40 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.J. Casey |
Author | J.N. Giedd |
Author | K.M. Thomas |
Abstract | Despite significant gains in the fields of pediatric neuroimaging and developmental neurobiology, surprisingly little is known about the developing human brain or the neural bases of cognitive development. This paper addresses MRI studies of structural and functional changes in the developing human brain and their relation to changes in cognitive processes over the first few decades of human life. Based on post-mortem and pediatric neuroimaging studies published to date, the prefrontal cortex appears to be one of the last brain regions to mature. Given the prolonged physiological development and organization of the prefrontal cortex during childhood, tasks believed to involve this region are ideal for investigating the neural bases of cognitive development. A number of normative pediatric fMRI studies examining prefrontal cortical activity in children during memory and attention tasks are reported. These studies, while largely limited to the domain of prefrontal functioning and its development, lend support for continued development of attention and memory both behaviorally and physiologically throughout childhood and adolescence. Specifically, the magnitude of activity observed in these studies was greater and more diffuse in children relative to adults. These findings are consistent with the view that increasing cognitive capacity during childhood may coincide with a gradual loss rather than formation of new synapses and presumably a strengthening of remaining synaptic connections. It is clear that innovative methods like fMRI together with MRI-based morphometry and nonhuman primate studies will transform our current understanding of human brain development and its relation to behavioral development. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Biological Psychology |
Volume | 54 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 241-257 |
Date | October 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James P Crutchfield |
Author | Sean Whalen |
Publication | PLoS Comp Biol |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | e1002510 |
Date | 2012 |
URL | http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002510 |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael Dunn |
Author | Angela Terrill |
Author | Ger Reesink |
Author | Robert A. Foley |
Author | Stephen C. Levinson |
Abstract | The contribution of language history to the study of the early dispersals of modern humans throughout the Old World has been limited by the shallow time depth (about 8000 {+/-} 2000 years) of current linguistic methods. Here it is shown that the application of biological cladistic methods, not to vocabulary (as has been previously tried) but to language structure (sound systems and grammar), may extend the time depths at which language data can be used. The method was tested against well-understood families of Oceanic Austronesian languages, then applied to the Papuan languages of Island Melanesia, a group of hitherto unrelatable isolates. Papuan languages show an archipelago-based phylogenetic signal that is consistent with the current geographical distribution of languages. The most plausible hypothesis to explain this result is the divergence of the Papuan languages from a common ancestral stock, as part of late Pleistocene dispersals. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 309 |
Issue | 5743 |
Pages | 2072-2075 |
Date | September 23, 2005 |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1114615 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/309/5743/2072 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 15 21:22:25 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Mon Jun 15 21:22:25 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 15 21:22:25 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.T. Rogers |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Lambon- |
Author | P. Garrard |
Author | S. Bozeat |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | J.R. Hodges |
Author | K. Patterson |
Abstract | Wernicke (1900, as cited in G. H. Eggert, 1977) suggested that semantic knowledge arises from the interaction of perceptual representations of objects and words. The authors present a parallel distributed processing implementation of this theory, in which semantic representations emerge from mechanisms that acquire the mappings between visual representations of objects and their verbal descriptions. To test the theory, they trained the model to associate names, verbal descriptions, and visual representations of objects. When its inputs and outputs are constructed to capture aspects of structure apparent in attribute-norming experiments, the model provides an intuitive account of semantic task performance. The authors then used the model to understand the structure of impaired performance in patients with selective and progressive impairments of conceptual knowledge. Data from 4 well-known semantic tasks revealed consistent patterns that find a ready explanation in the model. The relationship between the model and related theories of semantic representation is discussed |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 111 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 205-235 |
Date | January 2004 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 16 17:22:15 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Gentner |
Author | A.B. Markman |
Abstract | Analogy and similarity are often assumed to be distinct psychological processes. In contrast to this position, the authors suggest that both similarity and analogy involve a process of structural alignment and mapping, that is, that similarity is like analogy In this article, the authors first describe the structure-mapping process as it has been worked out for analogy. Then, this view is extended to similarity, where it is used to generate new predictions. Finally, the authors explore broader implications of structural alignment for psychological processing |
Publication | American Psychologist |
Volume | 52 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 45-56 |
Date | January 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WB88900006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:04 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Serge Moscovici |
Author | Bernard Personnaz |
Abstract | Two experiments dealing with the effects of a majority or a minority source influence, solely on the recognition of a portrait, let us study the generalization of the influence to a portrait symbolically linked to a colour. According to the theory of conversion, the bringing into play of the validation process of the stimulus when the source is a minority should allow such a generalization cognitive association. When the source is a majority, a social comparison process should lead to compliance about the portrait, without any cognitive investigation of the whole stimulus. In the first experiment, four slides were shown successively using material similar to Luchins' (1945) and progressively drawing the portrait of Lenin, with a red-orange background for each phase. The dependant variables are: (1) the drawing, (2) the colour of the background, (3) the after-image. On the two last slides for which the answer ‘Lenin’ is given by the source, changes towards red (and the complementary colour green), in the absence of the source under the minority influence, and changes towards orange under majority influence in the absence of the source are registered. Moreoever, the most significant changes of the colour judgment are due to the subjects who refuse to answer ‘Lenin’ during the interaction. In the second experiment, only the fourth slide, on which Lenin's portrait completely appears is shown. The subjects submitted to majority influence answer ‘Lenin’ more than the control group does, only in the presence of the source and change their judgment on the colour of the after-image towards the complementary of orange in the absence of the source. When the source is a minority a sinificant effect towards the red and its complementary colour is shown. |
Publication | European Journal of Social Psychology |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 101-118 |
Date | 1991/03/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/ejsp.2420210202 |
ISSN | 1099-0992 |
Short Title | Studies in social influence VI |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.2420210202/abstract |
Accessed | Sun May 20 18:07:14 2012 |
Library Catalog | onlinelibrary.wiley.com |
Rights | Copyright © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd |
Date Added | Sun May 20 18:07:14 2012 |
Modified | Sun May 20 18:07:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.S. Bruner |
Author | G.A. Austin |
Author | J.J. Goodnow |
Place | New York, NY |
Publisher | John Wiley Sons, Inc. |
Date | 1956 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 18 14:42:26 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:29:53 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stephen C. Levinson |
Abstract | <p>Philosophers, psychologists, and linguists have argued that spatial conception is pivotal to cognition in general, providing a general, egocentric, and universal framework for cognition as well as metaphors for conceptualizing many other domains. But in an aboriginal community in Northern Queensland, a system of cardinal directions informs not only language, but also memory for arbitrary spatial arrays and directions. This work suggests that fundamental cognitive parameters, like the system of coding spatial locations, can vary cross-culturally, in line with the language spoken by a community. This opens up the prospect of a fruitful dialogue between anthropology and the cognitive sciences on the complex interaction between cultural and universal factors in the constitution of mind. |
Publication | Ethos |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 7-24 |
Date | March 01, 1998 |
ISSN | 0091-2131 |
Short Title | Studying Spatial Conceptualization across Cultures |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/640692 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 29 16:21:50 2011 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Issue Title: Language, Space, and Culture / Full publication date: Mar., 1998 / Copyright © 1998 American Anthropological Association |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 16:21:50 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 29 16:21:50 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.G.M. Canavan |
Abstract | In 1964–1965 Milner demonstrated that patients with frontal lobe lesions display deficits on a stylus-maze task, and suggested that this is due to a dysfunction of the ability to change response-set readily in accordance with varying environmental signals. Patients with frontal lobe lesions were tested on either the traditional form of the task (which emphasizes errors), or on a form which emphasizes correctness. Both groups displayed deficits, but there were no significant differences between groups. Errors were negatively correlated with spatial IQ, while rule-breakages were negatively correlated with verbal IQ. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 375-382 |
Date | 1983 |
DOI | 10.1016/0028-3932(83)90024-6 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Stylus-maze performance in patients with frontal-lobe lesions |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0028393283900246 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 13:21:26 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 13:21:26 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 13:21:26 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Trommershauser |
Author | J. Mattis |
Author | L.T. Maloney |
Author | M.S. Landy |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 33 |
Pages | 26 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Caitlin M Fausey |
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | When bad things happen, how do we decide who is to blame and how much they should be punished? In the present studies, we examined whether subtly different linguistic descriptions of accidents influence how much people blame and punish those involved. In three studies, participants judged how much people involved in particular accidents should be blamed and how much they should have to pay for the resulting damage. The language used to describe the accidents differed subtly across conditions: Either agentive (transitive) or non-agentive (intransitive) verb forms were used. Agentive descriptions led participants to attribute more blame and request higher financial penalties than did nonagentive descriptions. Further, linguistic framing influenced judgments, even when participants reasoned about a well-known event, such as the "wardrobe malfunction" of Super Bowl 2004. Importantly, this effect of language held, even when people were able to see a video of the event. These results demonstrate that even when people have rich established knowledge and visual information about events, linguistic framing can shape event construal, with important real-world consequences. Subtle differences in linguistic descriptions can change how people construe what happened, attribute blame, and dole out punishment. Supplemental results and analyses may be downloaded from http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 644-650 |
Date | Oct 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.17.5.644 |
ISSN | 1531-5320 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21037161 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 18 14:25:52 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21037161 |
Date Added | Wed Jan 18 14:25:52 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2008-10-29 |
ISBN | 0195333217 |
Short Title | Supersizing the Mind |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 17:31:35 2010 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 17:34:44 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Frederic Gosselin |
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Abstract | Everyone has seen a human face in a cloud, a pebble, or blots on a wall. Evidence of superstitious perceptions has been documented since classical antiquity, but has received little scientific attention. In the study reported here, we used superstitious perceptions in a new principled method to reveal the properties of unobservable object representations in memory. We stimulated the visual system with unstructured white noise. Observers firmly believed that they perceived the letter S in Experiment 1 and a smile on a face in Experiment 2. Using reverse correlation and computational analyses, we rendered the memory representations underlying these superstitious perceptions. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 14 |
Pages | 505-509 |
Date | September 2003 |
DOI | 10.1111/1467-9280.03452 |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/psci/2003/00000014/00000005/art00019 |
Accessed | Fri Mar 6 14:45:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Fri Mar 6 14:45:44 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 28 10:43:01 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Grant M Walker |
Author | M.F. Schwartz |
Author | Daniel Y Kimberg |
Author | Olufunsho Faseyitan |
Author | Adelyn Brecher |
Author | Gary S Dell |
Author | H Branch Coslett |
Abstract | Semantic errors in aphasia (e.g., naming a horse as "dog") frequently arise from faulty mapping of concepts onto lexical items. A recent study by our group used voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) methods with 64 patients with chronic aphasia to identify voxels that carry an association with semantic errors. The strongest associations were found in the left anterior temporal lobe (L-ATL), in the mid- to anterior MTG region. The absence of findings in Wernicke's area was surprising, as were indications that ATL voxels made an essential contribution to the post-semantic stage of lexical access. In this follow-up study, we sought to validate these results by re-defining semantic errors in a manner that was less theory dependent and more consistent with prior lesion studies. As this change also increased the robustness of the dependent variable, it made it possible to perform additional statistical analyses that further refined the interpretation. The results strengthen the evidence for a causal relationship between ATL damage and lexically-based semantic errors in naming and lend confidence to the conclusion that chronic lesions in Wernicke's area are not causally implicated in semantic error production. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 110-122 |
Date | Jun 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2010.09.008 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
Short Title | Support for anterior temporal involvement in semantic error production in aphasia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961612 |
Accessed | Sun Feb 12 23:31:12 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20961612 |
Date Added | Sun Feb 12 23:31:12 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.L. Gilbert |
Author | T. Regier |
Author | P. Kay |
Author | R.B. Ivry |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 91-98 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 21 16:49:21 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 16:24:48 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z.J. He |
Author | K. Nakayama |
Abstract | OFTEN implicit in the interpretation of visual search tasks is the assumption that the detection of targets is determined by the feature-coding properties of low-level visual processing1,2. But higher level processes have also been implicated as visual search ability is enhanced in a depth plane3 of when two-dimensional shapes are interpreted as three-dimensional forms4,5. Here we manipulate binocular disparity to degrade visual search, so that otherwise identical features become parts of surfaces through perceptual completion, rendering them less clearly distinguishable as targets and distractors. Our results indicate that visual search has little or no access to the processing level of feature extraction but must have as an input a higher level process of surface representation |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 359 |
Issue | 6392 |
Pages | 231-233 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:28 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:28 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z.J. He |
Author | K. Nakayama |
Abstract | OFTEN implicit in the interpretation of visual search tasks is the assumption that the detection of targets is determined by the feature-coding properties of low-level visual processing1,2. But higher level processes have also been implicated as visual search ability is enhanced in a depth plane3 of when two-dimensional shapes are interpreted as three-dimensional forms4,5. Here we manipulate binocular disparity to degrade visual search, so that otherwise identical features become parts of surfaces through perceptual completion, rendering them less clearly distinguishable as targets and distractors. Our results indicate that visual search has little or no access to the processing level of feature extraction but must have as an input a higher level process of surface representation |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 359 |
Issue | 6392 |
Pages | 231-233 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:07 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:07 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.C. Love |
Author | D.L. Medin |
Author | T.M. Gureckis |
Abstract | SUSTAIN (Supervised and Unsupervised STratified Adaptive Incremental Network) is a model of how humans learn categories from examples. SUSTAIN initially assumes a simple category structure. If simple solutions prove inadequate and SUSTAIN is confronted with a surprising event (e.g., it is told that a bat is a mammal instead of a bird), SUSTAIN recruits an additional cluster to represent the surprising event. Newly recruited clusters are available to explain future events and can themselves evolve into prototypes-attractors-rules. SUSTAIN's discovery of category substructure is affected not only by the structure of the world but by the nature of the learning task and the learner's goals. SUSTAIN successfully extends category learning models to studies of inference learning, unsupervised learning, category construction, and contexts in which identification learning is faster than classification learning |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 111 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 309-332 |
Date | April 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Malinowski |
Author | S. Fuchs |
Author | M.M. Muller |
Abstract | Attending to a location in space significantly improves stimulus perception at that location. Everyday experience requires the deployment of attention to multiple objects at different locations. Recent empirical evidence suggests that the "beam" of attention can be divided between noncontiguous areas of the visual field. Whether this is only possible when stimuli are presented in different hemifields and harder, if not impossible, when stimuli are in the same hemifield is an ongoing debate. Here we use an electrophysiological measure of sustained attentional resource allocation (the steady-state visual evoked potential, SSVEP) to address this question. In combination with behavioural data we demonstrate that splitting the attentional "beam" is in principle possible within one hemifield. However, results showed that task performance was in general lower for same-hemifield presentation as opposed to our previous study with different-hemifield presentation [M.M. Muller, P. Malinowski, T. Gruber, S.A. Hillyard, Sustained division of the attentional spotlight, Nature 424 (2003) 309-312]. SSVEP amplitude showed a mixed pattern of results for stimuli presented in the upper versus lower quadrant of the left visual hemifield under conditions of attending to two separated locations. Results are discussed in the light of the bilateral distribution advantage hypothesis and differences in stimulus salience between the upper and lower visual field. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 414 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 65-70 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | ISI:000244965900014 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:52:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.M. Muller |
Author | P. Malinowski |
Author | T. Gruber |
Author | S.A. Hillyard |
Abstract | By voluntarily directing attention to a specific region of a visual scene, we can improve our perception of stimuli at that location(1). This ability to focus attention upon specific zones of the visual field has been described metaphorically as a moveable spotlight or zoom lens that facilitates the processing of stimuli within its 'beam'(2,3). A long-standing controversy has centred on the question of whether the spotlight of spatial attention has a unitary beam or whether it can be divided flexibly to disparate locations(2,4-6). Evidence supporting the unitary spotlight view has come from numerous behavioural(3,7-10) and electrophysiological(11,12) studies. Recent experiments, however, indicate that the spotlight of spatial attention may be divided between noncontiguous zones of the visual field for very brief stimulus exposures (<100 ms)(13,14). Here we use an electrophysiological measure of attentional allocation (the steady-state visual evoked potential) to show that the spotlight may be divided between spatially separated locations (excluding interposed locations) over more extended time periods. This spotlight division appears to be accomplished at an early stage of visual-cortical processing |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 424 |
Issue | 6946 |
Pages | 309-312 |
Date | July 17, 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:11 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Editor | M. Scheutz |
Abstract | What language allows us to do is to "steal" categories quickly and effortlessly through hearsay instead of having to earn them the hard way, through risky and time-consuming sensorimotor "toil" (trial-and-error learning, guided by corrective feedback from the consequences of miscategorisation). To make such linguistic "theft" possible, however, some, at least, of the denoting symbols of language must first be grounded in categories that have been earned through sensorimotor toil (or else in categories that have already been "prepared" for us through Darwinian theft by the genes of our ancestors); it cannot be linguistic theft all the way down. The symbols that denote categories must be grounded in the capacity to sort, label and interact with the proximal sensorimotor projections of their distal category-members in a way that coheres systematically with their semantic interpretations, both for individual symbols, and for symbols strung together to express truth-value-bearing propositions. |
Book Title | Computationalism: New Directions |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2002 |
Pages | 143-158 |
ISBN | 0262194783 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 6 11:13:59 2009 |
Modified | Fri Mar 6 11:16:58 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Editor | M. Scheutz |
Abstract | What language allows us to do is to "steal" categories quickly and effortlessly through hearsay instead of having to earn them the hard way, through risky and time-consuming sensorimotor "toil" (trial-and-error learning, guided by corrective feedback from the consequences of miscategorisation). To make such linguistic "theft" possible, however, some, at least, of the denoting symbols of language must first be grounded in categories that have been earned through sensorimotor toil (or else in categories that have already been "prepared" for us through Darwinian theft by the genes of our ancestors); it cannot be linguistic theft all the way down. The symbols that denote categories must be grounded in the capacity to sort, label and interact with the proximal sensorimotor projections of their distal category-members in a way that coheres systematically with their semantic interpretations, both for individual symbols, and for symbols strung together to express truth-value-bearing propositions. |
Book Title | Computationalism: New Directions |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2002 |
Pages | 143-158 |
ISBN | 0262194783 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 6 11:17:04 2009 |
Modified | Fri Mar 6 11:17:04 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Cangelosi |
Author | A. Greco |
Author | S. Harnad |
Contributor | A. Cangelosi |
Contributor | D. Parisi |
Book Title | Simulating the Evolution of Language |
Place | London |
Publisher | Springer |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kim Plunkett |
Author | C. Sinha |
Author | M.F. Moller |
Author | O. Strandsby |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 & 4 |
Pages | 293-312 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jan 31 14:42:35 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Hommel |
Author | J. Pratt |
Author | L. Colzato |
Author | R. Godijn |
Abstract | The present study reports four pairs of experiments that examined the role of nonpredictive (i.e., task-irrelevant) symbolic stimuli on attentional orienting. The experiments involved a simple detection task, art inhibition of return (IOR) task, and choice decision tasks both with and without attentional bias. Each pair of experiments included one experiment in which nonpredictive arrows were presented at the central fixation location and another experiment in which nonpredictive direction words (e.g., "up," "down," "left," "right") were presented. The nonpredictive symbolic stimuli affected responses in all experiments, with the words producing greater effects in the detection task and the arrows producing greater effects in the IOR and choice decision tasks. Overall, the present findings indicate that there is a strong connection between the overlearned representations of the meaning of communicative symbols and the reflexive orienting of visual attention |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 360-365 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:08 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:08 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter König |
Author | Norbert Krüger |
Abstract | In the mammalian cortex the early sensory processing can be characterized as feature extraction resulting in local and analogue low-level representations. As a direct consequence, these map directly to the environment, but interpretation under natural conditions is ambiguous. In contrast, high-level representations for cognitive processing, e.g. language, require symbolic representations characterized by expression and syntax. The representations are binary, structured and disambiguated. However, do these fundamental functional distinctions translate into a fundamental distinction of the respective brain areas and their anatomical and physiological properties? Here we argue that the distinction between early sensory processing and higher cognitive functions may not be based on structural differences of cortical areas; instead similar learning principles acting on input signals with different statistics give rise to the observed variations of function. Firstly, we give an account of present research describing neuronal properties at early stages of sensory systems as a consequence of an optimization process over the set of natural stimuli. Secondly, addressing a stage following early visual processing we suggest to extend the unsupervised learning scheme by including predictive processes. These contain the widely used objective of temporal coherence as a special case and are a powerful approach to resolve ambiguities. Furthermore, in combination with a prior on the bandwidth of information exchange between units it leads to a condensation of information. Thirdly, as a crucial step, not only are predictive units optimized, but the selectivity of the feature extractors are adapted to allow optimal predictability. Thus, over and beyond making useful predictions, we propose that the predictability of a stimulus be in itself a selection criterion for further processing. In a hierarchical system the combined optimization process leads to entities that represent condensed pieces of knowledge and that are not analogue anymore. Instead, these entities work as arguments in a framework of transformations that realize predictions. Thus, the criteria of predictability and condensation in an optimization of sensory representations relate directly to the two defining properties of symbols of expression and syntax. In this paper, we sketch an unsupervised learning process that gradually transforms analogue local representations into discrete binary representations by means of four hypotheses. We propose that in this optimization process acting in a hierarchical system, entities emerge at, higher levels that fulfil the criteria defining symbols, instantiating qualitatively different representations at similarly structured low and high levels. |
Publication | Biological cybernetics |
Volume | 94 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 325-334 |
Date | Apr 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Biol Cybern |
DOI | 10.1007/s00422-006-0050-3 |
ISSN | 0340-1200 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496197 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 2 09:29:34 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16496197 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 2 09:29:34 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.S. Ramachandran |
Author | E.M. Hubbard |
Publication | Journal of Consciousness Studies |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 3–34 |
Date | 2001 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Tue Dec 6 21:14:46 2011 |
Modified | Tue Dec 6 21:14:46 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.J. Zelinsky |
Author | G.L. Murphy |
Abstract | Are visual and verbal processing systems functionally independent? Two experiments (one using line drawings of common objects, the other using faces) explored the relationship between the number of syllables in an object's name (one or three) and the visual inspection of that object. The tasks were short-term recognition and visual search. Results indicated more fixations and longer gaze durations on objects having three-syllable names when the task encouraged a verbal encoding of the objects (i.e., recognition). No effects of syllable length on eye movements were found when implicit naming demands were minimal (i.e., visual search). These findings suggest that implicitly naming a pictorial object constrains the oculomotor inspection of that object, and that the visual and verbal encoding of an object are synchronized so that the faster process must wait for the slower to be completed before gaze shifts to another object. Both findings imply a tight coupling between visual and linguistic processing, and highlight the utility of an aculomotor methodology to understand this coupling |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 125-131 |
Date | March 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:48 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Cesare Parise |
Author | Charles Spence |
Abstract | People sometimes find it easier to judge the temporal order in which two visual stimuli have been presented if one tone is presented before the first visual stimulus and a second tone is presented after the second visual stimulus. This enhancement of people's visual temporal sensitivity has been attributed to the temporal ventriloquism of the visual stimuli toward the temporally proximate sounds, resulting in an expansion of the perceived interval between the two visual events. In the present study, we demonstrate that the synesthetic congruency between the auditory and visual stimuli (in particular, between the relative pitch of the sounds and the relative size of the visual stimuli) can modulate the magnitude of this multisensory integration effect: The auditory capture of vision is larger for pairs of auditory and visual stimuli that are synesthetically congruent than for pairs of stimuli that are synesthetically incongruent, as reflected by participants' increased sensitivity in discriminating the temporal order of the visual stimuli. These results provide the first evidence that multisensory temporal integration can be affected by the synesthetic congruency between the auditory and visual stimuli that happen to be presented. |
Publication | Neuroscience letters |
Volume | 442 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 257-261 |
Date | Sep 19, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Neurosci. Lett. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.010 |
ISSN | 0304-3940 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18638522 |
Date Added | Tue Oct 16 20:20:55 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Bloom |
Abstract | This paper presents a study of young children's understanding of a constraint on English word order, which is that pronouns and proper names cannot be modified by prenominal adjectives. For adults, this is a syntactic constraint: adjectives can only precede nouns, and pronouns and proper names are lexical Noun Phrases (NPs). In two analyses, the spontaneous speech of 14 one- and two-year-old children was studied. These analyses show that even in children's very first word combinations, they almost never say things like big Fred or big he. Some nonsyntactic theories of this phenomenon are discussed and found to have serious descriptive problems, supporting the claim that children understand knowledge of word order through rules that order abstract linguistic categories. A theory is proposed as to how children could use semantic information to draw the noun/NP distinction and to acquire this restriction on English word order. |
Publication | Journal of Child Language |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 343-355 |
Date | Jun 1990 |
Journal Abbr | J Child Lang |
ISSN | 0305-0009 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2380273 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 29 01:58:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2380273 |
Date Added | Fri Jun 29 01:58:10 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ansgar D. Endress |
Author | Marc D. Hauser |
Abstract | Perceptual systems often force systematically biased interpretations upon sensory input. These interpretations are obligatory, inaccessible to conscious control, and prevent observers from perceiving alternative percepts. Here we report a similarly impenetrable phenomenon in the domain of language, where the syntactic system prevents listeners from detecting a simple perceptual pattern. Healthy human adults listened to three-word sequences conforming to patterns readily learned even by honeybees, rats, and sleeping human neonates. Specifically, sequences either started or ended with two words from the same syntactic category (e.g., noun–noun–verb or verb–verb–noun). Although participants readily processed the categories and learned repetition patterns over nonsyntactic categories (e.g., animal–animal–clothes), they failed to learn the repetition pattern over syntactic categories, even when explicitly instructed to look for it. Further experiments revealed that participants successfully learned the repetition patterns only when they were consistent with syntactically possible structures, irrespective of whether these structures were attested in English or in other languages unknown to the participants. When the repetition patterns did not match such syntactically possible structures, participants failed to learn them. Our results suggest that when human adults hear a string of nouns and verbs, their syntactic system obligatorily attempts an interpretation (e.g., in terms of subjects, objects, and predicates). As a result, subjects fail to perceive the simpler pattern of repetitions—a form of syntax-induced pattern deafness that is reminiscent of how other perceptual systems force specific interpretations upon sensory input. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0908963106 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/11/16/0908963106.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 18 15:34:01 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 18 15:34:01 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jan 18 15:34:01 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ansgar D. Endress |
Author | Marc D. Hauser |
Abstract | Perceptual systems often force systematically biased interpretations upon sensory input. These interpretations are obligatory, inaccessible to conscious control, and prevent observers from perceiving alternative percepts. Here we report a similarly impenetrable phenomenon in the domain of language, where the syntactic system prevents listeners from detecting a simple perceptual pattern. Healthy human adults listened to three-word sequences conforming to patterns readily learned even by honeybees, rats, and sleeping human neonates. Specifically, sequences either started or ended with two words from the same syntactic category (e.g., noun–noun–verb or verb–verb–noun). Although participants readily processed the categories and learned repetition patterns over nonsyntactic categories (e.g., animal–animal–clothes), they failed to learn the repetition pattern over syntactic categories, even when explicitly instructed to look for it. Further experiments revealed that participants successfully learned the repetition patterns only when they were consistent with syntactically possible structures, irrespective of whether these structures were attested in English or in other languages unknown to the participants. When the repetition patterns did not match such syntactically possible structures, participants failed to learn them. Our results suggest that when human adults hear a string of nouns and verbs, their syntactic system obligatorily attempts an interpretation (e.g., in terms of subjects, objects, and predicates). As a result, subjects fail to perceive the simpler pattern of repetitions—a form of syntax-induced pattern deafness that is reminiscent of how other perceptual systems force specific interpretations upon sensory input. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0908963106 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/11/16/0908963106.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 18 15:38:48 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 18 15:38:48 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jan 18 15:38:48 2011 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | William W. Gaver |
Date | 1993 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93 |
Conference Name | the SIGCHI conference |
Place | Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
Pages | 228-235 |
DOI | 10.1145/169059.169184 |
URL | http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=169184 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 7 19:06:34 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Dec 7 19:06:34 2010 |
Modified | Tue Dec 7 19:06:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Carrie Ann Theisen |
Author | Jon Oberlander |
Author | Simon Kirby |
Abstract | Arbitrariness and systematicity are two of language's most fascinating properties. Although both are characterizations of the mappings between signals and meanings, their emergence and evolution in communication systems has generally been explored independently. We present an experiment in which both arbitrariness and systematicity are probed. Participants invent signs from scratch to refer to a set of items that share salient semantic features. Through interaction, the systematic re-use of arbitrary signal elements emerges. |
Publication | Interaction Studies |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 14-32 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1075/is.11.1.08the |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 18:33:19 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 18:33:19 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M. Mirolli |
Author | D. Parisi |
Editor | A. Cangelosi |
Editor | A.D.M. Smith |
Editor | D. Parisi |
Book Title | The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference |
Place | Singapore |
Publisher | World Scientific |
Date | 2006 |
Pages | 214-221 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 7 09:31:58 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 7 09:33:58 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Weigel-Crump |
Author | R.A. Koenigsknecht |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 9 |
Pages | 410-417 |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Lustig |
Author | K. E Flegal |
Publication | Psychology and Aging |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 754–764 |
Date | 2008 |
Short Title | Targeting latent function |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sat Nov 14 23:20:42 2009 |
Modified | Sat Nov 14 23:20:42 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Ahissar |
Author | S. Hochstein |
Abstract | Practising simple visual tasks leads to a dramatic improvement in performing them. This learning is specific to the stimuli used for training. We show here that the degree of specificity depends on the difficulty of the training conditions. We find that the pattern of specificities maps onto the pattern of receptive held selectivities along the visual pathway. With easy conditions, learning generalizes across orientation and retinal position, matching the spatial generalization of higher visual areas. As task difficulty increases, learning becomes more specific with respect to both orientation and position, matching the fine spatial retinotopy exhibited by lower areas. Consequently, we enjoy the benefits of learning generalization when possible, and of fine grain but specific training when necessary. The dynamics of learning show a corresponding feature. Improvement begins with easy cases (when the subject is allowed long processing times) and only subsequently proceeds to harder cases. This learning cascade implies that easy conditions guide the learning of hard ones. Taken together, the specificity and dynamics suggest that learning proceeds as a countercurrent along the cortical hierarchy. Improvement begins at higher generalizing levels, which, in turn, direct harder-condition learning to the subdomain of their lower-level inputs. As predicted by this reverse hierarchy model, learning can be effective using only difficult trials, but on condition that learning onset has previously been enabled, A single prolonged presentation suffices to initiate learning. We call this single-encounter enabling effect 'eureka' |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 387 |
Issue | 6631 |
Pages | 401-406 |
Date | May 22, 1997 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | André Vandierendonck |
Author | Baptist Liefooghe |
Author | Frederick Verbruggen |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 136 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 601-626 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1037/a0019791 |
ISSN | 1939-1455, 0033-2909 |
Short Title | Task switching |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/?&fa=main.doiLanding&doi=10.1037/a0019791 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 18 16:14:45 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Apr 18 16:14:45 2012 |
Modified | Wed Apr 18 16:14:45 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wolfgang Einhäuser |
Author | Ueli Rutishauser |
Author | Christof Koch |
Abstract | In natural vision both stimulus features and task-demands affect an observer's attention. However, the relationship between sensory-driven (“bottom-up”) and task-dependent (“top-down”) factors remains controversial: Can task-demands counteract strong sensory signals fully, quickly, and irrespective of bottom-up features? To measure attention under naturalistic conditions, we recorded eye-movements in human observers, while they viewed photographs of outdoor scenes. In the first experiment, smooth modulations of contrast biased the stimuli's sensory-driven saliency towards one side. In free-viewing, observers' eye-positions were immediately biased toward the high-contrast, i.e., high-saliency, side. However, this sensory-driven bias disappeared entirely when observers searched for a bull's-eye target embedded with equal probability to either side of the stimulus. When the target always occurred in the low-contrast side, observers' eye-positions were immediately biased towards this low-saliency side, i.e., the sensory-driven bias reversed. Hence, task-demands do not only override sensory-driven saliency but also actively countermand it. In a second experiment, a 5-Hz flicker replaced the contrast gradient. Whereas the bias was less persistent in free viewing, the overriding and reversal took longer to deploy. Hence, insufficient sensory-driven saliency cannot account for the bias reversal. In a third experiment, subjects searched for a spot of locally increased contrast (“oddity”) instead of the bull's-eye (“template”). In contrast to the other conditions, a slight sensory-driven free-viewing bias prevails in this condition. In a fourth experiment, we demonstrate that at known locations template targets are detected faster than oddity targets, suggesting that the former induce a stronger top-down drive when used as search targets. Taken together, task-demands can override sensory-driven saliency in complex visual stimuli almost immediately, and the extent of overriding depends on the search target and the overridden feature, but not on the latter's free-viewing saliency. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Date | February 15, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1167/8.2.2 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/8/2/2.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Apr 28 14:25:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 28 14:25:21 2010 |
Modified | Wed Apr 28 14:25:21 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Y Tsushima |
Author | A Seitz |
Author | T Watanabe |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | R516-R517 |
Date | 06/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Current Biology |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2008.04.029 |
ISSN | 09609822 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(08)00514-9 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 10 21:50:13 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Aug 10 21:50:13 2010 |
Modified | Tue Aug 10 21:50:13 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jyrki Ahveninen |
Author | Iiro P. Jääskeläinen |
Author | Tommi Raij |
Author | Giorgio Bonmassar |
Author | Sasha Devore |
Author | Matti Hämäläinen |
Author | Sari Levänen |
Author | Fa-Hsuan Lin |
Author | Mikko Sams |
Author | Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham |
Author | Thomas Witzel |
Author | John W. Belliveau |
Abstract | Human neuroimaging studies suggest that localization and identification of relevant auditory objects are accomplished via parallel parietal-to-lateral-prefrontal “where” and anterior-temporal-to-inferior-frontal “what” pathways, respectively. Using combined hemodynamic (functional MRI) and electromagnetic (magnetoencephalography) measurements, we investigated whether such dual pathways exist already in the human nonprimary auditory cortex, as suggested by animal models, and whether selective attention facilitates sound localization and identification by modulating these pathways in a feature-specific fashion. We found a double dissociation in response adaptation to sound pairs with phonetic vs. spatial sound changes, demonstrating that the human nonprimary auditory cortex indeed processes speech-sound identity and location in parallel anterior “what” (in anterolateral Heschl’s gyrus, anterior superior temporal gyrus, and posterior planum polare) and posterior “where” (in planum temporale and posterior superior temporal gyrus) pathways as early as ≈70–150 ms from stimulus onset. Our data further show that the “where” pathway is activated ≈30 ms earlier than the “what” pathway, possibly enabling the brain to use top-down spatial information in auditory object perception. Notably, selectively attending to phonetic content modulated response adaptation in the “what” pathway, whereas attending to sound location produced analogous effects in the “where” pathway. This finding suggests that selective-attention effects are feature-specific in the human nonprimary auditory cortex and that they arise from enhanced tuning of receptive fields of task-relevant neuronal populations. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 39 |
Pages | 14608-14613 |
Date | 09/26/2006 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0510480103 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/103/39/14608 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 14:34:29 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 14:34:29 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 14:34:29 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jorge Leite |
Author | Sandra Carvalho |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Author | Óscar F. Gonçalves |
Abstract | In this study, we tested the effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on two set shifting tasks. Set shifting ability is defined as the capacity to switch between mental sets or actions and requires the activation of a distributed neural network. Thirty healthy subjects (fifteen per site) received anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or the primary motor cortex (M1). We measured set shifting in both cognitive and motor tasks. The results show that both anodal and cathodal single session tDCS can modulate cognitive and motor tasks. However, an interaction was found between task and type of stimulation as anodal tDCS of DLPFC and M1 was found to increase performance in the cognitive task, while cathodal tDCS of DLPFC and M1 had the opposite effect on the motor task. Additionally, tDCS effects seem to be most evident on the speed of changing sets, rather than on reducing the number of errors or increasing the efficacy of irrelevant set filtering. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | e24140 |
Date | 2011 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0024140 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024140 |
Accessed | Wed May 30 01:29:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Wed May 30 01:29:10 2012 |
Modified | Wed May 30 01:29:10 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vincent P. Clark |
Author | Brian A. Coffman |
Author | Andy R. Mayer |
Author | Michael P. Weisend |
Author | Terran D.R. Lane |
Author | Vince D. Calhoun |
Author | Elaine M. Raybourn |
Author | Christopher M. Garcia |
Author | Eric M. Wassermann |
Abstract | The accurate identification of obscured and concealed objects in complex environments was an important skill required for survival during human evolution, and is required today for many forms of expertise. Here we used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) guided using neuroimaging to increase learning rate in a novel, minimally guided discovery-learning paradigm. Ninety-six subjects identified threat-related objects concealed in naturalistic virtual surroundings used in real-world training. A variety of brain networks were found using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected at different stages of learning, with two of these networks focused in right inferior frontal and right parietal cortex. Anodal 2.0 mA tDCS performed for 30 min over these regions in a series of single-blind, randomized studies resulted in significant improvements in learning and performance compared with 0.1 mA tDCS. This difference in performance increased to a factor of two after a one-hour delay. A dose-response effect of current strength on learning was also found. Taken together, these brain imaging and stimulation studies suggest that right frontal and parietal cortex are involved in learning to identify concealed objects in naturalistic surroundings. Furthermore, they suggest that the application of anodal tDCS over these regions can greatly increase learning, resulting in one of the largest effects on learning yet reported. The methods developed here may be useful to decrease the time required to attain expertise in a variety of settings. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Date | in press |
DOI | 16/j.neuroimage.2010.11.036 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811910014667 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 26 23:33:43 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Jun 26 23:33:43 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Liron Jacobson |
Author | Meni Koslowsky |
Author | Michal Lavidor |
Abstract | In vivo effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have attracted much attention nowadays as this area of research spreads to both the motor and cognitive domains. The common assumption is that the anode electrode causes an enhancement of cortical excitability during stimulation, which then lasts for a few minutes thereafter, while the cathode electrode generates the opposite effect, i.e., anodal-excitation and cathodal-inhibition effects (AeCi). Yet, this dual-polarity effect has not been observed in all tDCS studies. Here, we conducted a meta-analytical review aimed to investigate the homogeneity/heterogeneity of the effect sizes of the AeCi dichotomy in both motor and cognitive functions. The AeCi effect was found to occur quite commonly with motor investigations and rarely in cognitive studies. When the anode electrode is applied over a non-motor area, in most cases, it will cause an excitation as measured by a relevant cognitive or perceptual task; however, the cathode electrode rarely causes an inhibition. We found homogeneity in motor studies and heterogeneity in cognitive studies with the electrode’s polarity serving as a moderator that can explain the source of heterogeneity in cognitive studies. The lack of inhibitory cathodal effects might reflect compensation processes as cognitive functions are typically supported by rich brain networks. Further insights as to the polarity and domain interaction are offered, including subdivision to different classes of cognitive functions according to their likelihood of being affected by stimulation. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 216 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-10 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-011-2891-9 |
ISSN | 0014-4819 |
Short Title | tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/content/339q565425366640/abstract/ |
Accessed | Wed May 30 01:20:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Wed May 30 01:20:15 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Jalinous |
Abstract | Magnetic stimulators consist of a high-voltage (400 V to more than 3 kV), high-current (4 kA to more than 20 kA) discharge system producing a brief pulse of magnetic field (1-10 T lasting up to a few milliseconds). In order to ensure safety and reliability, care has to be taken in the construction of magnetic stimulators and especially their stimulating coils, which may come into contact with the patient, by the use of adequate mechanical and electrical insulation and the incorporation of sensors to monitor temperature, voltage, etc. Where possible, equipment should be manufactured to comply with safety standards such as UL504 and IEC601. The effectiveness of a magnetic stimulator depends on many parameters such as the maximization of the peak coil energy, fast magnetic field rise times, and good coil design. It is also important to choose a coil based on its intended clinical application and not simply on account of its high magnetic field strength. A small coil, producing a high surface magnetic field, is suitable in the stimulation of superficial nerves, whereas a larger coil, with a low magnetic field intensity, may well be more suitable for the stimulation of deep nerves. Double, figure-eight, or butterfly coils produce more localised induced currents allowing for more selective stimulation. The exposure of the brain to high magnetic field strengths can also be reduced by using larger coils. |
Publication | Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 10-25 |
Date | Jan 1991 |
Journal Abbr | J Clin Neurophysiol |
ISSN | 0736-0258 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2019644 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 20:33:51 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2019644 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 20:33:51 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
URL | http://www.walldecorshops.com/549.html |
Accessed | Wed Sep 3 16:42:11 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Sep 3 16:42:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Sep 3 16:42:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.W. Eriksen |
Author | J.E. Hoffman |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 2B |
Pages | 201-& |
Date | 1972 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:50:08 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E Ashbridge |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Alan Cowey |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the parietal visual cortex of subjects while they were performing 'pop-out' or conjunction visual search tasks in arrays containing eight distractors. Magnetic stimulation had no detrimental effect on the performance of pop-out search, but did significantly increase reaction times on conjunction search when stimulation was applied over the right parietal cortex 100 msec after the onset of the visual display for trials when the target was present. Target absent reaction times were elevated when stimulation was applied 160 msec after array onset. Stimulation had no effect on the number of errors made. The results suggest that a sub-region of the right parietal lobe is important for conjunction search but not for pre-attentive pop-out. The result from target present trials is consistent with timing data from studies of single cells in monkeys and the hypothesis that parietal areas generate a signal that projects back to extrastriate visual areas to enhance the processing of features in a restricted part of the visual field. The timing of the effect indicates that transcranial stimulation disrupts the mechanisms underlying the focal attention necessary for feature binding in conjunction search. The effects of TMS on target absent trials are interpreted in terms of fronto-parietal connections and the role of frontal cortex in decision-making. The results also highlight the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation as a complement to other spatial and temporal imaging techniques. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1121-1131 |
Date | Aug 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Neuropsychologia |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9256377 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 10 22:24:58 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9256377 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 10 22:24:58 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Grit Hein |
Author | Nancy Tsai |
Author | Marcus J Naumer |
Author | R. T Knight |
Author | Galit Fuhrmann Alpert |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 20 |
Pages | 5344-5349 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 26 16:15:39 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 26 16:15:48 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P S Boggio |
Author | L P Khoury |
Author | D C S Martins |
Author | O E M S Martins |
Author | E C de Macedo |
Author | F Fregni |
Abstract | Several studies have reported that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a non-invasive method of neuromodulation, enhances some aspects of working memory in healthy and Parkinson disease subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anodal tDCS on recognition memory, working memory and selective attention in Alzheimer disease (AD). Ten patients with diagnosis of AD received three sessions of anodal tDCS (left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left temporal cortex and sham stimulation) with an intensity of 2 mA for 30 min. Sessions were performed in different days in a randomised order. The following tests were assessed during stimulation: Stroop, Digit Span and a Visual Recognition Memory task (VRM). The results showed a significant effect of stimulation condition on VRM (p = 0.0085), and post hoc analysis showed an improvement after temporal (p = 0.01) and prefrontal (p = 0.01) tDCS as compared with sham stimulation. There were no significant changes in attention as indexed by Stroop task performance. As far as is known, this is the first trial showing that tDCS can enhance a component of recognition memory. The potential mechanisms of action and the implications of these results are discussed. |
Publication | J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry |
Volume | 80 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 444-447 |
Date | April 1, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1136/jnnp.2007.141853 |
URL | http://jnnp.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/jnnp;80/4/444 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 10:32:13 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 10:32:13 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jun 9 10:32:13 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Rauschenberger |
Author | T. Liu |
Author | S.D. Slotnick |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | The human visual system possesses a remarkable ability to reconstruct the shape of an object that is partly occluded by an interposed surface. Behavioral results suggest that, under some circumstances, this perceptual process (termed amodal completion) progresses from an initial representation of local image features to a completed representation of a shape that may include features that are not explicitly present in the retinal image. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that the completed surface is represented in early visual cortical areas. We used fMRI adaptation, combined with brief, masked exposures, to track the amodal completion process as it unfolds in early visual cortical regions. We report evidence for an evolution of the neural representation from the image-based feature representation to the completed representation. Our method offers the possibility of measuring changes in cortical activity using fMRI over a time scale of a few hundred milliseconds |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 358-364 |
Date | April 2006 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ramesh C. Gupta |
Author | Suchun Ma |
Abstract | In this paper we present several tests for testing the equality of coefficients of variation in k normal populations. Several of the known tests are reviewed and one new test is developed. An example is presented to illustrate the working of all these tests. Simulation studies are carried out for comparing the powers of these tests. Finally, conclusions are drawn from the simulation studies and some recommendations are made. |
Publication | Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 115-132 |
Date | 1996 |
DOI | 10.1080/03610929608831683 |
ISSN | 0361-0926 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03610929608831683 |
Accessed | Sat Jun 29 20:26:38 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Sat Jun 29 20:26:38 2013 |
Modified | Sat Jun 29 20:26:38 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. G. Smith |
Author | M. J. J. Duncan |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Pages | 615–625 |
Date | 2004 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 16 17:36:01 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 16 17:36:01 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Goodglass |
Author | G. Denes |
Author | M. Calderon |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 10 |
Pages | 264⬚ ⬚-269 |
Date | 1974 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I.L. Rossman |
Author | A.E. Goss |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 173-182 |
Date | Sep 1951 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
Short Title | The acquired distinctiveness of cues |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14880669 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 01:02:09 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14880669 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 01:02:09 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D. Mareschal |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Contributor | L.M. Oakes |
Book Title | Early Category and Concept Development: Making Sense of the Blooming, Buzzing Confusion⬚ ⬚ |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 360-383 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Abstract | A 22 million word corpus of contemporary American English |
URL | http://www.anc.org/ |
Accessed | Sun Jan 22 13:27:03 2012 |
Extra | The American National Corpus project is developing a 100 million word corpus of American English for the purposes of language processing research and application development, linguistic research, and the creation of dictionaries and other language reference works. |
Date Added | Sun Jan 22 13:27:03 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 22 13:27:03 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | JEAN-FRANÇOIS DÉMONET |
Author | FRANÇOIS CHOLLET |
Author | STUART RAMSAY |
Author | DOMINIQUE CARDEBAT |
Author | JEAN-LUC NESPOULOUS |
Author | RICHARD WISE |
Author | ANDRÉ RASCOL |
Author | RICHARD FRACKOWIAK |
Abstract | We assessed brain activation of nine normal right-handed volunteers in a positron emission tomography study designed to differentiate the functional anatomy of the two major components of auditory comprehension of language, namely phonological versus lexico-semantic processing. The activation paradigm included three tasks. In the reference task, subjects were asked to detect rising pitch within a series of pure tones. In the phonological task, they had to monitor the sequential phonemic organization of non-words. In the lexico-semantic task, they monitored concrete nouns according to semantic criteria. We found highly significant and different patterns of activation. Phonological processing was associated with activation in the left superior temporal gyrus (mainly Wernicke's area) and, to a lesser extent, in Broca's area and in the right superior temporal regions. Lexico-semantic processing was associated with activity in the left middle and inferior temporal gyri, the left inferior parietal region and the left superior prefrontal region, in addition to the superior temporal regions. A comparison of the pattern of activation obtained with the lexico-semantic task to that obtained with the phonological task was made in order to account for the contribution of lower stage components to semantic processing. No difference in activation was found in Broca's area and superior temporal areas which suggests that these areas are activated by the phonological component of both tasks, but activation was noted in the temporal, parietal and frontal multi-modal association areas. These constitute parts of a large network that represent the specific anatomic substrate of the lexico-semantic processing of language. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 115 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1753 -1768 |
Date | December 01 , 1992 |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/115.6.1753 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/115/6/1753.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Jul 20 09:08:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 20 09:08:39 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 20 09:08:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Chollet |
Author | S. Ramsay |
Author | D. Cardebat |
Author | J L Nespoulous |
Author | R. Wise |
Author | A. Rascol |
Author | R. Frackowiak |
Author | J F Démonet |
Publication | Brain: A journal of neurology |
Volume | 115 ( Pt 6) |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1753-1768 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 20 09:10:14 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 20 09:10:14 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vincent Di Lollo |
Author | Jun-ichiro Kawahara |
Author | S.M. Shahab Ghorashi |
Author | James T. Enns |
Abstract | Identification of the second of two targets is impaired if it is presented less than about 500 ms after the first. Theoretical accounts of this second-target deficit, known as attentional blink (AB), have relied on some form of limited attentional resource that is allocated to the leading target at the expense of the trailing target. Three experiments in the present study reveal a failure of resource-limitation accounts to explain why the AB is absent when the targets consist of a stream of three items belonging to the same category (e.g., letters or digits). The AB is reinstated, however, if an item from a different category is inserted in the target string. This result, and all major results in the AB literature, is explained by the hypothesis that the AB arises from a temporary loss of control over the prevailing attentional set. This lapse in control renders the observer vulnerable to an exogenously-triggered switch in attentional set. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 191-200 |
Date | January 01, 2005 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00426-004-0173-x |
Short Title | The attentional blink |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-004-0173-x |
Accessed | Thu May 13 14:35:38 2010 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Thu May 13 14:35:38 2010 |
Modified | Thu May 13 14:35:38 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Mark Twain |
Publisher | Quill Pen Classics |
Date | 2008/1880 |
# of Pages | 416 |
ISBN | 1605890502 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Dec 8 20:36:28 2008 |
Modified | Wed Dec 10 17:23:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mathieu B. Brodeur |
Author | Emmanuelle Dionne-Dostie |
Author | Tina Montreuil |
Author | Martin Lepage |
Abstract | There are currently stimuli with published norms available to study several psychological aspects of language and visual cognitions. Norms represent valuable information that can be used as experimental variables or systematically controlled to limit their potential influence on another experimental manipulation. The present work proposes 480 photo stimuli that have been normalized for name, category, familiarity, visual complexity, object agreement, viewpoint agreement, and manipulability. Stimuli are also available in grayscale, blurred, scrambled, and line-drawn version. This set of objects, the Bank Of Standardized Stimuli (BOSS), was created specifically to meet the needs of scientists in cognition, vision and psycholinguistics who work with photo stimuli. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | e10773 |
Date | May 24, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0010773 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010773 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 17 12:41:44 2011 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Sun Jul 17 12:41:44 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jul 17 12:41:44 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wolfgang Klein |
Author | Clive Perdue |
Abstract | In this article, we discuss the implications of the fact that adult second language learners (outside the classroom) universally develop a well-structured, efficient and simple form of language-the Basic Variety (BV). Three questions are asked as to (1) the structural properties of the BV, (2) the status of these properties and (3) why some structural properties of fully fledged' languages are more complex. First, we characterize the BV in four respects: its lexical repertoire, the principles according to which utterances are structured, and temporality and spatiality expressed. The organizational principles proposed are small in number, and interact. We analyse this interaction, describing how the BV is put to use in various complex verbal tasks, in order to establish both what its communicative potentialities are, and also those discourse contexts where the constraints come into conflict and where the variety breaks down. This latter phenomenon provides a partial answer to the third question,concerning the relative complexity of fully fledged' languages-they have devices to deal with such cases. As for the second question, it is argued firstly that the empirically established continuity of the adult acquisition process precludes any assignment of the BV to a mode of linguistic expression (e.g., protolanguage') distinct from that of fully fledged' languages and, moreover, that the organizational constraints of the BV belong to the core attributes of the human language capacity, whereas a number of complexifications not attested in the BV are less central properties of this capacity. Finally, it is shown that the notion of feature strength, as used in recent versions of Generative Grammar, allows a straightforward characterization of the BV as a special case of an I-language, in the sense of this theory. Under this perspective, the acquisition of an Ilanguage beyond the BV can essentially be described as a change in feature strength. |
Publication | Second Language Research |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 301-347 |
Date | October 1, 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Sec Lang Res |
DOI | 10.1191/026765897666879396 |
Short Title | The Basic Variety (or |
URL | http://slr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/4/301 |
Accessed | Mon Nov 24 22:21:04 2008 |
Library Catalog | Sage Journals Online |
Date Added | Mon Nov 24 22:21:04 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 26 14:21:21 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jonathan Weiner |
Edition | 1st Vintage Bks Ed, Jun. 1995 |
Publisher | Vintage |
Date | 1995-05-30 |
# of Pages | 332 |
ISBN | 067973337X |
Short Title | The Beak of the Finch |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Sep 11 12:48:08 2012 |
Modified | Tue Sep 11 12:48:08 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | G.L. Murphy |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2002-08-21 |
ISBN | 0262134098 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 5 13:34:25 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:24:19 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Andrea Baronchelli |
Author | Nick Chater |
Author | Romualdo Pastor-Satorras |
Author | Morten H. Christiansen |
Abstract | In contrast with animal communication systems, diversity is characteristic of almost every aspect of human language. Languages variously employ tones, clicks, or manual signs to signal differences in meaning; some languages lack the noun-verb distinction (e.g., Straits Salish), whereas others have a proliferation of fine-grained syntactic categories (e.g., Tzeltal); and some languages do without morphology (e.g., Mandarin), while others pack a whole sentence into a single word (e.g., Cayuga). A challenge for evolutionary biology is to reconcile the diversity of languages with the high degree of biological uniformity of their speakers. Here, we model processes of language change and geographical dispersion and find a consistent pressure for flexible learning, irrespective of the language being spoken. This pressure arises because flexible learners can best cope with the observed high rates of linguistic change associated with divergent cultural evolution following human migration. Thus, rather than genetic adaptations for specific aspects of language, such as recursion, the coevolution of genes and fast-changing linguistic structure provides the biological basis for linguistic diversity. Only biological adaptations for flexible learning combined with cultural evolution can explain how each child has the potential to learn any human language. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | e48029 |
Date | October 30, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0048029 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048029 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 24 09:05:00 2012 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 09:05:00 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 09:05:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ariel Zylberberg |
Author | Diego Fernández Slezak |
Author | Pieter R. Roelfsema |
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Author | Mariano Sigman |
Abstract | Author Summary A ubiquitous aspect of brain function is its quasi-modular and massively parallel organization. The paradox is that this extraordinary parallel machine is incapable of performing a single large arithmetic calculation. How come it is so easy to recognize moving objects, but so difficult to multiply 357 times 289? And why, if we can simultaneously coordinate walking, group contours, segment surfaces, talk and listen to noisy speech, can we only make one decision at a time? Here we explored the emergence of serial processing in the primate brain. We developed a spiking-neuron implementation of a cognitive architecture in which the precise sensory-motor mapping relies on a network capable of flexibly interconnecting processors and rapidly changing its configuration from one task to another. Simulations show that, when presented with dual-task stimuli, the network exhibits parallel processing at peripheral sensory levels, a memory buffer capable of keeping the result of sensory processing on hold. However, control routing mechanisms result in serial performance at the router stage. Our results suggest that seriality in dual (or multiple) task performance results as a consequence of inhibition within the control networks needed for precise “routing” of information flow across a vast number of possible task configurations. |
Publication | PLoS Comput Biol |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | e1000765 |
Date | April 29, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS Comput Biol |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000765 |
Short Title | The Brain's Router |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000765 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 19 00:07:34 2012 |
Library Catalog | PLoS Comput Biol |
Date Added | Fri Oct 19 00:07:34 2012 |
Modified | Fri Oct 19 00:07:34 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G A Alvarez |
Author | P Cavanagh |
Abstract | Previous research has suggested that visual short-term memory has a fixed capacity of about four objects. However, we found that capacity varied substantially across the five stimulus classes we examined, ranging from 1.6 for shaded cubes to 4.4 for colors (estimated using a change detection task). We also estimated the information load per item in each class, using visual search rate. The changes we measured in memory capacity across classes were almost exactly mirrored by changes in the opposite direction in visual search rate (r2=.992 between search rate and the reciprocal of memory capacity). The greater the information load of each item in a stimulus class (as indicated by a slower search rate), the fewer items from that class one can hold in memory. Extrapolating this linear relationship reveals that there is also an upper bound on capacity of approximately four or five objects. Thus, both the visual information load and number of objects impose capacity limits on visual short-term memory. |
Publication | Psychological Science: A Journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 106-111 |
Date | Feb 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
ISSN | 0956-7976 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738517 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 17:51:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14738517 |
Date Added | Wed May 6 17:51:24 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven J. Luck |
Author | Edward K. Vogel |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 390 |
Issue | 6657 |
Pages | 279-281 |
Date | November 20, 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/36846 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/36846 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 17:36:35 2009 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Wed May 6 17:36:35 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 17:36:35 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lori D. Bougher |
Abstract | Metaphor is a central component of human cognition. Research on metaphor's role in politics has thus far focused predominately on metaphors used by the political elite. While these metaphors are important, they provide limited insight on metaphor's capacity as a reasoning tool for citizens. Metaphor as a cognitive mechanism enables citizens to make sense of the political world by drawing from previous knowledge and experience in nonpolitical domains. Because metaphors shape and constrain understanding by framing it within existing knowledge structures, they generate important predispositions. As a result, the study of metaphor offers an opportunity to enrich our descriptive understanding of the political cognition of citizens. The implicit nature of metaphorical reasoning means that empirical investigation will be a challenge for future research, but previous studies on metaphor suggest some productive avenues. Metaphor offers not only the chance to better explain how citizens view the political world and why they hold the preferences they do, but its criteria and processes hold wider relevance for political psychology and public opinion research. |
Publication | Political Psychology |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 145–163 |
Date | 2012 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00865.x |
ISSN | 1467-9221 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2011.00865.x/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Apr 15 18:28:13 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | © 2012 International Society of Political Psychology |
Date Added | Mon Apr 15 18:28:13 2013 |
Modified | Mon Apr 15 18:28:13 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Janis Nuckolls |
Abstract | The proposal that linguistic sounds such as phonemes, features, syllables, or tones can be meaningful, or sound-symbolic, contradicts the principles of arbitrariness and double articulation that are axiomatic to structural linguistics. Nevertheless, a considerable body of research that supports principles of sound symbolism has accumulated. This review discusses the most widely attested forms of sound symbolism and the research programs linked to sound symbolism that have influenced linguists and anthropologists most. Numerous reports of magnitude sound symbolism in the form of experimental studies and comparative surveys have been integrated into a biologically based theory of its motivation. Magnitude sound symbolism also catalyzed a number of experimental studies by psychologists and linguists in search of a universal soundsymbolic substrate underlying all languages. Although the search for a soundsymbolic substrate has been abandoned, the success rates of these studies have never been satisfactorily explained. Sound-symbolic processes have had a definitive impact on morphological analyses of phonesthemes and on historical linguists' understandings of diachronic processes. A typologically widespread form of sound symbolism occurs as a kind of lexical class known as the ideophone, which is conspicuously underdeveloped in standard average European languages, and highly perplexing for linguists and anthropologists. Although it has always been a respectable domain of inquiry in ethnopoetics and interpretive ethnography, the case for sound symbolism has of late been argued with renewed vigor on the part of psychological anthropologists and philosophers who see a paradigm shift under way. |
Publication | Annual Review of Anthropology |
Volume | 28 |
Pages | 252, 225 |
Date | 1999 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/view/223394?seq=2&Search=yes&term=sound&term=comics&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dcomics%2Bsound%26x%3D0%26y%3D0&item=2&ttl=775&returnArticleService=showArticle |
Accessed | Tue Apr 14 16:26:16 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Apr 14 16:26:16 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J. Davidoff |
Abstract | A series of five experiments examined the categorical perception previously found for color and facial expressions. Using a two-alternative forced-choice recognition memory paradigm, it was found that verbal interference selectively removed the defining feature of categorical perception. Under verbal interference, there was no longer the greater accuracy normally observed for cross-category judgments relative to within-category judgments. The advantage for cross-category comparisons in memory appeared to derive from verbal coding both at encoding and at storage. It thus appears that while both visual and verbal codes may be employed in the recognition memory for colors and facial expressions, subjects only made use of verbal coding when demonstrating categorical perception |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 977-986 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | ISI:000165162200009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. McMurray |
Author | M. Spivey |
Publication | Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 205-220 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Sat Feb 28 12:51:10 2009 |
Modified | Sat Feb 28 12:52:22 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Krueger |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 558-564 |
Date | 1984 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. L. Namy |
Author | A. L. Campbell |
Author | M. Tomasello |
Publication | Journal of Cognition and Development |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 37–57 |
Date | 2004 |
Short Title | The changing role of iconicity in non-verbal symbol learning |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327647jcd0501_3 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 24 11:58:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 11:58:08 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 11:58:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Geoffrey Schultz |
Author | Ronald Meizack |
Abstract | The Charles Bonnet syndrome is a condition in which individuals experience complex visual hallucinations without demonstrable psychopathology or disturbance of normal consciousness. An analysis of the sixty-four cases described in the literature reveals that the syndrome can occur at any age though it is more common in elderly people. Reduction in vision, due to peripheral eye pathology as well as pathology within the brain, is associated with the syndrome. Individual hallucinatory episodes can last from a few seconds to most of the day. Episodes can occur for periods of time ranging from days to years, with the hallucinations changing both in frequency and in complexity during this time. The hallucinations may be triggered or stopped by a number of factors which may exert their effect through a general arousal mechanism. People, animals, buildings, and scenery are reported most often. These images may appear static, moving in the visual field, or animated. Emotional reaction to the hallucinations may be positive or negative. Several theories have been proposed to account for the hallucinations. This paper highlights the sensory deprivation framework, with particular emphasis on the activity in the visual system after sensory loss that produces patterns of nerve impulses that, in turn, give rise to visual experience. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 809 – 825 |
Date | 1991 |
DOI | 10.1068/p200809 |
Short Title | The Charles Bonnet syndrome |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p200809 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 16:06:43 2012 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 16:06:43 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 16:06:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Carruthers |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 657-674 |
Date | 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R L Buckner |
Author | M E Wheeler |
Abstract | Remembering draws on a diverse array of cognitive processes to construct a representation that is experienced as a copy of the original past. The results of brain-imaging, neuropsychological and physiological studies indicate that distinct neocortical regions might interact with medial temporal lobe structures to reinstate a memory. Frontal regions mediate the strategic retrieval attempt and monitor its outcome, with dissociated frontal regions making functionally separate contributions to retrieval. Parietal and frontal regions might supply a signal that information is old during the process of retrieval, allowing us to perceive that reconstructed representations are memories, rather than the products of new stimuli in the environment. Domain-specific cortical regions are reactivated during vivid remembering and contribute to the contents of a memory. Here, we describe how these regions interact to orchestrate an act of remembering. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 624-634 |
Date | Sep 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/35090048 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533730 |
Accessed | Wed Mar 24 23:22:33 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11533730 |
Date Added | Wed Mar 24 23:22:33 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Author | A Karmiloff-Smith |
Publication | Mind & Language |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 487-519 |
Date | 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 21:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. David Smith |
Author | Joshua S. Redford |
Author | Sarah M. Haas |
Publication | Animal Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 809-821 |
Date | 6/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Anim Cogn |
DOI | 10.1007/s10071-009-0240-1 |
ISSN | 1435-9448 |
URL | http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/pqdlink?index=1&did=1881922601&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1295323544&clientId=3751 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 17 22:10:06 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 17 22:10:06 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 17 22:10:06 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Abstract | Do conceptual categories affect basic visual processing? A conceptual grouping effect for familiar stimuli is reported using a visual search paradigm. Search through conceptually-homogeneous non-targets was faster and more efficient than search through conceptually-heterogeneous non-targets. This effect cannot be attributed to perceptual factors and is not explained by a long-term representational reorganization due to perceptual-learning. Rather, conceptual categories seem to modulate visual representations dynamically, and are sensitive to task-demands. Verbally labeling a visual target further exaggerates the degree to which conceptual categories penetrate visual processing. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 566-577 |
Date | 2008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 20 01:35:20 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Reddy |
Editor | A. Ortony |
Book Title | Metaphor and Thought |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1979 |
Pages | 284-297 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 9 15:53:14 2010 |
Modified | Fri Apr 9 15:54:30 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wray |
Author | G.W. Grace |
Abstract | We explore the proposal that the linguistic forms and structures employed by our earliest language-using ancestors might have been significantly different from those observed in the languages we are most familiar with today, not because of a biological difference between them and us, but because the communicative context in which they operated was fundamentally different from that of most modern humans. Languages that are used predominantly for esoteric (intra-group) communication tend to have features that are semantically and grammatically 'complex', while those used also (or even exclusively) for exoteric (inter-group) communication become 'simplified' towards rule-based regularity and semantic transparency. Drawing on a range of contemporary data, we propose a psycholinguistic explanation for why esotericity would promote such complexity, and argue that this is the natural default setting for human language. This being so, it should be taken into account when modelling the evolution of language, for some of the features that are normally viewed as fundamental - including the notion of fully developed underlying rule-based systematicity - may, in fact, be cultural add-ons. |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 543-578 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18462025 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 5 21:24:57 2008 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 12 20:38:00 2008 |
Modified | Wed Nov 12 20:38:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wray |
Author | G.W. Grace |
Abstract | We explore the proposal that the linguistic forms and structures employed by our earliest language-using ancestors might have been significantly different from those observed in the languages we are most familiar with today, not because of a biological difference between them and us, but because the communicative context in which they operated was fundamentally different from that of most modern humans. Languages that are used predominantly for esoteric (intra-group) communication tend to have features that are semantically and grammatically 'complex', while those used also (or even exclusively) for exoteric (inter-group) communication become 'simplified' towards rule-based regularity and semantic transparency. Drawing on a range of contemporary data, we propose a psycholinguistic explanation for why esotericity would promote such complexity, and argue that this is the natural default setting for human language. This being so, it should be taken into account when modelling the evolution of language, for some of the features that are normally viewed as fundamental - including the notion of fully developed underlying rule-based systematicity - may, in fact, be cultural add-ons. |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 543-578 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18462025 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 5 21:24:57 2008 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wray |
Author | G.W. Grace |
Abstract | We explore the proposal that the linguistic forms and structures employed by our earliest language-using ancestors might have been significantly different from those observed in the languages we are most familiar with today, not because of a biological difference between them and us, but because the communicative context in which they operated was fundamentally different from that of most modern humans. Languages that are used predominantly for esoteric (intra-group) communication tend to have features that are semantically and grammatically 'complex', while those used also (or even exclusively) for exoteric (inter-group) communication become 'simplified' towards rule-based regularity and semantic transparency. Drawing on a range of contemporary data, we propose a psycholinguistic explanation for why esotericity would promote such complexity, and argue that this is the natural default setting for human language. This being so, it should be taken into account when modelling the evolution of language, for some of the features that are normally viewed as fundamental - including the notion of fully developed underlying rule-based systematicity - may, in fact, be cultural add-ons. |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 543-578 |
Date | 2007 |
URL | http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=18462025 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 5 21:24:57 2008 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wray |
Author | G. W. Grace |
Publication | Lingua |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 543-578 |
Date | 2007 |
Short Title | The consequences of talking to strangers |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Walter Kintsch |
Author | Praful Mangalath |
Abstract | We argue that word meanings are not stored in a mental lexicon but are generated in the context of working memory from long-term memory traces that record our experience with words. Current statistical models of semantics, such as latent semantic analysis and the Topic model, describe what is stored in long-term memory. The CI-2 model describes how this information is used to construct sentence meanings. This model is a dual-memory model, in that it distinguishes between a gist level and an explicit level. It also incorporates syntactic information about how words are used, derived from dependency grammar. The construction of meaning is conceptualized as feature sampling from the explicit memory traces, with the constraint that the sampling must be contextually relevant both semantically and syntactically. Semantic relevance is achieved by sampling topically relevant features; local syntactic constraints as expressed by dependency relations ensure syntactic relevance. |
Publication | Topics in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 346-370 |
Date | 2011/04/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01107.x |
ISSN | 1756-8765 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01107.x/abstract |
Accessed | Wed Jan 18 00:34:51 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Wed Jan 18 00:34:51 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jan 18 00:34:51 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Spivey |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2008-06-30 |
ISBN | 0195170784 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Jun 12 16:13:47 2009 |
Modified | Thu Feb 4 20:56:00 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. Khoe |
Author | N. E.A Kroll |
Author | A. P Yonelinas |
Author | I. G Dobbins |
Author | R. T Knight |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1333–1341 |
Date | 2000 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Jan 11 10:11:56 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 11 10:11:56 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cooper |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 6 |
Pages | 84-107 |
Date | 1974 |
Date Added | Fri Aug 29 15:41:04 2008 |
Modified | Fri Aug 29 15:42:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Catherine E. Snow |
Author | Marian Hoefnagel-Höhle |
Abstract | The critical period hypothesis holds that first language acquisition must occur before cerebral lateralization is complete, at about the age of puberty. One prediction of this hypothesis is that second language acquisition will be relatively fast, successful, and qualitatively similar to first language only if it occurs before the age of puberty. This prediction was tested by studying longitudinally the naturalistic acquisition of Dutch by English speakers of different ages. The subjects were tested 3 times during their first year in Holland, with an extensive test battery designed to assess several aspects of their second language ability. It was found that the subjects in the age groups 12-15 and adult made the fastest progress during the first few months of learning Dutch and that at the end of the first year the 8-10 and 12-15-year-olds had achieved the best control of Dutch. The 3-5-year-olds scored lowest on all the tests employed. These data do not support the critical period hypothesis for language acquisition. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1114-1128 |
Date | Dec., 1978 |
ISSN | 00093920 |
Short Title | The Critical Period for Language Acquisition |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1128751 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 16:58:22 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Dec., 1978 / Copyright © 1978 Society for Research in Child Development |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 16:58:22 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 16:58:22 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J E Eich |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 157-173 |
Date | Mar 1980 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7382817 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 24 14:38:49 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7382817 |
Date Added | Tue Nov 24 14:38:49 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Silke M. Göbel |
Author | Samuel Shaki |
Author | Martin H. Fischer |
Abstract | Approximate processing of numerosities is a universal and preverbal skill, while exact number processing above 4 involves the use of culturally acquired number words and symbols. The authors first review core concepts of numerical cognition, including number representation in the brain and the influential view that numbers are associated with space along a “mental number line.” Then, they discuss how cultural influences, such as reading direction, finger counting, and the transparency of the number word system, can influence the representation and processing of numbers. Spatial mapping of numbers emerges as a universal cognitive strategy. The authors trace the impact of cultural factors on the development of number skills and conclude that a cross-cultural perspective can reveal important constraints on numerical cognition. |
Publication | Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 543 -565 |
Date | May 01 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1177/0022022111406251 |
Short Title | The Cultural Number Line |
URL | http://jcc.sagepub.com/content/42/4/543.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Feb 8 21:30:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 8 21:30:10 2012 |
Modified | Wed Feb 8 21:30:10 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jewel Swanson |
Publication | Canadian Journal of School Psychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 117-128 |
Date | 12/01/2005 |
Journal Abbr | Canadian Journal of School Psychology |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1177/0829573506295469 |
ISSN | 0829-5735, |
URL | http://cjs.sagepub.com/content/20/1-2/117 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 23 19:36:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | cjs.sagepub.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 23 19:36:59 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 23 19:36:59 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Contributor | NATO-RTO |
Book Title | Search and Target Acquisition |
Place | Utrecht, Netherlands |
Date | 2000 |
Pages | 20.21-20.11 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 02:23:50 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.-J. Blakemore |
Author | P. Boyer |
Author | M. Pachot-Clouard |
Author | A. Meltzoff |
Author | C. Segebarth |
Author | J. Decety |
Abstract | Contingencies between objects and people can be mechanical or intentional–social in nature. In this fMRI study we used simplified stimuli to investigate brain regions involved in the detection of mechanical and intentional contingencies. Using a factorial design we manipulated the ‘animacy’ and ‘contingency’ of stimulus movement, and the subject’s attention to the contingencies. The detection of mechanical contingency between shapes whose movement was inanimate engaged the middle temporal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus. The detection of intentional contingency between shapes whose movement was animate activated superior parietal networks bilaterally. These activations were unaffected by attention to contingency. Additional regions, the right middle frontal gyrus and left superior temporal sulcus, became activated by the animate–contingent stimuli when subjects specifically attended to the contingent nature of the stimuli. Our results help to clarify neural networks previously associated with ‘theory of mind’ and agency detection. In particular, the results suggest that low-level perception of agency in terms of objects reacting to other objects at a distance is processed by parietal networks. In contrast, the activation of brain regions traditionally associated with theory of mind tasks appears to require attention to be directed towards agency and contingency. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 837-844 |
Date | 08/01/2003 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/13.8.837 |
ISSN | 1047-3211, 1460-2199 |
URL | http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/8/837 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 21 13:08:31 2013 |
Library Catalog | cercor.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Thu Mar 21 13:08:31 2013 |
Modified | Thu Mar 21 13:08:31 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Author | D.G. Hall |
Abstract | Recent research suggests that, although young children appreciate many different kinds of conceptual relations among objects, they focus specifically on taxonomic relations in the context of word learning. However, because the evidence for children's appreciation of this linkage between words and object categories has come primarily froin children who have made substantial linguistic and conceptual advances, it offers limited information concerning the development of this linkage. In the experiments reported here, we employ a match-to-sample task to focus specifically on the development of an appreciation of the linkage between words (here, count nouns) and object categories in infants in the period just prior to and just subsequent to the naming explosion. The results demonstrate that, for 21-month-old infants, most of whom have recently entered the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 1), and for 16-month-old infants, most of whom have yet to commence the vocabulary explosion (Experiment 2), novel nouns focus attention on taxonomic relations among objects. This is important because it reveals a nascent appreciation of a linkage between words and object categories in infants who are at the very onset of language production. Results are interpreted within a developmental account of infants' emerging appreciation of a specific linkage between count nouns and object categories |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1224-1241 |
Date | 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:15:27 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G.O. Deak |
Contributor | R. Kail |
Book Title | Advances in Child Development and Behavior |
Place | San Diego |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 271-327 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | J.P. Thibaut |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-54 |
Date | 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Mon Aug 4 01:36:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kirsten F Condry |
Author | Elizabeth S Spelke |
Abstract | What are the origins of abstract concepts such as "seven," and what role does language play in their development? These experiments probed the natural number words and concepts of 3-year-old children who can recite number words to ten but who can comprehend only one or two. Children correctly judged that a set labeled eight retains this label if it is unchanged, that it is not also four, and that eight is more than two. In contrast, children failed to judge that a set of 8 objects is better labeled by eight than by four, that eight is more than four, that eight continues to apply to a set whose members are rearranged, or that eight ceases to apply if the set is increased by 1, doubled, or halved. The latter errors contrast with children's correct application of words for the smallest numbers. These findings suggest that children interpret number words by relating them to 2 distinct preverbal systems that capture only limited numerical information. Children construct the system of abstract, natural number concepts from these foundations. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 22-38 |
Date | Feb 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.22 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | The development of language and abstract concepts |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248127 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 09:36:51 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18248127 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 09:36:51 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D Gentner |
Contributor | L. Gershkoff-Stowe |
Contributor | D.H Rakison |
Abstract | An important and often overlooked aspect of categories is relational knowledge: knowledge of the causal, biological and functional relations that define or characterize category members. Most object categories include relational knowledge in their meanings. For example, we know that dogs eat bones, chase cats, and so on. Further, many of the categories children must learn have meanings that are primarily relational- e.g., ⬚gift ⬚or ⬚tomorrow⬚. How are such relational categories acquired? In this paper I first contrast relational categories with object categories, using the contrast to reveal properties of each, and later extend the discussion to relational knowledge in object categories. Turning to acquisition, I first note that relational categories-and relational aspects of object categories-are slower to be acquired than object categories and properties. This raises the question of ⬚how ⬚relational knowledge is acquired. I suggest that comparison processes are the key to relational learning. I first provide a theoretical rationale and then give several studies that show effects of comparison on learning relational structure. Finally, I discuss the interaction between relational language and relational learning. I suggest that there is a positive feedback system between relational language and comparison: Common labels invite comparison, which highlights relational commonalities, and in turn potentiates further analogies based on the same relational system.⬚ ⬚ |
Book Title | Building object categories in developmental time: Papers from the 32⬚nd Carnegie Symposium on Cognition⬚⬚⬚ ⬚⬚ |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:04 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 00:21:55 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tammy D. Tolar |
Author | Amy R. Lederberg |
Author | Sonali Gokhale |
Author | Michael Tomasello |
Abstract | Early developmental psychologists viewed iconic representation as cognitively less complex than other forms of symbolic thought. It is therefore surprising that iconic signs are not acquired more easily than arbitrary signs by young language learners. One explanation is that children younger than 3 years have difficulty interpreting iconicity. The current study assessed hearing children's ability to interpret the meaning of iconic signs. Sixty-six 2.5- to 5-year-olds who had no previous exposure to signs were required to match iconic signs to pictures of referents. Whereas few of the 2.5-year-olds recognized the meaning of the iconic signs consistently, more than half of the 3.0-year-olds and most of 3.5-year-olds performed above chance. Thus, the ability to recognize the meaning of iconic signs gradually develops during the preschool years. Implications of these findings for sign language development, receptive signed vocabulary tests, and the development of the ability to interpret iconic symbols are discussed. |
Publication | Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 225-240 |
Date | 2008-03-20 |
Journal Abbr | J. Deaf Stud. Deaf Educ. |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/deafed/enm045 |
ISSN | 1081-4159, 1465-7325 |
URL | http://jdsde.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/2/225 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 24 12:01:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | jdsde.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 12:01:38 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 12:01:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philip David Zelazo |
Abstract | The dimensional change card sort (DCCS) is an easily administered and widely used measure of executive function that is suitable for use with participants across a wide range of ages. In the standard version, children are required to sort a series of bivalent test cards, first according to one dimension (e.g., color), and then according to the other (e.g., shape). Most 3-year-olds perseverate during the post-switch phase, exhibiting a pattern of inflexibility similar to that seen in patients with prefrontal cortical damage. By 5 years of age, most children switch when instructed to do so. Performance on the DCCS provides an index of the development of executive function, and it is impaired in children with disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. We describe the protocol for the standard version (duration = 5 min) and the more challenging border version (duration = 5 min), which may be used with children as old as 7 years. |
Publication | Nature protocols |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 297-301 |
Date | 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Protoc |
DOI | 10.1038/nprot.2006.46 |
ISSN | 1750-2799 |
Short Title | The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17406248 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 11:44:19 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 11:44:19 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.R. Luria |
Publication | Word |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 341-351 |
Date | 1959 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 17:33:00 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 17:33:36 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alvin M. Liberman |
Author | Katherine Safford Harris |
Author | Howard S. Hoffman |
Author | Belver C. Griffith |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 54 |
Pages | 358-368 |
Date | 1957 |
DOI | 10.1037/h0044417 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://content.apa.org/journals/xge/54/5/358 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 15:59:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 15:59:12 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 15:59:12 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Author | P.R. Roelfsema |
Abstract | An analysis of response latencies shows that when an image is presented to the visual system, neuronal activity is rapidly routed to a large number of visual areas. However, the activity of cortical neurons is not determined by this feedforward sweep alone. Horizontal connections within areas, and higher areas providing feedback, result in dynamic changes in tuning. The differences between feedforward and recurrent processing could prove pivotal in understanding the distinctions between attentive and pre-attentive vision as well as between conscious and unconscious vision. The feedforward sweep rapidly groups feature constellations that are hardwired in the visual brain, yet is probably incapable of yielding visual awareness; in many cases, recurrent processing is necessary before the features of an object are attentively grouped and the stimulus can enter consciousness |
Publication | Trends in Neurosciences |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 571-579 |
Date | November 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shlomit Yuval-Greenberg |
Author | Leon Deouell |
Abstract | Abstract Little is known on cross-modal interaction in complex object recognition. The factors influencing this interaction were investigated using simultaneous presentation of pictures and vocalizations of animals. In separate blocks, the task was to identify either the visual or the auditory stimulus, ignoring the other modality. The pictures and the sounds were congruent (same animal), incongruent (different animals) or neutral (animal with meaningless stimulus). Performance in congruent trials was better than in incongruent trials, regardless of whether subjects attended the visual or the auditory stimuli, but the effect was larger in the latter case. This asymmetry persisted with addition of a long delay after the stimulus and before the response. Thus, the asymmetry cannot be explained by a lack of processing time for the auditory stimulus. However, the asymmetry was eliminated when low-contrast visual stimuli were used. These findings suggest that when visual stimulation is highly informative, it affects auditory recognition more than auditory stimulation affects visual recognition. Nevertheless, this modality dominance is not rigid; it is highly influenced by the quality of the presented information. |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 193 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 603-614 |
Date | March 01, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1007/s00221-008-1664-6 |
Short Title | The dog’s meow |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1664-6 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 21:49:51 2009 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 21:49:51 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 21:49:51 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Editor | D.L Medin |
Editor | S. Atran |
Book Title | Folkbiology |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1999 |
Pages | 233 -284 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 12:37:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | D.J. Kravitz |
Author | C. Baker |
Author | M. Behrmann |
Author | J.L. Elman |
Author | R.L Goldstone |
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Author | A. Martin |
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | M J Spivey |
Author | D.C. Plaut |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Date | in prep. |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Rensink |
Abstract | One of the more powerful impressions created by vision is that of a coherent, richly detailed world where everything is present simultaneously. Indeed, this impression is so compelling that we tend to ascribe these properties not only to the external world, but to our internal representations as well. But results from several recent experiments argue against this latter ascription. For example, changes in images of real-world scenes often go unnoticed when made during a saccade, flicker, blink, or movie cut. This "change blindness" provides strong evidence against the idea that our brains contain a picture-like representation of the scene that is everywhere detailed and coherent. How then do we represent a scene? It is argued here that focused attention provides spatiotemporal coherence for the stable representation of one object at a time. It is then argued that the allocation of attention can be co-ordinated to create a "virtual representation". In such a scheme, a stable object representation is formed whenever needed, making it appear to higher levels as if all objects in the scene are represented in detail simultaneously |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 17-42 |
Date | January 2000 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tim van Gelder |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 05 |
Pages | 615-628 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X98001733 |
URL | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=30003 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 20:07:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:06 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey S. Johnson |
Author | Bruno A. Olshausen |
Abstract | Recent experiments have demonstrated early target minus nontarget differences in the human event-related potential (ERP) during visual object recognition tasks. It is unclear whether these differences reflect high-level visual processes, effectively indexing the speed of object recognition, or whether they arise from postsensory decision processes, leaving the actual time of object recognition uncertain. Here we report three sets of ERP experiments designed to determine what processes underlie the target minus nontarget difference signals seen in visual cued-target paradigms. We demonstrate that the same difference signals are present when the target match is made to word stimuli as well as to object stimuli, suggesting that the disparate mechanisms involved in letter string and object processing are not directly responsible for the signals. We also find that the amplitude of these signals can be reduced by increasing trial difficulty in three different ways: image difficulty, level of semantic categorization, and overall task demands. In many respects, the difference signal is similar to the postrecognition P300. Together, these results suggest that the target minus nontarget difference does not reflect object recognition per se, but rather postsensory decision processes. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 299-312 |
Date | April 8, 2005 |
DOI | 10.1167/5.4.2 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://journalofvision.org/5/4/2/ |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 20:29:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | Journal of Vision |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 20:29:05 2009 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.J Gibson |
Place | Boston |
Publisher | Houghton Mifflin |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:07 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:07 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.R. Laws |
Author | V.C. Leeson |
Author | T.M. Gale |
Abstract | It is frequently assumed that because compared to nonliving things, living things are less familiar, have lower name frequency, and are more visually complex, this makes them more difficult to name by patients and normal subjects. This has also been implicitly accepted as an explanation for the greater incidence of living thing disorders. Patient studies do not, however, typically contain any premorbid data and so, we do not know that the same variables would have necessarily predicted their 'normal' performance. To examine this issue, we measured picture-naming latencies in normal subjects presented with unmasked and masked versions of the same line drawings. In accord with other recent studies, living things were named faster than nonliving things. Furthermore, contrary to some theories of category naming, the living thing advantage persisted regardless of whether stimuli were undegraded, degraded or the density of degradation. Finally, multiple simultaneous regression analyses showed that one visual variable (Euclidean Overlap) and one linguistic variable (Age of Acquisition) predicted naming latencies across all masked and unmasked conditions. Other variables either had no predictive value (Contour Overlap; Name Frequency; Category); predicted only high masking (Visual Complexity; Familiarity), or normal and low masking (Number of Phonemes). These findings imply that the more commonly documented deficits for living things do not reflect an exaggeration of the normal profile (be it with masked or unmasked stimuli) or the influence of the same variables that affect normal naming |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 137-147 |
Date | April 2002 |
URL | ISI:000176038800004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Malinowski |
Author | R. Hübner |
Abstract | In this study, the effects of familiarity on visual search were investigated. To avoid any confounding between familiarity and visual-feature differences between item pairs, Ns and mirror-Ns were presented as target and as distracters to a group of German participants and to a group of Slavic participants. For the Germans only N was familiar, whereas for the Slavs both N and mirror-N were familiar. The results show that search was difficult only when the Germans had to find an N among mirror-hrs. In any other case, search was efficient. Therefore, our results demonstrate that, contrary to earlier suggestions, search for a familiar item among familiar distracters can be easy. This supports the hypothesis that familiarity improves distracter grouping. However, the data are also compatible with the idea that letters are standard or basic features, which implies that basic features can be learned |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 458-463 |
Date | April 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Ratterman |
Author | D. Gentner |
Editor | K. Holyoak |
Editor | D. Gentner |
Editor | B. Kokinov |
Book Title | Advances in analogy research: Integration of theory and data from the cognitive, computational and neural sciences |
Place | Sophia |
Publisher | New Bulgarian University |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Feb 23 23:45:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John S. Robinson |
Abstract | <p><br/>"The Ss were given either distinctiveness, equivalence, or stimulus familiarization training with a set of stimuli, and were then given a perceptual discrimination task using the same stimuli. A fourth group was given the discrimination task with no preliminary training. There were no significant differences in discrimination performance for the three preliminary training groups.... These three groups, however, made significantly fewer errors than the control group." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)</p> |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 112-114 |
Date | February 1955 |
DOI | 37/h0042117 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022101507635034 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:56:22 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:56:22 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 00:57:05 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Uta Noppeney |
Author | Oliver Josephs |
Author | Julia Hocking |
Author | C.J. Price |
Author | Karl J Friston |
Abstract | To identify and categorize complex stimuli such as familiar objects or speech, the human brain integrates information that is abstracted at multiple levels from its sensory inputs. Using cross-modal priming for spoken words and sounds, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study identified 3 distinct classes of visuoauditory incongruency effects: visuoauditory incongruency effects were selective for 1) spoken words in the left superior temporal sulcus (STS), 2) environmental sounds in the left angular gyrus (AG), and 3) both words and sounds in the lateral and medial prefrontal cortices (IFS/mPFC). From a cognitive perspective, these incongruency effects suggest that prior visual information influences the neural processes underlying speech and sound recognition at multiple levels, with the STS being involved in phonological, AG in semantic, and mPFC/IFS in higher conceptual processing. In terms of neural mechanisms, effective connectivity analyses (dynamic causal modeling) suggest that these incongruency effects may emerge via greater bottom-up effects from early auditory regions to intermediate multisensory integration areas (i.e., STS and AG). This is consistent with a predictive coding perspective on hierarchical Bayesian inference in the cortex where the domain of the prediction error (phonological vs. semantic) determines its regional expression (middle temporal gyrus/STS vs. AG/intraparietal sulcus). |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 598-609 |
Date | Mar 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhm091 |
ISSN | 1460-2199 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17617658 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:50:15 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17617658 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:50:15 2009 |
Modified | Fri Dec 28 18:59:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Wiggett |
Author | I.R.L. Davies |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 231 |
Date | Mar 2008 |
ISSN | 0090502X |
URL | http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/pqdweb?did=1477223291&Fmt=7&clientId=8424&RQT=309&VName=PQD |
Accessed | Sat Aug 2 09:34:17 2008 |
Library Catalog | ProQuest |
Date Added | Sat Aug 2 09:34:17 2008 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 15:09:13 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sung Ho Jang |
Author | Sang Ho Ahn |
Author | Woo Mok Byun |
Author | Chung Sun Kim |
Author | Mi Young Lee |
Author | Yong Hyun Kwon |
Abstract | OBJECTIVES We attempted to evaluate whether cortical activation resulting from hand movements is changed by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied on the primary motor cortex for the hand in the human brain, using functional MRI (fMRI). METHODS Fourteen normal subjects were recruited; subjects were randomly assigned to either the tDCS group (n=7) or the sham group (n=7). fMRI was performed with hand grasp-release movements at 1Hz before and after 20 min of intervention (the tDCS group: anodal tDCS, the sham group: sham stimulation). RESULTS The activation of the tDCS underlying primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) was significantly increased in the tDCS group (p<0.05). By contrast, the SM1 was significantly decreased in the sham group in terms of the voxel count and intensity (p<0.05). No subjects complained of any adverse symptoms or signs. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that anodal tDCS increased the cortical excitability of the underlying motor cortex in the human brain. It seems that tDCS is an effective modality to modulate brain function. |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 460 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 117-120 |
Date | Aug 28, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Neurosci. Lett. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.037 |
ISSN | 1872-7972 |
Short Title | The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on the cortical activation by motor task in the human brain |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450657 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 9 15:00:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19450657 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 9 15:00:40 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Bybee |
Author | J. Scheibman |
Abstract | In this paper we take the position that there are many degrees of constituency and that these derive in a direct manner from the frequency with which elements are used together. elements that are frequently found next to each other show a tighter constituent structure than those that collocate less frequently,. We use both phonological and functional evidence from conversation to argue that repetition conditions chunking (Haiman 1994), sometimes overriding the syntactic and semantic logic of the organization of utterances Our study examines the reduction of don't in American English conversation. We find that don't is reduced the most in the contexts in which it occurs the most, that is, after I and before certain verbs, such as know. While a generalized constituent structure may be an emergent property arising from many analogous utterances, specific combinations that are frequently used may diverge from the general pattern because frequency conditions autonomy in storage and renders internal analysis unnecessary. This phenomenon reveals the essential role of repetition in the creation of constituent structure: while semantic and pragmatic factors determine what occurs together in discourse, the actual repetition of stretches of talk triggers the chunking mechanism that binds them into constituents |
Publication | Linguistics |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 575-596 |
Date | 1999 |
URL | ISI:000083107100001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N.G. Hanawalt |
Author | I.H. Demarest |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 25 |
Pages | 159-174 |
Date | 1939 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Sakai |
Publication | Chemical Senses |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | Supplement 1 |
Pages | i244-i245 |
Date | 2005-01-01 |
DOI | 10.1093/chemse/bjh205 |
ISSN | 0379-864X, 1464-3553 |
URL | http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/30/suppl_1/i244.full#ref-3 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 15:40:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 15:40:06 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 15:40:06 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.R. Mayer |
Author | D.S. Kosson |
Abstract | In this experiment. a Stroop-like paradigm was used to investigate the ability to attend to visuospatial cues while ignoring distracting stimuli in the auditory or visual modality. In Part 1, the authors investigated whether linguistic cue words (i.e.. RIGHT, LEFT, DOWN, and UP) would induce endogenous shifts of attention to visual targets. In Part 2, a relevant distractor stimulus was introduced in a different modality from the endogenous cues to investigate effects of interference. Twenty-five right-handed students served as participants, Auditory and visual linguistic cues were effective in inducing shifts of visual attention when cues were presented alone. Furthermore. introducing a distractor stimulus decreased the efficacy of these cues differently depending on modality, suggesting that language processing and visuospatial attention may share neuronal resources. Implications for unimodal and supramodal mechanisms of selective attention and relevant neuronal networks are discussed |
Publication | Neuropsychology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 248-257 |
Date | April 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.M. Waldron |
Author | F.G. Ashby |
Abstract | Participants learned simple and complex category structures under typical single-task conditions and when performing a simultaneous numerical Stroop task. In the simple categorization tasks, each set of contrasting categories was separated by a unidimensional explicit rule, whereas the complex tasks required integrating information from three stimulus dimensions and resulted in implicit rules that were difficult to verbalize. The concurrent Stroop task dramatically impaired learning of the simple explicit rules, but did not significantly delay learning of the complex implicit rules. These results support the hypothesis that category learning is mediated by multiple learning systems |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 168-176 |
Date | March 2001 |
URL | ISI:000168351800019 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Kimberly MacLin |
Abstract | Previous research has found that providing a verbal description for a face impedes later recognition of that face. The current experiment evaluates how the type of information participants are asked to provide about the face affects later recognition. Participants provided attribute, exemplar or prototype information about a person they saw commit a videotaped crime. The verbal overshadowing effect was replicated for participants in the attribute condition. Exemplar participants reproduced this effect, while prototype participants performed nearly as well as controls. Theoretical and practical implications of the type of information witnesses are asked to provide are discussed. Copyright � 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
Publication | Applied Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 929-936 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1002/acp.923 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.923 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 14:28:46 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Wed May 6 14:28:46 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 14:28:46 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E. Munnich |
Author | B. Landau |
Contributor | D Gentner |
Contributor | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Book Title | Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 113-155 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 02:32:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Rauschenberger |
Author | H.Q. Chu |
Abstract | Rauschenberger and Yantis (2006) observed that an intersecting circle-line combination enjoyed significantly greater search efficiency when it was oriented to resemble a "Q" than when it was oriented so that the intersecting line was vertical (cf. Treisman & Souther, 1985). Although a control experiment made it unlikely that the obliqueness of the line was responsible for the observed benefit, there was no direct evidence that this benefit was attributable to the "Q-ness" of the stimulus. In the present study, a subset of Rauschenberger and Yantis's experiments was repeated with Chinese subjects, who had never been exposed to the Latin alphabet. For these subjects, there was no benefit for the "Q"-like stimulus, in contrast to the results of Rauschenberger and Yantis's study. These results show that a simple 45 degrees rotation of a stimulus can affect search efficiency significantly-but only when this rotation bestows meaning, or familiarity, to that stimulus |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 68 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 770-775 |
Date | July 2006 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Krascum |
Author | S. Andrews |
Abstract | Two experiments examined whether 4- to 5-year-olds' acquisition of family-resemblance categories (for fictitious animals) was benefited by giving them a theory that explained the behaviors of category members ("fighter" versus "hider") in terms of the relations between functional surface features. As gauged by immediate and 24-hour-delayed categorization tests, children who performed theory-guided learning were more successful at making feature/category associations than those who performed similarity-guided learning. The Theory group categorized individual attributes significantly better than children for whom features of the training examples were identified simply by pointing and naming (Features condition, Experiment 1) or who were taught unrelated functions for features such that they could not be united within any obvious causal schema (Features Description condition, Experiment 2). These results support claims that mere similarity is insufficient to support category acquisition (Murphy & Medin, 1985) and show that theories giving an explanation for the existence of correlated properties can assist children to learn the distribution of perceptual attributes across categories |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 333-346 |
Date | April 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael T Swanston |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 8 |
Pages | 635-646 |
Date | 1979 |
DOI | 10.1068/p080635 |
ISSN | 0301-0066, 1468-4233 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p080635 |
Accessed | Thu Sep 1 13:09:52 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 13:09:52 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 13:09:52 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gareth Roberts |
Author | Bruno Galantucci |
Abstract | The concept of duality of patterning (henceforth DP) has recently begun to undergo new scrutiny. In particular, the fact that Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL) does not appear to exhibit a layer of meaningless units (Sandler et al. 2011) casts doubt on the universality of DP as a defining feature of natural language. Why, then, do the vast majority of the world's languages exhibit DP? Two hypotheses have been suggested. The first is that DP is a necessary solution to the problem of conveying a large number of meanings; the second is that DP arises as a consequence of conventionalization. We tested these hypotheses in an experimental-semiotics study. Our results supported the hypothesis based on conventionalization but were inconclusive with regard to the hypothesis based on the number of meanings. At the same time, the task of measuring DP in an experimental-semiotics study presented interesting challenges, suggesting that the concept of DP may need some overhauling. |
Publication | Language & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 297-318 |
Date | November 12, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Language & Cognition |
ISSN | 18669808 |
Short Title | The emergence of duality of patterning |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 83469169 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | B. MacWhinney |
Contributor | D. Pecher |
Contributor | R.A. Zwaan |
Book Title | The Grounding of Cognition: The Role of Perception and Action in Memory, Language, and Thinking |
Place | Mahwah, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 17 00:22:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Chen Yu |
Abstract | Language is about symbols, and those symbols must be grounded in the physical world. Children learn to associate language with sensorimotor experiences during their development. In light of this, we first provide a computational account of how words are mapped to their perceptually grounded meanings. Moreover, the main part of this work proposes and implements a computational model of how word learning influences the formation of object categories to which those words refer. This model simulates the bi-directional relationship between word and object category learning: (1) object categorization provides mental representations of meanings that are mapped to words to form lexical items; (2) linguistic labels help object categorization by providing additional teaching signals; and (3) these two learning processes interplay with each other and form a developmental feedback loop. Compared with the method that performs these two tasks separately, our model shows promising improvements in both word-to-world mapping and perceptual categorization, suggesting a unified view of lexical and category learning in an integrative framework. Most importantly, this work provides a cognitively plausible explanation of the mechanistic nature of early word learning and object learning from co-occurring multisensory data. |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 381-397 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1080/09540090500281554 |
Short Title | The emergence of links between lexical acquisition and object categorization |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/tandf/ccos/2005/00000017/F0020003/art00012 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 17 07:21:34 2008 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Thu Jul 17 07:21:34 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 17 07:22:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alice M Proverbio |
Author | Marzia Del Zotto |
Author | Alberto Zani |
Publication | BMC Neuroscience |
Volume | 8 |
Pages | 24-24 |
Journal Abbr | BMC Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1186/1471-2202-8-24 |
Short Title | The emergence of semantic categorization in early visual processing |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 17411424 PMCID: 1852317 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 22:44:58 2010 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 22:44:58 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Géza Gergely Ambrus |
Author | Márta Zimmer |
Author | Zsigmond Tamás Kincses |
Author | Irén Harza |
Author | Gyula Kovács |
Author | W Paulus |
Author | Andrea Antal |
Abstract | <p><br/>The present study investigated the effects of transcranial weak electrical stimulation techniques applied to the right and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on categorization learning measured using a variant of the prototype distortion task.<br/>During the training phase of this task subjects saw low- and high distortions of a prototype dot-pattern. 60 participants received 10 min of either anodal or cathodal transcranial direct current (tDCS), transcranial random noise (tRNS) or sham stimulation before and during the training. We have assessed the effects of the intervention during a test phase, where the subjects had to decide whether the consecutive high- and low-distortion versions of the prototype or random patterns that were presented belonged to the category established in the training phase.<br/>Our results show that the categorization of prototypes is significantly impaired by the application of anodal tDCS and tRNS to the DLPFC. The prototype-effect, observable in the case of the sham stimulation group, was severed in all active stimulation conditions.</p> |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1974-1980 |
Date | June 2011 |
DOI | 16/j.neuropsychologia.2011.03.026 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393211001710 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 20 16:03:09 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jun 20 16:03:09 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jun 22 13:44:34 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniele Schön |
Author | Sølvi Ystad |
Author | Richard Kronland-Martinet |
Author | Mireille Besson |
Abstract | Two experiments were conducted to examine the conceptual relation between words and nonmeaningful sounds. In order to reduce the role of linguistic mediation, sounds were recorded in such a way that it was highly unlikely to identify the source that produced them. Related and unrelated sound–word pairs were presented in Experiment 1 and the order of presentation was reversed in Experiment 2 (word–sound). Results showed that, in both experiments, participants were sensitive to the conceptual relation between the two items. They were able to correctly categorize items as related or unrelated with good accuracy. Moreover, a relatedness effect developed in the event-related brain potentials between 250 and 600 msec, although with a slightly different scalp topography for word and sound targets. Results are discussed in terms of similar conceptual processing networks and we propose a tentative model of the semiotics of sounds. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Pages | 1-11 |
Date | 2010 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2009.21302 |
Short Title | The Evocative Power of Sounds |
URL | http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/jocn.2009.21302 |
Accessed | Thu Oct 29 13:03:36 2009 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Thu Oct 29 13:03:36 2009 |
Modified | Sat Feb 20 13:58:26 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | A major part of learning a language is learning to map spoken words onto objects in the environment. An open question is what are the consequences of this learning for cognition and perception? Here, we present a series of experiments that examine effects of verbal labels on the activation of conceptual information as measured through picture verification tasks. We find that verbal cues, such as the word "cat," lead to faster and more accurate verification of congruent objects and rejection of incongruent objects than do either nonverbal cues, such as the sound of a cat meowing, or words that do not directly refer to the object, such as the word "meowing." This label advantage does not arise from verbal labels being more familiar or easier to process than other cues, and it does extends to newly learned labels and sounds. Despite having equivalent facility in learning associations between novel objects and labels or sounds, conceptual information is activated more effectively through verbal means than through nonverbal means. Thus, rather than simply accessing nonverbal concepts, language activates aspects of a conceptual representation in a particularly effective way. We offer preliminary support that representations activated via verbal means are more categorical and show greater consistency between subjects. These results inform the understanding of how human cognition is shaped by language and hint at effects that different patterns of naming can have on conceptual structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 141 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 170-186 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
DOI | 10.1037/a0024904 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 14:25:39 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 01:43:24 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Editor | S. Ohlsson |
Editor | R. Catrambone |
Book Title | Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Austin, TX |
Publisher | Cognitive Science Society |
Date | 2010 |
Pages | 883-888 |
Date Added | Thu May 27 11:30:47 2010 |
Modified | Thu Aug 26 23:19:06 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. L. Bybee |
Author | R. D. Perkins |
Author | W. Pagliuca |
Publisher | University Of Chicago Press |
Date | 1994 |
Short Title | The Evolution of Grammar |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | David C. Krakauer |
Abstract | The emergence of language was a defining moment in the evolution of modern humans. It was an innovation that changed radically the character of human society. Here, we provide an approach to language evolution based on evolutionary game theory. We explore the ways in which protolanguages can evolve in a nonlinguistic society and how specific signals can become associated with specific objects. We assume that early in the evolution of language, errors in signaling and perception would be common. We model the probability of misunderstanding a signal and show that this limits the number of objects that can be described by a protolanguage. This “error limit” is not overcome by employing more sounds but by combining a small set of more easily distinguishable sounds into words. The process of “word formation” enables a language to encode an essentially unlimited number of objects. Next, we analyze how words can be combined into sentences and specify the conditions for the evolution of very simple grammatical rules. We argue that grammar originated as a simplified rule system that evolved by natural selection to reduce mistakes in communication. Our theory provides a systematic approach for thinking about the origin and evolution of human language. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 8028-8033 |
Date | 07/06/1999 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8028 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/96/14/8028 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:25:47 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Extra | PMID: 10393942 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin A. Nowak |
Author | David C. Krakauer |
Abstract | The emergence of language was a defining moment in the evolution of modern humans. It was an innovation that changed radically the character of human society. Here, we provide an approach to language evolution based on evolutionary game theory. We explore the ways in which protolanguages can evolve in a nonlinguistic society and how specific signals can become associated with specific objects. We assume that early in the evolution of language, errors in signaling and perception would be common. We model the probability of misunderstanding a signal and show that this limits the number of objects that can be described by a protolanguage. This “error limit” is not overcome by employing more sounds but by combining a small set of more easily distinguishable sounds into words. The process of “word formation” enables a language to encode an essentially unlimited number of objects. Next, we analyze how words can be combined into sentences and specify the conditions for the evolution of very simple grammatical rules. We argue that grammar originated as a simplified rule system that evolved by natural selection to reduce mistakes in communication. Our theory provides a systematic approach for thinking about the origin and evolution of human language. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 8028-8033 |
Date | 07/06/1999 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8028 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/96/14/8028 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 13:25:47 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Extra | PMID: 10393942 |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | W. Tecumseh Fitch |
Edition | 1 |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2010-05-17 |
# of Pages | 622 |
ISBN | 052167736X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:18:18 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:18:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joanna Masel |
Author | Aviv Bergman |
Abstract | Abstract.— Saccharomyces cerevisiae's ability to form the prion [PSI+] may increase the rate of evolvability, defined as the rate of appearance of heritable and potentially adaptive phenotypic variants. The increase in evolvability occurs when the appearance of the prion causes read-through translation and reveals hidden variation in untranslated regions. Eventually the portion of the phenotypic variation that is adaptive loses its dependence on the revealing mechanism. The mechanism is reversible, so the restoration of normal translation termination conceals the revealed deleterious variation, leaving the yeast without a permanent handicap. Given that the ability to form [PSI+] is known to be fixed and conserved in yeast, we construct a mathematical model to calculate whether this ability is more likely to have become fixed due to chance alone or due to its evolvability characteristics. We find that evolvability is a more likely explanation, as long as environmental change makes partial read-through of stop codons adaptive at a frequency of at least once every million years. |
Publication | Evolution |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1498–1512 |
Date | 2003 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00358.x |
ISSN | 1558-5646 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00358.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:40:13 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joanna Masel |
Author | Aviv Bergman |
Abstract | Abstract.— Saccharomyces cerevisiae's ability to form the prion [PSI+] may increase the rate of evolvability, defined as the rate of appearance of heritable and potentially adaptive phenotypic variants. The increase in evolvability occurs when the appearance of the prion causes read-through translation and reveals hidden variation in untranslated regions. Eventually the portion of the phenotypic variation that is adaptive loses its dependence on the revealing mechanism. The mechanism is reversible, so the restoration of normal translation termination conceals the revealed deleterious variation, leaving the yeast without a permanent handicap. Given that the ability to form [PSI+] is known to be fixed and conserved in yeast, we construct a mathematical model to calculate whether this ability is more likely to have become fixed due to chance alone or due to its evolvability characteristics. We find that evolvability is a more likely explanation, as long as environmental change makes partial read-through of stop codons adaptive at a frequency of at least once every million years. |
Publication | Evolution |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1498–1512 |
Date | 2003 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00358.x |
ISSN | 1558-5646 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00358.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:40:13 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.K. Friesen |
Author | A. Kingstone |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 5 |
Pages | 490-495 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 17:11:08 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 17:12:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicolas Fay |
Author | Simon Garrod |
Author | Leo Roberts |
Abstract | This paper assesses whether human communication systems undergo the same progressive adaptation seen in animal communication systems and concrete artefacts. Four experiments compared the fitness of ad hoc sign systems created under different conditions when participants play a graphical communication task. Experiment 1 demonstrated that when participants are organized into interacting communities, a series of signs evolve that enhance individual learning and promote efficient decoding. No such benefits are found for signs that result from the local interactions of isolated pairs of interlocutors. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that the decoding benefits associated with community evolved signs cannot be attributed to superior sign encoding or detection. Experiment 4 revealed that naive overseers were better able to identify the meaning of community evolved signs when compared with isolated pair developed signs. Hence, the decoding benefits for community evolved signs arise from their greater residual iconicity. We argue that community evolved sign systems undergo a process of communicative selection and adaptation that promotes optimized sign systems. This results from the interplay between sign diversity and a global alignment constraint; pairwise interaction introduces a range of competing signs and the need to globally align on a single sign-meaning mapping for each referent applies selection pressure. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 363 |
Issue | 1509 |
Pages | 3553 -3561 |
Date | November 12 , 2008 |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.2008.0130 |
URL | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1509/3553.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 31 23:49:56 2012 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 23:49:56 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 23:49:56 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Miller |
Abstract | When subjects must respond to a relevant center letter and ignore irrelevant flanking letters, the identities of the flankers produce a response compatibility effect, indicating that they are processed semantically at least to some extent. Because this effect decreases as the separation between target and flankers increases, the effect appears to result from imperfect early selection (attenuation). In the present experiments, several features of the focused attention paradigm were examined, in order to determine whether they might produce the flanker compatibility effect by interfering with the operation of an early selective mechanism. Specifically, the effect might be produced because the paradigm requires subjects to (1) attend exclusively to stimuli within a very small visual angle, (2) maintain a long-term attentional focus on a constant display location, (3) focus attention on an empty display location, (4) exclude onset-transient flankers from semantic processing, or (5) ignore some of the few stimuli in an impoverished visual field. The results indicate that none of these task features is required for semantic processing of unattended stimuli to occur. In fact, visual angle is the only one of the task features that clearly has a strong influence on the size of the flanker compatibility effect. The invariance of the flanker compatibility effect across these conditions suggests that the mechanism for early selection rarely, if ever, completely excludes unattended stimuli from semantic analysis. In addition, it shows that selective mechanisms are relatively insensitive to several factors that might be expected to influence them, thereby supporting the view that spatial separation has a special status for visual selective attention. |
Publication | Perception & psychophysics |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 270-288 |
Date | Mar 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Percept Psychophys |
Language | eng |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
Short Title | The flanker compatibility effect as a function of visual angle, attentional focus, visual transients, and perceptual load |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2011464 |
Date Added | Sun Apr 21 16:00:28 2013 |
Modified | Sun Apr 21 16:00:28 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Charles W. Eriksen |
Abstract | Abstract Research has shown that the reaction-time interference produced by the flankers task arises, at least in large part, from the incipient activation of competing responses. The response competition paradigm has made valuable contributions to evaluating continuous flow versus discrete stage models of information processing as well as understanding cortical evoked potentials. The paradigm has been used to map the visual attentional field as a function of task demands and has also been found useful in the study of memory. It offers promise in studies of cognitive categorization and has provided insights into the “fast same effect” on same-different judgements on comparison tasks. It is currently being applied to the study of disjunctive comparisons. |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 101-118 |
Date | 1995 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506289508401726 |
ISSN | 1350-6285 |
Short Title | The flankers task and response competition |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13506289508401726 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 21 16:02:00 2013 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Sun Apr 21 16:02:00 2013 |
Modified | Sun Apr 21 16:02:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.D. Vernon |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 180-192 |
Date | 1955 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nancy Kanwisher |
Author | Galit Yovel |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 361 |
Issue | 1476 |
Pages | 2109–2128 |
Date | 2006 December 29 |
Journal Abbr | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.2006.1934 |
Short Title | The fusiform face area |
URL | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1857737 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 3 20:45:10 2009 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMCID: PMC1857737 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 3 20:45:10 2009 |
Modified | Sat Oct 3 20:45:10 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin H Fischer |
Abstract | The present report by Wood et al. (2006, this issue) invites us to reconsider what we should believe about the cognitive representation of numbers. Researchers interested in numerical cognition have quickly embraced the idea that systematic spatial performance biases in number-related tasks must reflect an inherent spatial attribute of the underlying cognitive representation of numbers. The association between numbers and space (SNARC--spatial numerical association of response codes--effect) has effectively been used to augment the "mental number line" metaphor. Here I discuss the possibility that the SNARC effect is merely an instance of strategic problem solving. |
Publication | Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1066-1068; discussion 1119-1123 |
Date | Nov 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
ISSN | 0010-9452 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17209412 |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 15:09:35 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Chater |
Author | P.M.B. Vitanyi |
Abstract | It has been argued by Shepard that there is a robust psychological law that relates the distance between a pair of items in psychological space and the probability that they will be perceived as similar. Specifically, this probability is a negative exponential function of the distance between the pair of items. In experimental contexts, distance is typically defined in terms of a multidimensional space-but this assumption seems unlikely to hold for complex stimuli. We show that, nonetheless, the Universal Law of Generalization can be derived in the more complex setting of arbitrary stimuli, using a much more universal measure of distance. This universal distance is defined as the length of the shortest program that transforms the representations of the two items of interest into one another: The algorithmic information distance. It is universal in the sense that it minorizes every computable distance: It is the smallest computable distance. We show that the Universal Law of Generalization holds with probability going to one-provided the probabilities concerned are computable. We also give a mathematically more appealing form of the Universal Law. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Mathematical Psychology |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 346-369 |
Date | June 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183790900009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Bernd Heine |
Author | Tania Kuteva |
Place | Oxford |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2007 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Apr 3 09:45:13 2009 |
Modified | Fri Apr 3 09:46:29 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publication | American Mercury |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 149-155 |
Date | 1924 |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 14:41:30 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 14:42:47 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Geoffrey K. Pullum |
Publication | Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 275-281 |
Date | May 01, 1989 |
DOI | 10.1007/BF00138079 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138079 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 7 11:36:24 2009 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Jul 7 11:36:24 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jul 7 11:37:53 2009 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sat Nov 15 09:51:53 2008 |
Modified | Sat Nov 15 09:56:56 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:04 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:04 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Ö Dahl |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2004 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D E Broadbent |
Publication | The American Psychologist |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 109-18 |
Date | Feb 1977 |
DOI | 835877 |
ISSN | 0003-066X |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 835877 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:04:31 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | T. Regier |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Fri Jul 8 16:27:37 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ariel Zylberberg |
Author | Stanislas Dehaene |
Author | Pieter R Roelfsema |
Author | Mariano Sigman |
Abstract | In recent years much has been learned about how a single computational processing step is implemented in the brain. By contrast, we still have surprisingly little knowledge of the neuronal mechanisms by which multiple such operations are sequentially assembled into mental algorithms. We outline a theory of how individual neural processing steps might be combined into serial programs. We propose a hybrid neuronal device: each step involves massively parallel computation that feeds a slow and serial production system. Production selection is mediated by a system of competing accumulator neurons that extends the role of these neurons beyond the selection of a motor action. Productions change the state of sensory and mnemonic neurons and iteration of such cycles provides a basis for mental programs. |
Publication | Trends in cognitive sciences |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 293-300 |
Date | Jul 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.007 |
ISSN | 1879-307X |
Short Title | The human Turing machine |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21696998 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 19:58:03 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 19:58:03 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.F. Kay |
Author | M. Cartmill |
Author | M. Balow |
Abstract | The mammalian hypoglossal canal transmits the nerve that supplies the muscles of the tongue, This canal is absolutely and relatively larger in modern humans than it is in the African apes (Pan and Gorilla). We hypothesize that the human tongue is supplied more richly with motor nerves than are those of living apes and propose that canal size in fossil hominids may provide an indication about the motor coordination of the tongue and reflect the evolution of speech and language. Canals of gracile Australopithecus, and possibly Homo habilis, fall within the range of extant Pan and are significantly smaller than those of modern Homo, The canals of Neanderthals and an early "modern" Homo sapiens (Skhul 5), as well as of African and European middle Pleistocene Home (Kabwe and Swanscombe), fall within the range of extant Home and are significantly larger than those of Pan troglodytes, These anatomical findings suggest that the vocal capabilities of Neanderthals were the same as those of humans today. Furthermore, the vocal abilities of Australopithecus were not advanced significantly over those of chimpanzees whereas those of Home may have been essentially modern by at least 400,000 years ago. Thus, human vocal abilities may have appeared much earlier in time than the first archaeological evidence for symbolic behavior |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 5417-5419 |
Date | April 28, 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
URL | ISI:000073415700114 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | T. Bergmann |
Author | R.A. Dale |
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2013 |
Proceedings Title | Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. |
Date Added | Wed May 29 13:51:41 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 13:52:23 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alexander James Kirkham |
Author | Julian Michael Breeze |
Author | Paloma Marί-Beffa |
Abstract | It is common to use verbal instructions when performing complex tasks. To evaluate how such instructions contribute to cognitive control, mixing costs (as a measure of sustained concentration on task) were evaluated in two task-switching experiments combining the list and alternating runs paradigms. Participants responded to bivalent stimuli according to a characteristic explicitly defined by a visually presented instructional cue. The processing of the cue was conducted under four conditions across the two experiments: Silent Reading, Reading Aloud, Articulatory Suppression, and dual mode (visual and audio) presentation. The type of cue processing produced a substantial impact on the mixing costs, where its magnitude was greatest with articulatory suppression and minimal with reading aloud and dual mode presentations. Interestingly, silently reading the cue only provided medium levels of mixing cost. The experiments demonstrate that relevant verbal instructions boost sustained concentration on task goals when maintaining multiple tasks. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 139 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 212-219 |
Date | January 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.09.016 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691811001867 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 18 16:10:28 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Apr 18 16:10:28 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Short Title | The importance of memory and executive function in aphasia |
URL | https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:65679 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 18:28:08 2012 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 18:28:08 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 18:28:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. Klabans |
Publication | Language |
Volume | 61 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 95-120 |
Date | 1985 |
ISSN | 0097-8507 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=15&SID=4FGd@CFi7G@c83fJhP5&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 21 10:53:19 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Mon Jul 21 10:53:19 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 21 10:53:54 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J Udden |
Author | V Folia |
Author | C Forkstam |
Author | M Ingvar |
Author | G Fernandez |
Author | S Overeem |
Author | G Vanelswijk |
Author | P Hagoort |
Author | K Petersson |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1224 |
Pages | 69-78 |
Date | 08/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Research |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.070 |
ISSN | 00068993 |
Short Title | The inferior frontal cortex in artificial syntax processing |
URL | http://www.mpi.nl/publications/escidoc-60817/@@popup |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 10:36:42 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 10:36:42 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 24 10:36:42 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | P. Faglioni |
Author | M Savoiardo |
Author | L.A. Vignolo |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 399-420 |
Date | 1966 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Gauthier |
Author | T.W. James |
Author | K.M. Curby |
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Abstract | Does conceptual knowledge about objects influence their perceptual processing? There is some evidence for interactions between semantic and visual knowledge in tasks requiring both long-term memory and lexical access. Here we assessed whether similar perceptual/semantic interactions arise during sequential visual matching, a task that does not require access to semantic information. Matching of two-dimensional or three-dimensional novel objects was facilitated when the objects were associated with arbitrarily assigned distinctive artificial semantic concepts as compared to similar semantic concepts. In contrast to prior demonstrations, this effect was obtained in a task that did not require naming objects, and was not affected by participants rehearsing consonant strings, suggesting a direct influence from semantic associations on visual object recognition |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3-6 |
Pages | 507-523 |
Date | May 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Neuropsychol. |
URL | ISI:000184129000013 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.L. Fulkerson |
Author | R.A. Haaf |
Abstract | This experiment examines the joint influence of auditory and social cues on infants' basic-level and global categorization. Nine- and fifteen-month-olds were familiarized to a series of category exemplars in an object-examining task. Objects were introduced with a labeling phrase, a non-labeling sound, or no sound, and auditory input was presented orally by the experimenter or played on a hidden voice recorder. Novel objects from the familiarized category and a contrasting category were then presented. Results of analyses performed on novelty preference scores indicated that infants demonstrated basic-level categorization in all conditions. However, infants at both age levels only demonstrated global categorization when labeling phrases were introduced. In addition, labels led to global categorization in 9-month-olds regardless of the source of those labels; however, labels only led to global categorization in 15-month-olds when the labels were presented orally by the experimenter |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 349-369 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.M. Hale |
Author | H. Tager-Flusberg |
Abstract | This study investigated the role of language in the development of theory of mind. It was hypothesized that the acquisition of the syntactic and semantic properties of sentential complements would facilitate the development of a representational theory of mind. Sixty preschoolers who failed false belief and sentential complement pretests were randomly assigned to training on false belief, sentential complements or relative clauses (as a control group). All the children were post-tested on a set of different theory of mind tasks, sentential complements and relative clauses. The main findings were that the group trained on sentential complements not only acquired the linguistic knowledge fostered by the training, but also significantly increased their scores on a range of theory of mind tasks. In contrast, false belief training only led to improved theory of mind scores but had no influence on language. The control group, trained on relative clauses, showed no improvement on theory of mind post-tests. These findings are taken as evidence that the acquisition of sentential complements contributes to the development of theory of mind in preschoolers |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 346-359 |
Date | June 2003 |
URL | ISI:000183169500015 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Leone |
Author | M.C. Taine |
Author | J. Droulez |
Abstract | We evaluated the influence of long-term practice on the performance of a mental rotation task in which subjects judged whether two 3-D objects presented in different orientations were identical. Stimuli and experimental conditions were analogous to those used by Shepard and Metzler. Sixteen subjects were selected, to test the influence of aptitude for mental imagery on this learning process. Subjects participed in 12 to 15 sessions over 6 weeks. Two catalogues of different stimuli were alternatively used during three (or six) consecutive sessions to determine the influence of complexity and familiarity of figures. For all subjects, the inverse of the velocity of mental rotation along the sessions was adequately fitted by a decreasing exponential curve. However, evidence for mental rotation did not disappear, even after 15 sessions. Asymptotic variations can be attributed to differences in stimuli as well as imaging skills of subjects. Our results lead to a new interpretation of the mental rotation process |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 241-255 |
Date | December 1993 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Holger Mitterer |
Author | Jorn M. Horschig |
Author | Jochen Musseler |
Author | A. Majid |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1557-1562 |
Date | November 00, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
ISSN | ISSN-0278-7393 |
Short Title | The Influence of Memory on Perception |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Thu Feb 11 14:33:04 2010 |
Modified | Wed Mar 9 12:43:16 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Po-Han Lin |
Author | Steven J. Luck |
Publication | Visual cognition |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 356–372 |
Date | 2009 April |
Journal Abbr | Vis cogn. |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280701766313 |
URL | http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2678681 |
Accessed | Thu May 21 15:20:46 2009 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMC2678681 |
Date Added | Thu May 21 15:20:46 2009 |
Modified | Thu May 21 15:20:46 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Kitagami |
Author | W. Sato |
Author | S. Yoshikawa |
Abstract | The verbal overshadowing effect is the phenomenon in which describing a previously seen face impairs its recognition (Schooler and Engstler-Schooler, 1990). The primary purpose of this research was to investigate how the similarity between a target and distractors influences verbal overshadowing. In order to manipulate test-set similarity, we blended the faces of different people by using morphing techniques. As a result, verbal overshadowing was found when test-set similarity was relatively high, while the effect was not evident when there was a lesser degree of similarity. The results suggest that replicating the emergence of the verbal overshadowing effect depends on test-set similarity. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd |
Publication | Applied Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 963-972 |
Date | December 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. De Renzi |
Author | H. Spinnler |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 322-336 |
Date | 1966 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R S Herz |
Author | J von Clef |
Abstract | Using the definition that an illusion is observed when a stimulus is invariant but context alters its perception, we examined whether verbal context could produce olfactory illusions. To test this effect, we chose five odors with minimally fixed sources and that could be interpreted with various hedonic connotations. The odors were violet leaf, patchouli, pine oil, menthol, and a 1:1 mixture of isovaleric and butyric acids. Subjects individually sniffed each odor at two different sessions separated by one week. At each session an odor was given a different verbal label (either positive or negative) and subjects rated the odors on several hedonic scales and provided perceptual and interpretative responses to them. Results showed that the perception of an odor could be significantly influenced by the label provided for it. We propose that the cases where verbal labels inverted odor perception are the first empirical demonstrations of olfactory illusions. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 381-391 |
Date | 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Perception |
ISSN | 0301-0066 |
Short Title | The influence of verbal labeling on the perception of odors |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11374206 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:57:48 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11374206 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:57:48 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Author | Graham M. Davies |
Date | 1971 |
Short Title | The Influence of Verbal Labelling on the Retention of Picture Stimuli |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ070235 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 15:57:09 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 15:57:09 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 15:57:09 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.J. Knowlton |
Author | L.R. Squire |
Abstract | In an artificial grammar learning task, amnesic patients classified test items as well as normal subjects did. Item similarity did not affect grammaticality judgments when similar and nonsimilar test items were balanced for the frequency with which bigrams and trigrams (chunks) that appeared in the training set also appeared in the test items. Amnesic patients performed like normal subjects. The results suggest that concrete information about letter chunks can influence grammaticality judgments and that this information is acquired implicitly. The similarity of whole test items to training items does not appear to affect grammaticality judgments |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 79-91 |
Date | January 1994 |
URL | ISI:A1994MV66300005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Sperling |
Publication | Psychological Monographs |
Volume | 74 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1-29 |
Date | 1960 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ulrich Ansorge |
Author | Monika Kiss |
Author | Franziska Worschech |
Author | Martin Eimer |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 113-122 |
Date | 11/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Atten Percept Psychophys |
DOI | 10.3758/s13414-010-0008-3 |
ISSN | 1943-3921 |
Short Title | The initial stage of visual selection is controlled by top-down task set |
URL | https://springerlink3-metapress-com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/r34848217278p054/resource-secured/?target=fulltext.pdf&sid=mcp2iinzjtzmfuzmvzk2ed3g&sh=www.springerlink.com |
Accessed | Wed Feb 2 17:24:10 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Feb 2 17:24:10 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 2 17:24:10 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | L.W. Barsalou |
Editor | U. Neisser |
Book Title | Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization |
Place | Cambridge |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1987 |
Pages | 101-140 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 8 23:21:32 2011 |
Modified | Tue Feb 8 23:23:02 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Gregory |
Place | New York |
Publisher | McGraw-Hill |
Date | 1970 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 2 00:49:09 2011 |
Modified | Fri Sep 2 00:49:45 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fiona N. Newell |
Author | Dianne M. Sheppard |
Author | Shimon Edelman |
Author | Kimron L. Shapiro |
Abstract | The relationship between part shape and location is not well elucidated in current theories of object recognition. Here we investigated the role of shape and location of object parts on recognition, using a classification priming paradigm with novel 3D objects. In Experiment 1, the relative displacement of two parts comprising the prime gradually reduced the priming effect. In Experiment 2, presenting single-part primes in locations progressively different from those in the composite target had no effect on priming. In Experiment 3, manipulating the relative position of composite prime and target strongly affected priming. Finally, in Experiment 4 the relative displacement of single-part primes and composite targets did influence response time. Together, these findings are best interpreted in terms of a hybrid theory, according to which conjunctions of shape and location are explicitly represented at some stage of visual object processing. Keywords: Form; Object categorisation; Priming; “What” and “Where” |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 16 |
Pages | 2065-2080 |
Date | July 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.visres.2005.02.021 |
Short Title | The interaction of shape- and location-based priming in object categorisation |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0W-4FXNRCK-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3e3b8a8f1b0da72d0876e7a56a12f6b1 |
Accessed | Thu Aug 7 12:15:15 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Aug 7 12:15:15 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 7 12:15:15 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicolas Fay |
Author | Simon Garrod |
Author | Leo Roberts |
Author | Nik Swoboda |
Abstract | This paper compares two explanations of the process by which human communication systems evolve: iterated learning and social collaboration. It then reports an experiment testing the social collaboration account. Participants engaged in a graphical communication task either as a member of a community, where they interacted with seven different partners drawn from the same pool, or as a member of an isolated pair, where they interacted with the same partner across the same number of games. Participants’ horizontal, pair-wise interactions led “bottom up” to the creation of an effective and efficient shared sign system in the community condition. Furthermore, the community-evolved sign systems were as effective and efficient as the local sign systems developed by isolated pairs. Finally, and as predicted by a social collaboration account, and not by an iterated learning account, interaction was critical to the creation of shared sign systems, with different isolated pairs establishing different local sign systems and different communities establishing different global sign systems. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 351-386 |
Date | 2010/04/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01090.x |
ISSN | 1551-6709 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01090.x/abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jan 31 23:51:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Tue Jan 31 23:51:30 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 23:51:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicolas Fay |
Author | Simon Garrod |
Author | Leo Roberts |
Author | Nik Swoboda |
Abstract | This paper compares two explanations of the process by which human communication systems evolve: iterated learning and social collaboration. It then reports an experiment testing the social collaboration account. Participants engaged in a graphical communication task either as a member of a community, where they interacted with seven different partners drawn from the same pool, or as a member of an isolated pair, where they interacted with the same partner across the same number of games. Participants’ horizontal, pair-wise interactions led “bottom up” to the creation of an effective and efficient shared sign system in the community condition. Furthermore, the community-evolved sign systems were as effective and efficient as the local sign systems developed by isolated pairs. Finally, and as predicted by a social collaboration account, and not by an iterated learning account, interaction was critical to the creation of shared sign systems, with different isolated pairs establishing different local sign systems and different communities establishing different global sign systems. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 351–386 |
Date | 2010 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01090.x |
ISSN | 1551-6709 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01090.x/abstract |
Accessed | Sat Dec 15 17:44:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | Copyright © 2010 Cognitive Science Society, Inc |
Date Added | Sat Dec 15 17:44:08 2012 |
Modified | Sat Dec 15 17:44:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Dell'Acqua |
Author | F. Pesciarelli |
Author | P. Jolicoeur |
Author | M. Eimer |
Author | F. Peressotti |
Abstract | A test of the possible functional interaction between mechanisms subserving spatial attention and lexical access was devised by displaying one green and one red string of letters, one to the left and one to the right of fixation, and having participants attend to a target string defined by color while ignoring the other distractor string. The target string for a delayed lexical decision task could be a word or a nonword. The distractor was always a word. When the target was a word, target and distractor were associatively related on half of the trials and not related in the other trials. The event-related potential time-locked to the onset of the letter strings produced an N2pc (a greater negativity at scalp sites contralateral to the target relative to the ipsilateral sites arising at about 170 ms poststimulus). N2pc amplitude was reduced when the words were related relative to when they were not related. The results provide direct, online evidence that the rapid activation of meaning by visual words can influence the efficiency of the deployment of spatial attention |
Publication | Psychophysiology |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 436-443 |
Date | May 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Psychophysiol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jens Gisselgard |
Author | Karl Magnus Petersson |
Author | Alan Baddeley |
Author | Martin Ingvar |
Abstract | Positron emission tomography (PET) was performed in normal volunteers during a serial recall task under the influence of irrelevant speech comprising both single item repetition and multi-item sequences. An interaction approach was used to identify brain areas specifically related to the irrelevant speech effect. We interpreted activations as compensatory recruitment of complementary working memory processing, and decreased activity in terms of suppression of task relevant areas invoked by the irrelevant speech. The interaction between the distractors and working memory revealed a significant effect in the left, and to a lesser extent in the right, superior temporal region, indicating that initial phonological processing was relatively suppressed. Additional areas of decreased activity were observed in an a priori defined cortical network related to verbal working memory, incorporating the bilateral superior temporal and inferior/middle frontal cortices extending into Broca’s area on the left. We also observed a weak activation in the left inferior parietal cortex, a region suggested to reflect the phonological store, the subcomponent where the interference is assumed to take place. The results suggest that the irrelevant speech effect is correlated with and thus tentatively may be explained in terms of a suppression of components of the verbal working memory network as outlined. The results can be interpreted in terms of inhibitory top–down attentional mechanisms attenuating the influence of the irrelevant speech, although additional studies are clearly necessary to more fully characterize the nature of this phenomenon and its theoretical implications for existing short-term memory models. Author Keywords: Working memory; Short-term memory; Attentional modulation; Functional imaging Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-24-3610658/+46-8-51772039/+46-70-5745798 (mobile); fax: +31-24-3610652/+46-8-344146. *1 An abstract of this paper has been previously published at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, 2–6 June 2002, Sendai, Japan. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 14 |
Pages | 1899-1911 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0028-3932(03)00122-2 |
Short Title | The irrelevant speech effect |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T0D-49201YM-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a3875087b86afe619a7ea439a876efb |
Accessed | Fri May 8 13:52:53 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri May 8 13:52:53 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 20 11:35:07 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | W. Bright |
Publisher | University of California Press |
Date | 1957 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. R. Weighall |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 75-95 |
Date | 2008 |
Short Title | The kindergarten path effect revisited |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H B Barlow |
Abstract | Knowledge is often thought to be something brought from outside to act upon the visual messages received from the eye in a 'top-down' fashion, but this is a misleadingly narrow view. First, the visual system is a multilevel heterarchy with connections acting in all directions so it has no 'top'; and second, knowledge is provided through innately determined structure and by analysis of the redundancy in sensory messages themselves, as well as from outside. This paper gives evidence about mechanisms analysing sensory redundancy in biological vision. Automatic gain controls for luminance and contrast depend upon feedback from the input, and there are strong indications that the autocorrelation function, and other associations between input variables, affect the contrast sensitivity function and our subjective experience of the world. The associative structure of sensory message can provide much knowledge about the world we live in, and neural mechanisms that discount established associative structure in the input messages by recoding them can improve survival by making new structure more easily detectable. These mechanisms may be responsible for illusions, such as those produced by a concave face-mask, that are classically attributed to top-down influences. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 352 |
Issue | 1358 |
Pages | 1141-1147 |
Date | 1997-8-29 |
Journal Abbr | Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
ISSN | 0962-8436 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 9304681 PMCID: PMC1692015 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 10:03:18 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 10:03:18 2012 |
Type | Thesis |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
University | PhD. Thesis. Carnegie Mellon University |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V. Marian |
Author | H. Blumenfeld |
Author | M. Kaushanskaya |
Publication | Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1-28 |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | S. Pinker |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Harper Collins |
Date | 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 02:29:27 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Fodor |
Edition | 1 |
Place | Cambride, MA |
Publisher | Harvard University Press |
Date | 1975 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Aug 5 16:53:41 2011 |
Modified | Tue Feb 19 18:50:21 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | R. M. W. Dixon |
Abstract | Described by Ken Hale as 'nothing less than a masterpiece' and by P. H. Matthews as 'absolutely clear, astonishingly complete, factually fascinating', The Languages of Australia (first published in 1980 and now reissued) was a landmark in Australian linguistics. This pioneering work of synthesis covered more than two hundred Aboriginal languages, and stimulated the next generation of scholarship in the field. The author's subsequent search for an overarching theoretical model to explain the unusual properties of Australian languages finally led him to adopt a 'punctuated equilibrium' model of language development. Dixon proposed this in The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997), which provided the framework for his major work Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development (2002). The Languages of Australia is still sought after, however, as a benchmark in the discipline and because its first four chapters provide a valuable non-technical introduction that does not appear in the 2002 volume. |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1980 |
# of Pages | 574 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9781108017855 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 20:03:23 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 20:03:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Philippe A Chouinard |
Author | Robert L Whitwell |
Author | Melvyn A Goodale |
Abstract | We reasoned that if an area is devoted to processing only the visual features of objects, then transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to this area in either hemisphere would affect the naming of objects presented in contralateral but not ipsilateral space. In contrast, if an area is involved in language, then one might expect to see effects of TMS when applied over the left but not the right hemisphere, regardless whether objects are in contralateral or ipsilateral space. Our experiments reveal two important findings. First, TMS delivered to the lateral-occipital complex (LOC), a visual-form area, affected the naming of objects presented in contralateral but not ipsilateral space, independent of which hemisphere was stimulated. In two additional experiments, when participants named the color of objects or made judgments about the size of stimuli as shown physically on a computer screen, TMS over the contralateral LOC did not affect color naming but did affect the participants' ability to make size judgments. Second, TMS delivered to the left but not the right posterior inferior-frontal gyrus (pIFG) affected the naming of objects irrespective of whether objects were presented in contralateral or ipsilateral space. In a separate experiment, when participants were asked to either read or categorize words, TMS over the left but not the right pIFG affected word categorization but not word reading. On the basis of these findings, we propose that when people name visually-presented objects, LOC processes the visual form of objects while the left pIFG processes the semantics of objects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
Publication | Human Brain Mapping |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 3851-3864 |
Date | 2009/12/01 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1002/hbm.20812 |
ISSN | 1097-0193 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1002/hbm.20812/abstract |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 11:14:13 2012 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 11:14:13 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | William W. Graves |
Author | Thomas J. Grabowski |
Author | Sonya Mehta |
Author | Prahlad Gupta |
Abstract | Impairments in phonological processing have been associated with damage to the region of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), but the extent to which this area supports phonological processing, independent of semantic processing, is less clear. We used repetition priming and neural repetition suppression during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an auditory pseudoword repetition task as a semantics-free model of lexical (whole-word) phonological access. Across six repetitions, we observed repetition priming in terms of decreased reaction time and repetition suppression in terms of reduced neural activity. An additional analysis aimed at sublexical phonology did not show significant effects in the areas where repetition suppression was observed. To test if these areas were relevant to real word production, we performed a conjunction analysis with data from a separate fMRI experiment which manipulated word frequency (a putative index of lexical phonological access) in picture naming. The left pSTG demonstrated significant effects independently in both experiments, suggesting that this area participates specifically in accessing lexical phonology. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1698-1710 |
Date | 2011/07/18 2008 |
DOI | i: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20113</p> |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20113 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 17:35:08 2011 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 17:35:08 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jul 18 17:35:08 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I.B. Appelman |
Author | M.S. Mayzner |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 436-446 |
Date | 1981 |
URL | ISI:A1981MW52000004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rochelle S. [1] Newman |
Abstract | This article summarizes recent findings on infant word learning and recognition. Infants initially store very detailed representations of words, including details that are not truly necessary for word recognition. As they are exposed to more varied productions of words, they develop more sophisticated knowledge about which details are important, and streamline their representations, allowing them to better recognize words across different contexts, speakers, and environments. |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Pages | 229-232 |
Date | June 2008 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00580.x |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/bpl/cdir/2008/00000017/00000003/art00011 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 3 19:09:44 2010 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Fri Sep 3 19:09:44 2010 |
Modified | Fri Sep 3 19:09:44 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robin L Thompson |
Author | David P Vinson |
Author | Gabriella Vigliocco |
Abstract | Signed languages exploit the visual/gestural modality to create iconic expression across a wide range of basic conceptual structures in which the phonetic resources of the language are built up into an analogue of a mental image (Taub, 2001). Previously, we demonstrated a processing advantage when iconic properties of signs were made salient in a corresponding picture during a picture and sign matching task (Thompson, Vinson, & Vigliocco, 2009). The current study investigates the extent of iconicity effects with a phonological decision task (does the sign involve straight or curved fingers?) in which the meaning of the sign is irrelevant. The results show that iconicity is a significant predictor of response latencies and accuracy, with more iconic signs leading to slower responses and more errors. We conclude that meaning is activated automatically for highly iconic properties of a sign, and this leads to interference in making form-based decisions. Thus, the current study extends previous work by demonstrating that iconicity effects permeate the entire language system, arising automatically even when access to meaning is not needed. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1017-1027 |
Date | Jul 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
DOI | 10.1037/a0019339 |
ISSN | 1939-1285 |
Short Title | The link between form and meaning in British sign language |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20565217 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 11:45:51 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 11:45:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Zwitserlood |
Abstract | Models of word recognition differ with respect to where the effects of sentential-semantic context are to be located. Using a crossmodal priming technique, this research investigated the availability of lexical entries as a function of stimulus information and contextual constraint. To investigate the exact locus of the effects of sentential contexts, probes that were associatively related to contextually appropriate and inappropriate words were presented at various positions before and concurrent with the spoken word. The results show that sentential contexts do not preselect a set of contextually appropriate words before any sensory information about the spoken word is available. Moreover, during lexical access, defined here as the initial contact with lexical entries and their semantic and syntactic properties, both contextually appropriate and inappropriate words are activated. Contextual effects are located after lexical access, at a point in time during word processing where the sensory input by itself is still insufficiently informative to disambiguate between the activated entries. This suggests that sentential-semantic contexts have their effects during the process of selecting one of the activated candidates for recognition. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 25-64 |
Date | Jun 1989 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2752705 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 6 11:11:51 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2752705 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 6 11:11:51 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | Daniel Casasanto |
Editor | T. C. Scott-Phillips |
Editor | M. Tamariz |
Editor | E. Cartmill |
Date | 2012 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 9th International Conference |
Conference Name | The Evolution of Language |
Place | Kyoto, Japan |
Publisher | World Scientific |
Pages | 490-492 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 28 12:32:11 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jan 28 12:43:28 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Teresa Iuculano |
Author | Roi Cohen Kadosh |
Abstract | Noninvasive brain stimulation provides a potential tool for affecting brain functions in the typical and atypical brain and offers in several cases an alternative to pharmaceutical intervention. Some studies have suggested that transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), a form of noninvasive brain stimulation, can also be used to enhance cognitive performance. Critically, research so far has primarily focused on optimizing protocols for effective stimulation, or assessing potential physical side effects of TES while neglecting the possibility of cognitive side effects. We assessed this possibility by targeting the high-level cognitive abilities of learning and automaticity in the mathematical domain. Notably, learning and automaticity represent critical abilities for potential cognitive enhancement in typical and atypical populations. Over 6 d, healthy human adults underwent cognitive training on a new numerical notation while receiving TES to the posterior parietal cortex or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Stimulation to the the posterior parietal cortex facilitated numerical learning, whereas automaticity for the learned material was impaired. In contrast, stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impaired the learning process, whereas automaticity for the learned material was enhanced. The observed double dissociation indicates that cognitive enhancement through TES can occur at the expense of other cognitive functions. These findings have important implications for the future use of enhancement technologies for neurointervention and performance improvement in healthy populations. |
Publication | The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 4482-4486 |
Date | Mar 6, 2013 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci. |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4927-12.2013 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 23467363 |
Date Added | Thu May 16 20:02:12 2013 |
Modified | Thu May 16 20:02:12 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Dehaene |
Author | S. Bossini |
Author | P. Giraux |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
Volume | 122 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 371 |
Date | 1993 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1993-44067-001 |
Accessed | Thu Nov 22 21:44:39 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 21:44:39 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 21:44:39 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | Roy Hamilton |
Contributor | M. Ptito C. Casanova |
Book Title | Vision: From Neurons to Cognition |
Volume | Volume 134 |
Publisher | Elsevier |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 427-445 |
ISBN | 0079-6123 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079612301340281 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 30 11:03:17 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jul 30 11:03:17 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jul 30 11:05:39 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Aleksandr R. Luria |
Author | Lynn Solotaroff |
Author | Jerome Bruner |
Publisher | Harvard University Press |
Date | 1987-04-30 |
# of Pages | 192 |
ISBN | 0674576225 |
Short Title | The Mind of a Mnemonist |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Sep 1 09:13:42 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 09:13:42 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Djordjevic |
Author | R. J. Zatorre |
Author | M. Petrides |
Author | M. Jones-Gotman |
Abstract | We examined odor imagery by looking for its effects on detection of weak odors. Seventy-two healthy subjects performed a forced-choice odor detection task in one of three conditions: after being told to imagine an odor (odor imagery), after being told to imagine an object (visual imagery), or without having received imagery instructions (no-imagery control). For the two imagery conditions, the presented and imagined stimuli were either the same (matched) or different (mismatched). There was a significant difference between detection in the matched and mismatched conditions for odor imagery, but not for visual imagery. We conclude that our paradigm does measure odor imagery and that the effect of imagery on detection is both content- and modality-specific. Further, the difference between conditions was due to lower detection with mismatched odor imagery than without imagery, indicating that interference underlies the effect. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 143-148 |
Date | 2004-03-01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503001.x |
ISSN | 0956-7976, 1467-9280 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com/content/15/3/143 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 3 14:41:04 2013 |
Library Catalog | pss.sagepub.com |
Extra | PMID: 15016284 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 3 14:41:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed Jul 3 14:41:04 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Noam Chomsky |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1995-09-28 |
# of Pages | 300 |
ISBN | 0262531283 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Dec 11 00:44:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Dec 11 00:44:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Melcher |
Author | J.W. Schooler |
Abstract | When participants generate a detailed, memory-based description of complex nonverbal stimuli (e.g., faces) their recognition performance can be worse than nondescribing controls. This effect, termed verbal overshadowing, has been hypothesized to occur in situations in which domain-specific perceptual expertise exceeds verbal expertise. The present study explored this hypothesis by examining the impact of verbalization on the wine recognition of individuals of three categories of wine tasting expertise: Non-wine drinkers, untrained wine drinkers, and trained wine experts. Participants tasted a red wine, engaged in either verbalization or an unrelated verbal activity, and then attempted to identify the target wine from among three foils. As predicted, only the untrained wine drinkers showed impaired wine recognition following verbalization. The results are explained in terms of the differential development of perceptual and verbal skills in the course of becoming an expert. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 231-245 |
Date | April 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Fodor |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1983 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jay R. Silveira |
Author | Gregory J. Raymond |
Author | Andrew G. Hughson |
Author | Richard E. Race |
Author | Valerie L. Sim |
Author | Stanley F. Hayes |
Author | Byron Caughey |
Abstract | Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are characterized by abnormal protein deposits, often with large amyloid fibrils. However, questions have arisen as to whether such fibrils or smaller subfibrillar oligomers are the prime causes of disease1, 2. Abnormal deposits in TSEs are rich in PrPres, a protease-resistant form of the PrP protein with the ability to convert the normal, protease-sensitive form of the protein (PrPsen) into PrPres (ref. 3). TSEs can be transmitted between organisms by an enigmatic agent (prion) that contains PrPres (refs 4 and 5). To evaluate systematically the relationship between infectivity, converting activity and the size of various PrPres-containing aggregates, PrPres was partially disaggregated, fractionated by size and analysed by light scattering and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Our analyses revealed that with respect to PrP content, infectivity and converting activity peaked markedly in 17−27-nm (300−600 kDa) particles, whereas these activities were substantially lower in large fibrils and virtually absent in oligomers of 5 PrP molecules. These results suggest that non-fibrillar particles, with masses equivalent to 14−28 PrP molecules, are the most efficient initiators of TSE disease. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 437 |
Issue | 7056 |
Pages | 257-261 |
Date | September 8, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature03989 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7056/abs/nature03989.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:36 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2005 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jay R. Silveira |
Author | Gregory J. Raymond |
Author | Andrew G. Hughson |
Author | Richard E. Race |
Author | Valerie L. Sim |
Author | Stanley F. Hayes |
Author | Byron Caughey |
Abstract | Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are characterized by abnormal protein deposits, often with large amyloid fibrils. However, questions have arisen as to whether such fibrils or smaller subfibrillar oligomers are the prime causes of disease1, 2. Abnormal deposits in TSEs are rich in PrPres, a protease-resistant form of the PrP protein with the ability to convert the normal, protease-sensitive form of the protein (PrPsen) into PrPres (ref. 3). TSEs can be transmitted between organisms by an enigmatic agent (prion) that contains PrPres (refs 4 and 5). To evaluate systematically the relationship between infectivity, converting activity and the size of various PrPres-containing aggregates, PrPres was partially disaggregated, fractionated by size and analysed by light scattering and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Our analyses revealed that with respect to PrP content, infectivity and converting activity peaked markedly in 17−27-nm (300−600 kDa) particles, whereas these activities were substantially lower in large fibrils and virtually absent in oligomers of 5 PrP molecules. These results suggest that non-fibrillar particles, with masses equivalent to 14−28 PrP molecules, are the most efficient initiators of TSE disease. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 437 |
Issue | 7056 |
Pages | 257-261 |
Date | September 8, 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature03989 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7056/abs/nature03989.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:49:36 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2005 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nicholas Evans |
Author | S.C. Levinson |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 32 |
Issue | 05 |
Pages | 429 |
Date | 10/2009 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Brain Sci |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X0999094X |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
Short Title | The myth of language universals |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/full_record.do?product=UA&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=3&SID=2Em9JnHdfCf7LAKME4j&page=1&doc=2&colname=WOS |
Accessed | Sun Sep 5 20:48:53 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Sep 5 20:48:53 2010 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 20:49:58 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.J. Price |
Author | Joseph T. Devlin |
Abstract | Recent functional imaging studies have referred to a posterior region of the left midfusiform gyrus as the "visual word form area" (VWFA). We review the evidence for this claim and argue that neither the neuropsychological nor neuroimaging data are consistent with a cortical region specialized for visual word form representations. Specifically, there are no reported cases of pure alexia who have deficits limited to visual word form processing and damage limited to the left midfusiform. In addition, we present functional imaging data to demonstrate that the so-called VWFA is activated by normal subjects during tasks that do not engage visual word form processing such as naming colors, naming pictures, reading Braille, repeating auditory words, and making manual action responses to pictures of meaningless objects. If the midfusiform region has a single function that underlies all these tasks, then it does not correspond to visual word form processing. On the other hand, if the region participates in several functions as defined by its interactions with other cortical areas, then identifying the neural system sustaining visual word form representations requires identification of the set of regions involved. We conclude that there is no evidence that visual word form representations are subtended by a single patch of neuronal cortex and it is misleading to label the left midfusiform region as the visual word form area. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 473-481 |
Date | July 2003 |
DOI | 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00084-3 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WNP-48J44GM-V/2/07b2b4a2d7179e5e9b603e970bc56913 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 16 08:47:21 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Feb 16 08:47:21 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:28:19 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Eimer |
Abstract | Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during visual discrimination tasks in which stimulus arrays were presented that contained one lateral target and 3 (experiment 1) or one (experiments 2 and 3) non-targets. In experiments 1 and 2, targets differed from non-targets with respect to their form or their color. In experiment 3, word pairs were presented, with targets differing from non-targets with respect to their content. Subjects were required to respond to the identity of the target. In all experiments, an enhanced negativity was elicited at posterior electrodes contralateral to the location of the target. In the form discrimination tasks, this effect was present in the N1, N2, and P3 time intervals. In the color discrimination tasks, it was confined to the N2 time range. In the word discrimination task (experiment 3), this effect could only be observed over the left posterior hemisphere. It is argued that these lateralized negativities reflect the N2pc component that is assumed to indicate attentional filtering processes during visual search tasks. The present results extend this assumption by showing that this component is also elicited when targets are presented together with just one non-target item. It is argued that the N2pc may reflect the attentional selection of task-relevant stimuli |
Publication | Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology |
Volume | 99 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 225-234 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:04 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Qiang Liu |
Author | Hong Li |
Author | Jennifer L. Campos |
Author | Qi Wang |
Author | Ye Zhang |
Author | Jiang Qiu |
Author | Qinglin Zhang |
Author | Hong-jin Sun |
Abstract | This study examined the electrophysiological bases of the effect of language on color perception. In a visual search task, a target was presented to the left or right visual field. The target color was either from the same category as a set of distractors (within-category condition) or from a different category (between-category condition). For both category conditions, the targets elicited a clear N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral) component in the event-related potential (ERP) in the contralateral hemisphere. In the left hemisphere only, the N2pc amplitude for the between-category condition was larger than that for the within-category condition. These results indicate that the N2pc could be used as an index to describe the lateralization effect of language on color perception. |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 454 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 58-61 |
Date | April 17, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.02.045 |
ISSN | 0304-3940 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6T0G-4VPM5J1-7/2/4c284c7958cac8934ed17328b136e6ca |
Accessed | Tue Mar 1 20:50:57 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 20:50:57 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Author | W. C. So |
Author | A. Ozyurek |
Author | C. Mylander |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 27 |
Pages | 9163-9168 |
Date | 06/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0710060105 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
Short Title | The natural order of events |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2008/06/30/0710060105.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Aug 29 00:13:15 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Aug 29 00:13:15 2010 |
Modified | Sun Aug 29 00:13:15 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L Notman |
Author | P Sowden |
Author | E Ozgen |
Abstract | Categorical perception is often cited as a striking example of cognitive influences on perception. However, some evidence suggests the term is a misnomer, with effects based on cognitive not perceptual processing. Here, using a psychophysical approach, we provide evidence consistent with a learned categorical perception effect that is dependent on analysis within the visual processing stream. An improvement in participants' discrimination between grating patterns that they had learned to place in different categories was ‘tuned’ around the orientation of the patterns experienced during category learning. Thus, here, categorical perception may result from attentionally modulated perceptual learning about diagnostic category features, based upon orientation-selective stages of analysis. This argues strongly that category learning can alter our perception of the world. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | B1-B14 |
Date | March 2005 |
ISSN | 00100277 |
Short Title | The nature of learned categorical perception effects |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2004.07.002 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:46:27 2008 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Modified | Mon Feb 8 19:22:07 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Gordon W. Allport |
Publisher | Doubleday & Company |
Date | 1958-01-01 |
ISBN | 0201001756 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Jul 17 15:04:14 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jul 17 15:04:14 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniela Perani |
Author | Jubin Abutalebi |
Abstract | Fundamental breakthroughs in the neurosciences, combined with technical innovations for measuring brain activity, are shedding new light on the neural basis of second language (L2) processing, and on its relationship to native language processing (L1). The long-held assumption that L1 and L2 are necessarily represented in different brain regions in bilinguals has not been confirmed. On the contrary, the available evidence indicates that L1 and L2 are processed by the same neural devices. The neural differences in L1 and L2 representations are only related to the specific computational demands, which vary according to the age of acquisition, the degree of mastery and the level of exposure to each language. Finally, the acquisition of L2 could be considered as a dynamic process, requiring additional neural resources in specific circumstances. |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 202-206 |
Date | Apr 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Opin. Neurobiol |
DOI | 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.007 |
ISSN | 0959-4388 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15831403 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 10 21:38:31 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15831403 |
Date Added | Sun Apr 10 21:38:31 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christopher R. Butler |
Author | Simona M. Brambati |
Author | Bruce L. Miller |
Author | Maria-Luisa Gorno-Tempini |
Abstract | Objective To investigate the neural correlates of verbal and non-verbal semantic processing in neurodegenerative disease. Background Semantic memory is often impaired in neurodegenerative disease. Neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the semantic processing of verbal and non-verbal stimuli may depend on partially distinct brain networks. Methods We examined this possibility using voxel-based morphometry to correlate performance on verbal and non-verbal versions of a semantic association task with regional gray matter atrophy in 144 individuals with a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Results Results showed that, regardless of stimulus type, semantic processing correlated with atrophy in both temporal lobes. In addition, material-specific correlations were found in left temporal regions for verbal stimuli and the right fusiform gyrus for non-verbal stimuli. Conclusions These results provide evidence for a differential role of the left and right hemispheres in the extraction of semantic information from verbal and pictorial representations. Areas in the right inferior temporal lobe may be necessary to access structural descriptions of visually presented objects. |
Publication | Cognitive and behavioral neurology : official journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 73-80 |
Date | 2009-6 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Behav Neurol |
DOI | 10.1097/WNN.0b013e318197925d |
ISSN | 1543-3633 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19506422 PMCID: PMC2754058 |
Date Added | Thu Jun 7 14:30:41 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jun 7 14:30:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David J M Kraemer |
Author | Lauren M Rosenberg |
Author | Sharon L Thompson-Schill |
Abstract | It has long been thought that propensities for visual or verbal learning styles influence how children acquire knowledge successfully and how adults reason in everyday life. There is no direct evidence to date, however, linking these cognitive styles to specific neural systems. In the present study, visual and verbal cognitive styles are measured by self-report survey, and cognitive abilities are measured by scored tests of visual and verbal skills. Specifically, we administered the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ) and modality-specific subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) to 18 subjects who subsequently participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. During the imaging session, participants performed a novel psychological task involving both word-based and picture-based feature matching conditions that was designed to permit the use of either a visual or a verbal processing style during all conditions of the task. Results demonstrated a pattern of activity in modality-specific cortex that distinguished visual from verbal cognitive styles. During the word-based condition, activity in a functionally defined brain region that responded to viewing pictorial stimuli (fusiform gyrus) correlated with self-reported visualizer ratings on the VVQ. In contrast, activity in a phonologically related brain region (supramarginal gyrus) correlated with the verbalizer dimension of the VVQ during the picture-based condition. Scores from the WAIS subtests did not reliably correlate with brain activity in either of these regions. These findings suggest that modality-specific cortical activity underlies processing in visual and verbal cognitive styles. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 3792-3798 |
Date | Mar 25, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4635-08.2009 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321775 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 21 14:08:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19321775 |
Date Added | Mon Dec 21 14:08:44 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jan 31 18:38:16 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Rachel J. Garoff |
Author | Scott D. Slotnick |
Author | Daniel L. Schacter |
Abstract | Recognition of an object can be based on memory for specific details of a prior encounter with the object, or on a more general memory for the type of object previously encountered. Responding on the basis of general information alone can sometimes produce memory errors involving both distortion and forgetting, but little is known about the neural origins of general versus specific recognition. We extended the standard subsequent memory paradigm to examine whether neural activity at encoding predicts whether an object will subsequently elicit specific as compared to general memory. During event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), participants viewed objects and made size judgments about them. Later, they viewed same, similar, and new objects, labeling each as "same," "similar," or "new." Specific recognition was indicated by a "same" response to a same object. By contrast, general, non-specific recognition was indicated by either a "same" response to a similar object (false memory) or a "similar" response to a same object (partial memory). As predicted, specific recognition, as compared to non-specific recognition, was associated with encoding-related activity in the right fusiform cortex, while non-specific recognition, as compared to forgetting, was associated with encoding-related activity in the left fusiform cortex. Furthermore, all successful recognition (specific and general), as compared to forgetting, was associated with encoding-related activity in bilateral fusiform cortex. These results suggest that the right fusiform cortex is associated with specific feature encoding, while the left fusiform cortex is involved in more general object encoding. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 847-859 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.09.014 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | The neural origins of specific and general memory |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0D-4DTKJG9-3/2/bc6f926b63915e0cf532b3d8e7d190ba |
Accessed | Tue Mar 3 19:35:47 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Mar 3 19:35:34 2009 |
Modified | Tue Mar 3 19:35:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | VA Lamme |
Abstract | The activity of neurons in the primary visual cortex of the awake macaque monkey was recorded while the animals were viewing full screen arrays of either oriented line segments or moving random dots. A square patch of the screen was made to perceptually pop out as a circumscribed figure by virtue of differences between the orientation or the direction of motion of the texture elements within that patch and the surround. The animals were trained to identify the figure patches by making saccadic eye movements towards their positions. Almost every cell gave a significantly larger response to elements belonging to the figure than to similar elements belonging to the background. The figure- ground response enhancement was present along the entire extent of the patch and was absent as soon as the receptive field was outside the patch. The strength of the effect had no relation with classical receptive field properties like orientation or direction selectivity or receptive field size. The response enhancement had a latency of 30-40 msec relative to the onset of the neuronal response itself. The results show that context modulation within primary visual cortex has a highly sophisticated nature, putting the image features the cells are responding to into their fully evaluated perceptual context. |
Publication | Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 1605-1615 |
Date | February 1, 1995 |
URL | http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/1605 |
Accessed | Fri Aug 1 23:59:39 2008 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Fri Aug 1 23:59:39 2008 |
Modified | Sat Aug 2 00:00:08 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K Rezai |
Author | N C Andreasen |
Author | R Alliger |
Author | G Cohen |
Author | V, 2nd Swayze |
Author | D S O'Leary |
Abstract | Single photon emission computed tomography with the xenon inhalation technique is used to compare activation of regional cerebral blood flow in frontal brain regions during the performance of four widely used neuropsychological tests: the Continuous Performance Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Tower of London, and Porteus Mazes. Healthy normal volunteers performing these tasks show significant increases in frontal regions during the Continuous Performance Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Tower of London, but not the Porteus Mazes. Activation produced by the Continuous Performance Test and the Tower of London are mesial and bilateral and may reflect stimulation of midline attentional circuits. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test produces a left dorsolateral area of prefrontal activation. These findings indicate that regional activation of the frontal lobes occurs in response to cognitive challenges produced through performance of standard neuropsychological tests. |
Publication | Archives of Neurology |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 636-642 |
Date | Jun 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Arch. Neurol. |
ISSN | 0003-9942 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8503801 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 14:14:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8503801 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 14:14:24 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John M. Anderson |
Publication | Folia Linguistica |
Volume | 39 |
Issue | 3-4 |
Pages | 223-250 |
Date | 2006-01-09 |
DOI | 10.1515/flin.2006.39.3-4.223 |
ISSN | 0165-4004, 1614-7308 |
URL | http://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fflin.2006.39.issue-3-4$002fflin.2006.39.3-4.223$002fflin.2006.39.3-4.223.xml;jsessionid=AC3BCDC08E7F816DBED978C98084E8E8 |
Accessed | Wed Nov 28 18:22:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Nov 28 18:22:38 2012 |
Modified | Wed Nov 28 18:22:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John H. Reynolds |
Author | David J. Heeger |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 61 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 168-185 |
Date | January 29 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.002 |
ISSN | 0896-6273 |
URL | http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(09)00003-8 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 21 00:20:49 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.cell.com |
Date Added | Fri Sep 21 00:20:49 2012 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:20:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lee J. Byrne |
Author | Diana J. Cole |
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Author | Byron J. T. Morgan |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Abstract | Background Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) prions are efficiently propagated and the on-going generation and transmission of prion seeds (propagons) to daughter cells during cell division ensures a high degree of mitotic stability. The reversible inhibition of the molecular chaperone Hsp104p by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) results in cell division-dependent elimination of yeast prions due to a block in propagon generation and the subsequent dilution out of propagons by cell division. Principal Findings Analysing the kinetics of the GdnHCl-induced elimination of the yeast [PSI+] prion has allowed us to develop novel statistical models that aid our understanding of prion propagation in yeast cells. Here we describe the application of a new stochastic model that allows us to estimate more accurately the mean number of propagons in a [PSI+] cell. To achieve this accuracy we also experimentally determine key cell reproduction parameters and show that the presence of the [PSI+] prion has no impact on these key processes. Additionally, we experimentally determine the proportion of propagons transmitted to a daughter cell and show this reflects the relative cell volume of mother and daughter cells at cell division. Conclusions While propagon generation is an ATP-driven process, the partition of propagons to daughter cells occurs by passive transfer via the distribution of cytoplasm. Furthermore, our new estimates of n0, the number of propagons per cell (500–1000), are some five times higher than our previous estimates and this has important implications for our understanding of the inheritance of the [PSI+] and the spontaneous formation of prion-free cells. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | e4670 |
Date | March 5, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0004670 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004670 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:23 2013 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lee J. Byrne |
Author | Diana J. Cole |
Author | Brian S. Cox |
Author | Martin S. Ridout |
Author | Byron J. T. Morgan |
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Abstract | Background Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) prions are efficiently propagated and the on-going generation and transmission of prion seeds (propagons) to daughter cells during cell division ensures a high degree of mitotic stability. The reversible inhibition of the molecular chaperone Hsp104p by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) results in cell division-dependent elimination of yeast prions due to a block in propagon generation and the subsequent dilution out of propagons by cell division. Principal Findings Analysing the kinetics of the GdnHCl-induced elimination of the yeast [PSI+] prion has allowed us to develop novel statistical models that aid our understanding of prion propagation in yeast cells. Here we describe the application of a new stochastic model that allows us to estimate more accurately the mean number of propagons in a [PSI+] cell. To achieve this accuracy we also experimentally determine key cell reproduction parameters and show that the presence of the [PSI+] prion has no impact on these key processes. Additionally, we experimentally determine the proportion of propagons transmitted to a daughter cell and show this reflects the relative cell volume of mother and daughter cells at cell division. Conclusions While propagon generation is an ATP-driven process, the partition of propagons to daughter cells occurs by passive transfer via the distribution of cytoplasm. Furthermore, our new estimates of n0, the number of propagons per cell (500–1000), are some five times higher than our previous estimates and this has important implications for our understanding of the inheritance of the [PSI+] and the spontaneous formation of prion-free cells. |
Publication | PLoS ONE |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | e4670 |
Date | March 5, 2009 |
Journal Abbr | PLoS ONE |
DOI | 10.1371/journal.pone.0004670 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004670 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:46:23 2013 |
Library Catalog | PLoS ONE |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Evan Heit |
Author | Stephen P. Nicholson |
Abstract | Two experiments examined the typicality structure of contrasting political categories. In Experiment 1, two separate groups of participants rated the typicality of 15 individuals, including political figures and media personalities, with respect to the categories Democrat or Republican. The relation between the two sets of ratings was negative, linear, and extremely strong, r = −.9957. Essentially, one category was treated as a mirror image of the other. Experiment 2 replicated this result, showing some boundary conditions, and extending the result to liberal and conservative categories. The same method was applied to two other pairs of contrasting categories, healthy and junk foods, and male and female jobs. For those categories, the relation between contrasting pairs was weaker and there was less of a direct trade-off between typicality in one category versus typicality in its opposite. The results are discussed in terms of implications for political decision making and reasoning, and conceptual representation. |
Publication | Cognitive Science |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1503–1516 |
Date | 2010 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01138.x |
ISSN | 1551-6709 |
Short Title | The Opposite of Republican |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01138.x/abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jan 28 19:43:27 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | Copyright © 2010 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. |
Date Added | Mon Jan 28 19:43:27 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jan 28 19:43:27 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Author | A. Booth |
Abstract | How do infants map words to their meaning? How do they, discover that different types of words (e.g. noun, adjective) refer to different aspects of the same objects (e.g. category, property) We have proposed that (1) infants begin with a broad expectation that novel open-class words (both nouns and adjectives) highlight commonalities (both category- and property-based) among objects, and that (2) this initial expectation is subsequently fine-tuned through linguistic experience. We examine the first art of this proposal, asking whether 11-month-old infants can construe the very same set of objects (e.g. four purple animals) either as members of an object category (e.g. animals) or as embodying a salient object property (e.g. four purple things), and whether naming (with count nouns vs. adjectives) differentially influences their construals. Results support the proposal Infants treated novel nouns and adjectives identically, mapping both types of words to both category- and property-based commonalities among objects |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 128-135 |
Date | April 2003 |
URL | ISI:000182034000003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Sat Jan 7 23:07:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tessa Verhoef |
Abstract | In human speech, a finite set of basic sounds is combined into a (potentially) unlimited set of well-formed morphemes. Hockett (1960) placed this phenomenon under the term 'duality of patterning' and included it as one of the basic design features of human language. Of the thirteen basic design features Hockett proposed, duality of patterning is the least studied and it is still unclear how it evolved in language. Recent work shedding light on this is summarized in this paper and experimental data is presented. This data shows that combinatorial structure can emerge in an artificial whistled language through cultural transmission as an adaptation to human cognitive biases and learning. In this work the method of experimental iterated learning (Kirby et al. 2008) is used, in which a participant is trained on the reproductions of the utterances the previous participant learned. Participants learn and recall a system of sounds that are produced with a slide whistle. Transmission from participant to participant causes the whistle systems to change and become more learnable and more structured. These findings follow from qualitative observations, quantitative measures and a follow-up experiment that tests how well participants can learn the emerged whistled languages by generalizing from a few examples. |
Publication | Language & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 357-380 |
Date | November 12, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Language & Cognition |
ISSN | 18669808 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 83469167 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ö Dahl |
Author | V. Velupillai |
Publication | Haspelmath et al |
Date | 2005 |
URL | http://wals.info/feature/description/66 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | Östen Dahl |
Author | Viveka Velupillai |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Thu Nov 13 08:05:08 2008 |
Modified | Thu Nov 13 10:11:46 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Author | D. Swingley |
Date | 2009 |
Proceedings Title | Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society |
Conference Name | Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society |
Date Added | Mon Apr 6 11:04:39 2009 |
Modified | Mon Apr 6 11:07:19 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Roach |
Author | M.F. Schwartz |
Author | N. Martin |
Author | R. S Grewal |
Author | A. Brecher |
Publication | Clinical Aphasiology |
Volume | 24 |
Pages | 121-133 |
Date | 1996 |
Short Title | The Philadelphia Naming Test |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Wed Aug 10 23:16:20 2011 |
Modified | Sun Feb 12 23:38:22 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J M Loomis |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1587-1594 |
Date | Oct 1972 |
Journal Abbr | Vision Res. |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | The photopigment bleaching hypothesis of complementary after-images |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5078784 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:47:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 5078784 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:47:15 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Motomasa Tanaka |
Author | Sean R. Collins |
Author | Brandon H. Toyama |
Author | Jonathan S. Weissman |
Abstract | A principle that has emerged from studies of protein aggregation is that proteins typically can misfold into a range of different aggregated forms. Moreover, the phenotypic and pathological consequences of protein aggregation depend critically on the specific misfolded form. A striking example of this is the prion strain phenomenon, in which prion particles composed of the same protein cause distinct heritable states. Accumulating evidence from yeast prions such as [PSI+] and mammalian prions argues that differences in the prion conformation underlie prion strain variants. Nonetheless, it remains poorly understood why changes in the conformation of misfolded proteins alter their physiological effects. Here we present and experimentally validate an analytical model describing how [PSI+] strain phenotypes arise from the dynamic interaction among the effects of prion dilution, competition for a limited pool of soluble protein, and conformation-dependent differences in prion growth and division rates. Analysis of three distinct prion conformations of yeast Sup35 (the [PSI+] protein determinant) and their in vivo phenotypes reveals that the Sup35 amyloid causing the strongest phenotype surprisingly shows the slowest growth. This slow growth, however, is more than compensated for by an increased brittleness that promotes prion division. The propensity of aggregates to undergo breakage, thereby generating new seeds, probably represents a key determinant of their physiological impact for both infectious (prion) and non-infectious amyloids. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 442 |
Issue | 7102 |
Pages | 585-589 |
Date | August 3, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature04922 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7102/full/nature04922.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:38:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2006 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Motomasa Tanaka |
Author | Sean R. Collins |
Author | Brandon H. Toyama |
Author | Jonathan S. Weissman |
Abstract | A principle that has emerged from studies of protein aggregation is that proteins typically can misfold into a range of different aggregated forms. Moreover, the phenotypic and pathological consequences of protein aggregation depend critically on the specific misfolded form. A striking example of this is the prion strain phenomenon, in which prion particles composed of the same protein cause distinct heritable states. Accumulating evidence from yeast prions such as [PSI+] and mammalian prions argues that differences in the prion conformation underlie prion strain variants. Nonetheless, it remains poorly understood why changes in the conformation of misfolded proteins alter their physiological effects. Here we present and experimentally validate an analytical model describing how [PSI+] strain phenotypes arise from the dynamic interaction among the effects of prion dilution, competition for a limited pool of soluble protein, and conformation-dependent differences in prion growth and division rates. Analysis of three distinct prion conformations of yeast Sup35 (the [PSI+] protein determinant) and their in vivo phenotypes reveals that the Sup35 amyloid causing the strongest phenotype surprisingly shows the slowest growth. This slow growth, however, is more than compensated for by an increased brittleness that promotes prion division. The propensity of aggregates to undergo breakage, thereby generating new seeds, probably represents a key determinant of their physiological impact for both infectious (prion) and non-infectious amyloids. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 442 |
Issue | 7102 |
Pages | 585-589 |
Date | August 3, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nature04922 |
ISSN | 0028-0836 |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7102/full/nature04922.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:38:43 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2006 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Walter J Freeman |
Abstract | A key problem in cognitive science is to explain the neural mechanisms of the rapid transposition between stimulus energy and abstract concept--between the specific and the generic--in both material and conceptual aspects, not between neural and psychic aspects. Three approaches by researchers to a solution in terms of neural codes are considered. Materialists seek rate and frequency codes in the interspike intervals of trains of action potentials induced by stimuli and carried by topologically organized axonal lines. Cognitivists refer to the symbol grounding problem and search for symbolic codes in firings of hierarchically organized feature-detector neurons of phonemes, lines, odorants, pressures, etc., that object-detector neurons bind into representations of probabilities of stimulus occurrence. Dynamicists seek neural correlates of stimuli and associated behaviors in spatial patterns of oscillatory fields of dendritic activity that self-organize and evolve as trajectories through high-dimensional brain state space; the codes are landscapes of chaotic attractors. Unlike codes in DNA and the periodic table, these codes have neither alphabet nor syntax. They are epistemological metaphors required by experimentalists to measure neural activity and by engineers to model brain functions. Here I review the central neural mechanisms of olfaction as a paradigm for use of codes to explain how brains create cortical activities that mediate sensation, perception, comprehension, prediction, decision, and action or inaction. |
Publication | Progress in Brain Research |
Volume | 165 |
Pages | 447-462 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Prog. Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)65028-0 |
ISSN | 0079-6123 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17925263 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 14 11:48:01 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17925263 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 14 11:48:01 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Walter J Freeman |
Abstract | A key problem in cognitive science is to explain the neural mechanisms of the rapid transposition between stimulus energy and abstract concept--between the specific and the generic--in both material and conceptual aspects, not between neural and psychic aspects. Three approaches by researchers to a solution in terms of neural codes are considered. Materialists seek rate and frequency codes in the interspike intervals of trains of action potentials induced by stimuli and carried by topologically organized axonal lines. Cognitivists refer to the symbol grounding problem and search for symbolic codes in firings of hierarchically organized feature-detector neurons of phonemes, lines, odorants, pressures, etc., that object-detector neurons bind into representations of probabilities of stimulus occurrence. Dynamicists seek neural correlates of stimuli and associated behaviors in spatial patterns of oscillatory fields of dendritic activity that self-organize and evolve as trajectories through high-dimensional brain state space; the codes are landscapes of chaotic attractors. Unlike codes in DNA and the periodic table, these codes have neither alphabet nor syntax. They are epistemological metaphors required by experimentalists to measure neural activity and by engineers to model brain functions. Here I review the central neural mechanisms of olfaction as a paradigm for use of codes to explain how brains create cortical activities that mediate sensation, perception, comprehension, prediction, decision, and action or inaction. |
Publication | Progress in brain research |
Volume | 165 |
Pages | 447-462 |
Date | 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Prog. Brain Res. |
DOI | 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)65028-0 |
ISSN | 0079-6123 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17925263 |
Date Added | Thu Nov 22 19:37:52 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 22 19:37:52 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V Di Lollo |
Author | J Kawahara |
Author | S M Zuvic |
Author | T A Visser |
Abstract | Preattentive models of early vision have not been supported by the evidence. Instead, an input filtering system, which is dynamically reconfigured so as to optimize performance on the task at hand, is proposed. As a case in point, the authors examined Sagi and Julesz's (1985a) claim that detection tasks are processed preattentively and efficiently (shallow search slopes), whereas discrimination tasks require focal attention and yield inefficient steep slopes. In 5 visual search experiments, efficiency was found to depend not on the nature of the task but on whether the task is single or dual. The second component of a dual task, whether detection or discrimination, is performed inefficiently if it does not fit the configuration of the input system, which had been set optimally for the first component. But, even the second component is processed efficiently if there is enough time to reconfigure the system after processing the first component. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 479-92 |
Date | Sep 2001 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | The preattentive emperor has no clothes |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11561922 |
Accessed | Sat Apr 4 23:39:09 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11561922 |
Date Added | Sat Apr 4 23:39:09 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E K Miller |
Abstract | One of the enduring mysteries of brain function concerns the process of cognitive control. How does complex and seemingly willful behaviour emerge from interactions between millions of neurons? This has long been suspected to depend on the prefrontal cortex--the neocortex at the anterior end of the brain--but now we are beginning to uncover its neural basis. Nearly all intended behaviour is learned and so depends on a cognitive system that can acquire and implement the 'rules of the game' needed to achieve a given goal in a given situation. Studies indicate that the prefrontal cortex is central in this process. It provides an infrastructure for synthesizing a diverse range of information that lays the foundation for the complex forms of behaviour observed in primates. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 59-65 |
Date | Oct 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/35036228 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11252769 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 01:17:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11252769 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 01:17:11 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. S. Goldman-Rakic |
Author | A. R. Cools |
Author | K. Srivastava |
Abstract | The functional architecture of prefrontal cortex is central to our understanding of human mentation and cognitive prowess. This region of the brain is often treated as an undifferentiated structure, on the one hand, or as a mosaic of psychological faculties, on the other. This paper focuses on the working memory processor as a specialization of prefrontal cortex and argues that the different areas within prefrontal cortex represent iterations of this function for different information domains, including spatial cognition, object cognition and additionally, in humans, semantic processing. According to this parallel processing architecture, the 'central executive' could be considered an emergent property of multiple domain-specific processors operating interactively. These processors are specializations of different prefrontal cortical areas, each interconnected both with the domain-relevant long-term storage sites in posterior regions of the cortex and with appropriate output pathways. |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 351 |
Issue | 1346 |
Pages | 1445 -1453 |
Date | October 29 , 1996 |
DOI | 10.1098/rstb.1996.0129 |
Short Title | The Prefrontal Landscape |
URL | http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/351/1346/1445.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jun 13 19:27:45 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 13 19:27:45 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 13 19:27:45 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Author | Tricia R. Serio |
Abstract | Prions are unusual proteinaceous infectious agents that are typically associated with a class of fatal degenerative diseases of the mammalian brain. However, the discovery of fungal prions, which are not associated with disease, suggests that we must now consider the effect of these factors on basic cellular physiology in a different light. Fungal prions are epigenetic determinants that can alter a range of cellular processes, including metabolism and gene expression pathways, and these changes can lead to a range of prion-associated phenotypes. The mechanistic similarities between prion propagation in mammals and fungi suggest that prions are not a biological anomaly but instead could be a newly appreciated and perhaps ubiquitous regulatory mechanism. |
Publication | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 823-833 |
Date | December 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nrm3007 |
ISSN | 1471-0072 |
Short Title | The prion hypothesis |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v11/n12/abs/nrm3007.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:44:13 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2010 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mick F. Tuite |
Author | Tricia R. Serio |
Abstract | Prions are unusual proteinaceous infectious agents that are typically associated with a class of fatal degenerative diseases of the mammalian brain. However, the discovery of fungal prions, which are not associated with disease, suggests that we must now consider the effect of these factors on basic cellular physiology in a different light. Fungal prions are epigenetic determinants that can alter a range of cellular processes, including metabolism and gene expression pathways, and these changes can lead to a range of prion-associated phenotypes. The mechanistic similarities between prion propagation in mammals and fungi suggest that prions are not a biological anomaly but instead could be a newly appreciated and perhaps ubiquitous regulatory mechanism. |
Publication | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 823-833 |
Date | December 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nrm3007 |
ISSN | 1471-0072 |
Short Title | The prion hypothesis |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nrm/journal/v11/n12/abs/nrm3007.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:44:13 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2010 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Muriel D. Lezak |
Abstract | Abstract The capacities for formulating goals, planning, and carrying out plans effectively - the executive functions - are essential for independent, creative, and socially constructive behavior. Although they tend to be vulnerable to brain impairment, they are often overlooked in neuropsychological and neurological examinations. Reasons why there are few formalized examination procedures for evaluating executive functions are suggested. Prefrontal contributions and the importance of other brain areas (e.g., subcortical, right hemisphere) to executive functions are discussed. Assessment techniques are presented for evaluating four categories of executive capacities: (1) goal formulation, (2) planning, (3) carrying out goal-directed plans, and (4) effective performance. The Tinkertoy Test, which can provide information about these capacities, is described in some detail. Need for further exploration in this area is emphasized. |
Publication | International Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 1-4 |
Pages | 281-297 |
Date | 1982 |
DOI | 10.1080/00207598208247445 |
ISSN | 0020-7594 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207598208247445 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 10 14:41:12 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Sun Jun 10 14:41:12 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jun 10 14:41:12 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | C.F. Hockett |
Editor | J. H. Greenberg |
Book Title | Universals of language (2nd. ed.) |
Volume | 2 |
Place | Cambride, MA |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1966 |
Pages | 1–29 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Tue Jan 17 19:04:47 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 19:07:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.M. MacLeod |
Author | Nigel Gopie |
Author | Kathleen L Hourihan |
Author | Karen R Neary |
Author | Jason D Ozubko |
Abstract | In 8 recognition experiments, we investigated the production effect-the fact that producing a word aloud during study, relative to simply reading a word silently, improves explicit memory. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 showed the effect to be restricted to within-subject, mixed-list designs in which some individual words are spoken aloud at study. Because the effect was not evident when the same repeated manual or vocal overt response was made to some words (Experiment 4), producing a subset of studied words appears to provide additional unique and discriminative information for those words-they become distinctive. This interpretation is supported by observing a production effect in Experiment 5, in which some words were mouthed (i.e., articulated without speaking); in Experiment 6, in which the materials were pronounceable nonwords; and even in Experiment 7, in which the already robust generation effect was incremented by production. Experiment 8 incorporated a semantic judgment and showed that the production effect was not due to "lazy reading" of the words studied silently. The distinctiveness that accrues to the records of produced items at the time of study is useful at the time of test for discriminating these produced items from other items. The production effect represents a simple but quite powerful mechanism for improving memory for selected information. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 671-685 |
Date | May 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
DOI | 10.1037/a0018785 |
ISSN | 1939-1285 |
Short Title | The production effect |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438265 |
Accessed | Thu Aug 25 12:10:53 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20438265 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 25 12:10:53 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Rand |
Abstract | Combining evolutionary models with behavioral experiments can generate powerful insights into the evolution of human behavior. The emergence of online labor markets such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) allows theorists to conduct behavioral experiments very quickly and cheaply. The process occurs entirely over the computer, and the experience is quite similar to performing a set of computer simulations. Thus AMT opens the world of experimentation to evolutionary theorists. In this paper, I review previous work combining theory and experiments, and I introduce online labor markets as a tool for behavioral experimentation. I review numerous replication studies indicating that AMT data is reliable. I also present two new experiments on the reliability of self-reported demographics. In the first, I use IP address logging to verify AMT subjects' self-reported country of residence, and find that 97% of responses are accurate. In the second, I compare the consistency of a range of demographic variables reported by the same subjects across two different studies, and find between 81% and 98% agreement, depending on the variable. Finally, I discuss limitations of AMT and point out potential pitfalls. I hope this paper will encourage evolutionary modelers to enter the world of experimentation, and help to strengthen the bond between theoretical and empirical analyses of the evolution of human behavior. |
Publication | Journal of Theoretical Biology |
Volume | 299 |
Pages | 172-179 |
Date | April 21, 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.004 |
ISSN | 0022-5193 |
Short Title | The promise of Mechanical Turk |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519311001330 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 6 05:42:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:57:23 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 4 22:25:19 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Niyogi |
Author | R C Berwick |
Abstract | Language acquisition maps linguistic experience, primary linguistic data (PLD), onto linguistic knowledge, a grammar. Classically, computational models of language acquisition assume a single target grammar and one PLD source, the central question being whether the target grammar can be acquired from the PLD. However, real-world learners confront populations with variation, i.e., multiple target grammars and PLDs. Removing this idealization has inspired a new class of population-based language acquisition models. This paper contrasts 2 such models. In the first, iterated learning (IL), each learner receives PLD from one target grammar but different learners can have different targets. In the second, social learning (SL), each learner receives PLD from possibly multiple targets, e.g., from 2 parents. We demonstrate that these 2 models have radically different evolutionary consequences. The IL model is dynamically deficient in 2 key respects. First, the IL model admits only linear dynamics and so cannot describe phase transitions, attested rapid changes in languages over time. Second, the IL model cannot properly describe the stability of languages over time. In contrast, the SL model leads to nonlinear dynamics, bifurcations, and possibly multiple equilibria and so suffices to model both the case of stable language populations, mixtures of more than 1 language, as well as rapid language change. The 2 models also make distinct, empirically testable predictions about language change. Using historical data, we show that the SL model more faithfully replicates the dynamics of the evolution of Middle English. |
Publication | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 25 |
Pages | 10124–10129 |
Date | June 2009 |
Language | English |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0903993106 |
URL | http://buonmathuot.vn/ws/r/www.pnas.org/content/106/25/10124.full |
Date Added | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 28 16:50:58 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nigel W. Daw |
Abstract | Trichromatic theory can predict a colour match, but, surprisingly, not the colour that is finally perceived. Indeed perceived colour is relatively insensitive to the wavelength composition and overall intensity of the source of illumination. |
Publication | Trends in Neurosciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 330-335 |
Date | September 1984 |
DOI | 10.1016/S0166-2236(84)80082-X |
ISSN | 0166-2236 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016622368480082X |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 00:18:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:18:38 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:18:38 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Harold E. Pashler |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1999-07-16 |
ISBN | 026266156X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Jul 13 11:32:24 2011 |
Modified | Wed Jul 13 11:32:24 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Svein Magnussen |
Author | Mark W. Greenlee |
Abstract | Abstract Psychophysical studies of short-term memory for attributes or dimensions of the visual stimulus known to be important in early visual processing – spatial frequency, orientation, contrast, motion – identify an early perceptual memory system. The proposed system, which may be part of the Schacter-Tulving perceptual representation system (PRS), is located early in the visual processing stream, prior to the structural description system responsible for shape priming but beyond primary visual cortex (V1), and consists of a series of parallel special-purpose perceptual mechanisms with independent but limited processing resources, where each mechanism is devoted to the analysis of a single stimulus dimension and is coupled to a memory store. The experimental evidence for this hypothesis is reviewed. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 62 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-92 |
Date | July 07, 1999 |
DOI | 10.1007/s004260050043 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004260050043 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:06:34 2010 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:06:34 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:06:34 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Fred Attneave |
Author | Malcolm D. Arnoult |
Abstract | The pre-eminent importance of formal or relational factors in perception has been abundantly demonstrated during some forty years of gestalt psychology. It seems extraordinary, therefore, that so little progress has been made (and, indeed, that so little effort has been expended) toward the systematizing and quantifying of such factors. Our most precise knowledge of perception is in those areas which have yielded to psychophysical analysis (e.g., the perception of size, color, and pitch), but there is virtually no psychophysics of shape or pattern. Several difficulties may be pointed out at once: (a) Shape is a multidimensional variable, though it is often carelessly referred to as a "dimension," along with brightness, hue, area, and the like, (b) The number of dimensions necessary to describe a shape is not fixed or constant, but increases with the complexity of the shape, (c) Even if we know how many dimensions are necessary in a given case, the choice of particular descriptive terms (i.e., of referenceaxes in the multidimensional space with which we are dealing) remains a problem; presumably some such terms have more psychological meaningfulness than others. |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 452–471 |
Date | 1956 |
Library Catalog | CiteSeer |
Date Added | Mon Jul 23 15:53:10 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jul 23 15:55:02 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Michael C. Corballis |
Publisher | Princeton University Press |
Date | 2011-04-18 |
# of Pages | 288 |
ISBN | 0691145474 |
Short Title | The Recursive Mind |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:22:55 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:22:55 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Glanzer |
Author | J.K. Adams |
Author | G.J. Iverson |
Author | K. Kim |
Abstract | Three regularities in recognition memory are described with supporting data: the mirror effect, the order of receiver operating characteristic slopes, and the symmetry of movement of underlying distributions. The derivation of these regularities from attention/likelihood theory is demonstrated. The theory's central concept, which distinguishes it from other theories, is the following: Ss make recognition decisions by combining information about new and old items, the combination made in the form of likelihood ratios. The central role of the likelihood ratios extends the implications of signal detection theory for recognition memory Attention/likelihood theory is fitted to data of 2 series of experiments. One series involves yes-no tests and confidence ratings, the other forced-choice experiments. It is argued that the regularities require a revision of most current theories of recognition memory |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 100 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 546-567 |
Date | July 1993 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. McFie |
Author | M. F. Piercy |
Abstract | Successful performance of Weigl's Colour-Form Sorting Test involves the ability to abstract from the pieces presented their qualities of shape and colour, and to group the pieces accordingly. In 74 patients with localized cerebral lesions, the incidence of failure on this test is found to be significantly related to the presence of a lesion in the dominant hemisphere, and unrelated to the presence of dysphasia. These results do not support Goldstein's view that a cerebral lesion results in impairment of abstraction irrespective of its location; nor do they support the view that dysphasia is contingent upon impairment of abstraction. |
Publication | Journal of Mental Science |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 411 |
Pages | 299-305 |
Date | April 1, 1952 |
DOI | 10.1192/bjp.98.411.299 |
URL | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/411/299 |
Accessed | Tue Apr 14 10:13:25 2009 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Tue Apr 14 10:13:25 2009 |
Modified | Tue Apr 14 10:13:25 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ellen Bialystok |
Author | Shilpi Majumder |
Publication | Applied PsychoLinguistics |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 01 |
Pages | 69-85 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0142716400010584 |
Date Added | Fri Jun 8 00:25:03 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 8 00:26:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Roland Baddeley |
Author | David Attewell |
Abstract | ABSTRACT2014The surface reflectance of objects is highly variable, ranging between 4% for, say, charcoal and 90% for fresh snow. When stimuli are presented simultaneously, people can discriminate hundreds of levels of visual intensity. Despite this, human languages possess a maximum of just three basic terms for describing lightness. In English, these are white (or light), black (or dark), and gray. Why should this be? Using information theory, combined with estimates of the distribution of reflectances in the natural world and the reliability of lightness recall over time, we show that three lightness terms is the optimal number for describing surface reflectance properties in a modern urban or indoor environment. We also show that only two lightness terms would be required in a forest or rural environment. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1100-1107 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02412.x |
Short Title | The Relationship Between Language and the Environment |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02412.x |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:26:58 2010 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:26:58 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:26:58 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Heekyeong Park |
Author | Michael D Rugg |
Abstract | Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the present study investigated whether the enhanced memory performance associated with congruent relative to incongruent retrieval cues is modulated by how items are encoded. Subjects studied a list of visually presented words and pictures and attempted to recognize these items in a later memory test. Half of the studied items were tested with a congruent cue (word-word and picture-picture), whereas the remainders were tested with an incongruent cue (word-picture and picture-word). For both words and pictures, regions where study activity was greater for congruently than incongruently cued items overlapped regions where activity differentiated the 2 classes of study material. Thus, word congruency effects overlapped regions where activity elicited by study words exceeded the activity elicited by pictures. Similarly, picture congruency effects overlapped regions demonstrating enhanced activity for pictures relative to words. In addition, several regions, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus, demonstrated material-nonspecific congruency effects. The findings suggest that items benefit from a congruent retrieval cue when their study processing resembles the processing later engaged by the retrieval cue. Consistent with the principle of transfer appropriate processing, the benefit of a congruent retrieval cue derives from the interaction between study and retrieval processing. |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991) |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 868-875 |
Date | Apr 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Cereb. Cortex |
DOI | 10.1093/cercor/bhm130 |
ISSN | 1460-2199 |
Short Title | The relationship between study processing and the effects of cue congruency at retrieval |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17652467 |
Accessed | Thu Oct 15 14:05:20 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17652467 |
Date Added | Thu Oct 15 14:05:20 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Monica S. Castelhano |
Author | Chelsea Heaven |
Abstract | Many experiments have shown that knowing a target's visual features improves search performance over knowing the target name. Other experiments have shown that scene context can facilitate object search in natural scenes. In this study, we investigated how scene context and target features affect search performance. We examined two possible sources of information from scene context—the scene's gist and the visual details of the scene—and how they potentially interact with target-feature information. Prior to commencing search, participants were shown a scene and a target cue depicting either a picture or the category name (or no-information control). Using eye movement measures, we investigated how the target features and scene context influenced two components of search: early attentional guidance processes and later verification processes involved in the identification of the target. We found that both scene context and target features improved guidance, but that target features also improved speed of target recognition. Furthermore, we found that a scene's visual details played an important role in improving guidance, much more so than did the scene's gist alone. |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 1283-1297 |
Date | July 2010 |
DOI | 10.3758/APP.72.5.1283 |
URL | http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/72/5/1283.abstract |
Accessed | Thu Aug 26 20:10:06 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 26 20:10:06 2010 |
Modified | Thu Aug 26 20:10:06 2010 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Wed Nov 12 20:37:59 2008 |
Modified | Wed Nov 12 20:37:59 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hans Op de Beeck |
Author | Erik Béatse |
Author | Johan Wagemans |
Author | Stefan Sunaert |
Author | Paul Van Hecke |
Abstract | To investigate the role of human fusiform gyrus in shape processing, we determined the effect of shape degradation on BOLD contrast in this region with fMRI during three tasks requiring subjects to determine either whether two successively presented nonsense shapes had the same global orientation (OR task); whether two successively presented meaningful objects belonged to the same basic level category (CAT task); or whether two successively presented objects represented the same exemplar of a category (EX task). On the behavioral level, shape degradation by locally shifting the pixels constituting the lines of stimuli had no effect on performance in the OR task, while it was detrimental to performance in the CAT and EX tasks. In comparison to the OR task, both the CAT and EX tasks were associated with activations in the occipitotemporal and parietal cortex. When shape degradation was applied, activation in the middle fusiform gyrus was reduced in all tasks. The occurrence of this effect in the OR task indicates that it is independent of memory representations. The persistence of the effect in both tasks that showed a behavioral effect of degradation suggests that it does not reflect the amount of shape processing performed on the stimuli, but rather the specificity of the final perceptual representation that can be built from the shape information that is available. Other studies have shown effects of stimulus familiarity and task requirements in the fusiform gyrus, suggesting that there is no need to assume different modules for perceptual representation and representation in memory. |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-40 |
Date | July 2000 |
DOI | 10.1006/nimg.2000.0598 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WNP-45C0TP1-28/2/9a511edfa5d76740f650a36c61613505 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 10 16:55:07 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jun 10 16:55:07 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jun 10 16:55:07 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Ahissar |
Author | S. Hochstein |
Abstract | Perceptual learning can be defined as practice-induced improvement in the ability to perform specific perceptual tasks. We previously proposed the Reverse Hierarchy Theory as a unifying concept that links behavioral findings of visual learning with physiological and anatomical data. Essentially, it asserts that learning is a top-down guided process, which begins at high-level areas of the visual system, and when these do not suffice, progresses backwards to the input levels, which have a better signal-to-noise ratio. This simple concept has proved powerful in explaining a broad range of findings, including seemingly contradicting data. We now extend this concept to describe the dynamics of skill acquisition and interpret recent behavioral and electrophysiological findings |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 457-464 |
Date | October 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Peter E Turkeltaub |
Author | H Branch Coslett |
Author | Amy L Thomas |
Author | Olufunsho Faseyitan |
Author | Jennifer Benson |
Author | Catherine Norise |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Abstract | Neurologists and aphasiologists have debated for over a century whether right hemisphere recruitment facilitates or impedes recovery from aphasia. Here we present a well-characterized patient with sequential left and right hemisphere strokes whose case substantially informs this debate. A 72-year-old woman with chronic nonfluent aphasia was enrolled in a trial of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). She underwent 10 daily sessions of inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis. Brain activity was measured during picture naming using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) prior to TMS exposure and before and after TMS on the first day of treatment. Language and cognition were tested behaviorally three times prior to treatment, and at 2 and 6 months afterward. Inhibitory TMS to the right pars triangularis induced immediate improvement in naming, which was sustained 2 months later. fMRI confirmed a local reduction in activity at the TMS target, without expected increased activity in corresponding left hemisphere areas. Three months after TMS, the patient suffered a right hemisphere ischemic stroke, resulting in worsening of aphasia without other clinical deficits. Behavioral testing 3 months later confirmed that language function was impacted more than other cognitive domains. The paradoxical effects of inhibitory TMS and the stroke to the right hemisphere demonstrate that even within a single patient, involvement of some right hemisphere areas may support recovery, while others interfere. The behavioral evidence confirms that compensatory reorganization occurred within the right hemisphere after the original stroke. No support is found for interhemispheric inhibition, the theoretical framework on which most therapeutic brain stimulation protocols for aphasia are based. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Date | Jun 30, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.010 |
ISSN | 1973-8102 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794852 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 27 20:25:54 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21794852 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 27 20:25:54 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 28 20:04:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.M. Kosslyn |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Author | O. Felician |
Author | S. Camposano |
Author | J.P. Keenan |
Author | W.L. Thompson |
Author | G. Ganis |
Author | K.E. Sukel |
Author | N.M. Alpert |
Abstract | Visual imagery is used in a wide range of mental activities, ranging from memory to reasoning, and also plays a role in perception proper. The contribution of early visual cortex, specifically Area 17, to Visual mental imagery was examined by the use of two convergent techniques. In one, subjects closed their eyes during positron emission tomography (PET) while they visualized and compared properties (for example, relative length) of sets of stripes. The results showed that when people perform this task, Area 17 is activated. In the other, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied to medial occipital cortex before presentation of the same task. Performance was impaired after rTMS compared with a sham control condition; similar results were obtained when the subjects performed the task by actually Looking at the stimuli. In sum, the PET results showed that when patterns of stripes are visualized, Area 17 is activated, and the rTMS results showed that such activation underlies information processing |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 284 |
Issue | 5411 |
Pages | 167-170 |
Date | April 02, 1999 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:21:28 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M L Kalish |
Author | J K Kruschke |
Abstract | Results of human category learning experiments, using stimulus dimensions with binary values, have implicated a rapidly acting mechanism of attention shifts. Theories of categorization desire that stimuli with binary, discrete and continuous valued dimensions should all be treated similarly. Theoretical analyses of attention shifting, however, have up to now only been developed for shifts between features, or shifts between entire dimensions, not shifts within dimensions. Here we present a model of how people learn to discriminate categories made up of stimuli with continuous-valued dimensions. The model uses rapid shifts in attention within stimulus dimensions to reduce errors during learning; the model generalizes J. K. Kruschke's (Psychological Review, 99, 22-44, 1992) ADIT model. In an experiment in category learning, subjects were trained to discriminate four bivariate normal distributions that are presented with differential base rates. The base-rate manipulation produces several qualitative effects, for which the model accounts very well. With attention shifting turned off, the model fails to account for some aspects of the data, suggesting that attentions shifts are an important mechanism in the model. |
Publication | Psychological Research |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 105-116 |
Date | 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Res |
ISSN | 0340-0727 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11195304 |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 19:48:19 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11195304 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 19:48:19 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | M.I. Stewart |
Author | S.R. Friedman-hill |
Author | K.M. O'Connell |
Abstract | Visual search for 1 target orientation is fast and virtually independent of set size if all of the distractors are of a single. different orientation. However, in the presence of distractors of several orientations. search can become inefficient and strongly dependent on set size (Exp. 1). Search can be inefficient even if only 2 distractor orientations are used and even if those orientations are quite remote from the target orientation (e.g. 20-degrees or even 40-degrees away, Exp. 2). Search for 1 orientation among heterogeneous distractor orientations becomes more efficient if the target orientation is the only item possessing a categorical attribute such as steep, shallow (Exp. 3), tilted left or tilted right (Exp. 4). or simply tilted (Exps. 5 and 6). Orientation categories appear to be 1 of several strategies used in visual search for orientation. These serve as a compromise between the limits on parallel visual processing and the demands of a complex visual world |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 34-49 |
Date | February 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Aude Oliva |
Author | Antonio Torralba |
Abstract | In the real world, objects never occur in isolation; they co-vary with other objects and particular environments, providing a rich source of contextual associations to be exploited by the visual system. A natural way of representing the context of an object is in terms of its relationship to other objects. Alternately, recent work has shown that a statistical summary of the scene provides a complementary and effective source of information for contextual inference, which enables humans to quickly guide their attention and eyes to regions of interest in natural scenes. A better understanding of how humans build such scene representations, and of the mechanisms of contextual analysis, will lead to a new generation of computer vision systems. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 520-527 |
Date | December 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.009 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH9-4R5H251-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=7268dad45988e4ef56c883063348682b |
Accessed | Wed Jul 23 23:08:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jul 23 23:08:30 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jul 23 23:08:30 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Verbeemen |
Author | V. Vanoverberghe |
Author | G. Storms |
Author | W. Ruts |
Abstract | In this paper. seven experiments are described in which the effect of contrast categories on the within-category structure of superordinate and basic level natural language concepts was studied. intension-based and extension-based predictors originating from both the target category and a contrast category were used to predict typicality ratings and response times in twt, different speeded categorization tasks. Virtually no evidence for contrast category effects was found in any of the experiments. These findings contrast with what one would expect based on results reported by Rosch and Mervis (1975) anti on many exemplar models. in which a contrast category effect is explicitly assumed, (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 44 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 618-643 |
Date | May 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.L. Macknik |
Author | S. Martinez-Conde |
Publication | Advances in Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 125-152 |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Abstract | People move their hands as they talk - they gesture. Gesturing is a robust phenomenon, found across cultures, ages, and tasks. Gesture is even found in individuals blind from birth. But what purpose, if any, does gesture serve? In this review, I begin by examining gesture when it stands on its own, substituting for speech and clearly serving a communicative function. When called upon to carry the full burden of communication, gesture assumes a language-like form with structure at word and sentence levels. However, when produced along with speech, gesture assumes a different form - it becomes imagistic and analog. Despite its form, the gesture that accompanies speech also communicates. Trained coders can glean substantive information from gesture - information that is not always identical to that gleaned from speech. Gesture can thus serve as a research tool, shedding light on speakers' unspoken thoughts. The controversial question is whether gesture conveys information to listeners not trained to read them. Do spontaneous gestures communicate to ordinary listeners? Or might they be produced only for speakers themselves? I suggest these are not mutually exclusive functions - gesture serves as both a tool for communication for listeners, and a tool for thinking for speakers |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 419-429 |
Date | November 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000083266600006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M W Becker |
Author | H Pashler |
Author | S M Anstis |
Abstract | In three experiments, subjects attempted to detect the change of a single item in a visually presented array of items. Subjects' ability to detect a change was greatly reduced if a blank interstimulus interval (ISI) was inserted between the original array and an array in which one item had changed ('change blindness'). However, change detection improved when the location of the change was cued during the blank ISI. This suggests that people represent more information of a scene than change blindness might suggest. We test two possible hypotheses why, in the absence of a cue, this representation fails to produce good change detection. The first claims that the intervening events employed to create change blindness result in multiple neural transients which co-occur with the to-be-detected change. Poor detection rates occur because a serial search of all the transient locations is required to detect the change, during which time the representation of the original scene fades. The second claims that the occurrence of the second frame overwrites the representation of the first frame, unless that information is insulated against overwriting by attention. The results support the second hypothesis. We conclude that people may have a fairly rich visual representation of a scene while the scene is present, but fail to detect changes because they lack the ability to simultaneously represent two complete visual representations. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 273-286 |
Date | 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Perception |
ISSN | 0301-0066 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10889938 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 14:42:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10889938 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 14:42:13 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ann K. Lieberth |
Author | Mary Ellen Bellile Gamble |
Abstract | This study evaluated the recognition and retention of transparent and nontransparent manual signs by 50 sign-naive hearing college freshmen. There was a significant decrease in the number of nontransparent signs retained as the period of time after training increased. Implications for sign language training with nonverbal hearing persons are discussed. (Author/DB) |
Publication | Journal of Communication Disorders |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 89-99 |
Date | 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Communication Disorders |
ISSN | 0021-9924 |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ429970 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 24 12:40:17 2012 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 12:40:17 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 12:40:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M D Orlansky |
Author | J D Bonvillian |
Abstract | A longitudinal study of sign language acquisition was conducted with 13 very young children (median age 10 months at outset of study) of deaf parents. The children's sign language lexicons were examined for their percentages of iconic signs at two early stages of vocabulary development. Iconic signs are those that clearly resemble the action, object, or characteristic they represent. Analysis of the subjects' vocabularies revealed that iconic signs comprised 30.8% of the first 10 signs they acquired. At age 18 months, the proportion of iconic signs was found to be 33.7%. The finding that a majority of signs in the subjects' early vocabularies were not iconic suggests that the role of iconicity in young children's acquisition of signs may have been overrated by some investigators, and that other formational features may be of greater importance in influencing young children's ability to acquire signs. |
Publication | The Journal of speech and hearing disorders |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 287-292 |
Date | Aug 1984 |
Journal Abbr | J Speech Hear Disord |
ISSN | 0022-4677 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 6748624 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 11:49:04 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 11:49:04 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Emerson |
Author | A. Miyake |
Abstract | This dual-task study examined the role of inner speech in task switching. Experiment I demonstrated that disrupting inner speech via articulatory suppression dramatically increases switch costs. The three subsequent experiments attempted to specify the role of inner speech in task switching by introducing additional manipulations (i.e., types of cues in Experiment 2, task difficulty in Experiment 3, and the number of tasks switched between in Experiment 4) and then examining whether these factors modulated the magnitude of the articulatory suppression effect on switch costs. Only the cue type manipulation-hypothesized to affect the degree to which participants rely on verbal self-instruction-modulated the articulatory suppression effect, suggesting that inner speech serves as an internal self-cuing device by retrieving and activating a phonological representation of the upcoming task. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 148-168 |
Date | January 2003 |
URL | ISI:000180671900008 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F. Xu |
Abstract | Four experiments investigated whether 9-month-old infants could use the presence of labels to help them establish a representation of two distinct objects in a complex object individuation task. We found that the presence of two distinct labels facilitated object individuation, but the presence of one label for both objects, two distinct tones, two distinct sounds, or two distinct emotional expressions did not. These findings suggest that language may play an important role in the acquisition of sortal/object kind concepts in infancy: words may serve as "essence placeholders". Implications for the relationship between language and conceptual development are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 223-250 |
Date | October 2002 |
URL | ISI:000178053900002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:48 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D. Dennett |
Contributor | J. Khalfa |
Book Title | What is Intelligence? The Darwin College Lectures |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Dec 25 19:48:42 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. Smith |
Author | I.E. Dror |
Abstract | Eighty-four participants mentally rotated meaningful and meaningless objects. Within each type of object, half were simple and half were complex; the complexity was the same across the meaningful and meaningless objects. The patterns of errors were examined as a function of the type of stimuli (meaningful vs. meaningless), complexity, and angle of rotation. The data for the meaningful objects showed steeper slopes of rotation for complex objects than that for simple objects. In contrast, the simple and complex meaningless objects showed comparable increases in error rates as a function of angle of rotation. Furthermore, the slopes remained comparable after pretraining that increased familiarity with the objects. The results are discussed in terms of underlying representations of meaningful and meaningless objects and their implications to mental transformations. The data are consistent with a piecemeal rotation of the meaningful stimuli and a holistic rotation of the meaningless stimuli |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 732-741 |
Date | December 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Author | H. Super |
Author | R. Landman |
Author | P.R. Roelfsema |
Author | H. Spekreijse |
Abstract | In the search for the neural correlate of Visual awareness, much controversy exists about the role of primary visual cortex. Here, the neurophysiological data from VI recordings in awake monkeys are examined in light of two general classes of models of visual awareness. In the first model type, visual awareness is seen as being mediated either by a particular set of areas or pathways, or alternatively by a specific set of neurons. In these models, the role of V1 seems rather limited, as the mere activity of V1 cells seems insufficient to mediate awareness. In the second model type, awareness is hypothesized to be mediated by a global mechanism, i.e. a specific kind of activity not linked to a particular area or cell type. Two separate versions of global models are discussed, synchronous oscillations and spike rate modulations. It is shown that V1 synchrony does not reflect perception but rather the horizontal connections between neurons, indicating that V1 synchrony cannot be a direct neural correlate of conscious percepts. However, the rate of spike discharges of V1 neurons is strongly modulated by perceptual context, and these modulations correlate very well with aspects of perceptual organization, visual awareness, and attention. If these modulations serve as a neural correlate of visual awareness, then VI contributes to that neural correlate. Whether V1 plays a role in the neural correlate of visual awareness thus strongly depends on the way visual awareness is hypothesized to be implemented in the brain. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 10-12 |
Pages | 1507-1521 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Melcher |
Author | Brian Murphy |
Abstract | Many studies suggest a large capacity memory for briefly presented pictures of whole scenes. At the same time, visual working memory (WM) of scene elements is limited to only a few items. We examined the role of retroactive interference in limiting memory for visual details. Participants viewed a scene for 5 s and then, after a short delay containing either a blank screen or 10 distracter scenes, answered questions about the location, color, and identity of objects in the scene. We found that the influence of the distracters depended on whether they were from a similar semantic domain, such as "kitchen" or "airport." Increasing the number of similar scenes reduced, and eventually eliminated, memory for scene details. Although scene memory was firmly established over the initial study period, this memory was fragile and susceptible to interference. This may help to explain the discrepancy in the literature between studies showing limited visual WM and those showing a large capacity memory for scenes. |
Publication | Frontiers in Psychology |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 262 |
Date | 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Front Psychol |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00262 |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016743 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 24 18:15:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22016743 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 24 18:15:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Jul 24 18:15:40 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Abstract | Early in development, humans exhibit the ability to form categories and overlook differences for the sake of generality. This ability poses several important questions: How does categorization arise? What processes underlie category formation? And how are categories mentally represented? We argue that the development of categorization is grounded in perceptual and attentional mechanisms capable of detecting multiple correspondences or similarities in the environment. We present evidence that: (a) similarity can drive categorization early in development; and (b) early in development, humans have powerful learning mechanisms that enable them to extract regularities in the environment. We conclude that, despite remaining challenges, the similarity-based approach offers a promising account of the development of categorization |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 246-251 |
Date | June 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christof Koch |
Author | Idan Segev |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sun Jan 22 14:14:50 2012 |
Modified | Sun Jan 22 14:14:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jan Theeuwes |
Author | Erik Van der Burg |
Abstract | Even though it is undisputed that prior information regarding the location of a target affects visual selection, the issue of whether information regarding nonspatial features, such as color and shape, has similar effects has been a matter of debate since the early 1980s. In the study described in this article, measures derived from signal detection theory were used to show that perceptual sensitivity is affected by a top-down set for spatial information but not by a top-down set for nonspatial information. This indicates that knowing where the target singleton is affects perceptual selectivity but that knowing what it is does not help selectivity. Furthermore, perceptual sensitivity can be enhanced by nonspatial features, but only through a process related to bottom-up priming. These findings have important implications for models of visual selection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1335-1351 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | doi:10.1037/0096-1523.33.6.1335 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 (PRINT); 1939-1277 (ELECTRONIC) |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=2007-18503-007 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 11 23:24:21 2008 |
Library Catalog | APA PsycNET |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:16 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.D. Smith |
Author | M. Wilson |
Author | D. Reisberg |
Abstract | Five experiments explored the utility of subvocal rehearsal, and of an inner-ear/inner-voice partnership, in tasks of auditory imagery. In three tasks (reinterpreting ambiguous auditory images, parsing meaningful letter strings, scanning familiar melodies) subjects relied on a partnership between the inner ear and inner voice, one similar to the phonological loop system described in the short-term memory literature. Apparently subjects subvocally rehearsed the imagery material, which placed the material in a phonological store that allowed the imagery judgement. In a fourth task (distinguishing voiced and unvoiced consonants in imagery), subjects still subvocally rehearsed, but seemed to need no additional phonological store to respond correctly. In this case they may have consulted articulatory or kinesthetic cues instead. In a fifth experiment (making homophone judgements), subjects hardly even needed to subvocally rehearse, a result suggesting that homophone judgements rely on some direct route from print to phonology. We consider the breadth of the partnership between the inner ear and inner voice, the level that subvocal rehearsal occupies in the cognitive system, and the functional neuroanatomy of the phonological loop system |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1433-1454 |
Date | November 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.L. Murphy |
Author | D.L Medin |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 289-316 |
Date | 1985 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Review |
DOI | 10.1037/0033-295X.92.3.289 |
ISSN | 1939-1471 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1985-30458-001 |
Accessed | Mon May 9 22:40:31 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Mon May 9 22:40:31 2011 |
Modified | Mon May 9 22:42:21 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Christopher W. Robinson |
Author | Catherine A. Best |
Author | Wei (Sophia) Deng |
Author | Vladimir M. Sloutsky |
Abstract | The current review focuses on how exposure to linguistic input, and count nouns in particular, affect performance on various cognitive tasks, including individuation, categorization and category learning, and inductive inference. We review two theoretical accounts of effects of words. Proponents of one account argue that words have top-down effects on cognitive tasks, and, as such, function as supervisory signals. Proponents of the other account suggest that early in development, words, just like any other perceptual feature, are first and foremost part of the stimulus input and influence cognitive tasks in a bottom-up, non-supervisory fashion. We then review evidence supporting each account. We conclude that, although much research is needed, there is a large body of evidence indicating that words start out like other perceptual features and become supervisory signals in the course of development. |
Publication | Frontiers in Psychology |
Volume | 3 |
Date | 2012-4-11 |
Journal Abbr | Front Psychol |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00095 |
ISSN | 1664-1078 |
Short Title | The Role of Words in Cognitive Tasks |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3324034/ |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 13:33:47 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 22514543 PMCID: PMC3324034 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 13:33:47 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 13:33:47 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Manos Tsakiris |
Author | Patrick Haggard |
Abstract | Watching a rubber hand being stroked, while one's own unseen hand is synchronously stroked, may cause the rubber hand to be attributed to one's own body, to "feel like it's my hand." A behavioral measure of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a drift of the perceived position of one's own hand toward the rubber hand. The authors investigated (a) the influence of general body scheme representations on the RHI in Experiments 1 and 2 and (b) the necessary conditions of visuotactile stimulation underlying the RHI in Experiments 3 and 4. Overall, the results suggest that at the level of the process underlying the build up of the RHI, bottom-up processes of visuotactile correlation drive the illusion as a necessary, but not sufficient, condition. Conversely, at the level of the phenomenological content, the illusion is modulated by top-down influences originating from the representation of one's own body. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 80-91 |
Date | Feb 2005 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.80 |
ISSN | 0096-1523 |
Short Title | The rubber hand illusion revisited |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15709864 |
Date Added | Sat Dec 29 23:46:54 2012 |
Modified | Sat Dec 29 23:46:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E.M Pothos |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Pages | 1-49 |
Date | 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | J. Skoyles |
Website Title | http://cogprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00002259/ |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ryota Kanai |
Author | Naotsugu Tsuchiya |
Author | Frans A.J. Verstraten |
Abstract | Summary Attentional selection plays a critical role in conscious perception. When attention is diverted, even salient stimuli fail to reach visual awareness [1] and [2]. Attention can be voluntarily directed to a spatial location [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8] and [9] or a visual feature [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] and [14] for facilitating the processing of information relevant to current goals. In everyday situations, attention and awareness are tightly coupled. This has led some to suggest that attention and awareness might be based on a common neural foundation [15] and [16], whereas others argue that they are mediated by distinct mechanisms [17], [18] and [19]. A body of evidence shows that visual stimuli can be processed at multiple stages of the visual-processing streams without evoking visual awareness [20], [21] and [22]. To illuminate the relationship between visual attention and conscious perception, we investigated whether top-down attention can target and modulate the neural representations of unconsciously processed visual stimuli. Our experiments show that spatial attention can target only consciously perceived stimuli, whereas feature-based attention can modulate the processing of invisible stimuli. The attentional modulation of unconscious signals implies that attention and awareness can be dissociated, challenging a simplistic view of the boundary between conscious and unconscious visual processing. |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 23 |
Pages | 2332-2336 |
Date | December 5, 2006 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2006.10.001 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VRT-4MGW3JF-W/2/90df2ff12f3d3548fc247c2211b4f07c |
Accessed | Thu Mar 4 23:41:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Mar 4 23:41:12 2010 |
Modified | Thu Mar 4 23:41:12 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Umberto Eco |
Publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
Date | 1997-04-16 |
# of Pages | 400 |
ISBN | 0631205101 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Nov 8 00:56:44 2012 |
Modified | Thu Nov 8 00:56:44 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Caramazza |
Author | R.S. Berndt |
Author | Hiram H. Brownell |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 161-189 |
Date | 1982 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Mon Aug 8 16:37:29 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Mccleary |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 183-202 |
Date | July 1988 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Author | M. Steyvers |
Abstract | The reported experiments explored 2 mechanisms by which object descriptions are flexibly adapted to support concept learning: selective attention and dimension differentiation. Arbitrary dimensions were created by blending photographs of faces in different proportions. Consistent with learned selective attention, positive transfer was found when initial and final categorizations shared either relevant or irrelevant dimensions. Unexpectedly good transfer was observed when both irrelevant dimensions became relevant and relevant dimensions became irrelevant, and was explained in terms of participants learning to isolate one dimension from another. This account was further supported by experiments indicating that conditions expected to produce positive transfer via dimension differentiation produced better transfer than conditions expected to produce positive transfer via selective attention, but only when stimuli were composed of highly integral and spatially overlapping dimensions |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 116-139 |
Date | March 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:19 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daphne Maurer |
Author | Thanujeni Pathman |
Author | Catherine J Mondloch |
Abstract | A striking demonstration that sound-object correspondences are not completely arbitrary is that adults map nonsense words with rounded vowels (e.g. bouba) to rounded shapes and nonsense words with unrounded vowels (e.g. kiki) to angular shapes (Köhler, 1947; Ramachandran & Hubbard, 2001). Here we tested the bouba/kiki phenomenon in 2.5-year-old children and a control group of adults (n =20 per age), using four pairs of rounded versus pointed shapes and four contrasting pairs of nonsense words differing in vowel sound. Overall, participants at both ages matched words with rounded vowels to the rounder shapes and words with unrounded vowels to the pointed shapes (both ps < .0005), with no significant difference between the two ages (p > .10). Such naturally biased correspondences between sound and shape may influence the development of language. |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 316-322 |
Date | May 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Dev Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00495.x |
ISSN | 1363-755X |
Short Title | The shape of boubas |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16669803 |
Accessed | Fri Sep 9 00:12:00 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16669803 |
Date Added | Fri Sep 9 00:12:00 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pierre Gabriel |
Abstract | We consider a polymerization (fragmentation) model with size-dependent parameters involved in prion proliferation. Using power laws for the different rates of this model, we recover the shape of the polymerization rate using experimental data. The technique used is inspired from [15], where the fragmentation dependence on prion strains is investigated. Our improvement is to use power laws for the rates, whereas [15] used a constant polymerization coefficient and linear fragmentation. |
Publication | Mathematical and Computer Modelling |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 7–8 |
Pages | 1451-1456 |
Date | April 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Mathematical and Computer Modelling |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mcm.2010.03.032 |
ISSN | 0895-7177 |
Short Title | Mathematical Methods and Modelling of Biophysical Phenomena |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895717710001500 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:03 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Pierre Gabriel |
Abstract | We consider a polymerization (fragmentation) model with size-dependent parameters involved in prion proliferation. Using power laws for the different rates of this model, we recover the shape of the polymerization rate using experimental data. The technique used is inspired from [15], where the fragmentation dependence on prion strains is investigated. Our improvement is to use power laws for the rates, whereas [15] used a constant polymerization coefficient and linear fragmentation. |
Publication | Mathematical and Computer Modelling |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 7–8 |
Pages | 1451-1456 |
Date | April 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Mathematical and Computer Modelling |
DOI | 10.1016/j.mcm.2010.03.032 |
ISSN | 0895-7177 |
Short Title | Mathematical Methods and Modelling of Biophysical Phenomena |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895717710001500 |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:55:03 2013 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lori Markson |
Author | Gil Diesendruck |
Author | Paul Bloom |
Abstract | When children learn the name of a novel object, they tend to extend that name to other objects similar in shape - a phenomenon referred to as the shape bias. Does the shape bias stem from learned associations between names and categories of objects, or does it derive from more general properties of children's understanding of language and the world? We argue here for the second alternative, presenting evidence that the shape bias emerges early in development, is not limited to names, and is intimately related to how children make sense of categories. |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 204-208 |
Date | Mar 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Dev Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00666.x |
ISSN | 1467-7687 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18333975 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 21 17:35:46 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18333975 |
Date Added | Sat Aug 21 17:35:46 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vanja Kovic |
Author | Kim Plunkett |
Author | Gert Westermann |
Abstract | The principle of arbitrariness in language assumes that there is no intrinsic relationship between linguistic signs and their referents. However, a growing body of sound-symbolism research suggests the existence of some naturally-biased mappings between phonological properties of labels and perceptual properties of their referents (Maurer, Pathman, & Mondloch, 2006). We present new behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for the psychological reality of sound-symbolism. In a categorisation task that captures the processes involved in natural language interpretation, participants were faster to identify novel objects when label-object mappings were sound-symbolic than when they were not. Moreover, early negative EEG-waveforms indicated a sensitivity to sound-symbolic label-object associations (within 200ms of object presentation), highlighting the non-arbitrary relation between the objects and the labels used to name them. This sensitivity to sound-symbolic label-object associations may reflect a more general process of auditory-visual feature integration where properties of auditory stimuli facilitate a mapping to specific visual features. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 114 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 19-28 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.016 |
ISSN | 1873-7838 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19828141 |
Accessed | Mon Feb 22 17:52:52 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19828141 |
Date Added | Mon Feb 22 17:52:52 2010 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Robert K. Logan |
Publisher | Stoddart Pub |
Date | 2000-04 |
# of Pages | 318 |
ISBN | 0773732519 |
Short Title | The Sixth Language |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Thu Jan 12 13:52:38 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jan 12 13:52:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Seppe Santens |
Author | Wim Gevers |
Abstract | In this study, we directly contrast two approaches that have been proposed to explain the SNARC effect. The traditional direct mapping account suggests that a direct association exists between the position of a number on the mental number line and the location of the response. On the other hand, accounts are considered that propose an intermediate step in which numbers are categorized as either small or large between the number magnitude and the response representations. In a magnitude comparison task, we departed from the usual bimanual left/right response dimension and instead introduced the unimanual close/far dimension. A spatial-numerical association was observed: small numbers were associated with a close response, while large numbers were associated with a far response, regardless of the movement direction (left/right). We discuss why these results cannot be explained by assuming a direct mapping from the representation of numbers on a mental number line to response locations and discuss how the results can be explained by the alternative accounts. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 263-270 |
Date | July 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.01.002 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T24-4RYXSTH-1/2/859e70ce6836f41bc5dd02442b8ca710 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 27 18:32:23 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Sep 27 18:32:23 2010 |
Modified | Mon Sep 27 18:32:23 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ágnes Melinda Kovács |
Author | Ernő Téglás |
Author | Ansgar Denis Endress |
Abstract | Human social interactions crucially depend on the ability to represent other agents’ beliefs even when these contradict our own beliefs, leading to the potentially complex problem of simultaneously holding two conflicting representations in mind. Here, we show that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others’ beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others’ beliefs have similar effects as the participants’ own beliefs. In a visual object detection task, participants’ beliefs and the beliefs of an agent (whose beliefs were irrelevant to performing the task) both modulated adults’ reaction times and infants’ looking times. Moreover, the agent’s beliefs influenced participants’ behavior even after the agent had left the scene, suggesting that participants computed the agent’s beliefs online and sustained them, possibly for future predictions about the agent’s behavior. Hence, the mere presence of an agent automatically triggers powerful processes of belief computation that may be part of a “social sense” crucial to human societies. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 330 |
Issue | 6012 |
Pages | 1830-1834 |
Date | 12/24/2010 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1190792 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
Short Title | The Social Sense |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/330/6012/1830 |
Accessed | Sun Aug 12 15:43:41 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Date Added | Sun Aug 12 15:43:41 2012 |
Modified | Sun Aug 12 15:43:41 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Markus Kiefer |
Author | Eun-Jin Sim |
Author | Bärbel Herrnberger |
Author | Jo Grothe |
Author | Klaus Hoenig |
Abstract | Traditionally, concepts are conceived as abstract mental entities distinct from perceptual or motor brain systems. However, recent results let assume modality-specific representations of concepts. The ultimate test for grounding concepts in perception requires the fulfillment of the following four markers: conceptual processing during (1) an implicit task should activate (2) a perceptual region (3) rapidly and (4) selectively. Here, we show using functional magnetic resonance imaging and recordings of event-related potentials, that acoustic conceptual features recruit auditory brain areas even when implicitly presented through visual words. Fulfilling the four markers, the findings of our study unequivocally link the auditory and conceptual brain systems: recognition of words denoting objects, for which acoustic features are highly relevant (e.g.,"telephone"), ignited cell assemblies in posterior superior and middle temporal gyri (pSTG/MTG) within 150 ms that were also activated by sound perception. Importantly, activity within a cluster of pSTG/MTG increased selectively as a function of acoustic, but not of visual and action-related feature relevance. The implicitness of the conceptual task, the selective modulation of left pSTG/MTG activity by acoustic feature relevance, the early onset of this activity at 150 ms and its anatomical overlap with perceptual sound processing are four markers for a modality-specific representation of auditory conceptual features in left pSTG/MTG. Our results therefore provide the first direct evidence for a link between perceptual and conceptual acoustic processing. They demonstrate that access to concepts involves a partial reinstatement of brain activity during the perception of objects. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 47 |
Pages | 12224-12230 |
Date | Nov 19, 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3579-08.2008 |
ISSN | 1529-2401 |
Short Title | The sound of concepts |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19020016 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 17:08:43 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19020016 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 17:08:43 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hadas Shintel |
Author | Howard C. Nusbaum |
Abstract | Language is generally viewed as conveying information through symbols whose form is arbitrarily related to their meaning. This arbitrary relation is often assumed to also characterize the mental representations underlying language comprehension. We explore the idea that visuo-spatial information can be analogically conveyed through acoustic properties of speech and that such information is integrated into an analog perceptual representation as a natural part of comprehension. Listeners heard sentences describing objects, spoken at varying speaking rates. After each sentence, participants saw a picture of an object and judged whether it had been mentioned in the sentence. Participants were faster to recognize the object when motion implied by speaking rate matched the motion implied by the picture. Results suggest that visuo-spatial referential information can be analogically conveyed and represented. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 681-690 |
Date | December 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.11.005 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | The sound of motion in spoken language |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027706002368 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 13:10:33 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 13:10:33 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 13:10:33 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Janis B. Nuckolls |
Publication | Diversity |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 353-369 |
Date | 2010-03-02 |
DOI | 10.3390/d2030353 |
ISSN | 1424-2818 |
URL | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/2/3/353/ |
Accessed | Wed Mar 7 17:56:16 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Mar 7 17:56:16 2012 |
Modified | Wed Mar 7 17:56:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.J. Kravitz |
Author | M. Behrmann |
Abstract | Although object-based attention enhances perceptual processing of information appearing within the boundaries of a selected object, little is known about the consequences for information in the object's surround. The authors show that distance from an attended object's center of mass determines reaction time (RT) to targets in the surround. Of 2 targets in the surround, both equidistant from a cue, the target closer to the center of mass was detected faster. Moreover, RT was shown to be a linear function of distance from the center of mass of a fixed, attended object, and changes to the shape of the object and its center of mass predictably altered RT. Object-based attention leads to a pattern of facilitation in the surround that may contribute to the organization of visual scenes |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 34 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 298-309 |
Date | April 2008 |
URL | ISI:000254208900004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P Indefrey |
Author | W J M Levelt |
Abstract | This paper presents the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis of the relevant imaging literature on word production (82 experiments). In addition to the spatial overlap of activated regions, we also analyzed the available data on the time course of activations. The analysis specified regions and time windows of activation for the core processes of word production: lexical selection, phonological code retrieval, syllabification, and phonetic/articulatory preparation. A comparison of the word production results with studies on auditory word/non-word perception and reading showed that the time course of activations in word production is, on the whole, compatible with the temporal constraints that perception processes impose on the production processes they affect in picture/word interference paradigms. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 101-144 |
Date | 2004 May-Jun |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037128 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 18:34:49 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15037128 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 18:34:49 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.J. Fahrenfort |
Author | H.S. Scholte |
Author | V.A.F. Lamme |
Abstract | Much controversy exists around the locus of conscious visual perception in human cortex. Some authors have proposed that its neural correlates correspond with recurrent processing within visual cortex, whereas others have argued they are located in a frontoparietal network. The present experiment aims to bring together these competing viewpoints. We recorded EEG from human subjects that were engaged in detecting masked visual targets. From this, we obtained a spatiotemporal profile of neural activity selectively related to the processing of the targets, which we correlated with the subjects' ability to detect those targets. This made it possible to distinguish between those stages of visual processing that correlate with human perception and those that do not. The results show that target induced extra-striate feedforward activity peaking at 121 ms does not correlate with perception, whereas more posterior recurrent activity peaking at 160 ms does. Several subsequent stages show an alternating pattern of frontoparietal and occipital activity, all of which correlate highly with perception. This shows that perception emerges early on, but only after an initial feedforward volley, and suggests that multiple reentrant loops are involved in propagating this signal to frontoparietal areas. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 12.1-12 |
Date | 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Vis |
DOI | 10.1167/8.1.12 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18318615 |
Accessed | Wed Aug 20 01:43:28 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18318615 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 01:43:28 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sapir |
Publication | Language |
Volume | 5 |
Pages | 207-214 |
Date | 1929 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jan 17 14:32:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Derek Besner |
Author | Jennifer A. Stolz |
Author | Clay Boutilier |
Abstract | A widespread view in cognition is that once acquired through extensive practice, mental skills such as reading are automatic. Lexical and semantic analyses of single words are said to be uncontrollable in the sense that they cannot be prevented. Over the past 60 years, apparently convincing support for this assumption has come from hundreds of experiments in which skilled readers have processed an irrelevant word in the Stroop task despite explicit instructions not to, even when so doing would hurt color identification performance. This basic effect was replicated in two experiments, which also showed that a considerable amount of semantic processing is locally controlled by elements of the task. For example, simply coloring a single letter instead of the whole word eliminated the Stroop effect. This outcome flies in the face of any automaticity account in which specified processes cannot be prevented from being set in motion, but it is consistent with the venerable idea that mental set is a powerful determinant of performance. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 221-225 |
Date | 1997/06/01 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.3758/BF03209396 |
ISSN | 1069-9384, 1531-5320 |
URL | http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03209396 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 17 22:14:48 2012 |
Library Catalog | link.springer.com |
Date Added | Mon Dec 17 22:14:48 2012 |
Modified | Mon Dec 17 22:14:48 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | S. Pinker |
Publisher | Viking |
Date | 2007-09-11 |
ISBN | 0670063274 |
Short Title | The Stuff of Thought |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jul 7 11:32:39 2009 |
Modified | Wed Jul 8 21:00:18 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Samuel Schwarzkopf |
Author | Chen Song |
Author | Geraint Rees |
Abstract | The surface area of human primary visual cortex (V1) varies substantially between individuals for unknown reasons. We found that this variability was strongly and negatively correlated with the magnitude of two common visual illusions, where two physically identical objects appear different in size as a result of their context. Because such illusions dissociate conscious perception from physical stimulation, our findings indicate that the surface area of V1 predicts variability in conscious experience. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-30 |
Date | Jan 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.2706 |
ISSN | 1546-1726 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131954 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 15 13:34:08 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21131954 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 15 13:34:08 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Samuel Schwarzkopf |
Author | Chen Song |
Author | Geraint Rees |
Abstract | The surface area of human primary visual cortex (V1) varies substantially between individuals for unknown reasons. We found that this variability was strongly and negatively correlated with the magnitude of two common visual illusions, where two physically identical objects appear different in size as a result of their context. Because such illusions dissociate conscious perception from physical stimulation, our findings indicate that the surface area of V1 predicts variability in conscious experience. |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 28-30 |
Date | Jan 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Neurosci. |
DOI | 10.1038/nn.2706 |
ISSN | 1546-1726 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21131954 |
Accessed | Sun Jan 15 23:07:06 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21131954 |
Date Added | Sun Jan 15 23:07:06 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Harnad |
Publication | Physica D |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 1-3 |
Pages | 335-346 |
Date | June 1990 |
URL | ISI:A1990DR77000026 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:26 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Asher Koriat |
Author | Ilia Levy |
Abstract | Ninety-two Hebrew-speaking subjects judged the magnitude, brightness, and hardness symbolism of orthographic characters designating five vowel phonemes in Hindi and in Japanese. For both languages and all three symbolic dimensions, the figural symbolism of the orthographic characters was found to replicate very closely the sound symbolism of their phonemic referents. The ranking of the five vowel characters in order of increasing magnitude and decreasing brightness and hardness was as follows: i, e, a, u, o . The results were interpreted to suggest that sound patterns and visual patterns tend to carry cross-culturally consistent connotations, and that the symbolic implications of sounds have been embodied in the pattern of orthographic characters in natural languages. |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 93-103 |
Date | 1977 |
DOI | 10.1007/BF01074374 |
ISSN | 0090-6905 |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/g11634015244j853/abstract/ |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 14:28:22 2012 |
Library Catalog | SpringerLink |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 14:28:22 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 14:39:29 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | T. Deacon |
Place | London |
Publisher | Allen Lane: The Penguin Press |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Robbins Burling |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-05-17 |
# of Pages | 298 |
ISBN | 0199214034 |
Short Title | The Talking Ape |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:30:16 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:30:16 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Teresa Schuhmann |
Author | Niels O Schiller |
Author | Rainer Goebel |
Author | Alexander T Sack |
Abstract | The opercular and triangular sections of the inferior frontal gyrus, also known as Broca's area, have been shown to be involved in various language tasks. In the current study we investigated both the functional role, as well as the precise temporal involvement of Broca's area during picture naming. We applied online event-related transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to Broca's area at five different time points after picture presentation, aiming to cover the complete language production process. Applying real TMS at 300 msec after picture presentation led to an increase in picture naming latency, whereas sham stimulation and real stimulation at earlier and later time windows did not result in any changes in reaction time (RT). Our methodological approach enabled us to get insight into the temporal characteristics of the involvement of this brain area during picture naming. Making use of this information and directly relating it to psycholinguistic models, we conclude that Broca's area may be involved in the process of syllabification during overt speech production. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1111-1116 |
Date | Oct 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.013 |
ISSN | 1973-8102 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19111289 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 11:09:11 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19111289 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 11:09:11 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Evan F. Risko |
Author | M.J. Dixon |
Author | Derek Besner |
Author | Susanne Ferber |
Abstract | <p><br/>The phenomenon of perceptual persistence after the motion stops in shape-from-motion displays (SFM) was used to study the influence of prior knowledge on the maintenance of a percept in awareness. In SFM displays an object composed of discontinuous line segments are embedded in a background of randomly oriented lines. The object only becomes perceptible when the line segments that compose the object and the lines that compose the background move in counterphase. Critically, once the movement of the line segments stops, the percept of the object persists for a short period of time. In the present study, perceptual persistence for digits exceeded that reported for nonsense shapes composed of the same line segments. This result is taken as evidence that the processes involved in the persistence of SFM, and therefore sustained perception, are sensitive to top-down influences.</p> |
Publication | Consciousness and Cognition |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 475-483 |
Date | June 2006 |
DOI | 16/j.concog.2005.11.004 |
ISSN | 1053-8100 |
Short Title | The ties that keep us bound |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810005001509 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 23 09:28:10 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 23 09:28:10 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 23 11:10:08 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Mcelree |
Author | G. Jia |
Author | A. Litvak |
Abstract | A response signal, speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) variant of a same-different category task was used to examine how experience affects the speed and accuracy of retrieving conceptual information in first (L1) and second (L2) languages. Conceptual retrieval was evaluated in three bilingual groups: 10 balanced bilinguals with equal proficiency in Russian (LI) and English (L2); 9 Russian-dominant bilinguals who were less than fully proficient in English (L2); and 7 English-dominant bilinguals for whom English (L2) had become their primary language. Retrieval speed and accuracy was measured for L1 and L2 translation pairs and same- or different-category pairs within and across languages. For all bilinguals, translation pairs engendered higher :accuracy and faster retrieval speeds than other conditions, and judgments of same-language category pairs were more accurate than different- language pairs. No differences in speed or accuracy were found for L1 and L2 same-language pairs for the balanced group, indicating that conceptual retrieval was equally proficient in L1 and L2. However, retrieval speed was slower and less accurate for same- and different-language pairs with items from the nondominant language for both unbalanced groups. Slower retrieval speeds are argued to result from a mediational process in which the dominant language provides access to conceptual information whenever mappings in the nondominant language cannot sustain direct retrieval of conceptual information. (C) 2000 Academic Press |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 229-254 |
Date | February 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simone Favelle |
Author | Stephen Palmisano |
Abstract | The present study investigated the time course of visual information processing that is responsible for successful object change detection involving the configuration and shape of 3-D novel object parts. Using a one-shot change detection task, we manipulated stimulus and interstimulus mask durations (40-500 msec). Experiments 1A and 1B showed no change detection advantage for configuration at very short (40-msec) stimulus durations, but the configural advantage did emerge with durations between 80 and 160 msec. In Experiment 2, we showed that, at shorter stimulus durations, the number of parts changing was the best predictor of change detection performance. Finally, in Experiment 3, with a stimulus duration of 160 msec, configuration change detection was found to be highly accurate for each of the mask durations tested, suggesting a fast processing speed for this kind of change information. However, switch and shape change detection reached peak levels of accuracy only when mask durations were increased to 160 and 320 msec, respectively. We conclude that, with very short stimulus exposures, successful object change detection depends primarily on quantitative measures of change. However, with longer stimulus exposures, the qualitative nature of the change becomes progressively more important, resulting in the well-known configural advantage for change detection. |
Publication | Attention, Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 999-1012 |
Date | May 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Atten Percept Psychophys |
DOI | 10.3758/APP.72.4.999 |
ISSN | 1943-393X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20436196 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 4 12:25:48 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20436196 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 4 12:25:48 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Willem Levelt |
Author | H Schriefers |
Author | D Vorberg |
Author | AS Meyer |
Author | T Pechmann |
Author | J Havinga |
Abstract | A series of experiments involving over 400 college students performing acoustic-lexical decisions during object naming at different stimulus-onset asynchronies show semantic activation of lexical candidates and phonological activation of target items but no phonological activation of other semantically activated items, supporting a two-stage view of lexical access. (SLD) |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 42, 122 |
Date | 1991 |
Short Title | The Time Course of Lexical Access in Speech Production |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ494110 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:06:18 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:06:18 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:06:18 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R VanRullen |
Author | S J Thorpe |
Abstract | Experiments investigating the mechanisms involved in visual processing often fail to separate low-level encoding mechanisms from higher-level behaviorally relevant ones. Using an alternating dual-task event-related potential (ERP) experimental paradigm (animals or vehicles categorization) where targets of one task are intermixed among distractors of the other, we show that visual categorization of a natural scene involves different mechanisms with different time courses: a perceptual, task-independent mechanism, followed by a task-related, category-independent process. Although average ERP responses reflect the visual category of the stimulus shortly after visual processing has begun (e.g. 75-80 msec), this difference is not correlated with the subject's behavior until 150 msec poststimulus. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 454-461 |
Date | May 15, 2001 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
Short Title | The time course of visual processing |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11388919 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 3 16:24:14 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11388919 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 3 16:24:14 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gillian Rhodes |
Author | Linda Jeffery |
Author | Colin W.G. Clifford |
Author | David A. Leopold |
Abstract | Perceptual aftereffects for simple visual attributes processed early in the cortical hierarchy increase logarithmically with adapting duration and decay exponentially with test duration. This classic timecourse has been reported recently for a face identity aftereffect [Leopold, D. A., Rhodes, G., Müller, K.-M., & Jeffery, L. (2005). The dynamics of visual adaptation to faces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 272, 897-904], suggesting that the dynamics of visual adaptation may be similar throughout the visual system. An alternative interpretation, however, is that the classic timecourse is a flow-on effect of adaptation of a low-level, retinotopic component of the face identity aftereffect. Here, we examined the timecourse of the higher-level (size-invariant) components of two face aftereffects, the face identity aftereffect and the figural face aftereffect. Both showed the classic pattern of logarithmic build-up and exponential decay. These results indicate that the classic timecourse of face aftereffects is not a flow-on effect of low-level retinotopic adaptation, and support the hypothesis that dynamics of visual adaptation are similar at higher and lower levels of the cortical visual hierarchy. They also reinforce the perceptual nature of face aftereffects, ruling out demand characteristics and other post-perceptual factors as plausible accounts. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 17 |
Pages | 2291-2296 |
Date | August 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.012 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6T0W-4P53RJV-2/2/50672f6cf1ee82a26c62c012b169d772 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 27 12:52:16 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Oct 27 12:52:16 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin Eimer |
Author | Monika Kiss |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 135 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 100-102; discussion 133-139 |
Date | Oct 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.04.010 |
ISSN | 1873-6297 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494328 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 22 11:57:18 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20494328 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 22 11:57:18 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | J.L. Elman |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-86 |
Date | January 1986 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joanne K. Fillingham |
Author | Karen Sage |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph † |
Abstract | In the contemporary literature, errorless learning is thought to have benefits over more traditional trial-and-error methods. The most prominent investigations of errorless learning are those designed for rehabilitation of severe memory impairments, including numerous demonstrations of effective amelioration of word-finding difficulties (Baddeley & Wilson, 1994; Clare, Wilson, Breen, & Hodges, 1999; Clare et al., 2000; Evans et al., 2000). Despite this, there are very few reports on the application of purely errorless learning to people with aphasia (Fillingham, Hodgson, Sage, & Lambon Ralph, 2003). The aim of this study was to compare directly the efficacy of errorless and errorful learning in a case series of 11 aphasic people with pronounced word-finding difficulties. Previous studies of errorless learning and, more recently, studies of rehabilitation have suggested that cognition is an important factor for determining outcome (Helm-Estabrooks, 2002; Robertson & Murre, 1999). Therefore, a thorough language and neuropsychological assessment battery was completed with each participant. Naming therapy was carried out to contrast errorless and errorful therapy in a case series analysis. Errorless learning proved to be as effective as the more traditional, errorful approach in the majority of cases in terms of both immediate improvement and at follow up assessment. Without exception, the patients preferred the errorless learning therapy. Strikingly, it was found that language skill did not predict therapy outcome. Participants who responded better overall, had better recognition memory, executive/problem solving skills and monitoring ability. This replicates recent findings that frontal executive skills are crucial for rehabilitation (Robertson & Murre, 1999). Also, participants who did better at errorful treatment were those with the best working and recall memory, and attention. It is probable that these factors are essential cognitive components for providing effective monitoring and feedback systems to a more general learning mechanism. Department of Psychology, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL. E-mail: matt.lambon-ralph@man.ac.uk |
Publication | Neuropsychological Rehabilitation |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 129-154 |
Date | 2006 |
DOI | 10.1080/09602010443000254 |
ISSN | 0960-2011 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09602010443000254 |
Accessed | Wed Jun 6 15:43:42 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 15:43:42 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 6 15:43:42 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | James M. McQueen |
Abstract | Experiments 1 and 2 examined the time-course of retrieval of phonological, visual-shape and semantic knowledge as Dutch participants listened to sentences and looked at displays of four pictures. Given a sentence with "beker," "beaker," for example, the display contained phonological (a beaver, "bever"), shape (a bobbin, "klos"), and semantic (a fork, "vork") competitors. When the display appeared at sentence onset, fixations to phonological competitors preceded fixations to shape and semantic competitors. When display onset was 200ms before (e.g.) "beker," fixations were directed to shape and then semantic competitors, but not phonological competitors. In Experiments 3 and 4, displays contained the printed names of the previously-pictured entities; only phonological competitors were fixated preferentially. These findings suggest that retrieval of phonological, shape and semantic knowledge in the spoken-word and picture-recognition systems is cascaded, and that visual attention shifts are co-determined by the time-course of retrieval of all three knowledge types and by the nature of the information in the visual environment. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 57 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 460-482 |
Date | November 00, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Memory and Language |
ISSN | 0749-596X |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ776447 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 17 23:07:58 2012 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Tue Jul 17 23:07:58 2012 |
Modified | Wed Oct 3 15:03:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. P. Ackerman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 256-70 |
Date | 1981 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 16:22:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.D. Nebes |
Author | F. Boller |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 87-98 |
Date | March 1987 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Simone Pika |
Author | Thomas Bugnyar |
Abstract | Around the age of one year, human children start to use gestures to coordinate attention towards a social partner and an object of mutual interest. These referential gestures have been suggested as the foundation to engage in language, and have so far only been observed in great apes. Virtually nothing is known about comparable skills in non-primate species. Here we record thirty-eight social interactions between seven raven (Corvus corax) dyads in the Northern Alps, Austria during three consecutive field seasons. All observed behaviours included the showing and/or offering of non-edible items (for example, moss, twigs) to recipients, leading to frequent orientation of receivers to the object and the signallers and subsequent affiliative interactions. We report evidence that the use of declarative gestures is not restricted to the primate lineage and that these gestures may function as 'testing-signals' to evaluate the interest of a potential partner or to strengthen an already existing bond. |
Publication | Nature Communications |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 560 |
Date | 2011-11-29 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/ncomms1567 |
ISSN | 2041-1723 |
URL | http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/ncomms/journal/v2/n11/full/ncomms1567.html#/ref10 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 07:36:10 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu |
Rights | © 2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved. |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 07:36:10 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 15:09:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Marco Sandrini |
Author | Carlo Umiltà |
Author | Elena Rusconi |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a mainstay of cognitive neuroscience, thus facing new challenges due to its widespread application on behaviorally silent areas. In this review we will summarize the main technical and methodological considerations that are necessary when using TMS in cognitive neuroscience, based on a corpus of studies and technical improvements that has become available in most recent years. Although TMS has been applied only relatively recently on a large scale to the study of higher functions, a range of protocols that elucidate how this technique can be used to investigate a variety of issues is already available, such as single pulse, paired pulse, dual-site, repetitive and theta burst TMS. Finally, we will touch on recent promising approaches that provide powerful new insights about causal interactions among brain regions (i.e., TMS with other neuroimaging techniques) and will enable researchers to enhance the functional resolution of TMS (i.e., state-dependent TMS). We will end by briefly summarizing and discussing the implications of the newest safety guidelines. |
Publication | Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 516-536 |
Date | January 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.005 |
ISSN | 0149-7634 |
Short Title | The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763410001107 |
Accessed | Wed Jan 25 16:22:45 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jan 25 16:22:45 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jan 25 16:22:45 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Maxine McCotter |
Author | Frederic Gosselin |
Author | Paul J. Maccabee |
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Abstract | Despite the complexity and diversity of natural scenes, humans are very fast and accurate at identifying basic-level scene categories. In this paper we develop a new technique (based on Bubbles , Gosselin & Schyns, 2001a; Schyns, Bonnar, & Gosselin, 2002) to determine some of the information requirements of basic-level scene categorizations. Using 2400 scenes from an established scene database (Oliva & Torralba, 2001), the algorithm randomly samples the Fourier coefficients of the phase spectrum. Sampled Fourier coefficients retain their original phase while the phase of nonsampled coefficients is replaced with that of white noise. Observers categorized the stimuli into 8 basic-level categories. The location of the sampled Fourier coefficients leading to correct categorizations was recorded per trial. Statistical analyses revealed the major scales and orientations of the phase spectrum that observers used to distinguish scene categories. |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Pages | 938-953 |
Date | August 2005 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280444000599 |
URL | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/pvis/2005/00000012/00000006/art00006 |
Accessed | Fri Mar 6 22:58:21 2009 |
Library Catalog | IngentaConnect |
Date Added | Fri Mar 6 22:58:21 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jun 9 20:33:52 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.A. Decaro |
Author | A. Reeves |
Abstract | There are substantial logical and empirical reasons for rejecting the popular view that plane-misoriented objects are identified after normalization of global orientation. Our subjects determined the entry-level identity of common objects (line drawings) determining basic orientation (upright vs. rotated)—as they must if they are to begin to know how to restore the image to the canonical upright. We used a description-picture matching procedure in which 75% of the trials involved a mismatch in identity, orientation, or both, so that comparisons could be based on one response (). Times to verify identity were faster than times to verify orientation and did not increase with rotations in the picture plane. That mismatch objects were positively identified at the entry level was shown both in a surprise recognition test for object names and through the transfer of priming from the matching task to a subsequent object-naming task. We conclude that classic mental rotation-like effects on naming times do not reflect early object encoding and recognition processes, which are view invariant, but may stem from double-checking at a postrecognition verification stage. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 811-821 |
Date | July 2002 |
DOI | VL - 30 |
Short Title | The use of word-picture verification to study entry-level object recognition |
URL | http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/30/5/811.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Sep 28 13:33:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Sep 28 13:33:44 2009 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:12:06 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Geschwind |
Publication | Cortex |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 97 |
Pages | 112 |
Date | 1967 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Alais |
Author | David Burr |
Abstract | Ventriloquism is the ancient art of making one's voice appear to come from elsewhere, an art exploited by the Greek and Roman oracles, and possibly earlier. We regularly experience the effect when watching television and movies, where the voices seem to emanate from the actors' lips rather than from the actual sound source. Originally, ventriloquism was explained by performers projecting sound to their puppets by special techniques, but more recently it is assumed that ventriloquism results from vision "capturing" sound. In this study we investigate spatial localization of audio-visual stimuli. When visual localization is good, vision does indeed dominate and capture sound. However, for severely blurred visual stimuli (that are poorly localized), the reverse holds: sound captures vision. For less blurred stimuli, neither sense dominates and perception follows the mean position. Precision of bimodal localization is usually better than either the visual or the auditory unimodal presentation. All the results are well explained not by one sense capturing the other, but by a simple model of optimal combination of visual and auditory information. |
Publication | Current biology: CB |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 257-262 |
Date | Feb 3, 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Curr. Biol. |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.029 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14761661 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 29 13:55:52 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:55:52 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.R. Gleason |
Author | K.E. Fiske |
Author | R.K. Chan |
Abstract | In selecting the canonical colors of color-specific objects, children may use verbal mediation, a cognitive process whereby an object and its color are matched using verbal rather than pictorial representation [British Journal of Developmental Psychology 14 (1996) 339]. To investigate this process, 108 2- to 5-year-old children were asked to identify 11 colors and to choose crayons to color pictures of color-specific objects. Canonical color choice was significantly predicted by color-labeling skill above the variance portion predicted by age alone. Children were also asked to explain their color choices. Children who knew their colors and who colored canonically provided explanations for their color choices consistent with verbal mediation. However, a high proportion of children who did not know a color, and thus could not use verbal mediation, also gave sophisticated explanations for their color choices if they colored the objects canonically. These findings provide modest support for the idea that identification of canonical colors of objects is a verbal process. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-14 |
Date | January 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.R. Gleason |
Author | K.E. Fiske |
Author | R.K. Chan |
Abstract | In selecting the canonical colors of color-specific objects, children may use verbal mediation, a cognitive process whereby an object and its color are matched using verbal rather than pictorial representation [British Journal of Developmental Psychology 14 (1996) 339]. To investigate this process, 108 2- to 5-year-old children were asked to identify 11 colors and to choose crayons to color pictures of color-specific objects. Canonical color choice was significantly predicted by color-labeling skill above the variance portion predicted by age alone. Children were also asked to explain their color choices. Children who knew their colors and who colored canonically provided explanations for their color choices consistent with verbal mediation. However, a high proportion of children who did not know a color, and thus could not use verbal mediation, also gave sophisticated explanations for their color choices if they colored the objects canonically. These findings provide modest support for the idea that identification of canonical colors of objects is a verbal process. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-14 |
Date | January 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C S Dodson |
Author | M K Johnson |
Author | J.W. Schooler |
Abstract | Three experiments explored the verbal overshadowing effect, that is, the phenomenon that describing a previously seen face impairs recognition of this face. There were three main results: First, a verbal overshadowing effect was obtained both when subjects were provided with and when they generated a description of an earlier seen face. Second, instructing subjects at the time of test to be aware of potentially competing memories did not improve, and may even have worsened, recognition performance when the subjects had generated a description of the target face. However, these instructions improved performance and eliminated the verbal overshadowing effect when subjects were provided with someone else's description of the target face. Third, recognition of the target face was disrupted when subjects described a completely different face, such as their parent's face or a face of the opposite sex. The results are discussed in relation to two potential mechanisms: source confusion between previously encoded visual and verbal representations of the face and a shift in processing of the test faces at recognition. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 129-139 |
Date | Mar 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
ISSN | 0090-502X |
Short Title | The verbal overshadowing effect |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9099066 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 14 00:48:27 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 9099066 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 14 00:48:27 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John J. Ohala |
Publication | The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | S1 |
Pages | S66 |
Date | 1982 |
DOI | 10.1121/1.2020007 |
ISSN | 00014966 |
URL | http://asadl.org/jasa/resource/1/jasman/v72/iS1/pS66_s2?bypassSSO=1 |
Accessed | Wed Mar 7 16:42:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Mar 7 16:42:31 2012 |
Modified | Wed Mar 7 16:42:31 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Gilles Fauconnier |
Author | Mark Turner |
Publisher | Basic Books |
Date | 2003-03-18 |
# of Pages | 464 |
Short Title | The Way We Think |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Nov 21 18:55:43 2012 |
Modified | Wed Nov 21 18:55:43 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph Henrich |
Author | Steven J Heine |
Author | Ara Norenzayan |
Abstract | Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges. |
Publication | The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 61-83; discussion 83-135 |
Date | Jun 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Brain Sci |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X0999152X |
ISSN | 1469-1825 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20550733 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 8 10:43:47 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20550733 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 8 10:43:47 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A. Kertesz |
Publisher | The Psychological Corporation Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. |
Date | 1982 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Penny Lee |
Publisher | John Benjamins Pub Co |
Date | 1996-10 |
ISBN | 1556196180 |
Short Title | The Whorf Theory Complex |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 11:47:45 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 19 11:47:45 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Hunt |
Author | F. Agnoli |
Abstract | The linguistic relativity (Whorfian) hypothesis states that language influences thought. In its strongest form, the hypothesis states that language controls both thought and perception. Several experiments have shown that this is false. The weaker form of the hypothesis, which states that language influences thought, has been held to be so vague that it is unprovable. The argument presented herein is that the weaker Whorfian hypothesis can be quantified and thus evaluated. Models of cognition developed after Whorf's day indicate ways in which thought can be influenced by cultural variations in the lexical, syntactical, semantic, and pragmatic aspects of language. Although much research remains to be done, there appears to be a great deal of truth to the linguistic relativity hypothesis. In many ways the language people speak is a guide to the language in which they think |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 98 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 377-389 |
Date | July 1991 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
URL | ISI:A1991FX73300004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:36 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Panos Athanasopoulos |
Author | A. Wiggett |
Author | Benjamin Dering |
Author | Jan-Rouke Kuipers |
Author | Guillaume Thierry |
Abstract | Color perception has been a traditional test-case of the idea that the language we speak affects our perception of the world.1 It is now established that categorical perception of color is verbally mediated and varies with culture and language.2 However, it is unknown whether the well-demonstrated language effects on color discrimination really reach down to the level of visual perception, or whether they only reflect post-perceptual cognitive processes. Using brain potentials in a color oddball detection task with Greek and English speakers, we demonstrate that language effects may exist at a level that is literally perceptual, suggesting that speakers of different languages have differently structured minds. |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 332-334 |
Date | 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Commun Integr Biol |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19721882 PMCID: 2734039 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 29 19:07:33 2011 |
Modified | Thu Sep 1 15:59:47 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | M. S. Dryer |
Publisher | Oxford: Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Martin (EDT)/ Dryer, Matthew S./ Gil, David/ Comrie, Bernard Haspelmath |
Publisher | Oxford Univ Pr |
Date | 2005-10-06 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Martin Haspelmath |
Author | Matthew Dryer |
Author | David Gil |
Author | Bernard Comrie |
Place | Munich |
Publisher | Max Planck Digital Library |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 17:13:35 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Andrew M. Olney |
Author | Rick Dale |
Author | Sidney K. D’Mello |
Publication | Information |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 229–255 |
Date | 2012 |
Short Title | The World Within Wikipedia |
URL | http://www.mdpi.com/2078-2489/3/2/229 |
Accessed | Tue May 28 19:00:00 2013 |
Date Added | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Modified | Wed May 29 15:07:04 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.H. McWhorter |
Abstract | It is often stated that all languages are equal in terms of complexity. This paper introduces a metric of complexity, determined by degree of overt signalling of various phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic distinctions beyond communicative necessity. By this metric, a subset of creole languages display less overall grammatical complexity than older languages, by virtue of the fact that they were born as pidgins, and thus stripped of almost all features unnecessary to communication, and since then have not existed as natural languages for a long enough time for diachronic drift to create the weight of “ornament” that encrusts older languages. It is demonstrated that this complexity differential remains robust even when creoles are compared with older languages lacking inflection, contra claims by theoretical syntacticians that the typology of creoles is largely a manifestation of parameter settings resulting from low inflection. The overall aim is to bolster a general paradigm arguing that creole languages are delineable synchronically as well as sociohistorically. |
Publication | Linguistic Typology |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 125-166 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Mon Nov 24 23:05:54 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. M. Spivey |
Publisher | Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. Hertfordshire, UK, UK |
Date | 1992 |
Short Title | The Z notation |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Mirman |
Author | Eiling Yee |
Author | Sheila E Blumstein |
Author | James S Magnuson |
Abstract | We used eye-tracking to investigate lexical processing in aphasic participants by examining the fixation time course for rhyme (e.g., carrot-parrot) and cohort (e.g., beaker-beetle) competitors. Broca's aphasic participants exhibited larger rhyme competition effects than age-matched controls. A re-analysis of previously reported data (Yee, Blumstein, & Sedivy, 2008) confirmed that Wernicke's aphasic participants exhibited larger cohort competition effects. Individual-level analyses revealed a negative correlation between rhyme and cohort competition effect size across both groups of aphasic participants. Computational model simulations were performed to examine which of several accounts of lexical processing deficits in aphasia might account for the observed effects. Simulation results revealed that slower deactivation of lexical competitors could account for increased cohort competition in Wernicke's aphasic participants; auditory perceptual impairment could account for increased rhyme competition in Broca's aphasic participants; and a perturbation of a parameter controlling selection among competing alternatives could account for both patterns, as well as the correlation between the effects. In light of these simulation results, we discuss theoretical accounts that have the potential to explain the dynamics of spoken word recognition in aphasia and the possible roles of anterior and posterior brain regions in lexical processing and cognitive control. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 117 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 53-68 |
Date | May 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.01.004 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
Short Title | Theories of spoken word recognition deficits in aphasia |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21371743 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 15 18:57:34 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21371743 |
Date Added | Thu Dec 15 18:57:34 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Gopnik |
Editor | M. Bowerman |
Editor | S.C. Levinson |
Book Title | Language acquisition and conceptual development |
Place | Cambridge, UK |
Publisher | Cambridge University Press |
Date | 2001 |
Pages | 45-69 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:21 2008 |
Modified | Fri Feb 24 00:20:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lyndsey Nickels |
Abstract | Background: Impairments of word retrieval and production are a common and distressing feature of aphasia, and much clinical time is devoted to attempts at their remediation. There are now many research papers devoted to case studies examining treatments for word-retrieval impairments using a wide range of tasks with individuals who have varying levels of impairment. Aims: This paper aims to continue the selective review of this literature carried out by Nickels and Best (1996a). It summarises in table form those published papers since 1980 which present single case studies of treatment for word-retrieval impairments and which satisfy minimal methodological criteria. Main Contribution: Several main themes are derived from the literature and discussed in more detail, these include strategic approaches and facilitative or repair approaches to remediation, the contrast between semantic and phonological tasks in therapy, generalisation in therapy tasks and the relationship between impairment, therapy task, and outcome. Further discussion relates to the relationship between impairment level treatments, and measures of disability and handicap, and between therapy research and therapy practice. Conclusions: There are now many research papers devoted to impairments of word retrieval, and there can be no doubt that therapy for word-retrieval impairments can be highly successful, resulting in long-term improvements which can be of great communicative significance for the individual with aphasia. However, predicting the precise result of a specific treatment task with a specific individual with certainty is still not possible. For clinicians the recommendation is to use analyses of functional impairments to guide the choice of task, but to ensure that efficacy is tested and not assumed. Furthermore, structured multi-modal and multicomponent tasks (e.g., “semantic” or “phonological” cueing hierarchies) may hold the most promise for many individuals. For researchers, there remains a need to further dissect tasks, impairments, and their interactions across series of single cases. |
Publication | Aphasiology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 10-11 |
Pages | 935-979 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1080/02687030244000563 |
ISSN | 0268-7038 |
Short Title | Therapy for naming disorders |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02687030244000563 |
Accessed | Fri Jun 15 22:41:32 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis |
Date Added | Fri Jun 15 22:41:32 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 15 22:41:32 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Ross Otto |
Author | Eric G. Taylor |
Author | Arthur B. Markman |
Abstract | Probability matching is a suboptimal behavior that often plagues human decision-making in simple repeated choice tasks. Despite decades of research, recent studies cannot find agreement on what choice strategies lead to probability matching. We propose a solution, showing that two distinct local choice strategies--which make different demands on executive resources--both result in probability-matching behavior on a global level. By placing participants in a simple binary prediction task under dual- versus single-task conditions, we find that individuals with compromised executive resources are driven away from a one-trial-back strategy (utilized by participants with intact executive resources) and towards a strategy that integrates a longer window of past outcomes into the current prediction. Crucially, both groups of participants exhibited probability-matching behavior to the same extent at a global level of analysis. We suggest that these two forms of probability matching are byproducts of the operation of explicit versus implicit systems. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 118 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 274-279 |
Date | February 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.009 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
Short Title | There are at least two kinds of probability matching |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6T24-51N6TJK-2/2/c24f7530a2328593458a016e8fda94fe |
Accessed | Thu Jan 27 22:39:13 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Jan 27 22:39:13 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jan 27 22:39:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Larissa K Samuelson |
Author | Linda B Smith |
Abstract | Two experiments explore children's spontaneous labeling of novel objects as a method to study early lexical access. The experiments also provide new evidence on children's attention to object shape when labeling objects. In Experiment 1, the spontaneous productions of 21 23- to 28-month-olds (mean 26;28) shown a set of novel, unnamed objects were analyzed both in terms of the specific words said and, via adult judgments, their likely perceptual basis. We found that children's spontaneous names were cued by the perceptual feature of shape. Experiment 2 examines the relation between spontaneous productions, name generalizations in a structured task, and vocabulary development in a group of children between 17 and 24 months of age (mean 21;6). Results indicate that object shape plays an important role in both spontaneous productions and novel noun generalization, but contrary to current hypotheses, children may name objects by shape from the earliest points of productive vocabulary development and this tendency may not be lexically specific. |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 182-198 |
Date | Mar 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Dev Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00405.x |
ISSN | 1363-755X |
Short Title | They call it like they see it |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15720376 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 23 20:28:29 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15720376 |
Date Added | Fri Apr 23 20:28:29 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.A. Hampton |
Abstract | Intuitive knowledge of the world involves knowing what kinds of things have which properties. We express it in generalities such as “ducks lay eggs”. It contrasts with extensional knowledge about actual individuals in the world, which we express in quantified statements such as “All US Presidents are male”. Reasoning based on this intuitive knowledge, while highly fluent and plausible may in fact lead us into logical fallacy. Several lines of research point to our conceptual memory as the source of this logical failure. We represent concepts with prototypical properties, judging likelihood and argument strength on the basis of similarity between ideas. Evidence that our minds represent the world in this intuitive way can be seen in a range of phenomena, including how people interpret logical connectives applied to everyday concepts, studies of creativity and emergence in conceptual combination, and demonstrations of the logically inconsistent beliefs that people express in their everyday language. |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 398-402 |
Date | 2012 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 21 19:07:13 2012 |
Modified | Fri Apr 5 16:30:10 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Bloom |
Author | F.C. Keil |
Publication | Mind & Language |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 351-367 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | ISI:000170663000001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ashley M. Newton |
Author | Jill G. de Villiers |
Abstract | This experiment tested the ability of 81 adult subjects to make a decision on a simple nonverbal false-belief reasoning task while concurrently either shadowing prerecorded spoken dialogue or tapping along with a rhythmic shadowing track. Our results showed that the verbal task, but not tapping, significantly disrupted false-belief reasoning, suggesting that language plays a key role in working theory of mind in adults, even when the false-belief reasoning is nonverbal. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 574-579 |
Date | 2007 |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01942.x |
Short Title | Thinking While Talking |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01942.x |
Accessed | Mon Aug 18 12:40:55 2008 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Mon Aug 18 12:40:55 2008 |
Modified | Mon Aug 18 12:41:03 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jose Luis Bermudez |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-10-17 |
# of Pages | 240 |
ISBN | 0195341600 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 23:32:21 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 23:32:21 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jose Luis Bermudez |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-10-17 |
# of Pages | 240 |
ISBN | 0195341600 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Jan 27 00:15:51 2013 |
Modified | Sun Jan 27 00:15:51 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mark A Changizi |
Author | Warren G Hall |
Abstract | Does thirst make you more likely to think you see water? Tales of thirsty desert travelers and oasis mirages are consistent with our intuitions that appetitive state can influence what we see in the world. Yet there has been surprisingly little scrutiny of this appetitive modulation of perception. We tested whether dehydrated subjects would be biased towards perceptions of transparency, a common property of water. We found that thirsty subjects have a greater tendency to perceive transparency in ambiguous stimuli, revealing an ecologically appropriate modulation of the visual system by a basic appetitive motive. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 1489-1497 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | 10.1068/p3266 |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p3266 |
Accessed | Fri Mar 13 14:32:12 2009 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Fri Mar 13 14:32:12 2009 |
Modified | Fri Mar 13 14:32:25 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | L Vygotsky |
Place | Cambridge, MA |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1962 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:20:23 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Martin M. Monti |
Author | Lawrence M. Parsons |
Author | Daniel N. Osherson |
Abstract | A central question in cognitive science is whether natural language provides combinatorial operations that are essential to diverse domains of thought. In the study reported here, we addressed this issue by examining the role of linguistic mechanisms in forging the hierarchical structures of algebra. In a 3-T functional MRI experiment, we showed that processing of the syntax-like operations of algebra does not rely on the neural mechanisms of natural language. Our findings indicate that processing the syntax of language elicits the known substrate of linguistic competence, whereas algebraic operations recruit bilateral parietal brain regions previously implicated in the representation of magnitude. This double dissociation argues against the view that language provides the structure of thought across all cognitive domains. |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Date | 2012-07-03 |
Journal Abbr | Psychological Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797612437427 |
ISSN | 0956-7976, 1467-9280 |
URL | http://pss.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/content/early/2012/07/02/0956797612437427 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 24 10:54:40 2012 |
Library Catalog | pss.sagepub.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu |
Date Added | Tue Jul 24 10:54:40 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | D. Engel |
Author | S. Kelter |
Author | G. List |
Author | H. Strohner |
Publication | Experimental Brain Research |
Volume | 23 |
Pages | 41 |
Date | 1975 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:37 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Isaiah Berlin |
Publisher | Princeton University Press |
Date | 2000-11-15 |
ISBN | 0691057273 |
Short Title | Three Critics of the Enlightenment |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 09:21:11 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 19 09:21:11 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Lewis Carroll |
Abstract | When Alice steps through the looking-glass, she enters a very strange world of chess pieces and nursery rhyme characters such as Humpty Dumpty, Tweedledee and Tweedledum and the angry Red Queen. Nothing is what it seems and, in fact, through the looking-glass, everything is distorted. |
Publisher | Penguin Books Limited |
Date | 2010-02-04 |
# of Pages | 185 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780141946702 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Sun Apr 21 19:41:48 2013 |
Modified | Sun Apr 21 19:41:48 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Baker |
Author | H. Goodglass |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 355-366 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Moyer |
Author | T.K. Landauer |
Abstract | N educated adult can tell which of two digits is the larger with virtually no uncertainty. By what process is this accomplished ? On the one hand, it is conceivable that such judgements are made in the same way as judgements of stimuli varying along physical continua. On the other hand, numerical judgements may be made at a different, less perceptual and more cognitive, level. For instance, the task may be one of memory access, each possible pair of numerals being stored with a corresponding inequality sign ; or perhaps some sort of digital computation is performed, such as counting the space between the two numerical values. |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 215 |
Issue | 5109 |
Pages | 1519-1520 |
Date | 1967 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/2151519a0 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2151519a0 |
Accessed | Mon Sep 27 18:39:49 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Mon Sep 27 18:39:49 2010 |
Modified | Mon Sep 27 18:40:28 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.A. Cooper |
Author | R.N. Shepard |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 246-250 |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:09 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E T Klemmer |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 179-184 |
Date | Mar 1956 |
DOI | 13306861 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13306861 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 19 18:10:07 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 13306861 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 19 18:10:05 2008 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Brian McElree |
Author | Gregory L. Murphy |
Author | Tamara Ochoa |
Abstract | Words carry considerable information, but much of that information is not relevant in context. Research has shown that readers selectively activate and remember relevant information associated with words in different contexts, but it is not known when in processing this selection occurs. This experiment investigated whether context can change which properties are initially retrieved, using a speed-accuracy tradeoff paradigm. Readers had to verify a property of a modifier-noun phrase (e.g., Boiled celery is soft) within a specified interval, from 300–3000 ms after presentation. Results revealed that properties associated to the noun alone were activated sooner than were properties that required integration of the modifier with the noun. Thus, context did not serve to influence the initial retrieval of properties but only to activate or suppress properties after retrieval. |
Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 848-853 |
Date | 2006-10 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | Time-Course of Retrieving Conceptual Information |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 17328384 PMCID: 2323592 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 11 19:38:20 2010 |
Modified | Wed Aug 11 19:38:20 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey S. Johnson |
Author | Bruno A. Olshausen |
Abstract | How long does it take for the human visual system to recognize objects? This issue is important for understanding visual cortical function as it places constraints on models of the information processing underlying recognition. We designed a series of event-related potential (ERP) experiments to measure the timecourse of electrophysiological correlates of object recognition. We find two distinct types of components in the ERP recorded during categorization of natural images. One is an early presentation-locked signal arising around 135 ms that is present when there are low-level feature differences between images. The other is a later, recognition-related component arising between 150-300 ms. Unlike the early component, the latency of the later component covaries with the subsequent reaction time. In contrast to previous studies suggesting that the early, presentation-locked component of neural activity is correlated to recognition, these results imply that the neural signatures of recognition have a substantially later and variable time of onset. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 499-512 |
Date | September 2, 2003 |
DOI | 10.1167/3.7.4 |
ISSN | 1534-7362 |
URL | http://journalofvision.org/3/7/4/ |
Accessed | Tue Jun 9 20:28:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | Journal of Vision |
Date Added | Tue Jun 9 20:28:41 2009 |
Modified | Fri Sep 21 00:28:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Corthout |
Author | B. Uttl |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | M. Hallett |
Author | Alan Cowey |
Abstract | To determine the timing of visual processing in the early visual cortex, we applied single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation to the occipital pole of healthy subjects while they were engaged in a forced-choice visual letter-identification task. We found two separate periods of activity, the first ranging from 20 to 60 ms after the onset of the visual stimulus, and the second ranging from 100 to 140 ms after the onset of the visual stimulus. We suggest that these two periods reflect necessary activity in V1, before and after re-entry. (C) 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
Publication | Neuroreport |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 2631-2634 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Mon Jul 25 16:26:13 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ulf Ziemann |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 124-127 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.020 |
ISSN | 1973-8102 |
Short Title | TMS in cognitive neuroscience |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344895 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 20:51:19 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19344895 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 20:51:19 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Rensink |
Author | J.K. Oregan |
Author | J.J. Clark |
Abstract | When looking at a scene, observers feel that they see its entire structure in great detail and can immediately notice any changes in it. However, when brief blank fields are placed between alternating displays of an original and a modified scene, a striking failure of perception is induced: Identification of changes becomes extremely difficult, even when changes are large and made repented!v. Identification is much faster when a verbal cue is provided showing that poor. visibility is not the cause of this difficulty. Identification is also faster for objects considered to he important in the scene. These results support the idea that observers never for in a complete, detailed representation of their surroundings. In addition, the results indicate that attention is required To perceive change, and that in the absence of localized motion signals, attention is guided on the basis of high-level interest |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 368-373 |
Date | 1997 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Derenzi |
Author | L.A. Vignolo |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 85 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 665-& |
Date | 1962 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Elsa Addessi |
Author | Sabrina Rossi |
Abstract | In humans and apes, one of the most adaptive functions of symbols is to inhibit strong behavioural predispositions. However, to our knowledge, no study has yet investigated whether using symbols provides some advantage to non-ape primates. We aimed to trace the evolutionary roots of symbolic competence by examining whether tokens improve performance in the reverse–reward contingency task in capuchin monkeys, which diverged from the human lineage approximately 35 Ma. Eight capuchins chose between: (i) two food quantities, (ii) two quantities of ‘low-symbolic distance tokens’ (each corresponding to one unit of food), and (iii) two ‘high-symbolic distance tokens’ (each corresponding to a different amount of food). In all conditions, subjects had to select the smaller quantity to obtain the larger reward. No procedural modifications were employed. Tokens did improve performance: five subjects succeeded with high-symbolic distance tokens, though only one succeeded with food, and none succeeded with low-symbolic distance tokens. Moreover, two of the five subjects transferred the rule to novel token combinations. Learning effects or preference reversals could not account for the successful performance with high-symbolic distance tokens. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that tokens do allow monkeys to inhibit strong behavioural predispositions, as occurs in chimpanzees and children. |
Publication | Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Volume | 278 |
Issue | 1707 |
Pages | 849-854 |
Date | 2011-3-22 |
Journal Abbr | Proc Biol Sci |
DOI | 10.1098/rspb.2010.1602 |
ISSN | 0962-8452 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049048/ |
Accessed | Sat Jun 30 14:34:44 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 20861046 PMCID: PMC3049048 |
Date Added | Sat Jun 30 14:34:44 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jun 30 14:34:44 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stephen C Levinson |
Author | Russell D Gray |
Abstract | Computational methods have revolutionized evolutionary biology. In this paper we explore the impact these methods are now having on our understanding of the forces that both affect the diversification of human languages and shape human cognition. We show how these methods can illuminate problems ranging from the nature of constraints on linguistic variation to the role that social processes play in determining the rate of linguistic change. Throughout the paper we argue that the cognitive sciences should move away from an idealized model of human cognition, to a more biologically realistic model where variation is central. |
Publication | Trends in cognitive sciences |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 167-173 |
Date | Mar 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.007 |
ISSN | 1879-307X |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 22336727 |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 10:52:12 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 10:52:12 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Edmund T Rolls |
Abstract | Top – down perceptual influences can bias (or pre-empt) perception. In natural scenes, the receptive fields of neurons in the inferior temporal visual cortex (IT) shrink to become close to the size of objects. This facilitates the read-out of information from the ventral visual system, because the information is primarily about the object at the fovea. Top – down attentional influences are much less evident in natural scenes than when objects are shown against blank backgrounds, though are still present. It is suggested that the reduced receptive-field size in natural scenes, and the effects of top – down attention contribute to change blindness. The receptive fields of IT neurons in complex scenes, though including the fovea, are frequently asymmetric around the fovea, and it is proposed that this is the solution the IT uses to represent multiple objects and their relative spatial positions in a scene. Networks that implement probabilistic decision-making are described, and it is suggested that, when in perceptual systems they take decisions (or ‘test hypotheses’), they influence lower-level networks to bias visual perception. Finally, it is shown that similar processes extend to systems involved in the processing of emotion-provoking sensory stimuli, in that word-level cognitive states provide top – down biasing that reaches as far down as the orbitofrontal cortex, where, at the first stage of affective representations, olfactory, taste, flavour, and touch processing is biased (or pre-empted) in humans. |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 333 – 354 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1068/p5877 |
Short Title | Top – down control of visual perception |
URL | http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=p5877 |
Accessed | Fri Jul 24 18:44:41 2009 |
Library Catalog | Pion Journals |
Date Added | Fri Jul 24 18:44:41 2009 |
Modified | Fri Jul 24 18:44:41 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Wim Notebaert |
Author | Wim Gevers |
Author | Frederick Verbruggen |
Author | Baptist Liefooghe |
Abstract | Several studies have demonstrated reduced congruency effects after incongruent trials. The conflict monitoring hypothesis (Botvinick, Braver, Barch, Carter, and Cohen, 2001) assumes that this sequential modulation is based on top-down cognitive control and suggests that more control is engaged after the detection of conflict. An alternative account is based on repetition effects of stimulus and response features and can be considered bottom up. This study investigates both modulatory sources. In a Stroop task with two response-stimulus intervals (RSIs), we demonstrate that top-down modulation does not occur with a very short RSI, suggesting that it takes some time before the system can be reconfigured. Bottom-up modulation is observed for both RSIs. This finding demonstrates that two different sources simultaneously reduce congruency effects after incongruent trials. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 112-117 |
Date | Feb 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16724777 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 18 16:19:23 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16724777 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 18 16:19:23 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Ozgen |
Author | P. Sowden |
Author | P.G. Schyns |
Author | C. Daoutis |
Abstract | Recent evidence suggests that spatial frequency (SF) processing of simple and complex visual patterns is flexible. The use of spatial scale in scene perception seems to be influenced by people's expectations. However as yet there is no direct evidence for top-down attentional effects on flexible scale use in scene perception. In two experiments we provide such evidence. We presented participants with low- and high-pass SF filtered scenes and cued their attention to the relevant scale. In Experiment 1 we subsequently presented them with hybrid scenes (both low- and high-pass scenes present). We observed that participants reported detecting the cued component of hybrids. To explore if this might be due to decision biases, in Experiment 2, we replaced hybrids with images containing meaningful scenes at uncued SFs and noise at the cued SFs (invalid cueing). We found that participants performed poorly on invalid cueing trials. These findings are consistent with top-down attentional modulation of early spatial frequency processing in scene perception. |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 925-937 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jun 10 16:41:52 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Sussman |
Author | I. Winkler |
Author | M. Huotilainen |
Author | W. Ritter |
Author | R. Näätänen |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 393–405 |
Date | 2002 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926641001001318 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 14:10:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 14:10:31 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 14:10:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Bar |
Author | K S Kassam |
Author | A S Ghuman |
Author | J Boshyan |
Author | A M Schmidt |
Author | A M Dale |
Author | M S Hämäläinen |
Author | K Marinkovic |
Author | D L Schacter |
Author | B R Rosen |
Author | E Halgren |
Abstract | Cortical analysis related to visual object recognition is traditionally thought to propagate serially along a bottom-up hierarchy of ventral areas. Recent proposals gradually promote the role of top-down processing in recognition, but how such facilitation is triggered remains a puzzle. We tested a specific model, proposing that low spatial frequencies facilitate visual object recognition by initiating top-down processes projected from orbitofrontal to visual cortex. The present study combined magnetoencephalography, which has superior temporal resolution, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and a behavioral task that yields successful recognition with stimulus repetitions. Object recognition elicited differential activity that developed in the left orbitofrontal cortex 50 ms earlier than it did in recognition-related areas in the temporal cortex. This early orbitofrontal activity was directly modulated by the presence of low spatial frequencies in the image. Taken together, the dynamics we revealed provide strong support for the proposal of how top-down facilitation of object recognition is initiated, and our observations are used to derive predictions for future research. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 449-54 |
Date | Jan 10, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A |
DOI | 0507062103 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407167 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 11 18:03:32 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16407167 |
Date Added | Mon Aug 11 18:03:32 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Waka Fujisaki |
Author | Shin'ya Nishida |
Abstract | Our previous findings suggest that audio-visual synchrony perception is based on the matching of salient temporal features selected from each sensory modality through bottom-up segregation or by top-down attention to a specific spatial position. This study examined whether top-down attention to a specific feature value is also effective in selection of cross-modal matching features. In the first experiment, the visual stimulus was a pulse train in which a flash randomly appeared with a probability of 6.25, 12.5 or 25% for every 6.25 ms. Four flash colors randomly appeared with equal probability, and one of them was selected as the target color on each trial. The paired auditory stimulus was a single-pitch pip sequence that had the same temporal structure as the target color flashes, presented in synchrony with the target flashes (synchronous stimulus) or with a 250-ms relative shift (asynchronous stimuli). The task of the participants was synchrony-asynchrony discrimination, with the target color being indicated to the participant by a probe (with-probe condition) or not (without probe). In another control condition, there was no correlation between color and auditory signals (color-shuffled). In the second experiment, the roles of visual and auditory stimuli were exchanged. The results show that the performance of synchrony-asynchrony discrimination was worst for the color/pitch-shuffled condition, but best under the with-probe condition where the observer knew beforehand which color/pitch should be matched with the signal of the other modality. This suggests that top-down, feature-based attention can aid in feature selection for audio-visual synchrony discrimination even when the bottom-up segmentation processes cannot uniquely determine salient features. The observed feature-based selection, however, is not as effective as position-based selection. |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 433 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 225-230 |
Date | March 15, 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.031 |
ISSN | 0304-3940 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T0G-4RM7N3J-1/2/0b5222a32ed2a982334d8b63e5b7ec7e |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:52:07 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:17 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 16 20:08:08 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Bulthoff |
Author | H. Bulthoff |
Author | P. Sinha |
Abstract | The interaction between depth perception and object recognition has important implications for the nature of mental object representations and models of hierarchical organization of visual processing. It is often believed that the computation of depth influences subsequent high-level object recognition processes, and that depth processing is an early vision task that is largely immune to 'top-down' object-specific influences, such as object recognition. Here we present experimental evidence that challenges both these assumptions in the specific context of stereoscopic depth-perception. We have found that observers' recognition of familiar dynamic three-dimensional (3D) objects is unaffected even when the objects' depth structure is scrambled, as long as their two-dimensional (2D) projections are unchanged. Furthermore, the observers seem perceptually unaware of the depth anomalies introduced by scrambling. We attribute the latter result to a top-down recognition-based influence whereby expectations about a familiar object's 3D structure override the true stereoscopic information |
Publication | Nature Neuroscience |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 254-257 |
Date | 1998 |
URL | ISI:000076361200018 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.L. Shulman |
Author | M. Corbetta |
Author | R.L. Buckner |
Author | M.E. Raichle |
Author | J.A. Fiez |
Author | F.M. Miezin |
Author | S.E. Petersen |
Abstract | Data from nine previous studies of human visual information processing using positron emission tomography were reanalyzed to contrast blood flow responses during passive viewing and active discriminations of the same stimulus array. The analysis examined whether active visual processing (i) increases blood flow in medial visual regions early in the visual hierarchy and (ii) decreases blood flow in auditory and somatosensory cortex. Significant modulation of medial visual regions was observed in six of nine studies, indicating that top down processes can affect early visual cortex. Modulations showed several task dependencies, suggesting that in some cases the underlying mechanism was selective (e.g. analysis-or feature-specific) rather than non-selective. Replicable decreases at or near auditory Brodmann area (BA) left 41/42 were observed in two of five studies, but in different locations. Analyses that combined data across studies yielded modest but significant decreases. Replicable decreases were not found in primary somatosensory cortex but were observed in an insular region that may be a somatosensory association area. Decreases were also noted in the parietal operculum (perhaps SII) and BA 40. These results are inconsistent with a model in which the precortical input to task-irrelevant sensory cortical areas is broadly suppressed |
Publication | Cerebral Cortex |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 193-206 |
Date | April 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. Kveraga |
Author | A.S. Ghuman |
Author | M. Bar |
Abstract | The human brain is not a passive organ simply waiting to be activated by external stimuli. Instead, we propose that the brain continuously employs memory of past experiences to interpret sensory information and predict the immediately relevant future. The basic elements of this proposal include analogical mapping, associative representations and the generation of predictions. This review concentrates on visual recognition as the model system for developing and testing ideas about the role and mechanisms of top-down predictions in the brain. We cover relevant behavioral, computational and neural aspects, explore links to emotion and action preparation, and consider clinical implications for schizophrenia and dyslexia. We then discuss the extension of the general principles of this proposal to other cognitive domains. |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 65 |
Pages | 145-168 |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:09 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 19:33:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K Dunbar |
Author | D Sussman |
Publication | Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 769 |
Pages | 289-304 |
Date | Dec 15, 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci |
ISSN | 0077-8923 |
Short Title | Toward a cognitive account of frontal lobe function |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8595033 |
Accessed | Wed May 19 13:14:09 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8595033 |
Date Added | Wed May 19 13:14:09 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Asher Koriat |
Author | Morris Goldsmith |
Author | Ainat Pansky |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 481-537 |
Date | 02/2000 |
Journal Abbr | Annu. Rev. Psychol. |
DOI | 10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.481 |
ISSN | 0066-4308 |
URL | http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.481?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov |
Accessed | Sun Jan 10 12:04:32 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Sun Jan 10 12:04:32 2010 |
Modified | Sun Jan 10 12:04:32 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Liane Gabora |
Author | Eleanor Rosch |
Author | Diederik Aerts |
Abstract | Psychology has had difficulty accounting for the creative, context-sensitive manner in which concepts are used. We believe this stems from the view of concepts as identifiers rather than bridges between mind and world that participate in the generation of meaning. This article summarizes the history and current status of concepts research and provides a nontechnical summary of work toward an ecological approach to concepts. We outline the rationale for applying generalizations of formalisms originally developed for use in quantum mechanics to the modeling of concepts, showing how it is because of the role of context that deep structural similarities exist between the two. A concept is defined not just in terms of exemplary states and their features or properties but also by the relational structures of these properties and their susceptibility to change under different contexts. The approach implies a view of mind in which the union of perception and environment drives conceptualization, forging a web of conceptual relations or "ecology of mind." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Ecological Psychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 84-116 |
Date | January 2008 |
DOI | 10.1080/10407410701766676 |
ISSN | 10407413 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Mon May 9 22:00:18 2011 |
Modified | Mon May 9 22:00:18 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.D. Logan |
Abstract | This article presents a theory in which automatization is construed as the acquisition of a domain-specific knowledge base, formed of separate representations, instances, of each exposure to the task. Processing is considered automatic if it relies on retrieval of stored instances, which will occur only after practice in a consistent environment. Practice is important because it increases the amount retrieved and the speed of retrieval; consistency is important because it ensures that the retrieved instances will be useful. The theory accounts quantitatively for the power-function speed-up and predicts a power-function reduction in the standard deviation that is constrained to have the same exponent as the power function for the speed-up. The theory accounts for qualitative properties as well, explaining how some may disappear and others appear with practice. More generally, it provides an alternative to the modal view of automaticity, arguing that novice performance is limited by a lack of knowledge rather than a scarcity of resources. The focus on learning avoids many problems with the modal view that stem from its focus on resource limitations. |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 95 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 492-527 |
Date | 1988 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6X04-46X8V0D-27/2/59f5ad4bbaa60500fad07b2e97552ce7 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 22 14:31:55 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Mon Jun 22 14:31:55 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jun 22 14:32:45 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Buchner |
Author | E Erdfelder |
Author | B Vaterrodt-Plünnecke |
Abstract | L.L. Jacoby's (1991) process dissociation framework has been welcomed as a tool for differentiating controlled and automatic cognitive processes. Several variants of the original process dissociation measurement model are integrated in this article, and it is shown that the model ignores guessing and, hence, response bias. An extension of the original model is suggested that includes guessing parameters. The original model and the extended model are evaluated empirically. In 3 experiments using a yes-no recognition task, response bias was manipulated in various ways. The original model falsely attributes effects of response biases to either controlled or uncontrolled processes or to both. The extended model, in contrast, results in estimates of the contributions of controlled and uncontrolled memory processes that are relatively unaffected by response biases. The extended model is recommended as a measurement tool. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 124 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 137-160 |
Date | Jun 1995 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7782736 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 4 15:42:05 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 7782736 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 4 15:42:05 2010 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Gregory Hickok |
Author | David Poeppel |
Abstract | <p><br/>The functional neuroanatomy of speech perception has been difficult to characterize. Part of the difficulty, we suggest, stems from the fact that the neural systems supporting [`]speech perception' vary as a function of the task. Specifically, the set of cognitive and neural systems involved in performing traditional laboratory speech perception tasks, such as syllable discrimination or identification, only partially overlap those involved in speech perception as it occurs during natural language comprehension. In this review, we argue that cortical fields in the posterior-superior temporal lobe, bilaterally, constitute the primary substrate for constructing sound-based representations of speech, and that these sound-based representations interface with different supramodal systems in a task-dependent manner. Tasks that require access to the mental lexicon (i.e. accessing meaning-based representations) rely on auditory-to-meaning interface systems in the cortex in the vicinity of the left temporal-parietal-occipital junction. Tasks that require explicit access to speech segments rely on auditory-motor interface systems in the left frontal and parietal lobes. This auditory-motor interface system also appears to be recruited in phonological working memory.</p> |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 131-138 |
Date | April 1, 2000 |
DOI | 16/S1364-6613(00)01463-7 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661300014637 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 19 00:36:03 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 00:36:03 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Angela D Friederici |
Abstract | Functional dissociations within the neural basis of auditory sentence processing are difficult to specify because phonological, syntactic and semantic information are all involved when sentences are perceived. In this review I argue that sentence processing is supported by a temporo-frontal network. Within this network, temporal regions subserve aspects of identification and frontal regions the building of syntactic and semantic relations. Temporal analyses of brain activation within this network support syntax-first models because they reveal that building of syntactic structure precedes semantic processes and that these interact only during a later stage. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 78-84 |
Date | Feb 1, 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866191 |
Accessed | Mon Oct 12 20:09:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 15866191 |
Date Added | Mon Oct 12 20:09:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 12 20:09:27 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Contributor | Gregory R Guy |
Contributor | William Labov |
Place | Amsterdam |
Publisher | J. Benjamins |
Date | 1996 |
ISBN | 1556195818 |
Short Title | Towards a Social Science of Language |
Library Catalog | www.franklin.library.upenn.edu Library Catalog |
Call Number | P40 .T68 1996 |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 14:02:05 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 14:02:05 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Louis-Jean Calvet |
Publisher | Polity |
Date | 2006-06-30 |
# of Pages | 304 |
ISBN | 0745629563 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:18 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:18 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Louis-Jean Calvet |
Publisher | Polity |
Date | 2006-06-30 |
# of Pages | 304 |
ISBN | 0745629563 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:58 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B Scholl |
Author | Z. Pylyshyn |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 38 |
Pages | 259-290 |
Date | 1999 |
Date Added | Fri Aug 29 15:47:10 2008 |
Modified | Fri Aug 29 15:47:57 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Paul Allopenna |
Author | James Magnuson |
Author | Michael Tanenhaus |
Abstract | Eye movements to pictures of four objects on a screen were monitored as participants followed a spoken instruction to move one of the objects, e.g., "Pick up the beaker; now put it below the diamond" (Experiment 1) or heard progressively larger gates and tried to identify the referent (Experiment 2). The distractor objects included a cohort competitor with a name that began with the same onset and vowel as the name of the target object (e.g.,beetle), a rhyme competitor (e.g.speaker), and an unrelated competitor (e.g.,carriage). In Experiment 1, there was clear evidence for both cohort and rhyme activation as predicted by continuous mapping models such as TRACE (McClelland and Elman, 1986) and Shortlist (Norris, 1994). Additionally, the time course and probabilities of eye movements closely corresponded to response probabilities derived from TRACE simulations using the Luce choice rule (Luce, 1959). In the gating task, which emphasizes word-initial information, there was clear evidence for multiple activation of cohort members, as measured by judgments and eye movements, but no suggestion of rhyme effects. Given that the same sets of pictures were present during the gating task as in Experiment 1, we conclude that the rhyme effects in Experiment 1 were not an artifact of using a small set of visible alternatives. |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 419-439 |
Date | May 1998 |
Short Title | Tracking the Time Course of Spoken Word Recognition Using Eye Movements |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2558 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 6 16:49:42 2011 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Tue Dec 6 16:49:42 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | L. Wittgenstein |
Place | Mineola, New York |
Publisher | Dover |
Date | 1922 1999 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | I. Gauthier |
Author | P. Williams |
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Author | J. Tanaka |
Abstract | Twelve participants were trained to be experts at identifying a set of 'Greebles', novel objects that, like faces, all share a common spatial configuration. Tests comparing expert with novice performance revealed: (1) a surprising mix of generalizability and specificity in expert object recognition processes; and (2) that expertise is a multi-faceted phenomenon, neither adequately described by a single term nor adequately assessed by a single task. Greeble recognition by a simple neural-network model is also evaluated, and the model is found to account surprisingly well for both generalization and individuation using a single set of processes and representations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 15-16 |
Pages | 2401-2428 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:03 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jared Medina |
Author | Jacques Beauvais |
Author | Abhishek Datta |
Author | Marom Bikson |
Author | H. Branch Coslett |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Abstract | Background Previous research on hemispatial neglect has provided evidence for dissociable mechanisms for egocentric and allocentric processing. Although a few studies have examined whether tDCS to posterior parietal cortex can be beneficial for attentional processing in neurologically intact individuals, none have examined the potential effect of tDCS on allocentric and/or egocentric processing. Objective/hypothesis Our objective was to examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that can increase (anodal) or decrease (cathodal) cortical activity, can affect visuospatial processing in an allocentric and/or egocentric frame of reference. Methods We tested healthy individuals on a target detection task in which the target – a circle with a gap – was either to the right or left of the viewer (egocentric), or contained a gap on the right or left side of the circle (allocentric). Individuals performed the task before, during, and after tDCS to the posterior parietal cortex in one of three stimulation conditions – right anodal/left cathodal, right cathodal/left anodal, and sham. Results We found an allocentric hemispatial effect both during and after tDCS, such that right anodal/left cathodal tDCS resulted in faster reaction times for detecting stimuli with left-sided gaps compared to right-sided gaps. Conclusions Our study suggests that right anodal/left cathodal tDCS has a facilitatory effect on allocentric visuospatial processing, and might be useful as a therapeutic technique for individuals suffering from allocentric neglect. |
Publication | Brain Stimulation |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brs.2012.05.008 |
ISSN | 1935-861X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X12000903 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 25 14:00:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jul 25 14:00:31 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 25 14:00:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | David Hecht |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Michal Lavidor |
Abstract | In a random sequence of binary events where one alternative occurs more often than the other, humans tend to guess which of the two alternatives will occur next by trying to match the frequencies of previous occurrences. Based on split-brain and unilaterally damaged patients' performances, it has been proposed that the left hemisphere (LH) tends to match the frequencies, while the right hemisphere (RH) tends toward maximizing and always choosing the most frequent alternative. The current study used transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to test this hemispheric asymmetry hypothesis by stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of each hemisphere and simultaneously inhibiting the corresponding region in the homotopic hemisphere, while participants were engaged in a probabilistic guessing task. Results showed no difference in strategy between the three groups (RH anodal/LH cathodal, LH anodal/RH cathodal, no stimulation) as participants predominantly matched the frequencies of the two alternatives. However, when anodal tDCS was applied to the LH and cathodal tDCS applied to the RH, participants became quicker to select the most frequent alternative. This finding is in line with previous evidence on the involvement of the LH in probabilistic learning and reasoning and adds to a number of demonstrations of anodal tDCS leading to some behavioral enhancement or change in bias. |
Publication | The Journal of Neuroscience |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 4241 -4245 |
Date | March 24 , 2010 |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2924-09.2010 |
URL | http://www.jneurosci.org/content/30/12/4241.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Jun 12 23:37:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Jun 12 23:37:25 2011 |
Modified | Sun Jun 12 23:37:25 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Valentina Fiori |
Author | Michela Coccia |
Author | Chiara V. Marinelli |
Author | Veronica Vecchi |
Author | Silvia Bonifazi |
Author | M. Gabriella Ceravolo |
Author | Leandro Provinciali |
Author | Francesco Tomaiuolo |
Author | Paola Marangolo |
Publication | J. Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 2309–2323 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2010.21579 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21579 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 7 13:01:31 2012 |
Library Catalog | ACM Digital Library |
Date Added | Tue Feb 7 13:01:31 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jun 18 09:37:09 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ans Vercammen |
Author | Jacqueline A. Rushby |
Author | Colleen Loo |
Author | Brooke Short |
Author | Cynthia S. Weickert |
Author | Thomas W. Weickert |
Abstract | Schizophrenia is associated with heterogeneity in symptoms, cognition and treatment response. Probabilistic association learning, involving a gradual learning of cue–outcome associations, activates a frontal-striatal network in healthy adults. Studies of probabilistic association learning in schizophrenia have shown frontal-striatal dysfunction although considerable heterogeneity in performance has also been reported. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to improve probabilistic association learning in healthy adults. The aim of the current study was to determine the extent to which anodal tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex would reverse probabilistic association learning deficits in schizophrenia. Prior to tDCS, 20 people with schizophrenia performed an initial baseline assessment without stimulation. Anodal tDCS was administered continuously for 20 min at an intensity of 2.0 mA to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a single-blind, counterbalanced, sham-controlled, cross-over design while participants performed 150 trials of a probabilistic association learning test. Although anodal tDCS failed to improve probabilistic association learning based on the whole sample performance, greater variance in the active relative to the sham conditions suggested a subset of people may respond to treatment. Further correlation, regression and cluster analyses revealed differential effects of baseline performance on active tDCS and sham treatment and that there was a subset of people with schizophrenia who displayed improvement with tDCS suggesting that anodal tDCS to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may facilitate access to existing prefrontal cortex neural reserves in people with schizophrenia who show adequate capacity to learn at baseline. |
Publication | Schizophrenia Research |
Volume | 131 |
Issue | 1–3 |
Pages | 198-205 |
Date | September 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.021 |
ISSN | 0920-9964 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920996411003264 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 9 15:23:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Feb 9 15:23:46 2012 |
Modified | Thu Feb 9 15:23:46 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | B. Gordon |
Author | T.D. Vannorsdall |
Author | E.J. Pickett |
Author | M. Andrejczuk |
Author | K. Sung |
Author | L.V. Van Droof |
Author | D.J. Schretlen |
Date | 2010 |
Proceedings Title | 2010 |
Conference Name | Neurobiology of Language |
Place | San Diego, CA |
Date Added | Wed Feb 9 01:55:49 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 9 01:59:38 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ryota Kanai |
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Abstract | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been successfully applied to cortical areas such as the motor cortex and visual cortex. In the present study, we examined whether tDCS can reach and selectively modulate the excitability of the frontal eye field (FEF). In order to assess potential effects of tDCS, we measured saccade latency, landing point, and its variability in a simple prosaccade task and in an antisaccade task. In the prosaccade task, we found that anodal tDCS shortened the latency of saccades to a contralateral visual cue. However, cathodal tDCS did not show a significant modulation of saccade latency. In the antisaccade task, on the other hand, we found that the latency for ipisilateral antisaccades was prolonged during the stimulation, whereas anodal stimulation did not modulate the latency of antisaccades. In addition, anodal tDCS reduced the erroneous saccades toward the contralateral visual cue. These results in the antisaccade task suggest that tDCS modulates the function of FEF to suppress reflexive saccades to the contralateral visual cue. Both in the prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, we did not find any effect of tDCS on saccade landing point or its variability. Our present study is the first to show effects of tDCS over FEF and opens the possibility of applying tDCS for studying the functions of FEF in oculomotor and attentional performance. |
Publication | Frontiers in Neuropsychiatric Imaging and Stimulation |
Volume | 3 |
Pages | 45 |
Date | 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Front. Psychiatry |
DOI | 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00045 |
URL | http://www.frontiersin.org/Neuropsychiatric_Imaging_and_Stimulation/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00045/full |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 21:09:15 2012 |
Library Catalog | Frontiers |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 21:09:15 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 21:09:15 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z. Cattaneo |
Author | A. Pisoni |
Author | C. Papagno |
Abstract | Previous studies have demonstrated that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be proficiently used to modulate attentional and cognitive functions. For instance, in the language domain there is evidence that tDCS can fasten picture naming in both healthy individuals and aphasic patients, or improve grammar learning. In this study, we investigated whether tDCS can be used to increase healthy subjects' performance in phonemic and semantic fluency tasks, that are typically used in clinical assessment of language. Ten healthy individuals performed a semantic and a phonemic fluency task following anodal tDCS applied over Broca's region. Each participant underwent a real and a sham tDCS session. Participants were found to produce more words following real anodal tDCS both in the phonemic and in the semantic fluency. Control experiments ascertained that this finding did not depend upon unspecific effects of tDCS over levels of general arousal or attention or upon participants' expectations. These data confirm the efficacy of tDCS in transiently improving language functions by showing that anodal stimulation of Broca's region can enhance verbal fluency. Implications of these results for the treatment of language functions in aphasia are considered. |
Publication | Neuroscience |
Volume | 183 |
Pages | 64-70 |
Date | June 2, 2011 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.058 |
ISSN | 0306-4522 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306452211003666 |
Accessed | Sat Jan 28 16:25:51 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 16:25:51 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 28 16:25:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Colleen Loo |
Author | Donel Martin |
Author | Melissa Pigot |
Author | Patrick Arul-Anandam |
Author | Philip Mitchell |
Author | Perminder Sachdev |
Abstract | OBJECTIVES Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to be a safe treatment of depression, and research efforts are now largely focused on strategies to enhance its efficacy. Motor cortex experiments suggest that the effects of rTMS can be enhanced by first priming the same cortical area with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We explored this approach in depressed subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven depressed subjects were given sessions of combined tDCS-rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, exploring a range of tDCS and rTMS stimulation parameters and interstimulation intervals. Effects of repeated stimulation sessions on mood state and neuropsychological functioning were evaluated. RESULTS Most of the subjects showed little improvement with cathodal tDCS followed by 10-Hz rTMS, although 2 subjects showed marked improvement, one after a single stimulation session. Anodal tDCS followed by rTMS did not lead to any improvement. Preconditioning with tDCS seemed to greatly exacerbate the pain of subsequent rTMS. No adverse effects on neuropsychological functioning were observed. CONCLUSIONS Overall, preconditioning with cathodal tDCS followed by rTMS did not result in greater antidepressant efficacy than rTMS given at similar parameters in open trials, although the dramatic response in 1 subject is encouraging. Outcomes may be highly dependent on the exact stimulation paradigm in which tDCS and rTMS are combined. Researchers should be aware that preconditioning with tDCS may greatly increase the pain experienced with subsequent rTMS. |
Publication | The Journal of ECT |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 256-260 |
Date | Dec 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J ECT |
DOI | 10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181a2f87e |
ISSN | 1533-4112 |
Short Title | Transcranial direct current stimulation priming of therapeutic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440158 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 18 10:19:58 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19440158 |
Date Added | Mon Jun 18 10:19:58 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Tim Wagner |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Author | Shirley Fecteau |
Author | Alan Grodzinsky |
Author | Markus Zahn |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Abstract | <AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVES" NlmCategory="OBJECTIVE">Interest in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in clinical practice has been growing, however, the knowledge about its efficacy and mechanisms of action remains limited. This paper presents a realistic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived finite element model of currents applied to the human brain during tDCS.</AbstractText> <AbstractText Label="EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN" NlmCategory="METHODS">Current density distributions were analyzed in a healthy human head model with varied electrode montages. For each configuration, we calculated the cortical current density distributions. Analogous studies were completed for three pathological models of cortical infarcts. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS: The current density magnitude maxima injected in the cortex by 1 mA tDCS ranged from 0.77 to 2.00 mA/cm(2). The pathological models revealed that cortical strokes, relative to the non-pathological solutions, can elevate current density maxima and alter their location.</AbstractText> <AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">These results may guide optimized tDCS for application in normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions.</AbstractText> |
Publication | NeuroImage |
Volume | 35 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1113-1124 |
Date | Apr 15, 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Neuroimage |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.027 |
ISSN | 1053-8119 |
Short Title | Transcranial direct current stimulation |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17337213 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 24 18:28:06 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17337213 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 24 18:28:06 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | A Cowey |
Abstract | Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been used to investigate almost all areas of cognitive neuroscience. This article discusses the most important (and least understood) considerations regarding the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for cognitive neuroscience and outlines advances in the use of this technique for the replication and extension of findings from neuropsychology. We also take a more speculative look forward to the emerging development of strategies for combining transcranial magnetic stimulation with other brain imaging technologies and methods in the cognitive neurosciences. |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 73-79 |
Date | Oct 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/35036239 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11252771 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 20:42:07 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11252771 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 20:42:07 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Author | Roy H. Hamilton |
Author | S.L. Thompson-Schill |
Date | under review |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 20:02:42 2012 |
Modified | Sat Jan 28 20:06:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James L Alford |
Author | Paul van Donkelaar |
Author | Paul Dassonville |
Author | Richard T Marrocco |
Abstract | The medial temporal and medial superior temporal cortex (MT/MST) is involved in the processing of visual motion, and fMRI experiments indicate that there is greater activation when subjects view static images that imply motion than when they view images that do not imply motion at all. We applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to MT/MST in order to assess the functional necessity of this region for the processing of implied motion represented in static images. Area MT/MST was localized by the use of a TMS-induced misperception of visual motion, and its location was verified through the monitored completion of a motion discrimination task. We controlled for possible impairments in general visual processing by having subjects perform an object categorization task with and without TMS. Although MT/MST stimulation impaired performance in a motion discrimination task (and vertex stimulation did not), there was no difference in performance between the two forms of stimulation in the implied motion discrimination task. MT/MST stimulation did, however, improve subjects' performance in the object categorization task. These results indicate that, within 150 msec of stimulus presentation, MT/MST is not directly involved in the visual processing of static images in which motion is implied. The results do, however, confirm previous findings that disruption of MT/MST may improve efficiency in more ventral visual processing streams. |
Publication | Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 225-232 |
Date | Sep 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci |
ISSN | 1530-7026 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17993208 |
Accessed | Sun Jul 10 18:09:20 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17993208 |
Date Added | Sun Jul 10 18:09:20 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Vincent Walsh |
Author | Alvaro Pascual-Leone |
Edition | New edition |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2005-08-12 |
ISBN | 9780262731744 |
Short Title | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jul 12 22:12:41 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 12 22:12:41 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.E. Goss |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 419-428 |
Date | Dec 1953 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13118072 |
Accessed | Mon Aug 29 22:01:08 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 13118072 |
Date Added | Mon Aug 29 22:01:08 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.F. Battig |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 371-378 |
Date | Jun 1956 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13319608 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:59:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 13319608 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:59:29 2011 |
Modified | Wed Oct 17 21:46:23 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.H. Christiansen |
Author | S. Curtin |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 289-290 |
Date | 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000082023500005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Malcolm D. Arnoult |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 401-409 |
Date | 1953 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
DOI | 10.1037/h0057556 |
ISSN | 0022-1015 |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/xge/45/6/401/ |
Accessed | Tue Aug 30 00:50:42 2011 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Aug 30 00:50:42 2011 |
Modified | Tue Aug 30 00:50:42 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Graf |
Author | L. Ryan |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 978-992 |
Date | 1990 |
URL | ISI:A1990EK45600003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:22 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:22 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ueli Grossniklaus |
Author | Bill Kelly |
Author | Anne C. Ferguson-Smith |
Author | Marcus Pembrey |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | Much attention has been given to the idea of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, but fundamental questions remain regarding how much takes place and the impact that this might have on organisms. We asked five leading researchers in this area — working on a range of model organisms and in human disease — for their views on these topics. Their responses highlight the mixture of excitement and caution that surrounds transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and the wide gulf between species in terms of our knowledge of the mechanisms that may be involved. |
Publication | Nature Reviews Genetics |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 228-235 |
Date | March 2013 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Rev Genet |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nrg3435 |
ISSN | 1471-0056 |
Short Title | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v14/n3/abs/nrg3435.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:43:12 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2013 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Ueli Grossniklaus |
Author | Bill Kelly |
Author | Anne C. Ferguson-Smith |
Author | Marcus Pembrey |
Author | Susan Lindquist |
Abstract | Much attention has been given to the idea of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, but fundamental questions remain regarding how much takes place and the impact that this might have on organisms. We asked five leading researchers in this area — working on a range of model organisms and in human disease — for their views on these topics. Their responses highlight the mixture of excitement and caution that surrounds transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and the wide gulf between species in terms of our knowledge of the mechanisms that may be involved. |
Publication | Nature Reviews Genetics |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 228-235 |
Date | March 2013 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Rev Genet |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1038/nrg3435 |
ISSN | 1471-0056 |
Short Title | Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance |
URL | http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v14/n3/abs/nrg3435.html |
Accessed | Sat May 25 12:43:12 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.nature.com |
Rights | © 2013 Nature Publishing Group |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven Yantis |
Author | Jens Schwarzbach |
Author | John T. Serences |
Author | Robert L. Carlson |
Author | Michael A. Steinmetz |
Author | James J. Pekar |
Author | Susan M. Courtney |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 995-1002 |
Date | October 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn921 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn921 |
Accessed | Mon Dec 15 14:21:30 2008 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | B. Perthame |
Abstract | This book presents models written as partial differential equations and originating from various questions in population biology, such as physiologically structured equations, adaptive dynamics, and bacterial movement. Its purpose is to derive appropriate mathematical tools and qualitative properties of the solutions (long time behavior, concentration phenomena, asymptotic behavior, regularizing effects, blow-up or dispersion). Original mathematical methods described are, among others, the generalized relative entropy method - a unique method to tackle most of the problems in population biology, the description of Dirac concentration effects using a new type of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and a general point of view on chemotaxis including various scales of description leading to kinetic, parabolic or hyperbolic equations. |
Publisher | Springer |
Date | 2007 |
# of Pages | 206 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 3764378425 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:08:00 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | B. Perthame |
Abstract | This book presents models written as partial differential equations and originating from various questions in population biology, such as physiologically structured equations, adaptive dynamics, and bacterial movement. Its purpose is to derive appropriate mathematical tools and qualitative properties of the solutions (long time behavior, concentration phenomena, asymptotic behavior, regularizing effects, blow-up or dispersion). Original mathematical methods described are, among others, the generalized relative entropy method - a unique method to tackle most of the problems in population biology, the description of Dirac concentration effects using a new type of Hamilton-Jacobi equations, and a general point of view on chemotaxis including various scales of description leading to kinetic, parabolic or hyperbolic equations. |
Publisher | Springer |
Date | 2007 |
# of Pages | 206 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 3764378425 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 25 14:12:47 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Author | Julie M. Baker |
Author | Janet Whiteside |
Author | David Eoute |
Author | Dana Moser |
Author | Roumen Vesselinov |
Author | Chris Rorden |
Abstract | Background and Purpose Several recent studies have revealed modulation of the left frontal lobe speech areas not only during speech production, but also for speech perception. Crucially, the frontal lobe areas highlighted in these studies are the same ones that are involved in non-fluent aphasia. Based on these findings, this study examined the utility of targeting visual speech perception to improve speech production in non-fluent aphasia. Methods Ten patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia underwent computerized language treatment utilizing picture-word matching. To examine the effect of visual peech perception upon picture naming, two treatment phases were compared – one which included matching pictures to heard words and another where pictures were matched to heard words accompanied by a video of the speaker’s mouth presented on the computer screen. Results The results revealed significantly improved picture naming of both trained and untrained items following treatment when it included a visual speech component (i.e. seeing the speaker’s mouth). In contrast, the treatment phase where pictures were only matched to heard words did not result in statistically significant improvement of picture naming. Conclusions The findings suggest that focusing on visual speech perception can significantly improve speech production in non-fluent aphasia and may provide an alternative approach to treat a disorder where speech production seldom improves much in the chronic phase of stroke. |
Publication | Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation |
Volume | 40 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 853-858 |
Date | 2009-3 |
Journal Abbr | Stroke |
DOI | 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.532499 |
ISSN | 0039-2499 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19164782 PMCID: PMC2679690 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 02:31:34 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 02:31:34 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Johann Gottfried Herder |
Publisher | Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green |
Date | 1827 |
Short Title | Treatise upon the origin of language |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 09:19:24 2011 |
Modified | Tue Jul 19 09:19:24 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Li |
Author | L. Gleitman |
Abstract | This paper investigates possible influences of the lexical resources of individual languages on the spatial organization and reasoning styles of their users. That there are such powerful and pervasive influences of language on thought is the thesis of the Whorf-Sapir linguistic relativity hypothesis which, after a lengthy period in intellectual limbo, has recently returned to prominence in the anthropological, linguistic, and psycholinguistic literatures. Our point of departure is an influential group of cross-linguistic studies that appear to show that spatial reasoning is strongly affected by the spatial lexicon in everyday use in a community (e.g. Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1993). Linguistic and nonlinguistic coding of spatial arrays: explorations in Mayan cognition (Working Paper No. 24). Nijmegen: Cognitive Anthropology Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics; Cognitive Linguistics 6 (1995) 33). Specifically, certain groups customarily use an externally referenced spatial-coordinate system to refer to nearby directions and positions ("to the north") whereas English speakers usually employ a viewer-perspective system ("to the left"). Prior findings and interpretations have been to the effect that users of these two types of spatial system solve rotation problems in different ways. reasoning strategies imposed by habitual use of the language-particular lexicons themselves. The present studies reproduce these different problem-solving strategies in speakers of a single language (English) by manipulating landmark cues, suggesting that language itself may not be the key causal factor in choice of spatial perspective. Prior evidence on rotation problem solution from infants (e.g. Acredolo. L.P. (1979). Laboratory versus home: the effect of environment on the 9-month-old infant's choice of spatial reference system. Developmental Psychology, 15 (6), 666-667) and from laboratory animals (e.g. Restle, F. (1975). Discrimination of cues in mazes: a resolution of the place-vs.-response question. Psychological Review, 64, 217-228) suggests a unified interpretation of the findings: creatures approach spatial problems differently depending on the availability and suitability of local landmark cues. The results are discussed in terms of the current debate on the relation of language to thought, with particular emphasis on the question of why different cultural communities favor different perspectives in talking about space. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 265-294 |
Date | April 2002 |
URL | ISI:000175180500003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T. Johnstone |
Author | D.R. Shanks |
Abstract | T. Meulemans and M. Van der Linden (1997) presented evidence for 2 distinct mechanisms involved in artificial grammar learning. They suggested that after training on 32 letter strings (Experiment 2A), participants classify test strings using knowledge of the distributional statistics of letter chunks, whereas after training on 125 letter strings (Experiment 2B) they classify on the basis of knowledge of the rules of the grammar This article offers an alternative unitary account of Meulemans and Van der Linden's findings. The authors show that information about grammatical rules and chunk locations was confounded in the test strings used in Experiment 2B and then present evidence that all of the data can be explained in terms of distributional knowledge, provided this includes knowledge of the positional constraints on chunks. Finally, the authors question the utility of traditional finite-state grammars for investigating abstraction processes, and suggest alternative methods |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 25 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 524-531 |
Date | March 1999 |
URL | ISI:000079079200016 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. S. Brindley |
Abstract | Images null |
Publication | The Journal of Physiology |
Volume | 164 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 168-179 |
Date | 1962-10 |
Journal Abbr | J Physiol |
ISSN | 0022-3751 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 14015499 PMCID: PMC1359294 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 00:44:18 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:44:18 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jules Davidoff |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 01 |
Pages | 20-21 |
Date | 2005 |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X05290015 |
Short Title | Two Types of Thought |
URL | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=312603 |
Accessed | Tue May 18 21:33:00 2010 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Tue May 18 21:33:00 2010 |
Modified | Tue May 18 21:33:00 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.K. O'Neill |
Author | J.C. Topolevic |
Abstract | In three studies, two-year-old children communicated to a parent which of two out-of-reach objects contained a sticker. Across trials, the objects were positioned in different configurations so that it was possible or impossible for a child's pointing gesture to unambiguously specify one object. In Study 1, the objects used were two boxes distinguished by a different picture of a vehicle on the front, and children (n = 16; mean age 2;8) were significantly more likely to name the box's picture on trials where pointing alone could not unambiguously specify the box than on trials where it could. In Studies 2 and 3, the stickers were hidden inside different animal figures. Older two-year-olds (n = 16, mean age 2;9), but not younger two-year-olds (n = 16, mean age 2;4), showed an ability to recognize the referential (in)efficacy of their pointing gestures and to adapt their communication accordingly. |
Publication | Journal of Child Language |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 1-28 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | null |
URL | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=61C87495C77E414CB878B74A09039F96.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=68269 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 29 00:56:05 2008 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Journals Online |
Date Added | Sat Nov 29 00:56:05 2008 |
Modified | Sat Nov 29 00:56:49 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Shruti Baijal |
Author | Narayanan Srinivasan |
Abstract | It has been argued that attention and awareness might oppose each other given that attending to an adapting stimulus weakens its afterimage. We argue instead that the type of attention guided by spatial extent and perceptual levels is critical and might result in differences in awareness using afterimages. Participants performed a central task with small, large, local, or global letters and a blue square as an adapting stimulus in three experiments and indicated the onset and offset of the afterimage. We found that increases in the spatial spread of attention resulted in the decrease of afterimage duration. In terms of levels of processing, global processing produced larger afterimage durations with stimuli controlled for spatial extent. The results suggest that focused or distributed attention produce different effects on awareness, possibly through their differential interactions with polarity dependent and independent processes involved in the formation of color afterimages. |
Publication | Consciousness and cognition |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 1039-1048 |
Date | Dec 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Conscious Cogn |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1016/j.concog.2009.09.002 |
ISSN | 1090-2376 |
Short Title | Types of attention matter for awareness |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19811935 |
Date Added | Tue May 7 00:14:42 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 7 00:14:42 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Monica S Castelhano |
Author | Alexander Pollatsek |
Author | Kyle R Cave |
Abstract | Participants searched for a picture of an object, and the object was either a typical or an atypical category member. The object was cued by either the picture or its basic-level category name. Of greatest interest was whether it would be easier to search for typical objects than to search for atypical objects. The answer was"yes," but only in a qualified sense: There was a large typicality effect on response time only for name cues, and almost none of the effect was found in the time to locate (i.e., first fixate) the target. Instead, typicality influenced verification time-the time to respond to the target once it was fixated. Typicality is thus apparently irrelevant when the target is well specified by a picture cue; even when the target is underspecified (as with a name cue), it does not aid attentional guidance, but only facilitates categorization. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 795-801 |
Date | Aug 2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18792506 |
Accessed | Fri Jan 23 14:49:13 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18792506 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:07 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | James W Tanaka |
Author | Olivier Corneille |
Abstract | In a previous study, it was shown that a 50/50 morph of a typical and an atypical parent face was perceived to be more similar to the atypical parent face than to the typical parent face (Tanaka, Giles, Kremen, & Simon, 1998). Experiments 1 and 2 examine face typicality effects in a same/different discrimination task in which typical or atypical faces and their 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50% morphs were presented sequentially (Experiment 1) or simultaneously (Experiment 2). The main finding was that in both modes of presentation, atypical morphs were more poorly discriminated than their corresponding typical morphs. In Experiment 3, typicality effects were extended to the perception of nonface objects; in this instance, it was found that 50/50 morphs of birds and cars were judged to be more similar to their atypical parents than to their typical parents. These results are consistent with an attractor field model, in which it is proposed that the perception of a face or object stimulus depends not only on its fit to an underlying representation, but also on the representation's location in the similarity space. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 69 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 619-627 |
Date | May 2007 |
Journal Abbr | Percept Psychophys |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
Short Title | Typicality effects in face and object perception |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17727115 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 8 18:55:11 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 17727115 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 8 18:55:11 2012 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Chaleece Sandberg |
Author | Rajani Sebastian |
Author | Swathi Kiran |
Abstract | Background The typicality effect is present in neurologically intact populations for natural, ad-hoc, and well-defined categories. Although sparse, there is evidence of typicality effects in persons with chronic stroke aphasia for natural and ad-hoc categories. However, it is unknown exactly what influences the typicality effect in this population. Aims The present study explores the possible contributors to the typicality effect in persons with aphasia by analyzing and comparing data from both normal and language-disordered populations, from persons with aphasia with more semantic impairment versus those with less semantic impairment, and from two types of categories with very different boundary structure (ad-hoc vs. well-defined). Methods and procedures A total of 40 neurologically healthy adults (20 older, 20 younger) and 35 persons with aphasia (20 LSI (less-semantically impaired) patients, 15 MSI (more-semantically impaired) patients) participated in the study. Participants completed one of two tasks: either category verification for ad-hoc categories or category verification for well-defined categories. Outcomes and results Neurologically healthy participants showed typicality effects for both ad-hoc and well-defined categories. MSI patients showed a typicality effect for well-defined categories, but not for ad-hoc categories, whereas LSI patients showed a typicality effect for ad-hoc categories, but not for well-defined categories. Conclusions These results suggest that the degree of semantic impairment mediates the typicality effect in persons with aphasia depending on the structure of the category. Learning outcomes: After reading this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Describe the typicality effect and in which populations it occurs. (2) Explain how the typicality effect might change depending on category structure. (3) summarize how semantic impairment influences category representation and/or access. |
Publication | Journal of Communication Disorders |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 69-83 |
Date | March 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2011.12.004 |
ISSN | 0021-9924 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021992411000943 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Jun 6 18:32:25 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Wed Nov 12 20:38:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Nov 13 10:15:20 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:03 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:20 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H Kirchner |
Author | SJ Thorpe |
Abstract | Previous ultra-rapid go/no-go categorization studies with manual responses have demonstrated the remarkable speed and efficiency with which humans process natural scenes. Using a forced-choice saccade task we show here that when two scenes are simultaneously flashed in the left and right hemifields, human participants can reliably make saccades to the side containing an animal in as little as 120 ms. Low level differences between target and distractor images were unable to account for these exceptionally fast responses. The results suggest a very fast and unexpected route linking visual processing in the ventral stream with the programming of saccadic eye movements. |
Publication | Vision Res |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 1776, 1762 |
Date | May 2006 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | Ultra-rapid object detection with saccadic eye movements |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2005.10.002 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 10 13:17:11 2009 |
Library Catalog | CiteULike |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:11 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Holle Kirchner |
Author | Emmanuel J. Barbeau |
Author | Simon J. Thorpe |
Author | Jean Regis |
Author | Catherine Liegeois-Chauvel |
Abstract | Most of what we know about the human frontal eye field (FEF) is extrapolated from studies in animals. There is ample evidence that this region is crucial for eye movements. However, evidence is accumulating that this region also plays a role in sensory processing and that it belongs to a "fast brain" system. We set out to investigate these issues in humans, using intracerebral recordings in patients with drug-refractory epilepsy. Event-related potential recordings were obtained from 11 epileptic patients from within the FEF region while they passed a series of visual and auditory perceptual tests. No eye movement was required. Ultra-rapid responses were observed, with mean onset latencies at 24 ms after stimulus to auditory stimuli and 45 ms to visual stimuli. Such early responses were compatible with cortical routes as assessed with simultaneous recordings in primary auditory and visual cortices. Components were modulated very early by the sensory characteristics of the stimuli, in the 30-60 ms period for auditory stimuli and in the 45-60 ms period for visual stimuli. Although the frontal lobes in humans are generally viewed as being involved in high-level cognitive processes, these results indicate that the human FEF is a remarkably quickly activated multimodal region that belongs to a network of low-level neocortical sensory areas. |
Publication | J. Neurosci. |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 23 |
Pages | 7599-7606 |
Date | June 10, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1233-09.2009 |
URL | http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/29/23/7599 |
Accessed | Sat Aug 14 03:30:19 2010 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Sat Aug 14 03:30:19 2010 |
Modified | Sat Aug 14 03:30:19 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.S. Lindauer |
Publication | Perceptual and Motor Skills |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 175-& |
Date | 1970 |
URL | ISI:A1970F586900038 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Guillaume Thierry |
Author | Panos Athanasopoulos |
Author | A. Wiggett |
Author | Benjamin Dering |
Author | Jan-Rouke Kuipers |
Abstract | It is now established that native language affects one's perception of the world. However, it is unknown whether this effect is merely driven by conscious, language-based evaluation of the environment or whether it reflects fundamental differences in perceptual processing between individuals speaking different languages. Using brain potentials, we demonstrate that the existence in Greek of 2 color terms—ghalazio and ble—distinguishing light and dark blue leads to greater and faster perceptual discrimination of these colors in native speakers of Greek than in native speakers of English. The visual mismatch negativity, an index of automatic and preattentive change detection, was similar for blue and green deviant stimuli during a color oddball detection task in English participants, but it was significantly larger for blue than green deviant stimuli in native speakers of Greek. These findings establish an implicit effect of language-specific terminology on human color perception. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 4567-4570 |
Date | 2009-3-17 |
Journal Abbr | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0811155106 |
ISSN | 0027-8424 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19240215 PMCID: 2657373 |
Date Added | Fri Jul 29 19:09:55 2011 |
Modified | Mon Feb 18 11:13:22 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. Reynvoet |
Author | W. Gevers |
Author | B. Caessens |
Abstract | Today, it is generally accepted that unconscious stimuli can activate a response code, which leads to a response congruency effect (RCE) on a subsequent target. However, it is not yet clear whether this is due to the semantic processing of the primes or to the formation of direct stimulus-response (S-R) associations bypassing the semantic system. Recently, it was shown that even novel primes, for which no direct S-R links exist, can also evoke an RCE that is in line with the activation of response codes through semantics. In these experiments, the authors examined 3 alternatives for this RCE from novel primes and report a novel effect in unconscious priming. First, the authors show that this effect is not limited to a small set of numerical stimuli but also extends to letter stimuli (Experiments 1-3). Second, the authors show that the RCE is not a side effect of the prime-target distance effect, as has been reported before (Experiments 1-2). Third, the authors found that, for RCE to occur, overlap at the motor level but not at the semantic level was crucial (Experiments 2-3). Finally, in addition, the results showed a category match priming effect independent of RCE. This last result is evidence that novel unconscious primes activate their semantic category prior to the target and might be considered a good marker for semantic processing |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 991-1000 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Dell'Acqua |
Author | J Grainger |
Abstract | Three experiments examined the effects of unconsciously presented picture primes on semantic categorization and naming responses to both word and picture targets. Picture naming and word categorization responses to targets were faster and more accurate when the picture primes belonged to the same semantic category as the targets, so called priming effect. No priming was found when subjects performed a word reading task. When priming was evident, no difference was found between responses to targets that were nominally identical to primes (e.g. the picture of a lion followed by either the word LION or the picture of a lion) compared with nominally different targets from the same semantic category as the primes (e.g. the picture of an ELEPHANT followed by either the word LION or the picture of a lion). Responding did not differ significantly from chance when subjects were asked to categorize the primes as natural objects vs. artifacts or as meaningful vs. meaningless objects in three distinct forced-choice unspeeded tasks. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | B1-B15 |
Date | Nov 9, 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Cognition |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10536225 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 20 09:26:17 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10536225 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 20 09:26:17 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Kail |
Author | M.A. Nippold |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 55 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 944-951 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Steven J Luck |
Publication | Nat Neurosci |
Volume | 7 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 208-209 |
Date | March 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nn0304-208 |
ISSN | 1097-6256 |
Short Title | Understanding awareness |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn0304-208 |
Accessed | Wed Sep 1 15:11:16 2010 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Wed Sep 1 15:11:16 2010 |
Modified | Wed Sep 1 15:11:16 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Anna Wierzbicka |
Abstract | This book develops the dual themes that languages can differ widely in their vocabularies, and are also sensitive indices to the cultures to which they belong. Wierzbicka seeks to demonstrate that every language has "key concepts," expressed in "key words," which reflect the core values of a given culture. She shows that cultures can be revealingly studied, compared, and explained to outsiders through their key concepts, and that the analytical framework necessary for this purpose is provided by the "natural semantic metalanguage," based on lexical universals, that the author and colleagues have developed on the basis of wide-ranging cross-linguistic investigations. Appealing to anthropologists, psychologists, and philosophers as well as linguists, this book demonstrates that cultural patterns can be studied in a verifiable, rigorous, and non-speculative way, on the basis of empirical evidence and in a coherent theoretical framework. |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 1997-08-07 |
# of Pages | 329 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780195088366 |
Short Title | Understanding cultures through their key words |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Fri Jan 13 19:15:46 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jan 13 19:15:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.C. Quinn |
Author | M.H Johnson |
Author | D.H Rakison |
Author | B.A. Younger |
Abstract | First paragraph We are grateful for the opportunity to respond to the commentaries of Smith (this issue) and Mandler (this issue), especially in light of the critical challenges posed by the latter.Webegin with what we believe to be the crux of the debate: Does early category formation need to be understood within a dual-process framework in which perceptual learning is dissociated from conceptual understanding? In one way or another, each of us believes the answer to this question at present is no. Smith would appear to agree when she notes that there may be "no such thing as knowledge dissociable from the processes of perceiving and remembering" (p. 94). In contrast, Mandler believes that perceptual categorization and concept formation are "two different things" (p. 99).Wenow consider issues related to this debate that are brought out in the commentaries at the level of metatheory, mechanism, and data. |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 1⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 111-122 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jun 4 09:39:38 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Friedemann Pulvermüller |
Author | Yury Shtyrov |
Author | Olaf Hauk |
Abstract | How long does it take the human mind to grasp the idea when hearing or reading a sentence? Neurophysiological methods looking directly at the time course of brain activity indexes of comprehension are critical for finding the answer to this question. As the dominant cognitive approaches, models of serial/cascaded and parallel processing, make conflicting predictions on the time course of psycholinguistic information access, they can be tested using neurophysiological brain activation recorded in MEG and EEG experiments. Seriality and cascading of lexical, semantic and syntactic processes receives support from late (latency approximately 1/2s) sequential neurophysiological responses, especially N400 and P600. However, parallelism is substantiated by early near-simultaneous brain indexes of a range of psycholinguistic processes, up to the level of semantic access and context integration, emerging already 100-250ms after critical stimulus information is present. Crucially, however, there are reliable latency differences of 20-50ms between early cortical area activations reflecting lexical, semantic and syntactic processes, which are left unexplained by current serial and parallel brain models of language. We here offer a mechanistic model grounded in cortical nerve cell circuits that builds upon neuroanatomical and neurophysiological knowledge and explains both near-simultaneous activations and fine-grained delays. A key concept is that of discrete distributed cortical circuits with specific inter-area topographies. The full activation, or ignition, of specifically distributed binding circuits explains the near-simultaneity of early neurophysiological indexes of lexical, syntactic and semantic processing. Activity spreading within circuits determined by between-area conduction delays accounts for comprehension-related regional activation differences in the millisecond range. |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 110 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-94 |
Date | Aug 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Lang |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.12.001 |
ISSN | 1090-2155 |
Short Title | Understanding in an instant |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664815 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 6 11:10:41 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19664815 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 6 11:10:41 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mary C. Potter |
Author | Barbara A. Faulconer |
Publication | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 509-21 |
Date | October 00, 1979 |
Journal Abbr | Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior |
URL | http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ211179 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 4 21:10:39 2011 |
Library Catalog | ERIC |
Date Added | Mon Apr 4 21:10:39 2011 |
Modified | Mon Apr 4 21:10:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.A. Dale |
Author | G. Lupyan |
Abstract | Human language is unparalleled in both its expressive capacity and its diversity. What accounts for the enormous diversity of human languages [13]? Recent evidence suggests that the structure of languages may be shaped by the social and demographic environment in which the languages are learned and used. In an analysis of over 2000 languages Lupyan and Dale [25] demonstrated that socio-demographic variables, such as population size, significantly predicted the complexity of inflectional morphology. Languages spoken by smaller populations tend to employ more complex inflectional systems. Languages spoken by larger populations tend to avoid complex morphological paradigms, employing lexical constructions instead. This relationship may exist because of how language learning takes place in these different social contexts [44, 45]. In a smaller population, a tightly-knit social group combined with exclusive or almost exclusive language acquisition by infants permits accumulation of complex inflectional forms. In larger populations, adult language learning and more extensive cross-group interactions produce pressures that lead to morphological simplification. In the current paper, we explore this learning-based hypothesis in two ways. First, we develop an agent-based simulation that serves as a simple existence proof: As adult interaction increases, languages lose inflections. Second, we carry out a correlational study showing that English-speaking adults who had more interaction with non-native speakers as children showed a relative preference for over-regularized (i.e. morphologically simpler) forms. The results of the simulation and experiment lend support to the linguistic niche hypothesis: Languages may vary in the ways they do in part due to different social environments in which they are learned and used. In short, languages adapt to the learning constraints and biases of their learners. |
Publication | Advances in Complex Systems |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 1150017-1-1150017-16 |
Date | 2012 |
DOI | 10.1142/S0219525911500172 |
URL | http://www.worldscinet.com/acs/00/0002/S0219525911500172.html |
Date Added | Wed Jul 13 18:33:50 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 11 15:22:53 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Foster |
Author | C.J. Savage |
Abstract | The aim of this work was to elucidate several characteristic phenomena associated with rapid curved-line detection in multi-element arrays and to provide a unified account of the underlying curvature-sensitive mechanisms. To this end, a parametric experiment was performed in which the detectability of a curved-line target in a briefly presented planar array of curved-line distractors was measured for a range of target and distractor curvatures and distractor numbers. For both vertically oriented and randomly oriented curved lines, it was found that (1) the dependence of target detectability on target curvature was independent of distractor number for small distractor curvatures but not for medium-to-large distractor curvatures; (2) an asymmetry in target detectability with respect to interchange of target and distractor curvatures occurred only with large distractor numbers; and (3) with small distractor numbers, target delectability depended only on the difference between target and distractor curvatures. These properties of spatial parallelism, asymmetry, and uniformity were explained quantitatively by a minimal model of rapid curved-line detection in which contour Curvature was coded in terms of just two or three curvature categories, depending on curved-line orientation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 42 |
Issue | 18 |
Pages | 2163-2175 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Valberg |
Abstract | The practical success of the classical theories of colour vision, such as that of Young-Helmholtz when applied to the measurement and reproduction of colour stimuli, and that of Hering's in art and architecture, has overshadowed the fact that neither theory achieved its main goal, namely to explain colour qualities. Neither the three types of cone, nor the first opponent stages of neural processing in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus can serve as direct correlates to the perception of elementary, or unique colours, such as red, green, yellow and blue. While our subjective experiences of these qualities do not submit to measurement, physiological conditions that are required to perceive colours of a constant hue can be identified. For instance, a constant ratio of responses of different types of opponent cells in the retina and the lateral geniculate nucleus of primates may serve as a neurophysiological correlate of a constant hue. This is, however, not the correlate for seeing a particular hue quality, say unique red. This latter correlate, if it exists as a separable entity, must be associated with yet unidentified, higher-level neural activities. The fundamental problems encountered in relating colour qualities to neural activities are discussed and references are made to the current debate about phenomenal consciousness. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 13 |
Pages | 1645-57 |
Date | Jun 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Vision Res |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
Short Title | Unique hues |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11348647 |
Accessed | Wed Apr 15 10:10:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 11348647 |
Date Added | Wed Apr 15 10:10:48 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Goldstone |
Abstract | Five experiments explored the question of whether new perceptual units can be developed if they are useful for a category learning task, and if so, what the constraints on this unitization process are. During category learning, participants were required to attend either a single component or a conjunction of 5 components. Consistent with unitization, the conjunctive task became much easier with practice; this improvement was not found for the single-component task or for conjunctive tasks in which the components could not be unitized. Influences of component organization (Experiment 1), component contiguity (Experiment 2), component proximity (Experiment 3), and number of components (Experiment 4) on practice effects were found. Deconvolved response times (Experiment 5) showed that prolonged practice yielded faster responses than predicted by an analytic model that integrates evidence from independently perceived components |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 86-112 |
Date | February 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:17 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:17 2008 |
Type | Document |
---|---|
Publisher | United Nations |
URL | http://www.un.org/ |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:57:59 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.C. Malt |
Author | S.A. Sloman |
Author | S.P. Gennari |
Abstract | Rather than having universal linguistic categories for sets of common objects, languages develop their own, idiosyncratic naming patterns for them. Accounting for these patterns requires reference not only to the understanding of stimulus properties by individual speakers of a language, but also to the linguistic and cultural histories of the language they speak. To better understand how these two sources of influence work together to produce linguistic categories, we examined the relations among linguistic categories for 60 common containers for speakers of English, Spanish, and Chinese. We discriminated among several possibilities that imply different relative contributions of the two sources of influence. No single type of relation dominated; the contributions of the two influences varied across different parts of the container domain. We suggest that perception of stimulus properties by individuals interacts with linguistic and cultural histories, but their interaction is constrained by structure in the stimulus space. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Memory and Language |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 20-42 |
Date | July 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | J. H. Greenberg |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 1966 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V E Amassian |
Author | R Q Cracco |
Author | P J Maccabee |
Author | J B Cracco |
Author | A P Rudell |
Author | L Eberle |
Abstract | Visual suppression by a magnetic coil (MC) pulse delivered over human calcarine cortex after a transient visual stimulus 80-100 ms earlier has been used to suppress the representation of a 'masking' visual stimulus and thus to unmask a 'target' visual stimulus given, e.g., 100 ms before the mask. The resulting target unmasking as a function of the interval between mask and MC pulse is approximately the inverse of the visual suppression curve. Arbitrary visual linear patterns can similarly be unmasked. At the long target-mask interval used, the site of masking is deduced to lie beyond calcarine cortex. In several right-handed subjects tested, powerful MC stimulation of the left (but not right) temporo-parieto-occipital cortex also led to (weaker) unmasking. |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 605 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 312-6 |
Date | Mar 12, 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res |
DOI | 8481781 |
ISSN | 0006-8993 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8481781 |
Accessed | Sun Sep 21 12:27:04 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8481781 |
Date Added | Sun Sep 21 12:27:03 2008 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | BM Whelan |
Author | BE Murdoch |
Author | D Lloyd |
Author | D Copland |
Author | S Riek |
Author | RG Carson |
Author | RE Darnell |
Author | C Barwood |
Publication | BRAIN AND LANGUAGE |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 221-222 |
Date | OCT-NOV 2007 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bandl.2007.07.015 |
ISSN | 0093-934X |
Short Title | Unravelling the effects of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on word retrieval |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=31&SID=4C6EhLO98cag9BCDep8&page=2&doc=11&cacheurlFromRightClick=no |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:58:45 2009 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:58:45 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 13 17:58:45 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D Billman |
Author | J Knutson |
Abstract | Ease of learning new concepts may best be understood by simultaneously considering models of learning and theories of how "good" systems of categories are organized. The authors tested the effects on learning of value systematicity, a proposed organizing principle: If 1 attribute is predictive of another, it should predict still more. This principle derives from focused sampling in the internal feedback model (D. Billman & E. Heit, 1988) of unsupervised, or observational, learning. In 3 experiments, the authors tested how the organization of structure in input (value systematicity) affected unsupervised learning of categories about alien animals. Across all experiments, learning a target rule was easier in conditions with high value systematicity, relative to several low systematicity controls. The authors compare results to predictions of several learning models and consider the links between learning and the resulting category structure. |
Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 458-475 |
Date | Mar 1996 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn |
Language | eng |
ISSN | 0278-7393 |
Short Title | Unsupervised concept learning and value systematicity |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 8901345 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 22 19:52:42 2013 |
Modified | Mon Apr 22 19:52:42 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | JJ DiCarlo |
Author | DD Cox |
Abstract | Despite tremendous variation in the appearance of visual objects, primates can recognize a multitude of objects, each in a fraction of a second, with no apparent effort. However, the brain mechanisms that enable this fundamental ability are not understood. Drawing on ideas from neurophysiology and computation, we present a graphical perspective on the key computational challenges of object recognition, and argue that the format of neuronal population representation and a property that we term I object tangling' are central. We use this perspective to show that the primate ventral visual processing stream achieves a particularly effective solution in which single-neuron invariance is not the goal. Finally, we speculate on the key neuronal mechanisms that could enable this solution, which, if understood, would have far-reaching implications for cognitive neuroscience. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 333-341 |
Date | AUG 2007 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=57&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=3 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 14:48:24 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:48:24 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 17:02:29 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Hage |
Abstract | In L'Exercice de la parente, Heritier develops a general theory of kinship systems based on two ''fundamental laws.'' These laws depend for their proof on a sociological explanation of two logically possible but empirically unrealized terminologies in the classifications of Lowie and Murdock. Following Greenberg's cognitive-linguistic theory of kinship classification, I interpret these unrealized terminologies in the first instance as special cases of a universal tendency to avoid disjunctive categories. In developing this interpretation I introduce an evolutionary perspective that has been absent from most discussions of kinship theory for a long time. The structural models for this analysis are, as always, graph theoretic |
Publication | American Ethnologist |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 652-667 |
Date | 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997XP08900007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:25 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.R. Loftus |
Author | M.E.J. Masson |
Abstract | We argue that to best comprehend many data sets, plotting judiciously selected sample statistics with associated confidence intervals can usefully supplement, or even replace, standard hypothesis-testing procedures. We note that most social science statistics textbooks limit discussion of confidence intervals to their use in between-subject designs. Our central purpose in this article is to describe how to compute an analogous confidence interval that can be used in within-subject designs. This confidence interval rests on the reasoning that because between-subject variance typically plays no role in statistical analyses of within-subject designs, it can legitimately be ignored; hence, an appropriate confidence interval can be based on the standard within-subject error term-that is, on the variability due to the subject x condition interaction. Computation of such a confidence interval is simple and is embodied in Equation 2 on p. 482 of this article. This confidence interval has two useful properties. First, it is based on the same error term as is the corresponding analysis of variance, and hence leads to comparable conclusions. Second, it is related by a known factor (square root 2) to a confidence interval of the difference between sample means; accordingly, it can be used to infer the faith one can put in some pattern of sample means as a reflection of the underlying pattern of population means. These two properties correspond to analogous properties of the more widely used between-subject confidence interval |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 476-490 |
Date | December 1994 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael S C Thomas |
Author | Dagmara Annaz |
Author | Daniel Ansari |
Author | Gaia Scerif |
Author | Chris Jarrold |
Author | Annette Karmiloff-Smith |
Abstract | PURPOSE: In this article, the authors present a tutorial on the use of developmental trajectories for studying language and cognitive impairments in developmental disorders and compare this method with the use of matching. METHOD: The authors assess the strengths, limitations, and practical implications of each method. The contrast between the methodologies is highlighted using the example of developmental delay and the criteria used to distinguish delay from atypical development. RESULTS: The authors argue for the utility of the trajectory approach, using illustrations from studies investigating language and cognitive impairments in individuals with Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder. CONCLUSION: Two conclusions were reached: (a) An understanding of the underlying mechanism will be furthered by the richer descriptive vocabulary provided by the trajectories approach (e.g., in distinguishing different types of delay) and (b) an optimal design for studying developmental disorders is to combine initial cross-sectional designs with longitudinal follow-up. |
Publication | Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research: JSLHR |
Volume | 52 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 336-358 |
Date | Apr 2009 |
Journal Abbr | J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res |
DOI | 10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0144) |
ISSN | 1092-4388 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19252129 |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 14:06:41 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19252129 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 14:06:41 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jeffrey S Johnson |
Author | Massihullah Hamidi |
Author | Bradley R Postle |
Abstract | A commonly held view is that, when delivered during the performance of a task, repetitive TMS (rTMS) influences behavior by producing transient "virtual lesions" in targeted tissue. However, findings of rTMS-related improvements in performance are difficult to reconcile with this assumption. With regard to the mechanism whereby rTMS influences concurrent task performance, a combined rTMS/EEG study conducted in our lab has revealed a complex set of relations between rTMS, EEG activity, and behavioral performance, with the effects of rTMS on power in the alpha band and on alpha:gamma phase synchrony each predicting its effect on behavior. These findings suggest that rTMS influences performance by biasing endogenous task-related oscillatory dynamics, rather than creating a "virtual lesion". To further differentiate these two alternatives, in the present study we compared the effects of 10 Hz rTMS on neural activity with the results of an experiment in which rTMS was replaced with 10 Hz luminance flicker. We reasoned that 10 Hz flicker would produce widespread entrainment of neural activity to the flicker frequency, and comparison of these EEG results with those from the rTMS study would shed light on whether the latter also reflected entrainment to an exogenous stimulus. Results revealed pronounced evidence for "entrainment noise" produced by 10 Hz flicker-increased oscillatory power and inter-trial coherence (ITC) at the driving frequency, and increased alpha:gamma phase synchronization-that were nonetheless largely uncorrelated with behavior. This contrasts markedly with 10-Hz rTMS, for which the only evidence for stimulation-induced noise, elevated ITC at 30 Hz, differed qualitatively from the flicker results. Simultaneous recording of the EEG thus offers an important means of directly testing assumptions about how rTMS exerts its effects on behavior. |
Publication | Brain Topography |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 281-293 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Topogr |
DOI | 10.1007/s10548-009-0118-1 |
ISSN | 1573-6792 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19915972 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 27 11:28:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19915972 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 27 11:28:40 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Adam J. Berinsky |
Author | Gregory A. Huber |
Author | Gabriel S. Lenz |
Publication | Submitted for review |
Date | 2011 |
URL | http://web.mit.edu/berinsky/www/files/MT.pdf |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 00:08:07 2013 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 00:08:07 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 00:08:07 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Mozer |
Author | P. Smolensky |
Abstract | This paper proposes a means of using the knowledge in a network to determine the functionality or relevance of individual units, both for the purpose of understanding the network's behavior and improving its performance. ... |
Publication | Connection Science |
Volume | 1⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 3-16 |
Date | 1989 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:48 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.A. Carlson |
Author | G.D. Logan |
Abstract | Our interactions with the world often involve selecting one object from a cluttered array of objects. One way to accomplish this is with language. For example, spatial terms, such as above, guide selection by specifying the position of one object (the located object) with respect to a second object (the reference object). Most of the work on the apprehension of spatial terms has examined displays that contain only these two objects. In the present paper, we examine how the presence of an extra object (a distractor) in the display impacts apprehension. Consistent effects of distractor presence were obtained across acceptability-rating and speeded sentence/picture verification tasks. Importantly, these effects were independent of the placement of the distractor. These results suggest that the distractor has its influence during processes that spatially index and identify the located and reference objects and that processes involved in computing the spatial term operate only on these objects |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 883-892 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | Joost Rommers |
Author | Antje S Meyer |
Abstract | We describe the key features of the visual world paradigm and review the main research areas where it has been used. In our discussion we highlight that the paradigm provides information about the way language users integrate linguistic information with information derived from the visual environment. Therefore the paradigm is well suited to study one of the key issues of current cognitive psychology, namely the interplay between linguistic and visual information processing. However, conclusions about linguistic processing (e.g., about activation, competition, and timing of access of linguistic representations) in the absence of relevant visual information must be drawn with caution. |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Date | Jan 31, 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol (Amst) |
DOI | 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.11.003 |
ISSN | 1873-6297 |
Short Title | Using the visual world paradigm to study language processing |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21288498 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 28 18:32:56 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21288498 |
Date Added | Thu Apr 28 18:32:56 2011 |
Modified | Thu Apr 28 18:32:56 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Julie Baker |
Author | Chris Rorden |
Author | Julius Fridriksson |
Publication | Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation |
Volume | 41 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1229-1236 |
Date | 2010-6 |
Journal Abbr | Stroke |
DOI | 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576785 |
ISSN | 0039-2499 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 20395612 PMCID: 2876210 |
Date Added | Fri Jan 14 14:59:46 2011 |
Modified | Fri Jan 14 14:59:46 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.L. Klatzky |
Author | A.M. Stoy |
Abstract | In two experiments Ss indicated for a series of trials whther or not two pictures of common objects had the same name (a positive or negative response, respectively). The pictures were separated by one of three interstimulus intervals, and reaction time was recorded. .... |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 727-736 |
Date | 1974 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:58:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M A Webster |
Author | E Miyahara |
Author | G Malkoc |
Author | V E Raker |
Abstract | We examined individual differences in the color appearance of nonspectral lights and asked how they might be related to individual differences in sensitivity to chromatic stimuli. Observers set unique hues for moderately saturated equiluminant stimuli by varying their hue angle within a plane defined by the LvsM and SvsLM cone-opponent axes that are thought to characterize early postreceptoral color coding. Unique red settings were close to the +L pole of the LvsM axis, while green, blue, and yellow settings clustered along directions intermediate to the LvsM and SvsLM axes and thus corresponded to particular ratios of LvsM to SvsLM activity. Interobserver differences in the unique hues were substantial. However, no relationship was found between hue settings and relative sensitivity to the LvsM and SvsLM axes. Moreover, interobserver variations in different unique hues were uncorrelated and were thus inconsistent with a common underlying factor such as relative sensitivity or changes in the spectral sensitivities of the cones. Thus for the moderately saturated lights we tested, the unique hues appear largely unconstrained by normal individual differences in the cone-opponent axes. In turn, this suggests that the perceived hue for these stimuli does not depend on fixed (common) physiological weightings of the cone-opponent axes or on fixed (common) color signals in the environment. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1545-55 |
Date | Sep 2000 |
Journal Abbr | J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis |
ISSN | 1084-7529 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10975364 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 26 17:33:32 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 10975364 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:04 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A. Webster |
Author | Eriko Miyahara |
Author | Gokhan Malkoc |
Author | Vincent E. Raker |
Abstract | We examined individual differences in the color appearance of nonspectral lights and asked how they might be related to individual differences in sensitivity to chromatic stimuli. Observers set unique hues for moderately saturated equiluminant stimuli by varying their hue angle within a plane defined by the LvsM and SvsLM cone-opponent axes that are thought to characterize early postreceptoral color coding. Unique red settings were close to the +L pole of the LvsM axis, while green, blue, and yellow settings clustered along directions intermediate to the LvsM and SvsLM axes and thus corresponded to particular ratios of LvsM to SvsLM activity. Interobserver differences in the unique hues were substantial. However, no relationship was found between hue settings and relative sensitivity to the LvsM and SvsLM axes. Moreover, interobserver variations in different unique hues were uncorrelated and were thus inconsistent with a common underlying factor such as relative sensitivity or changes in the spectral sensitivities of the cones. Thus for the moderately saturated lights we tested, the unique hues appear largely unconstrained by normal individual differences in the cone-opponent axes. In turn, this suggests that the perceived hue for these stimuli does not depend on fixed (common) physiological weightings of the cone-opponent axes or on fixed (common) color signals in the environment. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America A |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 1545-1555 |
Date | 2000 |
Journal Abbr | J. Opt. Soc. Am. A |
DOI | 10.1364/JOSAA.17.001545 |
URL | http://josaa.osa.org/abstract.cfm?URI=josaa-17-9-1545 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 26 17:32:12 2009 |
Library Catalog | Optical Society of America |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:08 2009 |
Modified | Sat Mar 28 12:54:08 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Michael A Webster |
Author | Shernaaz M Webster |
Author | Shrikant Bharadwaj |
Author | Richa Verma |
Author | Jaikishan Jaikumar |
Author | Gitanjali Madan |
Author | E Vaithilingham |
Abstract | Basic color categories are thought to share a common pattern across linguistic groups, yet the focal colors defining those categories can vary substantially within any single group. We asked whether focal colors can also differ systematically across different groups of individuals living in potentially different color environments, by measuring focal and unique hues for observers in India and the United States. Differences between groups were generally small relative to the within-group variations, consistent with a strong common basis for color naming across diverse contexts. However, for most hues the average settings differed significantly across subpopulations. These differences persisted across testing conditions and thus probably reflect longer-term contextual influences on color appearance judgments. They suggest that while color categories may be qualitatively similar, precisely how the hue spectrum is parsed may differ quantitatively across different populations of observers. Both the between-group and the within-group differences are inconsistent with the differences predicted by common peripheral sources of variation in color vision (e.g., in lens or macular pigment) and may reflect an influence of environmental or cultural differences in focal color choices. |
Publication | Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 1951-62 |
Date | Oct 2002 |
Journal Abbr | J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis |
ISSN | 1084-7529 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12365615 |
Accessed | Tue Dec 16 22:27:12 2008 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 12365615 |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:15 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lisa Feldman Barrett |
Publication | Cognition & Emotion |
Volume | 23 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1284-1306 |
Date | 11/2009 |
Journal Abbr | PCEM |
DOI | 10.1080/02699930902985894 |
ISSN | 0269-9931 |
Short Title | Variety is the spice of life |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=2&SID=3FjNKAigLDkJ7pAol7A&page=1&doc=2 |
Accessed | Thu Apr 22 14:01:10 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Thu Apr 22 14:01:10 2010 |
Modified | Thu Apr 22 14:01:10 2010 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Valentino Braitenberg |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1986-02-07 |
ISBN | 0262521121 |
Short Title | Vehicles |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 10:10:59 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 10:10:59 2011 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Valentino Braitenberg |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1986-02-07 |
ISBN | 0262521121 |
Short Title | Vehicles |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Feb 16 13:20:28 2011 |
Modified | Wed Feb 16 13:20:28 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | John R. Kirby |
Author | Phillip J. Moore |
Author | Neville J. Schofield |
Abstract | Three studies are reported concerning the development of a questionnaire to assess verbal and visual learning styles. The test instrument is based upon Richardson's Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire (VVQ). In the first study, it is shown that the VVQ requires more than a single bipolar dimension, and that when two dimensions are extracted, the hypothesized visual dimension is defined mainly by dream vividness and is not related to self-reported mental imagery. In the second study, an expanded questionnaire is constructed to assess the verbal and dream dimensions located in the first study, as well as a visual dimension more related to mental imagery. Both the verbal and visual scales are designed to be more relevant to preferences in learning. The three scales are shown to possess adequate reliability and construct validity. In the third study, the correlations of the three scales with various mental abilities are explored: as hypothesized, the verbal learning style is most strongly correlated with verbal ability and the visual learning style with spatial visualization. Possible directions for future research are discussed: further validation of the three scales, investigation of the development of learning styles, and the use of the style scales in studies of learning. |
Publication | Contemporary Educational Psychology |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 169-184 |
Date | April 1988 |
DOI | 10.1016/0361-476X(88)90017-3 |
ISSN | 0361-476X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WD1-4D5XB97-2N/2/7fd188e378632a992595952e0232df07 |
Accessed | Tue Nov 17 22:31:01 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Nov 17 22:31:01 2009 |
Modified | Tue Nov 17 22:31:01 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kevin Dent |
Author | Mary M. Smyth |
Abstract | <p><br/>Short-term memory for form-position associations was assessed using an object relocation task. Participants attempted to remember the positions of either three or five Japanese Kanji characters, presented on a computer monitor. Following a short blank interval, participants were presented with 2 alternative Kanji, only 1 of which was present in the initial stimulus, and the set of locations occupied in the initial stimulus. They attempted to select the correct item and relocate it back to its original position. The proportion of correct item selections showed effects of both articulatory suppression and memory load. In contrast, the conditional probability of location given a correct item selection showed an effect of load but no effect of suppression. These results are consistent with the proposal that access to visual memory is aided by verbal recoding, but that there is no verbal contribution to memory for the association between form and position.</p> |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 120 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 113-140 |
Date | October 2005 |
DOI | 16/j.actpsy.2005.03.004 |
ISSN | 0001-6918 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691805000351 |
Accessed | Mon Jun 27 13:56:28 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jun 27 13:56:28 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jun 27 13:56:28 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Kelter |
Author | R. Cohen |
Author | D. Engel |
Author | G. List |
Author | H. Strohner |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 51-60 |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.S. Herz |
Abstract | Two paired-associate memory experiments were conducted to investigate verbal coding in olfactory versus nonolfactory cognition. Experiment 1 examined the effects of switching/not switching odors and visual items to words between encoding and test sessions. Experiment 2 examined switching/not switching perceptual odors and verbal-imagine versions of odors with each other. Experiment 1 showed that memory was impaired for odors but not visual cues when they were switched to their verbal form at test. Experiment 2 revealed that memory was impaired for both odors and verbal-imagine cues when they were switched in format at test and that odor sensory imagery was not accessed by the instruction to imagine a smell. Together, these findings suggest that olfaction is distinguished from other sensory systems by the degree of verbal coding involved in associated cognitive processing |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 957-964 |
Date | 2000 |
URL | ISI:000165162200007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:32 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:32 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hayne W. Reese |
Abstract | Preschool children were shown line drawings of 12 pairs of items and were asked to describe them. Each child saw elaborated and unelaborated pictures (items interacting vs. not interacting). The children's descriptions were rated as elaborated or unelaborated (interactions mentioned vs. not mentioned). 1 week later, a recognition test was given, with choices between an elaborated and an unelaborated picture for each pair. In general, recognition accuracy was best for elaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions and worst for unelaborated pictures given elaborated descriptions. However, for the younger subjects, 32-55 months old, accuracy was influenced more by type of picture than by type of description; and for older subjects, 56-70 months old, the opposite was true. Apparently, younger preschoolers rely more on visual memory for recognition of this type of picture, and older preschoolers rely more on reconstruction from verbal memory. |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 46 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 400-407 |
Date | Jun., 1975 |
DOI | 10.2307/1128134 |
ISSN | 00093920 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/stable/1128134 |
Accessed | Sat Dec 18 13:23:47 2010 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Jun., 1975 / Copyright © 1975 Society for Research in Child Development |
Date Added | Sat Dec 18 13:23:47 2010 |
Modified | Sat Dec 18 13:23:47 2010 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Date | 2008 |
Proceedings Title | The Seventh International Conference on the Evolution of Language |
Place | Barcelona, Spain |
Date Added | Thu Aug 21 17:52:30 2008 |
Modified | Thu Aug 21 17:53:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.E. Egeth |
Author | D.L. Blecker |
Author | A.S. Kamlet |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 6A |
Pages | 355-& |
Date | 1969 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.S. Hock |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 299-& |
Date | 1970 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H. Hock |
Author | J. Petrasek |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 1A |
Pages | 116-120 |
Date | 1973 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Teodora Gliga |
Author | Agnes Volein |
Author | Gergely Csibra |
Abstract | Abstract Whether verbal labels help infants visually process and categorize objects is a contentious issue. Using electroencephalography, we investigated whether possessing familiar or novel labels for objects directly enhances 1-year-old infants' neural processes underlying the perception of those objects. We found enhanced gamma-band (20-60 Hz) oscillatory activity over the visual cortex in response to seeing objects with labels familiar to the infant (Experiment 1) and those with novel labels just taught to the infant (Experiment 2). No such effect was observed for objects that infants were familiar with but had no label for. These results demonstrate that learning verbal labels modulates how the visual system processes the images of the associated objects and suggest a possible top-down influence of semantic knowledge on object perception. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Date | Jan 4, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | J Cogn Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2010.21427 |
ISSN | 0898-929X |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20044900 |
Accessed | Thu Mar 11 12:55:12 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20044900 |
Date Added | Thu Mar 11 12:55:12 2010 |
Modified | Tue Jun 14 19:49:04 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Halpern |
Author | R. Clark |
Author | P. Moore |
Author | S. Antani |
Author | A. Colcher |
Author | M. Grossman |
Abstract | Patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD) appear to have impaired number knowledge. We examined the nature of their number deficit while we tested the hypothesis that comprehension of larger numbers depends in part on verbal mediation. We evaluated magnitude judgments and performance on number conservation measures rooted in Piagetian theory in nonaphasic patients with CBD (n = 13) and patients with a fluent form of progressive aphasia known as semantic dementia (SD; n = 15). We manipulated the numbers of the arrays and the visual-spatial properties of the stimuli being compared during magnitude judgments and Piagetian conservation measures. CBD patients were consistently impaired judging the magnitudes of larger numbers (4-9), while they had minimal difficulty with smaller numbers (magnitudes less than or equal to3). By comparison, SD patients performed all measures of number knowledge at a ceiling level regardless of number magnitude. Neither patient group was significantly impacted by manipulations of the spatial properties of the stimuli. CBD patients' impairment with larger numbers despite minimal aphasia, and SD patients' intact performance despite an aphasia, challenge the proposal that understanding larger numbers depends on verbal mediation. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 56 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 107-115 |
Date | October 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard P. DeShon |
Author | David Chan |
Author | Daniel A. Weissbein |
Abstract | Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices test is one of the most frequently used measures of individual differences in cognitive processing. However, much disagreement exists over the cognitive components responsible for performance and the test is often used to represent a diverse set of constructs including g, inductive ability, spatial ability, pattern perception, and nonverbal intelligence. This research used the verbal overshadowing paradigm to experimentally determine whether performance across all items on the Advanced Progressive Matrices is dependent on the same cognitive processes. The results clearly indicated that a subset of items were dependent on visuospatial processes, whereas another subset of items required verbal-analytic processes. |
Publication | Intelligence |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 135-155 |
Date | September 1995 |
DOI | 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90023-3 |
ISSN | 0160-2896 |
Short Title | Verbal overshadowing effects on Raven's advanced progressive matrices |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0160289695900233 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Fri Jun 1 19:00:22 2012 |
Modified | Fri Jun 1 19:00:22 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J W Schooler |
Author | T Y Engstler-Schooler |
Abstract | It is widely believed that verbal processing generally improves memory performance. However, in a series of six experiments, verbalizing the appearance of previously seen visual stimuli impaired subsequent recognition performance. In Experiment 1, subjects viewed a videotape including a salient individual. Later, some subjects described the individual's face. Subjects who verbalized the face performed less well on a subsequent recognition test than control subjects who did not engage in memory verbalization. The results of Experiment 2 replicated those of Experiment 1 and further clarified the effect of memory verbalization by demonstrating that visualization does not impair face recognition. In Experiments 3 and 4 we explored the hypothesis that memory verbalization impairs memory for stimuli that are difficult to put into words. In Experiment 3 memory impairment followed the verbalization of a different visual stimulus: color. In Experiment 4 marginal memory improvement followed the verbalization of a verbal stimulus: a brief spoken statement. In Experiments 5 and 6 the source of verbally induced memory impairment was explored. The results of Experiment 5 suggested that the impairment does not reflect a temporary verbal set, but rather indicates relatively long-lasting memory interference. Finally, Experiment 6 demonstrated that limiting subjects' time to make recognition decisions alleviates the impairment, suggesting that memory verbalization overshadows but does not eradicate the original visual memory. This collection of results is consistent with a recording interference hypothesis: verbalizing a visual memory may produce a verbally biased memory representation that can interfere with the application of the original visual memory. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 36-71 |
Date | Jan 1990 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn Psychol |
ISSN | 0010-0285 |
Short Title | Verbal overshadowing of visual memories |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295225 |
Accessed | Thu Jul 14 01:03:14 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2295225 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 14 01:03:14 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.A. Brandimonte |
Author | G.J. Hitch |
Author | D.V.M. Bishop |
Abstract | Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that verbal recoding of visual stimuli in short-term memory influences long-term memory encoding and impairs subsequent mental image operations. Easy and difficult-to-name stimuli were used. When rotated 90-degrees counterclockwise, each stimulus revealed a new pattern consisting of two capital letters joined together. In both experiments, subjects first learned a short series of stimuli and were then asked to rotate mental images of the stimuli in order to detect the hidden letters. In Experiment 1, articulatory suppression was used to prevent subjects from subvocal rehearsal when learning the stimuli, whereas in Experiment 2, verbal labels were presented with each stimulus during learning to encourage a reliance on the verbal code. As predicted, performance in the imagery task was significantly improved by suppression when the stimuli were easy to name (Experiment 1) but was severely disrupted by labeling when the stimuli were difficult to name (Experiment 2). We concluded that verbal recoding of stimuli in short-term memory during learning disrupts the ability to generate veridical mental images from long-term memory |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 449-455 |
Date | July 1992 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Saeki |
Author | S. Saito |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1040 |
Date | 2009 |
Short Title | Verbal representation in task order control |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 14:49:13 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 14:49:13 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Erina Saeki |
Author | Satoru Saito |
Abstract | Recent task-switching studies in which a predictable task sequence has been used have indicated that verbal representation contributes to the control of task order information. The present study focused on the role of verbal representation in sequential task decisions, which are an important part of task order control, and examined the effects of articulatory suppression in a random-task-cuing paradigm with two different types of cues presented just before the presentation of a stimulus: a transition cue and a task cue. The former cue provided information only about switching or repeating the task, whereas the latter was associated directly with the identity of the task (i.e., indicating a parity or a magnitude task). In Experiment 1, in which transition cues guided task sequences, articulatory suppression impaired performance in both repetition and switch trials, thereby increasing the mixing costs. In Experiment 2, in which a task cue, rather than a transition cue, was presented to examine the influence of a cue-decoding process, articulatory suppression had no specific effect on task performance. Experiment 3, in which the transition cue and the task cue were randomly presented in the same block to equalize the memory load and task strategy for the two types of cues, confirmed that articulatory suppression significantly increased the mixing costs only in transition cue trials. The results from the three experiments indicated that the use of verbal representation is effective in sequential task decision—that is, in selecting a task set on the basis of transient task order information in both repetition and switch trials. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 37 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1040-1050 |
Date | October 2009 |
DOI | 10.3758/MC.37.7.1040 |
Short Title | Verbal representation in task order control |
URL | http://mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/37/7/1040.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Nov 25 16:01:51 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 25 16:01:51 2009 |
Modified | Wed Nov 25 16:01:51 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jutta Kray |
Author | Jutta Eber |
Author | Julia Karbach |
Publication | Developmental Science |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 223-236 |
Date | 03/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Developmental Sci |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00673.x |
ISSN | 1363-755X |
Short Title | Verbal self-instructions in task switching |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00673.x/abstract |
Accessed | Wed Nov 17 15:08:40 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Wed Nov 17 15:08:40 2010 |
Modified | Wed Nov 17 15:08:40 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C. Goerlich |
Author | I. Daum |
Author | I. Hertrich |
Author | H. Ackermann |
Abstract | The present study investigated the relationship between verbal short-term memory and motor speech processes in healthy control subjects and five patients suffering from Broca's aphasia. Control subjects showed a phonological similarity effect, a word length effect and an articulatory suppression effect, supporting the hypothesis of a phonological store and an articulatory loop component of short-term memory. A similar effect of phonological similarity was observed in the aphasic patients, while the effects of word length and articulatory suppression were reduced. In control subjects, measures of short-term memory were correlated to measures of motor speech rate only if speech rate was assessed in more complex conditions (such as sentence rather than syllable repetition). There was also evidence of an association of speech impairment and short-term memory deficits in the aphasic patients |
Publication | Behavioural Neurology |
Volume | 8 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 81-91 |
Date | SUM 1995 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:38 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.K. Pyles |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 3 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 108-113 |
Date | 1932 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:20 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.W. Schooler |
Abstract | When considered in the context of prior research, the articles in this special issue on verbal overshadowing largely support the contention that verbalization can induce a processing shift that interferes with the application of non-verbal operations. Multiple sources of evidence for a processing shift are reviewed, including: (1) verbalization quality often does not correspond to recognition performance; (2) describing one stimulus can interfere with memory for a different stimulus; (3) engaging in a featural processing tasks impairs recognition in a manner comparable to verbalization; and (4) engaging in non-verbal tasks can reverse the negative effects of verbalization. In the light of this evidence, it is suggested that verbalization produces a lsquotransfer inappropriate processing shiftrsquo whereby the cognitive operations engaged in during verbalization dampen the activation of brain regions associated with critical non-verbal operations. This account of verbal overshadowing is then used to explain both the generality and fragility of the verbal overshadowing effect. Copyright � 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
Publication | Applied Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 989-997 |
Date | 2002 |
DOI | 10.1002/acp.930 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.930 |
Accessed | Tue Apr 28 17:22:44 2009 |
Library Catalog | Wiley InterScience |
Date Added | Tue Apr 28 17:22:44 2009 |
Modified | Thu Jul 14 01:05:39 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Richardson |
Publication | Journal of Mental Imagery |
Volume | 1 |
Pages | 109-126 |
Date | 1977 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:02:48 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:03:46 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Hochstein |
Author | M. Ahissar |
Abstract | We propose that explicit vision advances in reverse hierarchical direction, as shown for perceptual learning. Processing along the feedforward hierarchy of areas, leading to increasingly complex representations, is automatic and implicit, while conscious perception begins at the hierarchy's top, gradually returning downward as needed. Thus, our initial conscious percept - vision at a glance - matches a high-level, generalized, categorical scene interpretation, identifying "forest before trees." For later vision with scrutiny, reverse hierarchy routines focus attention to specific, active, low-level units, incorporating into conscious perception detailed information available there. Reverse Hierarchy Theory dissociates between early explicit perception and implicit low-level vision, explaining a variety of phenomena. Feature search "pop-out" is attributed to high areas, where large receptive fields underlie spread attention detecting categorical differences. Search for conjunctions or fine discriminations depends on reentry to low-level specific receptive fields using serial focused attention, consistent with recently reported primary visual cortex effects |
Publication | Neuron |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 791-804 |
Date | December 05, 2002 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Lawson |
Author | G.W. Humphreys |
Abstract | Four experiments investigated the types of representations mediating sequential visual matching of objects depicted at different depth rotations. Matching performance was affected by the similarity between depicted views of the objects. Effects of view similarity were not influenced by the presence of a meaningless mask in the interstimulus interval (ISI), but they were reduced by long ISIs and by familiarity with the stimuli. It is suggested that with longer ISIs or increased stimulus familiarity, a number of object representations are activated that, although abstracted from some image characteristics, remain view specific. Under these conditions, matching is less reliant on representations closely tied to the view of the initial stimulus presented. The results are consistent with both the derivation and the long-term representation of view-specific rather than view-invariant descriptions of objects |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 395-416 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z. Pylyshyn |
Abstract | A distinction is made between structural and semantic knowledge, focusing on the possible influences of the latter To the extent that early vision may be influenced by object-identity, it would seem necessary to evoke compiled transducers to explain such an influence. Compiled transducers may furnish a way in which vision can be and is penetrated |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 401-423 |
Date | June 1999 |
Journal Abbr | Behav.Brain Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. Pezdek |
Author | G.W. Evans |
Abstract | Four experiments assessed the role of verbal and visual processing in memory for aspects of a simulated, real-world spatial display. Subjects viewed a three-dimensional model of a city with 16 bulidings that were placed on the display. The buildings were represented on the model with or without an accompanying name label on each buliding. After studying the display, subjects were tested on recall and recognition of the building names, picture recognition of the buildings, and spatial memory for where the bulidings had been located. Overall picture recognition accuracy was low, and the presence of a name label on each building significantly reduced picture recognition accuracy but improved relocation accuracy. Spatial location information was not encoded independently of verbal and visual identity information. However, location information was more accurately retained with memory for verbal than visual aspects of the stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical importance of differentiating memory for the identity of visual stimuli from descriptive memory for their physical characteristics in "visual memory" research. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Learning and Memory |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 360-373 |
Date | 1979 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B.S. Gibson |
Author | A. Kingstone |
Abstract | The distinction between central and peripheral cues has played an important role in understanding the functional nature of visual attention for the past 30 years. In the present article, we propose a new taxonomy that is based on linguistic categories of spatial relations. Within this framework, spatial cues are categorized as either "projective" or "deictic." Using an empirical diagnostic, we demonstrate that the word cues above, below, left, and right express projective spatial relations, whereas arrow cues, eye-gaze cues, and abrupt-onset cues express deictic spatial relations. Thus, the projective-versus-deictic distinction crosscuts the more traditional central-versus-peripheral distinction. The theoretical utility of this new distinction is discussed in the context of recent evidence suggesting that a variety of central cues can elicit reflexive orienting |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 17 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 622-627 |
Date | July 2006 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:05 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.E. Egeth |
Author | S. Yantis |
Abstract | Three central problems in the recent literature on visual attention are reviewed. The first concerns the control of attention by top-down (or goal-directed) and bottom-up (or stimulus-driven) processes. The second concerns the representational basis for visual selection, including how much attention can be said to be location- or object-based. Finally, we consider the time course of attention as it is directed to one stimulus after another |
Publication | Annual Review of Psychology |
Volume | 48 |
Pages | 269-297 |
Date | 1997 |
URL | ISI:A1997WH48000011 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Kanwisher |
Author | E. Wojciulik |
Publication | Nat Rev Neurosci |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 91-100 |
Date | November 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Nat Rev Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/35039043 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
Short Title | Visual attention |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35039043 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 21 20:38:29 2008 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Sun Dec 21 20:38:29 2008 |
Modified | Fri Sep 11 16:41:17 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Treue |
Abstract | Attention influences the processing of visual information even in the earliest areas of primate visual cortex. There is converging evidence that the interaction of bottom-up sensory information and top-down attentional influences creates an integrated saliency map, that is, a topographic representation of relative stimulus strength and behavioral relevance across visual space. This map appears to be distributed across areas of the visual cortex, and is closely linked to the oculomotor system that controls eye movements and orients the gaze to locations in the visual scene characterized by a high salience |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 428-432 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Fabre-Thorpe |
Abstract | Evolution might have set the basic foundations for abstract mental representation long ago. Because of language, mental abilities would have reached different degrees of sophistication in mammals and in humans but would be, essentially, of the same nature. Thus, humans and animals might rely on the same basic mechanisms that could be masked in humans by the use of sophisticated strategies. In this paper, monkey and human abilities are compared in a variety of perceptual tasks including visual categorization to assess behavioural similarities and dissimilarities, and to determine the level of abstraction of monkeys' mental representations. The question of how these abstract representations might be encoded in the brain is then addressed. A comparative study of the neural processing underlying abstract cognitive operations in animals and humans might help to understand when abstraction emerged in the phylogenetic scale, and how it increased in complexity |
Publication | Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences |
Volume | 358 |
Issue | 1435 |
Pages | 1215-1223 |
Date | July 29, 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Peterson |
Author | S.E. Graham |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 509-514 |
Date | 1974 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N Weisstein |
Author | C S Harris |
Abstract | Observers identified a briefly flashed line segment more accurately when it was part of a drawing that looked unitary and three-dimensional than when the line was in one of several less coherent flat designs. |
Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Volume | 186 |
Issue | 4165 |
Pages | 752-755 |
Date | Nov 22, 1974 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
ISSN | 0036-8075 |
Short Title | Visual detection of line segments |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4417613 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 22 10:34:54 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 4417613 |
Date Added | Fri Oct 22 10:34:54 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R Klein |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 24 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 237-242 |
Date | Sep 1978 |
Journal Abbr | Percept Psychophys |
ISSN | 0031-5117 |
Short Title | Visual detection of line segments |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/704284 |
Accessed | Fri Oct 22 10:34:37 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 704284 |
Date Added | Fri Oct 22 10:34:37 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. Prinzmetal |
Publication | Current Directions in Psychological Science |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 90-94 |
Date | 1995 |
Date Added | Thu Mar 11 12:52:12 2010 |
Modified | Thu Mar 11 12:53:11 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.T. Quinlan |
Abstract | Visual feature integration theory was one of the most influential theories of visual information processing in the last quarter of the 20th century. This article provides an exposition of the theory and a review of the associated data. In the past much emphasis has been placed on how the theory explains performance in various visual search tasks. The relevant literature is discussed and alternative accounts are described. Amendments to the theory are also set out. Many other issues concerning internal processes and representations implicated by the theory are reviewed. The article closes with a synopsis of what has been learned from consideration of the theory, and it is concluded that some of the issues may remain intractable unless appropriate neuroscientific investigations are carried out. |
Publication | Psychological Bulletin |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 643-673 |
Date | SEP 2003 |
ISSN | 0033-2909 |
Short Title | Visual feature integration theory |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=45&SID=3AcfFE6C4k@mI@jg8Lf&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Tue Jul 22 14:03:18 2008 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 14:03:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 14:03:37 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G.A. Michael |
Author | N. Ojeda |
Abstract | The present study investigated visual field differences in selective attention. Five stimuli were briefly presented and subjects were asked to identify a predefined target. The target/distractor physical similarity varied systematically (low, medium or high) in order to encourage attentional resolving. Right/left hemifield differences were examined in Experiment 1, temporal/nasal hemifield differences in Experiment 2, and upper/lower hemifield differences in Experiment 3. Visual field differences were found only in Experiment 1 suggesting a left/right hemispheric asymmetry in selective attention. These asymmetries appear with increasing stimuli similarity, and suggest that each hemisphere gets involved when attentional selection cannot be carried out without the mode of information processing that characterizes that hemisphere. The absence of other hemifield asymmetries is not in favor of neither a subcortical, nor a specific superior occipito-parietal involvement in attentional resolving and selectivity. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Neuroscience Letters |
Volume | 388 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 65-70 |
Date | November 11, 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. M. Santhouse |
Author | R. J. Howard |
Author | D. H. Ffytche |
Abstract | We have set out to identify phenomenological correlates of cerebral functional architecture within Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) hallucinations by looking for associations between specific hallucination categories. Thirty-four CBS patients were examined with a structured interview/questionnaire to establish the presence of 28 different pathological visual experiences. Associations between categories of pathological experience were investigated by an exploratory factor analysis. Twelve of the pathological experiences partitioned into three segregated syndromic clusters. The first cluster consisted of hallucinations of extended landscape scenes and small figures in costumes with hats; the second, hallucinations of grotesque, disembodied and distorted faces with prominent eyes and teeth; and the third, visual perseveration and delayed palinopsia. The three visual psycho-syndromes mirror the segregation of hierarchical visual pathways into streams and suggest a novel theoretical framework for future research into the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric syndromes. |
Publication | Brain |
Volume | 123 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 2055-2064 |
Date | 10/01/2000 |
Journal Abbr | Brain |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1093/brain/123.10.2055 |
ISSN | 0006-8950, 1460-2156 |
URL | http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/123/10/2055 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 27 16:12:38 2012 |
Library Catalog | brain.oxfordjournals.org |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 16:12:38 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 16:12:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L. Shams |
Author | Y. Kamitani |
Author | S. Shimojo |
Abstract | We present the first cross-modal modification of visual perception which involves a phenomenological change in the quality-as opposed to a small, gradual, or quantitative change-of the percept of a non-ambiguous visual stimulus. We report a visual illusion which is induced by sound: when a single flash of light is accompanied by multiple auditory beeps, the single flash is perceived as multiple flashes. We present two experiments as well as several observations which establish that this alteration of the visual percept is due to cross-modal perceptual interactions as opposed to cognitive, attentional, or other origins. The results of the second experiment also reveal that the temporal window of these audio-visual interactions is approximately 100 ms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognitive Brain Research |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 147-152 |
Date | June 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:13 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.F. Marks |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | FEB |
Pages | 17-24 |
Date | 1973 |
URL | ISI:A1973P379800003 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Ishai |
Author | D. Sagi |
Abstract | Visual imagery is the invention or recreation of a perceptual experience in the absence of retinal input. The degree to which the same neural representations are involved in both visual imagery and visual perception is unclear. Previous studies have shown that visual imagery interferes with perception (Perky effect). We report here psychophysical data showing a direct facilitatory effect of visual imagery on visual perception. Using a lateral masking detection paradigm of a Gabor target, flanked by peripheral Gabor masks, observers performed imagery tasks that were preceded by perceptual, tasks. We found that both perceived and imaginary flanking masks can reduce contrast detection threshold. At short target-to-mask distances imagery induced a threshold reduction of 50% as compared with perception, while at long target-to-mask distances imagery and perception had similar facilitatory effect. The imagery-induced facilitation was specific to the orientation of the stimulus, as well as to the eye used in the task. These data indicate the existence of a stimulus-specific short-term memory system that stores the sensory trace and enables reactivation of quasi-pictorial representations by top-down processes. We suggest that stimulus parameters dominate the imagery-induced facilitation at short target-to-mask distances, yet the top-down component contributes to the effect at long target-to-mask distances |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 476-489 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Ishai |
Author | D. Sagi |
Abstract | Visual imagery and perception share several functional properties and apparently share common underlying brain structures. A main approach to the scientific study of visual imagery is exploring the effects of mental imagery on perceptual professes. Previous studies have shown that visual imagery interferes with perception (Perky effect). Recently we have shown a direct facilitatory effect of visual imagery on visual perception. In an attempt to differentiate the conditions under which visual imagery interferes or facilitates visual perception, we designed new experimental paradigms, using detection tasks of a Gabor target. We found that imagery-induced interference and facilitation are memory-dependent: Visual recall of common objects from long-term memory can interfere with perception, while on short-term memory tasks facilitation can be obtained. These results support the distinction between low-level and structure representations in visual memory |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 734-742 |
Date | 1997 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Z.W. Pylyshyn |
Abstract | This paper argues that a theory of situated vision, suited for the dual purposes of object recognition and the control of action, will have to provide something more than a system that constructs a conceptual representation from visual stimuli: it will also need to provide a special kind of direct (preconceptual, unmediated) connection between elements of a visual representation and certain elements in the world. Like natural language demonstratives (such as 'this' or 'that') this direct connection allows entities to be referred to without being categorized or conceptualized. Several reasons are given for why we need such a preconceptual mechanism which individuates and keeps track of several individual objects in the world. One is that early vision must pick out and compute the relation among several individual objects while ignoring their properties. Another is that incrementally computing and updating representations of a dynamic scene requires keeping track of token individuals despite changes in their properties or locations. It is then noted that a mechanism meeting theses requirements has already been proposed in order to account for a number of disparate empirical phenomena, including subitizing. search-subset selection and multiple object tracking (Pylyshyn et al., Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 48(2) (1994) 260). This mechanism, called a visual index or FINST, is briefly discussed and it is argued that viewing it as performing a demonstrative or preconceptual reference function has far-reaching implications not only for a theory of situated vision, but also for suggesting a new way to look at why the primitive individuation of visual objects, or proto-objects, is so central in computing visual representations. Indexing visual objects is also, according to this view, the primary means for grounding visual concepts and is a potentially fruitful way to look at the problem of visual integration across time and across saccades, as well as to explain how infants' numerical capacity might arise. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 80 |
Issue | 1-2 |
Pages | 127-158 |
Date | June 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Timothy F. Brady |
Author | Talia Konkle |
Author | George A. Alvarez |
Author | Aude Oliva |
Abstract | One of the major lessons of memory research has been that human memory is fallible, imprecise, and subject to interference. Thus, although observers can remember thousands of images, it is widely assumed that these memories lack detail. Contrary to this assumption, here we show that long-term memory is capable of storing a massive number of objects with details from the image. Participants viewed pictures of 2,500 objects over the course of 5.5 h. Afterward, they were shown pairs of images and indicated which of the two they had seen. The previously viewed item could be paired with either an object from a novel category, an object of the same basic-level category, or the same object in a different state or pose. Performance in each of these conditions was remarkably high (92%, 88%, and 87%, respectively), suggesting that participants successfully maintained detailed representations of thousands of images. These results have implications for cognitive models, in which capacity limitations impose a primary computational constraint (e.g., models of object recognition), and pose a challenge to neural models of memory storage and retrieval, which must be able to account for such a large and detailed storage capacity. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 105 |
Issue | 38 |
Pages | 14325-14329 |
Date | 2008 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0803390105 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/105/38/14325.abstract |
Accessed | Sun Nov 15 17:39:33 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 15 17:39:33 2009 |
Modified | Sun Nov 15 17:39:33 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Slater |
Contributor | A. Slater |
Contributor | G. Bremner |
Book Title | Infant Development |
Place | Hove, UK |
Publisher | Erlbaum |
Date | 1989 |
Pages | 43-72 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:50 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard P Chi |
Author | Felipe Fregni |
Author | Allan W Snyder |
Abstract | Our visual memories are susceptible to errors, but less so in people who have a more literal cognitive style. This inspired us to attempt to improve visual memory with non-invasive brain stimulation. We applied 13 min of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the anterior temporal lobes. Our stimulation protocol included 3 conditions, each with 12 neurotypical participants: (i) left cathodal stimulation together with right anodal stimulation, (ii) left anodal stimulation together with right cathodal stimulation, and (iii) sham (control) stimulation. Only participants who received left cathodal stimulation (decrease in excitability) together with right anodal stimulation (increase in excitability) showed an improvement in visual memory. This 110% improvement in visual memory was similar to the advantage people with autism, who are known to be more literal, show over normal people in the identical visual task. Importantly, participants receiving stimulation of the opposite polarity (left anodal together with right cathodal stimulation) failed to show any change in memory performance. This is the first demonstration that visual memory can be enhanced in healthy people using non-invasive brain stimulation. |
Publication | Brain Research |
Volume | 1353 |
Pages | 168-175 |
Date | Sep 24, 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Brain Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.07.062 |
ISSN | 1872-6240 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20682299 |
Accessed | Mon Jul 18 11:30:04 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20682299 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 18 11:30:04 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | F.W. Mast |
Author | S.M. Kosslyn |
Abstract | The debate about whether objects in mental images can be ambiguous has produced ambiguous results. In some studies, participants could not reinterpret objects in images, but even in the studies where participants could reinterpret visualized patterns, the results are not conclusive. The present study used a novel task to investigate the reinterpretation of ambiguous figures in imagery, which required the participants to mentally rotate a figure 180 degrees before attempting to "see" an alternate interpretation. In addition, the participants did not know the purpose of the study in advance, nor did they see alternate interpretations of the stimuli; moreover, we explicitly measured individual differences in key mental imagery abilities. Eight of the 44 participants discovered the alternate version while they were memorizing the figure; 16 reported it after mentally rotating an image; and 20 were not able to "see" the alternate version. The ability to rotate images, assessed with an independent task, was highly associated with reports of image reversals, whereas measures of other imagery abilities were not. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 57-70 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:12 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N.K. Logothetis |
Author | D.L. Sheinberg |
Abstract | Visual object recognition is of fundamental importance to most animals. The diversity of tasks that any biological recognition system must solve suggests that object recognition is not a single, general purpose process. In this review, we consider evidence from the fields of psychology, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology, all of which supports the idea that there are multiple systems for recognition. Data from normal adults, infants, animals, and brain-damaged patients reveal a major distinction between the classification of objects at a basic category level and the identification of individual objects from a homogeneous object class. An additional distinction between object representations used for visual perception and those used for visually guided movements provides further support for a multiplicity of visual recognition systems. Recent evidence from psychophysical and neurophysiological studies indicates that one system may represent objects by combinations of multiple views, or aspects, and another may represent objects by structural primitives and their spatial interrelationships |
Publication | Annual Review of Neuroscience |
Volume | 19 |
Pages | 577-621 |
Date | 1996 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Colin W.G. Clifford |
Abstract | Summary If perception is hypothesis, where do the hypotheses come from? A new study suggests that the human visual system uses the history of past stimulation to predict its current input. |
Publication | Current Biology |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | R223-R225 |
Date | April 10, 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.019 |
ISSN | 0960-9822 |
Short Title | Visual Perception |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982212001388 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 16 01:03:03 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 01:03:03 2012 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 01:03:03 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K. Grill-Spector |
Author | N. Kanwisher |
Abstract | What is the sequence of processing steps involved in visual object recognition? We varied the exposure duration of natural images and measured subjects' performance on three different tasks, each designed to tap a different candidate component process of object recognition. For each exposure duration, accuracy was lower and reaction time longer on a within-category identification task (e.g., distinguishing pigeons from other birds) than on a perceptual categorization task (e.g., birds vs. cars). However, strikingly, at each exposure duration, subjects performed just as quickly and accurately on the categorization task as they did on a task requiring only object detection: By the time subjects knew an image contained an object at all, they already knew its category. These findings place powerful constraints on theories of object recognition |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 152-160 |
Date | February 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:23 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:23 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.G. Goldstein |
Author | J.E. Chance |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 2B |
Pages | 237-& |
Date | 1971 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:32:31 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:33:37 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W.C.H. Prentice |
Publication | American Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 67 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 315-320 |
Date | 1954 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:18 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Vanrullen |
Author | L. Reddy |
Author | C. Koch |
Abstract | Most theories of visual processing assume that a target will "pop out" from an array of distractors ("parallel" visual search, e.g., color or orientation discrimination) if targets and distractors can be discriminated without attention. When the discrimination requires attention (e.g., rotated L vs. T or red-green vs. green-red bisected disks), "serial" examination is needed in visual search. Attentional requirements are also frequently assessed by measuring interference from a concurrently performed attentionally demanding task. It is commonly believed that attention acts equivalently in dual-task and visual search paradigms, based on the implicit assumption that visual attentional requirements can be defined along a single dimension. Here we show that there is no such equivalence: We report on targets that do not trigger pop-out, even though they can be discriminated from distractors with attention occupied elsewhere (natural scenes, color-orientation conjunctions); conversely, we show that certain targets that pop out among distractors need undivided attention to be effectively discriminated from distractors when presented in isolation (rotated L vs. +, depth-rotated cubes). In other words, visual search and dual-task performance reveal attentional resources along two independent dimensions. We suggest an interpretation of these results in terms of neuronal selectivities and receptive field size effects |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 4-14 |
Date | January 2004 |
Journal Abbr | J.Cogn.Neurosci. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Shen |
Author | E.M. Reingold |
Abstract | Wang, Cavanagh, and Green (1994) demonstrated a pop-out effect in searching for an unfamiliar target among familiar distractors (U-F search) and argued for the importance of a familiarity difference between the target and the distractors in determining search efficiency. In four experiments, we explored the generality of that finding. Experiment 1 compared search efficiency across a variety of target- distractor pairs. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4, we used Chinese characters and their transforms as targets and distractors and compared search performance between Chinese and non-Chinese participants. We demonstrated that search asymmetry and search efficiency in the U-F condition are influenced by the presence of low-level feature differences between the familiar and the unfamiliar stimuli. Our findings suggest that the familiarity of the distractors, rather than the familiarity difference between the target and the distractors, determines search efficiency. We also documented a counterintuitive familiarityinferiority effect, suggesting that knowledge of search stimuli may,sometimes, be detrimental to search performance. |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 464-475 |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:42 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.T. Levin |
Author | B.L. Angelone |
Abstract | Levin (1996, 2000) reported that white subjects search for black targets more quickly than they search for white targets, suggesting that black faces are perceived as having a feature that is lacking in white faces. Here we test one of the implications of this asymmetry by having subjects search for same-race (SR) and cross-race (CR) faces that are distorted to look less like each other (producing caricatures that enhance race-specifying features), or are distorted to look more like each other (a prototypical distortion expected to reduce the salience of race-specifying features). Experiments 1 and 2 show that caricaturing the feature-positive CR distracters speeds search for the SR face and that prototypical distortion slows this search. The same distortions in SR faces did not affect the search slopes. However, these distortions also eliminated the overall advantage for CR faces. Experiment 3 shows that trial-to-trial variation in the specific distracters in each display can eliminate the asymmetry and suggests that this asymmetry depends on the subjects' ability to set a consistent a priori perceptual criterion when searching for a CR target, while the distortion effects emphasize the importance of distractor-rejection processes in determining the form of a serial search asymmetry |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 63 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 423-435 |
Date | April 2001 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Joseph Schmidt |
Author | Gregory J. Zelinsky |
Abstract | Search displays are typically presented immediately after a target cue, but in the real-world, delays often exist between target designation and search. Experiments 1 and 2 asked how search guidance changes with delay. Targets were cued using a picture or text label, each for 3000ms, followed by a delay up to 9000ms before the search display. Search stimuli were realistic objects, and guidance was quantified using multiple eye movement measures. Text-based cues showed a non-significant trend towards greater guidance following any delay relative to a no-delay condition. However, guidance from a pictorial cue increased sharply 300–600 msec after preview offset. Experiment 3 replicated this guidance enhancement using shorter preview durations while equating the time from cue onset to search onset, demonstrating that the guidance benefit is linked to preview offset rather than a more complete encoding of the target. Experiment 4 showed that enhanced guidance persists even with a mask flashed at preview offset, suggesting an explanation other than visual priming. We interpret our findings as evidence for the rapid consolidation of target information into a guiding representation, which attains its maximum effectiveness shortly after preview offset. |
Publication | Vision research |
Volume | 51 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 535-545 |
Date | 2011-3-25 |
Journal Abbr | Vision Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.visres.2011.01.013 |
ISSN | 0042-6989 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3063447/ |
Accessed | Wed Jul 18 19:21:59 2012 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 21295053 PMCID: PMC3063447 |
Date Added | Wed Jul 18 19:21:59 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jul 18 19:21:59 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | T.S. Horowitz |
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Abstract | Humans spend a lot of time searching for things, such as roadside traffic signs(1), soccer balls(2) or tumours in mammograms(3). These tasks involve the deployment of attention from one item in the visual field to the next. Common sense suggests that rejected items should be noted in some fashion so that effort is not expended in re-examining items that have been attended to and rejected. However, common sense is wrong. Here we asked human observers to search for a letter 'T' among letters 'L'. This search demands visual attention and normally proceeds at a rate of 20-30 milliseconds per item(4). In the critical condition, we randomly relocated all letters every 111 milliseconds. This made it impossible for the subjects to keep track of the progress of the search. Nevertheless, the efficiency of the search was unchanged. Theories of visual search all assume that search relies on accumulating information about the identity of objects over time(5-7). Such theories predict that search efficiency will be drastically reduced if the scene is continually shuffled while the observer is trying to search through it. As we show that efficiency is not impaired, the standard theories must be revised |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 394 |
Issue | 6693 |
Pages | 575-577 |
Date | 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Hyejin Yang |
Author | G.J. Zelinsky |
Abstract | To determine whether categorical search is guided we had subjects search for teddy bear targets either with a target preview (specific condition) or without (categorical condition). Distractors were random realistic objects. Although subjects searched longer and made more eye movements in the categorical condition, targets were fixated far sooner than was expected by chance. By varying target repetition we also determined that this categorical guidance was not due to guidance from specific previously viewed targets. We conclude that search is guided to categorically-defined targets, and that this guidance uses a categorical model composed of features common to the target class. |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 16 |
Pages | 2095-2103 |
Date | Jul 2009 |
Journal Abbr | Vision Res |
DOI | 10.1016/j.visres.2009.05.017 |
ISSN | 1878-5646 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19500615 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 17 00:02:10 2010 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 19500615 |
Date Added | Tue Aug 17 00:02:10 2010 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Theeuwes |
Abstract | The present paper outlines a framework which allows a consistent interpretation of data regarding visual selection in visual search tasks. It organizes and reviews visual search tasks in which the target is defined by primitive features, by conjunctions of features and when the target is categorically different from non-targets. The special role of spatial attention is reviewed and different theoretical accounts are discussed. Because visual selection depends principally on the outcome of the early parallel preattentive stage of processing, the main focus will be on this stage. It is concluded that visual selection is to a large extent determined by the physical characteristics of the stimuli present in the visual field. The early preattentive parallel process computes how different each object is from each of the other objects within a particular stimulus dimension. Attention is automatically drawn to the location having the highest activation, implying that the object at that location is automatically selected irrespective of the intentions of the subject. The model also assumes some top-down control. It is well known that attention can be voluntarily directed to nonfixated locations in visual space, varying from a uniform distribution over the visual field to a highly focused concentration. The model assumes that the endogenous direction of attention to an area in the visual field is the only top-down manner of affecting visual selection. Within the area of directed attention, no top-down control is possible: selection is completely determined by the physical properties of the stimuli |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 93-154 |
Date | June 1993 |
Journal Abbr | Acta Psychol. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Theeuwes |
Abstract | The present paper outlines a framework which allows a consistent interpretation of data regarding visual selection in visual search tasks. It organizes and reviews visual search tasks in which the target is defined by primitive features, by conjunctions of features and when the target is categorically different from non-targets. The special role of spatial attention is reviewed and different theoretical accounts are discussed. Because visual selection depends principally on the outcome of the early parallel preattentive stage of processing, the main focus will be on this stage. It is concluded that visual selection is to a large extent determined by the physical characteristics of the stimuli present in the visual field. The early preattentive parallel process computes how different each object is from each of the other objects within a particular stimulus dimension. Attention is automatically drawn to the location having the highest activation, implying that the object at that location is automatically selected irrespective of the intentions of the subject. The model also assumes some top-down control. It is well known that attention can be voluntarily directed to nonfixated locations in visual space, varying from a uniform distribution over the visual field to a highly focused concentration. The model assumes that the endogenous direction of attention to an area in the visual field is the only top-down manner of affecting visual selection. Within the area of directed attention, no top-down control is possible: selection is completely determined by the physical properties of the stimuli |
Publication | Acta Psychologica |
Volume | 83 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 93-154 |
Date | June 1993 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Boloix |
Author | Aude Oliva |
Abstract | Conceptual and perceptual similarity lead to recognition errors with verbal material, objects, faces, and scenes: the more similar the items, the more confusion in memory. Surprisingly, whether perceptual similarity between independent scenes alone affects scene representation and confusion in memory has never been investigated. Here, we used a continuous perceptual space to evaluate this range of similarity between independent pictures, and explored whether scene recognition is affected by perceptual similarity. In Experiment 1, we measured the degree of perceptual confusion between 200 targets and associated decoys, orthogonally matching the targets on visual layout and conceptual gist. In Experiments 2 and 3, we used the resulting confusability index to assess whether perceptual similarity affects observers' performance on a 2-AFC (Exp.2) and an old/new (Exp.3) tests. Results of Pearson correlation tests addressing the relationship between the false alarm rates and confusability index showed that the rate of false alarms was not correlated to the perceptual similarity for the 2-AFC test. Does the confusability index fail to capture perceptual similarity between scenes? It does not appear to be the case, as the false alarm rate of the single recognition test was significantly correlated to the confusability index. These results strikingly contrast with the well-known effect of conceptual similarity effect, namely recognition errors increase with increased conceptual similarity. Here, on the contrary, results suggest that scene representation actually seems detailed enough in memory to support accurate discrimination of the target scenes among distractors, whatever distractors are very similar to the target scenes or not. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 944 |
Date | 2009 |
DOI | doi:10.1167/9.8.944 |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 15:43:23 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 15:51:27 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Alexander |
Author | G.J. Zelinsky |
Abstract | We asked how visual similarity relationships affect search guidance to categorically defined targets (no visual preview). Experiment 1 used a web-based task to collect visual similarity rankings between two target categories, teddy bears and butterflies, and random-category objects, from which we created search displays in Experiment 2 having either high-similarity distractors, low-similarity distractors, or “mixed” displays with high-, medium-, and low-similarity distractors. Analysis of target-absent trials revealed faster manual responses and fewer fixated distractors on low-similarity displays compared to high-similarity displays. On mixed displays, first fixations were more frequent on high-similarity distractors (bear = 49%; butterfly = 58%) than on low-similarity distractors (bear = 9%; butterfly = 12%). Experiment 3 used the same high/low/mixed conditions, but now these conditions were created using similarity estimates from a computer vision model that ranked objects in terms of color, texture, and shape similarity. The same patterns were found, suggesting that categorical search can indeed be guided by purely visual similarity. Experiment 4 compared cases where the model and human rankings differed and when they agreed. We found that similarity effects were best predicted by cases where the two sets of rankings agreed, suggesting that both human visual similarity rankings and the computer vision model captured features important for guiding search to categorical targets. |
Publication | Journal of Vision |
Volume | 11 |
Issue | 8 |
Date | July 14 , 2011 |
DOI | 10.1167/11.8.9 |
URL | http://www.journalofvision.org/content/11/8/9.abstract |
Accessed | Tue Jul 19 12:58:46 2011 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 19 12:58:46 2011 |
Modified | Thu Jul 21 19:38:24 2011 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | R. Alexander |
Author | Weiwei Zhang |
Author | G.J. Zelinsky |
Editor | S. Ohlsson |
Editor | R. Catrambone |
Abstract | The factors affecting search guidance to categorical targets are largely unknown. We asked how visual similarity relationships between random-category distractors and two target classes, teddy bears and butterflies, affects search guidance. Experiment 1 used a web-based task to collect visual similarity rankings between these target classes and random objects, from which we created search displays having either high-similarity distractors, low-similarity distractors, or “mixed” displays with high, medium, and lowsimilarity distractors. Subjects made faster manual responses and fixated fewer distractors on low-similarity displays compared to high. On mixed trials, first fixations were more frequent on high-similarity distractors (bear=49%; butterfly=58%) than low-similarity distractors (bear=9%; butterfly=12%). Experiment 2 used the same high/low/mixed conditions, but now these conditions were created using similarity estimates from a computer-vision model that ranked objects in terms of color, texture, and shape similarity. The same patterns were found, suggesting that categorical search is indeed guided by visual similarity. |
Book Title | Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Austin, TX |
Publisher | Cognitive Science Society |
Date | 2010 |
Pages | 1222-1227 |
Date Added | Thu Aug 26 21:45:50 2010 |
Modified | Thu Aug 26 21:49:40 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | K.R. Laws |
Author | T.M. Gale |
Author | R. Frank |
Author | N. Davey |
Abstract | It has been argued that greater intra-category structural similarity for living things, and the subsequent "visual crowding," makes them more difficult to recognize and name for neurologically damaged individuals and normal subjects (Humphreys et al., 1988). Nevertheless. the precise meaning and quantification of structural similarity remains unclear, as does the rationale for why it necessarily should be greater for living things. We derived a new measure of visual overlap from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart corpus of line drawings: the degree of pixel overlap within subcategories (Euclidean distance: ED). Contrary to existing notions of visual crowding and extant measures of contour overlap. within-category ED indicated less within-category visual overlap for living things. Furthermore. musical instruments clustered with living things (having low overlap), while body parts clustered with nonliving things (having high overlap). These counter-intuitive findings accord with patient data and thus, provide evidence for the psychological reality and utility of ED. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) |
Publication | Brain and Cognition |
Volume | 48 |
Issue | 2-3 |
Pages | 421-424 |
Date | March 2002 |
URL | ISI:000174687000088 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:45 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Chris I. Baker |
Author | Jia Liu |
Author | Lawrence L. Wald |
Author | Kenneth K. Kwong |
Author | Thomas Benner |
Author | Nancy Kanwisher |
Abstract | How do category-selective regions arise in human extrastriate cortex? Visually presented words provide an ideal test of the role of experience: Although individuals have extensive experience with visual words, our species has only been reading for a few thousand years, a period not thought to be long enough for natural selection to produce a genetically specified mechanism dedicated to visual word recognition . Using relatively high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (1.4 × 1.4 × 2-mm voxels), we identified a small region of extrastriate cortex in most participants that responds selectively to both visually presented words and consonant strings, compared with line drawings, digit strings, and Chinese characters. Critically, we show that this pattern of selectivity is dependent on experience with specific orthographies: The same region responds more strongly to Hebrew words in Hebrew readers than in nonreaders of Hebrew. These results indicate that extensive experience with a given visual category can produce strong selectivity for that category in discrete cortical regions. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 104 |
Issue | 21 |
Pages | 9087-9092 |
Date | May 22, 2007 |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0703300104 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/9087.abstract |
Accessed | Wed Feb 3 10:13:30 2010 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Extra | SI: http://www.pnas.org/content/104/21/9087/suppl/DC1 |
Date Added | Wed Feb 3 10:13:30 2010 |
Modified | Wed Feb 3 10:13:50 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | H.L. Hawkins |
Author | S.A. Hillyard |
Author | S.J. Luck |
Author | C.J. Downing |
Author | M. Mouloua |
Author | D.P. Woodward |
Abstract | The mechanism by which visual-spatial attention affects the detection of faint signals has been the subject of considerable debate. It is well known that spatial cuing speeds signal detection. This may imply that attentional cuing modulates the processing of sensory information during detection or, alternatively, that cuing acts to create decision bias favoring input at the cued location. These possibilities were evaluated in 3 spatial cuing experiments. Peripheral cues were used in Experiment 1 and central cues were used in Experiments 2 and 3. Cuing similarly enhanced measured sensitivity, P(A) and d', for simple luminance detection in all 3 experiments. Under some conditions it also induced shifts in decision criteria (beta). These findings indicate that visual-spatial attention facilitates the processing of sensory input during detection either by increasing sensory gain for inputs at cued locations or by prioritizing the processing of cued inputs. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance |
Volume | 16 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 802-811 |
Date | 1990 |
URL | ISI:A1990EJ44900010 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:11 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 26 22:26:31 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.J. Greene |
Author | R.D. Easton |
Author | L.S.R. Lashell |
Abstract | Modality specificity in priming is taken as evidence for independent perceptual systems. However, Easton, Greene, and Srinivas (1997) showed that visual and haptic cross-modal priming is comparable in magnitude to within-modal priming. Where appropriate, perceptual systems might share like information. To test this, we assessed priming and recognition for visual and auditory events, within- and across- modalities. On the visual test, auditory study resulted in no priming. On the auditory priming test, visual study resulted in priming that was only marginally less than within-modal priming. The priming results show that visual study facilitates identification on both visual and auditory tests, but auditory study only facilitates performance on the auditory test. For both recognition tests, within-modal recognition exceeded cross-modal recognition. The results have two novel implications for the understanding of perceptual priming: First, we introduce visual and auditory priming for spatio-temporal events as a new priming paradigm chosen for its ecological validity and potential for information exchange. Second, we propose that the asymmetry of the cross-modal priming observed here may reflect the capacity of these perceptual modalities to provide cross-modal constraints on ambiguity. We argue that visual perception might inform and constrain auditory processing. while auditory perception corresponds to too many potential visual events to usefully inform and constrain visual perception. (C) 2001 Academic Press |
Publication | Consciousness and Cognition |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 425-435 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | ISI:000171030200009 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:51:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Pritchard |
Author | W. Heron |
Author | D.O. Hebb |
Publication | Canadian Journal of Psychology |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 67-77 |
Date | 1960 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Scharroo |
Author | P.F.M. Stalmeier |
Author | F. Boselie |
Abstract | Complexity is proposed as an important psychological factor in search and segregation tasks. Displays were presented with target and nontarget areas that were each built up of one type of randomly rotated micropatterns. We manipulated experimentally (a) the complexity of the target elements, as measured by Garner's (1970) invariance criterion; (b) the complexity of the target region; (c) the complexity of the nontargets; and (d) the number of elements within a target region. The main result is that detectability increases when the within-region complexity of the target and the nontarget regions decreases. Furthermore, interactions between the target and nontarget areas affect detectability too: We found that search asymmetry is produced by the asymmetrical effect of complexity when target and nontarget areas are interchanged |
Publication | Journal of General Psychology |
Volume | 121 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5-18 |
Date | January 1994 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:44 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Duncan |
Author | G.W. Humphreys |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 96 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 433-458 |
Date | July 1989 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Falk Huettig |
Author | Gerry T. M. Altmann |
Abstract | Visual attention can be directed immediately, as a spoken word unfolds, towards conceptually related but nonassociated objects, even if they mismatch on other dimensions that would normally determine which objects in the scene were appropriate referents for the unfolding word (Huettig & Altmann, 2005). Here we demonstrate that the mapping between language and concurrent visual objects can also be mediated by visual-shape relations. On hearing "snake", participants directed overt attention immediately, within a visual display depicting four objects, to a picture of an electric cable, although participants had viewed the visual display with four objects for approximately 5 s before hearing the target word - sufficient time to recognize the objects for what they were. The time spent fixating the cable correlated significantly with ratings of the visual similarity between snakes in general and this particular cable. Importantly, with sentences contextually biased towards the concept snake, participants looked at the snake well before the onset of "snake", but they did not look at the visually similar cable until hearing "snake". Finally, we demonstrate that such activation can, under certain circumstances (e.g., during the processing of dominant meanings of homonyms), constrain the direction of visual attention even when it is clearly contextually inappropriate. We conclude that language-mediated attention can be guided by a visual match between spoken words and visual objects, but that such a match is based on lexical input and may not be modulated by contextual appropriateness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] |
Publication | Visual Cognition |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 985-1018 |
Date | November 2007 |
DOI | 10.1080/13506280601130875 |
ISSN | 13506285 |
URL | http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=27176289&site=ehost-live |
Accessed | Tue Mar 3 17:38:39 2009 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Date Added | Sat Mar 28 12:54:13 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Vera U. Ludwig |
Author | Ikuma Adachi |
Author | Tetsuro Matsuzawa |
Abstract | Humans share implicit preferences for certain cross-sensory combinations; for example, they consistently associate higher-pitched sounds with lighter colors, smaller size, and spikier shapes. In the condition of synesthesia, people may experience such cross-modal correspondences to a perceptual degree (e.g., literally seeing sounds). So far, no study has addressed the question whether nonhuman animals share cross-modal correspondences as well. To establish the evolutionary origins of cross-modal mappings, we tested whether chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) also associate higher pitch with higher luminance. Thirty-three humans and six chimpanzees were required to classify black and white squares according to their color while hearing irrelevant background sounds that were either high-pitched or low-pitched. Both species performed better when the background sound was congruent (high-pitched for white, low-pitched for black) than when it was incongruent (low-pitched for white, high-pitched for black). An inherent tendency to pair high pitch with high luminance hence evolved before the human lineage split from that of chimpanzees. Rather than being a culturally learned or a linguistic phenomenon, this mapping constitutes a basic feature of the primate sensory system. |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 108 |
Issue | 51 |
Pages | 20661-20665 |
Date | 12/20/2011 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.1112605108 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/108/51/20661 |
Accessed | Tue Apr 30 13:38:55 2013 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Extra | PMID: 22143791 |
Date Added | Tue Apr 30 13:38:55 2013 |
Modified | Tue Apr 30 13:38:55 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | X. Cui |
Author | C.B. Jeter |
Author | D.N. Yang |
Author | P.R. Montague |
Author | D.M. Eagleman |
Abstract | When asked to imagine a visual scene, such as an ant crawling on a checkered table cloth toward ajar of jelly, individuals subjectively report different vividness in their mental visualization. We show that reported vividness can be correlated with two objective measures: the early visual cortex activity relative to the whole brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRT) and the performance on a novel psychophysical task. These results show that individual differences in the vividness of mental imagery are quantifiable even in the absence of subjective report. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved |
Publication | Vision Research |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 474-478 |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 20 13:57:10 2008 |
Modified | Wed Aug 20 13:57:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Naoyuki Osaka |
Abstract | I present an fMRI study demonstrating that a mimic word highly suggestive of human walking, heard by the ear with eyes closed, significantly activates the visual cortex located in extrastriate occipital region (BA19, 18) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) while hearing non-sense words that do not imply walk under the same task does not activate these areas in humans. I concluded that BA19 and 18 would be a critical region for generating visual images of walking and related intentional stance, respectively, evoked by an onomatopoeia word that implied walking. |
Publication | Behavioural Brain Research |
Volume | 198 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 186-189 |
Date | March 2, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.042 |
ISSN | 0166-4328 |
Short Title | Walk-related mimic word activates the extrastriate visual cortex in the human brain |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6SYP-4TX33F9-1/2/e43fdfa0ffd0f758c7ee2de6f0235804 |
Accessed | Thu Feb 25 16:55:37 2010 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Thu Feb 25 16:55:37 2010 |
Modified | Thu Feb 25 16:55:37 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robert L. Munroe |
Author | John G. Fought |
Author | Ronald K. S. Macaulay |
Abstract | Previous research has shown that speakers in warm-climate languages make use of relatively more vowels, and speakers in cold-climate languages relatively more consonants. The high sonority (audibility) of the vowel, and its adaptive value under certain conditions, have been invoked to account for its greater frequency in warmer climates. We show here, however, that the above generalization is over-broad, and that sound classes vary across climate zones in complex ways. One new finding is that speakers in warm-climate languages make more use of the so-called "sonorant" consonants, that is, consonants with some of the qualities of vowels. We offer a provisional framework that continues to find value in the concept of sonority and its relation to climate, but attempts to incorporate the new results and provide a more comprehensive explanation. |
Publication | Cross-Cultural Research |
Volume | 43 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 123-133 |
Date | May 1, 2009 |
DOI | 10.1177/1069397109331485 |
Short Title | Warm Climates and Sonority Classes |
URL | http://ccr.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/43/2/123 |
Accessed | Mon Nov 30 18:31:48 2009 |
Library Catalog | Sage Journals Online |
Date Added | Mon Nov 30 18:31:48 2009 |
Modified | Mon Nov 30 18:31:48 2009 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | A. Tijsseling |
Author | S. Harnad |
Contributor | M. Ramscar |
Contributor | U. Hahn |
Contributor | E Cambouropolos |
Contributor | H. Pain |
Book Title | Proceedings of SimCat 1997: Interdisciplinary Workshop on Similarity and Categorization |
Publisher | Edinburgh University |
Date | 1997 |
Pages | 263-269 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:44 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:31:31 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | B. C. Malt |
Abstract | What makes a liquid water? A strong version of "psychological essentialism" predicts that people use the presence or absence of H2O as the primary determinant of what liquids they call "water." To test this prediction, subjects were asked to judge the amount of H2O in liquids called "water" and liquids not called "water." Neither their beliefs about the simple presence/absence of H2O nor about the proportion of H2O in the liquids accounted well for which ones are normally called "water." Typicality ratings and an extended tree solution on similarity ratings suggested that use, location, and source of a liquid may also influence whether it is considered to be water. Sentence acceptability judgments further suggested that there may be a sense of "water" that corresponds to the strong essentialist view, but that there is also a more general sense in common use encompassing mixtures with varying amounts of H2O. These findings indicate that essentialist beliefs alone may not fully explain category membership judgments and word use, and they suggest a modified version of psychological essentialism. |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 27 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 41-70 |
Date | August 1994 |
DOI | 10.1006/cogp.1994.1011 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/science/article/B6WCR-45P0W8G-8/2/7710f744b7c75acfcd348d1674e48c0c |
Accessed | Tue Aug 26 16:28:46 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Aug 26 16:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 26 16:28:46 2008 |
Type | Newspaper Article |
---|---|
Abstract | William Leith reviews Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain by Maryanne Wolf |
Publication | Telegraph.co.uk |
URL | http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/non_fictionreviews/3672055/We-were-never-meant-to-read.html |
Accessed | Sat Oct 10 23:04:02 2009 |
Library Catalog | Telegraph.co.uk |
Date Added | Sat Oct 10 23:04:02 2009 |
Modified | Sat Oct 10 23:04:02 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | D. Geoffrey Hall |
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Edition | illustrated edition |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2004-02-01 |
ISBN | 026258249X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Jul 10 09:39:51 2009 |
Modified | Tue Jan 31 12:37:27 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Matthew J. Salganik |
Author | Duncan J. Watts |
Abstract | Social scientists are often interested in understanding how the dynamics of social systems are driven by the behavior of individuals that make up those systems. However, this process is hindered by the difficulty of experimentally studying how individual behavioral tendencies lead to collective social dynamics in large groups of people interacting over time. In this study, we investigate the role of social influence, a process well studied at the individual level, on the puzzling nature of success for cultural products such as books, movies, and music. Using a “multiple-worlds” experimental design, we are able to isolate the causal effect of an individual-level mechanism on collective social outcomes. We employ this design in a Web-based experiment in which 2,930 participants listened to, rated, and downloaded 48 songs by up-and-coming bands. Surprisingly, despite relatively large differences in the demographics, behavior, and preferences of participants, the experimental results at both the individual and collective levels were similar to those found in Salganik, Dodds, and Watts (2006). Further, by comparing results from two distinct pools of participants, we are able to gain new insights into the role of individual behavior on collective outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of Web-based experiments to address questions of collective social dynamics. |
Publication | Topics in Cognitive Science |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 439–468 |
Date | 2009 |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01030.x |
ISSN | 1756-8765 |
URL | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01030.x/abstract |
Accessed | Thu Jun 6 13:01:28 2013 |
Library Catalog | Wiley Online Library |
Rights | Copyright © 2009 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. |
Date Added | Thu Jun 6 13:01:28 2013 |
Modified | Thu Jun 6 13:01:28 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Holly Robson |
Author | Karen Sage |
Author | Matthew A. Lambon Ralph |
Abstract | Wernicke's aphasia (WA) is the classical neurological model of comprehension impairment and, as a result, the posterior temporal lobe is assumed to be critical to semantic cognition. This conclusion is potentially confused by (a) the existence of patient groups with semantic impairment following damage to other brain regions (semantic dementia and semantic aphasia) and (b) an ongoing debate about the underlying causes of comprehension impairment in WA. By directly comparing these three patient groups for the first time, we demonstrate that the comprehension impairment in Wernicke's aphasia is best accounted for by dual deficits in acoustic-phonological analysis (associated with pSTG) and semantic cognition (associated with pMTG and angular gyrus). The WA group were impaired on both nonverbal and verbal comprehension assessments consistent with a generalised semantic impairment. This semantic deficit was most similar in nature to that of the semantic aphasia group suggestive of a disruption to semantic control processes. In addition, only the WA group showed a strong effect of input modality on comprehension, with accuracy decreasing considerably as acoustic-phonological requirements increased. These results deviate from traditional accounts which emphasise a single impairment and, instead, implicate two deficits underlying the comprehension disorder in WA. |
Publication | Neuropsychologia |
Volume | 50 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 266-275 |
Date | January 2012 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.021 |
ISSN | 0028-3932 |
Short Title | Wernicke's aphasia reflects a combination of acoustic-phonological and semantic control deficits |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002839321100532X |
Accessed | Sun Apr 29 23:58:45 2012 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Apr 29 23:58:45 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 29 23:58:45 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Capitani |
Author | M. Laiacona |
Author | B. Mahon |
Author | A. Caramazza |
Abstract | In this study we provide a critical review of the clinical evidence available to date in the field of semantic category-specific deficits. The motivation for undertaking this review is that not all the data reported in the literature are useful for adjudicating among extant theories. This project is an attempt to answer two basic questions: (1) what are the categories of category-specific deficits, and (2) is there an interaction between impairment for a type of knowledge (e.g., visual, functional, etc.) and impairment for a given category, of objects (e.g., biological, artefacts, etc.). Of the 79 case studies in which the reported data are sufficiently informative with respect to the aims of our study, 61 presented a disproportionate impairment for biological categories and 18 presented a disproportionate impairment for artefacts. Less than half of the reported cases provide statistically and theoretically interpretable data. Each case is commented upon individually. The facts that emerge from our critical review are that (1) the categories of category-specific semantic deficits arc animate objects, inanimate biological objects, and artefacts (the domain of biological objects fractionates into two independent semantic categories: animals, and fruit/ vegetables); (2) the types of category-specific deficits are not associated with specific types of conceptual knowledge deficits. Other conclusions that emerge from our review are that the evidence in favour of the existence of cases of reliable category-specific agnosia or anomia is not very strong, and that the visual structural description system functions relatively autonomously from conceptual knowledge about object form |
Publication | Cognitive Neuropsychology |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3-6 |
Pages | 213-261 |
Date | May 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Neuropsychol. |
URL | ISI:000184129000002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | T.S. Horowitz |
Abstract | As you drive into the centre of town, cars and trucks approach from several directions, and pedestrians swarm into the intersection. The wind blows a newspaper into the gutter and a pigeon does something unexpected on your windshield. This would be a demanding and stressful situation, but you would probably make it to the other side of town without mishap. Why is this situation taxing, and how do you cope? |
Publication | Nature Reviews Neuroscience |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 495-501 |
Date | June 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Abstract | In a typical visual search experiment, observers look through a set of items for a designated target that may or may not be present. Reaction time (RT) is measured as a function of the number of items in the display (set size), and inferences about the underlying search processes are based on the slopes of the resulting RT x Set Size functions. Most search experiments involve 5 to 15 subjects performing a few hundred trials each. In this retrospective study, I examine results from 2,500 experimental sessions of a few hundred trials each (approximately I million total trials). These data represent a wide variety of search tasks. The resulting picture of human search behavior requires changes in our theories of visual search |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 9 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 33-39 |
Date | January 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | M.C. Chen |
Author | J.R. Anderson |
Author | M.H. Sohn |
Date | 2001 |
Proceedings Title | ⬚Computer Human Interaction (CHI)⬚⬚ ⬚ |
Pages | 280⬚ ⬚-281 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | F.J. Newmeyer |
Contributor | M.H. Christiansen |
Contributor | S. Kirby |
Book Title | Language Evolution |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | J. Huttenlocher |
Author | P Smiley |
Author | H Ratner |
Contributor | T Wannamacher |
Contributor | W Seiler |
Book Title | The development of words meanings and concepts |
Publisher | Springer |
Date | 1983 |
Pages | 210-233 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:38 2008 |
Modified | Tue May 29 09:30:41 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Editor | B.H. Ross |
Abstract | A major part of learning a language is learning to map spoken words onto objects in the environment. An open question is what are the consequences of this learning for cognition and perception? Here, we present a series of experiments that examine effects of verbal labels on the activation of conceptual information as measured through picture verification tasks. We find that verbal cues, such as the word "cat," lead to faster and more accurate verification of congruent objects and rejection of incongruent objects than do either nonverbal cues, such as the sound of a cat meowing, or words that do not directly refer to the object, such as the word "meowing." This label advantage does not arise from verbal labels being more familiar or easier to process than other cues, and it does extends to newly learned labels and sounds. Despite having equivalent facility in learning associations between novel objects and labels or sounds, conceptual information is activated more effectively through verbal means than through nonverbal means. Thus, rather than simply accessing nonverbal concepts, language activates aspects of a conceptual representation in a particularly effective way. We offer preliminary support that representations activated via verbal means are more categorical and show greater consistency between subjects. These results inform the understanding of how human cognition is shaped by language and hint at effects that different patterns of naming can have on conceptual structure. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). |
Book Title | The Psychology of Learning and Motivation |
Volume | 57 |
Publisher | Academic Press |
Date | 2012 |
Pages | 255-297 |
ISBN | 0079-7421 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123942937000078 |
Date Added | Sat Jan 28 17:17:48 2012 |
Modified | Mon Jul 23 18:46:15 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Robert C. Berwick |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
Volume | 106 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 1685-1686 |
Date | 02/10/2009 |
Journal Abbr | PNAS |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1073/pnas.0812871106 |
ISSN | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
URL | http://www.pnas.org/content/106/6/1685 |
Accessed | Sat Nov 24 10:49:30 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.pnas.org |
Date Added | Sat Nov 24 10:49:30 2012 |
Modified | Sat Nov 24 10:49:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M Mandler |
Abstract | When I listened to this symposium at the International Conference on Infant Studies last year, I was both surprised and intrigued. Here were researchers on categorization in infancy actually agreeing with me that global categories might occur earlier in ontogeny than basic-level categories. Because I had been making this argument for a number of years and it had often been met with strenuous objections, I should have been pleased, right? Wrong! I felt like I had won a battle and lost a war. The researchers in this symposium were all talking about early perceptual categorization, and I had been talking about concept formation. These are two different things. Both involve categorization, but the processes differ in a number of ways (Mandler, 1997, 1998, 2000). In my writing on this topic, I have stressed that early concepts (conceptual categories) are global in nature and that conceptual learning in infancy consists in large part of differentiation of broad, often vague, notions into finer, more detailed concepts (e.g., Mandler, 1998; Mandler&McDonough, 1993, 1998a). I have also made clear that I had no particular opinion about the course of development of perceptual categories (perceptual schemas), in large part because the database was so small, although, on the basis of what was known, it was possible that perceptual development proceeded from smaller categories to larger ones (Mandler, 1997, 1998). Now at the symposium I was hearing that yes, indeed, infant categorization proceeds from global to specific just as I had suggested, but of course there is no reason to think anything other than perceptual categorization is involved! Apparently, there is still a strong inclination to assume that categorization must be of only one kind, and if infants can form global categories on the basis of perceptual information, there is no need to assume that conceptual categories are formed as well. |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 1⬚ ⬚ |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 99-110 |
Date | 2000 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.H. McWhorter |
Abstract | It has become widely accepted that English has undergone no interruption in transmission, its paucity of inflection treated as a random loss paralleled in Scandinavian. This paper argues that English has in fact lost more of the Proto-Germanic inheritance than any other Germanic language including Afrikaans. These losses extend far beyond inflection: where other Germanic languages overtly mark a given feature, in a great weight of cases English leaves the distinction to context. While there are no grounds for treating English as a “creole”, the evidence strongly suggests that extensive second-language acquisition by Scandinavians from the eighth century onwards simplified English grammar to a considerable extent. |
Publication | Diachronica |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 217-272 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 17:33:21 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.H. McWhorter |
Abstract | It has become widely accepted that English has undergone no interruption in transmission, its paucity of inflection treated as a random loss paralleled in Scandinavian. This paper argues that English has in fact lost more of the Proto-Germanic inheritance than any other Germanic language including Afrikaans. These losses extend far beyond inflection: where other Germanic languages overtly mark a given feature, in a great weight of cases English leaves the distinction to context. While there are no grounds for treating English as a “creole”, the evidence strongly suggests that extensive second-language acquisition by Scandinavians from the eighth century onwards simplified English grammar to a considerable extent. |
Publication | Diachronica |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 217-272 |
Date | 2002 |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Robert Ladd |
Abstract | The notion of duality of patterning (henceforth DoP), at least for readers of this special issue, is probably most closely associated with Charles F. Hockett's project of identifying the 'design features' of language in order to characterise the ways in which human language is unique among biological communication systems (Hockett 1958: chapter 64; Hockett 1960; Hockett and Ascher 1964). Roughly speaking, DoP refers to the fact that the meaningful units of language - words or morphemes - are made up of meaningless units - phonemes or features - whose only function is to distinguish the meaningful units from one another. Stated this way, the idea seems quite straightforward, and to have it explicitly stated as a property of language seems a useful insight. In fact, though, of all the design features discussed by Hockett, DoP seems to have engendered the most confusion. The idea that meaningful units are composed of meaningless ones seems simple enough, but many complications arise when we look more closely. The goal of this short paper is to document some of the complications and perhaps alleviate some of the confusion. |
Publication | Language & Cognition |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 261-273 |
Date | November 12, 2012 |
Journal Abbr | Language & Cognition |
ISSN | 18669808 |
Library Catalog | EBSCOhost |
Call Number | 83469171 |
Date Added | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Modified | Fri Mar 22 00:01:49 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Frederic Dick |
Author | Ayse Pinar Saygin |
Author | Gaspare Galati |
Author | Sabrina Pitzalis |
Author | Simone Bentrovato |
Author | Simona D'Amico |
Author | Stephen Wilson |
Author | Elizabeth Bates |
Author | Luigi Pizzamiglio |
Abstract | We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with a voxel-based approach to lesion symptom mapping to quantitatively evaluate the similarities and differences between brain areas involved in language and environmental sound comprehension. In general, we found that language and environmental sounds recruit highly overlapping cortical regions, with cross-domain differences being graded rather than absolute. Within language-based regions of interest, we found that in the left hemisphere, language and environmental sound stimuli evoked very similar volumes of activation, whereas in the right hemisphere, there was greater activation for environmental sound stimuli. Finally, lesion symptom maps of aphasic patients based on environmental sounds or linguistic deficits [Saygin, A. P., Dick, F., Wilson, S. W., Dronkers, N. F., & Bates, E. Shared neural resources for processing language and environmental sounds: Evidence from aphasia. Brain, 126, 928–945, 2003] were generally predictive of the extent of blood oxygenation level dependent fMRI activation across these regions for sounds and linguistic stimuli in young healthy subjects. |
Publication | Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |
Volume | 19 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 799-816 |
Date | May 01, 2007 |
DOI | 10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.799 |
Short Title | What is Involved and What is Necessary for Complex Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Auditory Processing |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.5.799 |
Accessed | Tue Oct 13 17:14:34 2009 |
Library Catalog | MIT Press Journals |
Date Added | Tue Oct 13 17:14:34 2009 |
Modified | Tue Oct 13 17:14:34 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Koriat |
Author | J. Norman |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-Learning Memory and Cognition |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 421-434 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. Kay |
Author | W. Kempton |
Publication | American Anthropologist |
Volume | 86 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 65-79 |
Date | 1984 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Jonathan R Rein |
Author | Micah B Goldwater |
Author | Arthur B Markman |
Abstract | Research on category-based induction has documented a consistent typicality effect: Typical exemplars promote stronger inferences about their broader category than atypical exemplars. This work has been largely confined to categories whose central tendencies are also the most typical members of the category. Does the typicality effect apply to the broad set of categories for which the ideal category member is considered most typical? In experiments with natural and artificial categories, typicality and induction-strength ratings were obtained for ideal and central-tendency exemplars. Induction strength was greatest for the central-tendency exemplars, regardless of whether the central tendency or the ideal was rated more typical. These results suggest that the so-called "typicality" effect is a special case of a more universal central-tendency effect in category-based induction. |
Publication | Memory & Cognition |
Volume | 38 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 377-388 |
Date | Apr 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Mem Cognit |
DOI | 10.3758/MC.38.3.377 |
ISSN | 1532-5946 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20234027 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 28 11:45:20 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20234027 |
Date Added | Tue Jun 28 11:45:20 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Author | W. Ham |
Author | M. Ramscar |
Date | 2002 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |
Place | Fairfax, VA |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.A. Alfonso-Reese |
Author | F.G. Ashby |
Author | D.H. Brainard |
Abstract | To understand why some categorization tasks are more difficult than others, we consider five factors that may affect human performance-namely, covariance complexity, optimal accuracy level with and without internal noise, orientation of the optimal categorization rule, and class separability. We argue that covariance complexity, an information-theoretic measure of complexity, is an excellent predictor of task difficulty. We present an experiment that consists of five conditions using a simulated medical decision-making task. In the task human observers view hundreds of hypothetical patient profiles and classify each profile into Disease Category A or B. Each profile is a continuous-valued, three-dimensional stimulus consisting of three vertical bars, where each bar height represents the result of a medical test. Across the five conditions, covariance complexity was systematically manipulated. Results indicate that variation in performance is largely a function of covariance complexity and partly a function of internal noise. The remaining three factors do not explain performance results. We present a challenge to categorization theorists to design models that account for human performance as predicted by covariance complexity |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 570-583 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | E.S. Spelke |
Editor | D Gentner |
Editor | S. Goldin-Meadow |
Book Title | Language in Mind: Advances in the Study of Language and Thought |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | MIT Press |
Date | 2003 |
Pages | 277 -311 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Tue Aug 2 13:17:29 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Sharon Lee Armstrong |
Author | Lila R. Gleitman |
Author | Henry Gleitman |
Abstract | A discussion of the difficulties of prototype theories for describing compositional meaning motivates three experiments that inquire how well-defined concepts fare under paradigms that are commonly interpreted to support the prototype view. The stimulus materials include exemplars of prototype categories (sport, vehicle, fruit, vegetable) previously studied by others, and also exemplars of supposedly well-defined categories (odd number, even number, female, and plane geometry figure). Experiment I, using these materials, replicated the exemplar rating experiment of Rosch (1973). It showed that both the well-defined and prototypic categories yield graded responses, the supposed hall-mark of a family resemblance structure. Experiment II, using the same sorts of stimulus materials, replicated a verification-time paradigm, also from Rosch (1973). Again, the finding was that both well-defined and prototypic categories yielded results previously interpreted to support a family-resemblance description of those categories, with faster verification times for prototypical exemplars of each category. In Experiment III, new subjects were asked outright whether membership in the category of fruit, odd number, etc., is a matter of degree, or is not, and then these subjects were rerun in the Experiment I paradigm. Though subjects judged odd number, etc., to be well-defined, they provided graded responses to all categories once again. These findings highlight interpretive difficulties for the experimental literature on this topic. Part I of the discussion first outlines a dual theory of concepts and their identification procedures that seems to organize these outcomes. But Part II of the discussion argues that feature theories are too impoverished to describe mental categories, in general. |
Publication | Cognition |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 263-308 |
Date | May 1983 |
DOI | 10.1016/0010-0277(83)90012-4 |
ISSN | 0010-0277 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/science/article/B6T24-4608WF5-19/2/a7416355890b56378a436357eccd369d |
Accessed | Mon Jan 10 10:22:25 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Mon Jan 10 10:22:25 2011 |
Modified | Mon Jan 10 10:22:25 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Serge Larochelle |
Author | Solange Richard |
Author | Isabelle Souliëres |
Abstract | Armstrong, Gleitman, and Gleitman (1983) reported shorter categorization times for members of well-defined categories judged more typical. They concluded that these effects could not originate in a graded, similarity-based category representation and consequently that the typicality effects obtained with natural categories might not be indicative of such a structure either. In this article, we re-examine this conclusion, focusing first on the performance obtained with well-defined categories of different sizes. Only the larger categories used showed variations in typicality ratings and produced typicality effects on categorization times. However,multiple regression analyses showed the effects on categorization times to be better explained by a measure of associative strength, called category dominance. The range of various predictor variables was equated in a follow-up experiment involving large, natural, and well-defined categories. Results obtained with well-defined categories showed pronounced dominance effects when typicality was controlled, but no reliable typicality effect when category dominance and instance familiarity were controlled. Results were opposite for natural categories. By showing that well-defined categories fail to produce unbiased typicality effects, our results bring added support to the hypothesis that the effects obtained with natural categories originate in a graded, similarity-based category structure. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A |
Volume | 53 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 929-961 |
Date | 2000 |
DOI | 10.1080/713755940 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
Short Title | What some effects might not be |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713755940#preview |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Fri Apr 27 15:34:51 2012 |
Modified | Fri Apr 27 15:34:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Albert Postma |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 49 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 178 |
Date | 1996 |
DOI | 10.1080/713755605 |
ISSN | 0272-4987 |
Short Title | What Was Where? |
URL | http://www.informaworld.com/10.1080/713755605 |
Accessed | Tue Aug 25 15:42:05 2009 |
Library Catalog | Informaworld |
Date Added | Tue Aug 25 15:42:05 2009 |
Modified | Tue Aug 25 15:42:05 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Heidi Kloos |
Author | Vladimir M Sloutsky |
Abstract | This research examined how differences in category structure affect category learning and category representation across points of development. The authors specifically focused on category density--or the proportion of category-relevant variance to the total variance. Results of Experiments 1-3 showed a clear dissociation between dense and sparse categories: Whereas dense categories were readily learned without supervision, learning of sparse categories required supervision. There were also developmental differences in how statistical density affected category representation. Although children represented both dense and sparse categories on the basis of the overall similarity (Experiment 4A), adults represented dense categories on the basis of similarity and represented sparse categories on the basis of the inclusion rule (Experiment 4B). The results support the notion that statistical structure interacts with the learning regime in their effects on category learning. In addition, these results elucidate important developmental differences in how categories are represented, which presents interesting challenges for theories of categorization. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. General |
Volume | 137 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 52-72 |
Date | Feb 2008 |
Journal Abbr | J Exp Psychol Gen |
DOI | 10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.52 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 |
Short Title | What's behind different kinds of kinds |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248129 |
Accessed | Wed Dec 7 23:15:38 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 18248129 |
Date Added | Wed Dec 7 23:15:38 2011 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.L. Namy |
Abstract | Infants begin acquiring object labels as early as 12 months of age. recent research has indicated that the ability to acquire object names extends beyond verbal labels to other symbolic forms such as gestures. This experiment eamines the latitude of infants' ealy naming abilities. We test 17-month oldss' ability to map gestures, nonverbal sounds, and pictograms to object categories using a forced-choice triad task. results indicated that infants accept a wide range of symbolic forms as object names when they are embedded in familiar referential naming routines. These data suggest that infants may initially have no priority for words over other symbolic forms as object names, although the relative status of words appears to change with development. The implications of these findings for the development of critirea for determining whether a symbol constitutews an object name early in development are considered. |
Publication | Infancy |
Volume | 2 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 73-86 |
Date | 2001 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S. Jerger |
Author | M.F. Damian |
Abstract | We studied how category typicality and out-of-category relatedness affect speeded category verification (vote "yes" if pictured object is clothing) in typically developing 4- to 14-year-olds and adults. Stimuli were typical and atypical category objects (e.g., pants, glove) and related and unrelated out-of-category objects (e.g., necklace, soup). Typical and unrelated out-of-category objects exhibited preferential processing (faster reaction times and fewer errors). Variations in typicality and relatedness disproportionately influenced children's performance, with developmental improvement associated with both verbal and nonverbal factors. Under-extension versus overextension errors seemed to be associated with independent factors, namely multifaceted maturational factors versus receptive vocabulary skill, respectively. Errors were infrequent, suggesting spontaneous taxonomic classification by all participants. An experiment with printed words in adults replicated results, indicating that typicality and relatedness effects reflected organizational principles of the semantic system, not picture-related processes. This research establishes the viability of an online approach to assessing automatic components of semantic organization in children. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 92 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 46-75 |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Abecassis |
Author | M. D Sera |
Author | A. Yonas |
Author | J. Schwade |
Abstract | Children and adults often generalize a word to objects of the same shape. However, the shape properties on which generalization is based are unknown. We investigated the degree to which two shape dimensions were represented categorically by children and adults when learning names for objects. Multidimensional scaling techniques were used to establish the perceptual similarity of two sets of objects in Experiment 1. In Experiments 2 and 3, children (from 2;8 to 4;5 years of age) and adults participated in two tasks in which they learned a novel name for an exemplar. We then examined how often the novel name was generalized to different objects and to line drawings of the objects. In one task, participants generalized the names from memory; in a second task the exemplar was in front of the participant during generalization. Adults accepted names more often to objects that fell “within” the proposed shape boundaries than to objects that fell “across” the boundaries. Children, however, were just as likely to generalize names to novel objects that fell within as to objects that crossed the boundaries. |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 78 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 213–239 |
Date | 2001 |
Short Title | What's in a shape? |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Tue Feb 9 17:06:54 2010 |
Modified | Sun Mar 7 00:23:00 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M. Kikutani |
Author | D. Roberson |
Author | J. R. Hanley |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 787-794 |
Date | 08/2008 |
Journal Abbr | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
DOI | 10.3758/PBR.15.4.787 |
ISSN | 1069-9384 |
Short Title | What's in the name? |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=UA&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=25&SID=2Bo5e8obeebMGm@8CD@&page=2&doc=17 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 16 12:50:02 2010 |
Library Catalog | CrossRef |
Date Added | Tue Mar 16 12:50:02 2010 |
Modified | Tue Mar 16 12:50:02 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | V. Di Lollo |
Abstract | A brief display that is dearly visible when shown alone can be rendered invisible by the subsequent: presentation of a second visual stimulus. Several recently described backward masking effects are not predicted by current theories of visual masking, including masking by four small dots that surround (but do not touch) a target object and masking by a surrounding object that remains on display after the target object has been turned off. A crucial factor in both of these effects is attention: almost no masking occurs if attention can be rapidly focused on the target whereas powerful masking ensues if attention directed at the target is delayed. A new theory of visual masking inspired by developments in neuroscience, can account for these effects, as well as more traditional masking effects. In addition, the new theory sheds light on related research, such as the attentional blink, inattentional blindness and change blindness |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 345-352 |
Date | 2000 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.T. Enns |
Author | Alejandro Lleras |
Abstract | Everyday visual experience involves making implicit predictions, as revealed by our surprise when something disturbs our expectations. Many theories of vision have been premised on the central role played by prediction. Yet, implicit prediction in human vision has been difficult to assess in the laboratory, and many results have not distinguished between the indisputably important role of memory and the future-oriented aspect of prediction. Now, a new and unexpected finding - that humans can resume an interrupted visual search much faster than they can start a new search - offers new hope, because the rapid resumption of a search seems to depend on participants forming an implicit prediction of what they will see after the interruption. These findings combined with results of recent neurophysiology studies provide a framework for studying implicit prediction in perception. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 12 |
Issue | 9 |
Pages | 327-333 |
Date | September 2008 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.tics.2008.06.001 |
Short Title | What's next? |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-4T4VMJ8-1/2/d1f4e974ad304686a66c2d8145d13dc4 |
Accessed | Wed Oct 8 14:30:12 2008 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed Oct 8 14:30:12 2008 |
Modified | Tue Mar 3 01:30:13 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. Clark |
Abstract | Brains, it has recently been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constantly attempting to match incoming sensory inputs with top-down expectations or predictions. This is achieved using a hierarchical generative model that aims to minimize prediction error within a bidirectional cascade of cortical processing. Such accounts offer a unifying model of perception and action, illuminate the functional role of attention, and may neatly capture the special contribution of cortical processing to adaptive success. The paper critically examines this ‘hierarchical prediction machine’ approach, concluding that it offers the best clue yet to the shape of a unified science of mind and action. Sections 1 and 2 lay out the key elements and implications of the approach. Section 3 explores a variety of pitfalls and challenges, spanning the evidential, the methodological, and the more properly conceptual. The paper ends (sections 4 and 5) by asking how such approaches might impact our more general vision of mind, experience, and agency |
Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Volume | 36 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 181-204 |
Date | 2013 |
Date Added | Mon Apr 16 18:06:40 2012 |
Modified | Thu May 16 00:23:09 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R. Vanrullen |
Publication | Perception |
Volume | 33 |
Pages | 50-51 |
Date | 2004 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Do-Joon Yi |
Author | Nicholas B. Turk-Browne |
Author | Marvin M. Chun |
Author | Marcia K. Johnson |
Abstract | Cognition constantly involves retrieving and maintaining information that is not perceptually available in the current environment. Studies on visual imagery and working memory suggest that such high-level cognition might, in part, be mediated by the revival of perceptual representations in the inferior temporal cortex. Here, we provide new support for this hypothesis, showing that reflectively accessed information can have similar consequences for subsequent perception as actual perceptual input. Participants were presented with pairs of frames in which a scene could appear, and were required to make a category judgment on the second frame. In the critical condition, a scene was presented in the first frame, but the second frame was blank. Thus, it was necessary to refresh the scene from the first frame in order to make the category judgment. Scenes were then repeated in subsequent trials to measure the effect of refreshing on functional magnetic resonance imaging repetition attenuation--a neural index of memory--in a scene-selective region of the visual cortex. Surprisingly, the refreshed scenes produced equal attenuation as scenes that had been presented twice during encoding, and more attenuation than scenes that had been presented once during encoding, but that were not refreshed. Thus, the top-down revival of a percept had a similar effect on memory as actually seeing the stimulus again. These findings indicate that high-level cognition can activate stimulus-specific representations in the ventral visual cortex, and that such top-down activation, like that from sensory stimulation, produces memorial changes that affect perceptual processing during a later encounter with the stimulus. |
Publication | J. Cogn. Neurosci. |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 1371-1380 |
Date | August 1, 2008 |
Short Title | When a Thought Equals a Look |
URL | http://jocn.mitpress.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/8/1371 |
Accessed | Wed Jul 23 10:28:46 2008 |
Library Catalog | HighWire |
Date Added | Wed Jul 23 10:28:39 2008 |
Modified | Wed Jul 23 10:28:39 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | V.M. Sloutsky |
Author | A.V. Fisher |
Abstract | Inductive inference is crucial for learning: If one learns that a cat has a particular biological property, one could expand this knowledge to other cats. We argue that young children perform induction on the basis of similarity of compared entities, whereas adults may induce on the basis of category information. If different processes underlie induction at different points in development, young children and adults would form different memory traces during induction, and would subsequently have different memory accuracy. Experiment 1 demonstrates that after performing an induction task, 5-year-olds exhibit more accurate memory than adults. Experiment 2 indicates that after 5-year-olds are trained to perform induction in an adultlike manner, their memory accuracy drops to the level of adults. These results, indicating that sometimes 5-year-olds exhibit better memory than adults, support the claim that, unlike adults, young children perform similarity-based rather than category-based induction |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 15 |
Issue | 8 |
Pages | 553-558 |
Date | 2004 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Sci. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:43 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. R Godden |
Author | A. D Baddeley |
Abstract | K. Hewitt (1977) has distinguished intrinsic context, which is directly involved in the encoding of material, and extrinsic context, which comprises such arbitrary features of the learning situation as environment of learning. While both types of context influence recall, with better performance when the original context is reinstated, recognition effects have been observed only with intrinsic context. The present study used the contrast between land and underwater environments to explore this apparent discrepancy. 16 college students learned lists of 36 words either on land or under water and subsequently tried to recognize them from a list of 72 words presented in either the same or alternative environment. In contrast to previous studies, no trace of context dependency was observed. Implications for the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic context are discussed. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | British Journal of Psychology. Vol 71(1) |
Pages | 99-104 |
Date | Feb 1980 |
ISSN | 0007-1269 |
Library Catalog | Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (PsycINFO) |
Date Added | Fri Dec 25 12:51:20 2009 |
Modified | Tue Feb 23 19:02:24 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M.J. Tarr |
Author | S. Pinker |
Publication | Psychological Science |
Volume | 1 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 253-256 |
Date | July 1990 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:52:10 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | Martin Pütz |
Editor | Marjolijn Verspoor |
Author | P. Lee |
Book Title | Explorations in Linguistic Relativity |
Publisher | John Benjamins Publishing Co |
Date | 2000-04 |
Pages | 45-68 |
ISBN | 1556199775 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Apr 20 07:48:34 2009 |
Modified | Mon Apr 20 07:49:37 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Eric Satlow |
Author | Nora Newcombe |
Abstract | <p><br/>This paper examines young children's developing concepts of geometric shapes. In Study 1, 54 children from preschool, second and fourth grades, and 12 adults completed a sorting task. Results suggested that older children rely more on rule-based definitions and less on perceptual similarity than younger children when making sorting judgments. The former transition occurs earlier and apparently more abruptly than the latter. These results are generally consistent with Keil's (1989) description of a characteristic-to-defining shift. Study 2 examined the performance of 29 three- and 4-year-olds. Results suggested that few of these children relied on defining features when the overall domain of geometric shapes was considered. In both studies children demonstrated a developmental shift at different times for different shapes. The complexity of each type of shape is proposed to explain these rates of development.</p> |
Publication | Cognitive Development |
Volume | 13 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 547-559 |
Date | 1998 |
DOI | 16/S0885-2014(98)90006-5 |
ISSN | 0885-2014 |
Short Title | When is a triangle not a triangle? |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885201498900065 |
Accessed | Tue Jun 21 08:50:12 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Tue Jun 21 08:50:12 2011 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:22:51 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kimberly M. Fenn |
Author | Hadas Shintel |
Author | Alexandra S. Atkins |
Author | Jeremy I. Skipper |
Author | Veronica C. Bond |
Author | Howard C. Nusbaum |
Abstract | During a conversation, we hear the sound of the talker as well as the intended message. Traditional models of speech perception posit that acoustic details of a talker's voice are not encoded with the message whereas more recent models propose that talker identity is automatically encoded. When shadowing speech, listeners often fail to detect a change in talker identity. The present study was designed to investigate whether talker changes would be detected when listeners are actively engaged in a normal conversation, and visual information about the speaker is absent. Participants were called on the phone, and during the conversation the experimenter was surreptitiously replaced by another talker. Participants rarely noticed the change. However, when explicitly monitoring for a change, detection increased. Voice memory tests suggested that participants remembered only coarse information about both voices, rather than fine details. This suggests that although listeners are capable of change detection, voice information is not continuously monitored at a fine-grain level of acoustic representation during natural conversation and is not automatically encoded. Conversational expectations may shape the way we direct attention to voice characteristics and perceive differences in voice. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Volume | 64 |
Issue | 7 |
Pages | 1442-1456 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2011.570353 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
Short Title | When less is heard than meets the ear |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470218.2011.570353 |
Accessed | Sat Oct 13 13:08:35 2012 |
Library Catalog | Taylor and Francis+NEJM |
Date Added | Sat Oct 13 13:08:35 2012 |
Modified | Sat Oct 13 13:08:35 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | M Casasola |
Abstract | Two experiments explored how infants learn to form an abstract categorical representation of support (i.e., on) when habituated to few (i.e., 2) or many (i.e., 6) examples of the relation. When habituated to 2 pairs of objects in a support relation, 14-month-olds, but not 10-month-olds, formed the abstract spatial category (i.e., generalized the relation to novel objects). When habituated to 6 object pairs in a support relation, infants did not attend to the relation. The results indicate that infants learn to form an abstract spatial category of support between 10 and 14 months and that having fewer object pairs depicting this relation facilitates their acquisition of the abstract categorical representation. |
Publication | Child Develpment |
Volume | 76 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 279-290 |
Date | JAN-FEB 2005 |
ISSN | 0009-3920 |
Short Title | When less is more |
URL | http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=3DgkEFEDnFPG3jJbknC&page=1&doc=1 |
Accessed | Mon Apr 5 10:33:30 2010 |
Library Catalog | ISI Web of Knowledge |
Date Added | Mon Apr 5 10:33:30 2010 |
Modified | Wed Apr 21 13:08:47 2010 |
Type | Manuscript |
---|---|
Author | P Heaton |
Author | A. Ludlow |
Author | D. Roberson |
Date | 2007 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:19 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | G. Lupyan |
Publication | Twenty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society |
Date | 2005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:46 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Marshall |
Author | T. Pring |
Author | J. Robson |
Author | S. Chiat |
Publication | Brain and Language |
Volume | 65 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 78-81 |
Date | October 15, 1998 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Mickaël Laisney |
Author | Bénédicte Giffard |
Author | Serge Belliard |
Author | Vincent de la Sayette |
Author | Béatrice Desgranges |
Author | Francis Eustache |
Abstract | Patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) or semantic dementia (SD) both exhibit deficits on explicit tasks of semantic memory. Semantic priming (SP) paradigms provide a very pure and precise implicit measurement of semantic memory impairment, and a previous study of AD (Giffard et al., 2002) using one such paradigm revealed that AD patients in the initial stages of semantic deterioration presented an abnormally large priming effect (hyperpriming) in a category-coordinate condition, compared with controls. This astonishing phenomenon could stem from the specific loss of distinctive attributes that make it possible to distinguish between semantically close concepts, while attributes shared by different concepts belonging to a given category remain intact. To test this hypothesis and compare the degradation of semantic memory in AD and SD, we devised an SP paradigm in which word pairs had either a category-coordinate or an attribute relationship. In accordance with our hypothesis, we distinguished between shared (duck-feathers) versus distinctive attributes (zebra-stripes) and close (tiger-lion) versus distant (elephant-crocodile) category-coordinate relationships. This paradigm, together with two explicit semantic memory tasks (picture-naming and categorization), was administered to 16 AD and 8 SD patients and 30 elderly control subjects. The AD patients, at the very beginning of semantic deterioration, only displayed impaired SP effects in the distinctive attribute condition, whereas in the SD patients, who had more severe semantic deterioration, we observed an extinction of SP effects in both attribute conditions. In SD patients, we also report hyperpriming effects in both category-coordinate conditions. Our results suggest that semantic memory impairment follows the same course in both AD and SD, affecting distinctive attributes first and then shared ones. In accordance with distributed models of semantic memory, the loss of distinctive attributes leads to a confusion between close concepts and it is this which causes the transient hyperpriming phenomenon. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Volume | 47 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 35-46 |
Date | Jan 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.11.001 |
ISSN | 1973-8102 |
Short Title | When the zebra loses its stripes |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20089250 |
Accessed | Tue Feb 8 15:56:40 2011 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20089250 |
Date Added | Tue Feb 8 15:56:40 2011 |
Modified | Tue Feb 8 15:56:40 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Lauren Cloutman |
Author | Rebecca Gottesman |
Author | Priyanka Chaudhry |
Author | Cameron Davis |
Author | Jonathan T. Kleinman |
Author | Mikolaj Pawlak |
Author | Edward H. Herskovits |
Author | Vijay Kannan |
Author | Andrew Lee |
Author | Melissa Newhart |
Author | Jennifer Heidler-Gary |
Author | Argye E. Hillis |
Abstract | Background: Semantic errors result from the disruption of access either to semantics or to lexical representations. One way to determine the origins of these errors is to evaluate comprehension of words that elicit semantic errors in naming. We hypothesized that in acute stroke there are different brain regions where dysfunction results in semantic errors in both naming and comprehension versus those with semantic errors in oral naming alone. Methods: A consecutive series of 196 patients with acute left hemispheric stroke who met inclusion criteria were evaluated with oral naming and spoken word/picture verification tasks and magnetic resonance imaging within 48 hours of stroke onset. We evaluated the relationship between tissue dysfunction in 10 pre-specified Brodmann's areas (BA) and the production of coordinate semantic errors resulting from (1) semantic deficits or (2) lexical access deficits. Results: Semantic errors arising from semantic deficits were most associated with tissue dysfunction/infarct of left BA 22. Semantic errors resulting from lexical access deficits were associated with hypoperfusion/infarct of left BA 37. Conclusion: Our study shows that semantic errors arising from damage to distinct cognitive processes reflect dysfunction of different brain regions. |
Publication | Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior |
Volume | 45 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 641-649 |
Date | 2009-5 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
DOI | 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.05.013 |
ISSN | 0010-9452 |
Library Catalog | PubMed Central |
Extra | PMID: 19084219 PMCID: PMC2659726 |
Date Added | Wed Jun 13 00:37:00 2012 |
Modified | Wed Jun 13 00:37:00 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A Caramazza |
Author | A E Hillis |
Abstract | We report the performance of two brain-damaged subjects (RGB and HW) whose frequent errors in spoken production are nearly always semantically related to the target word. Both subjects show similar, high rates of these "semantic" errors in oral naming and oral reading; yet neither subject makes semantic errors in comparable written tasks. Further, results of a variety of lexical tasks with the same stimuli demonstrate unimpaired comprehension of printed or spoken words, including those that are orally produced as semantic errors. These patterns of performance are interpreted as resulting from damage to the phonological output lexicon. The postulated deficit is contrasted to the hypothesis of impairment to the lexical-semantic component, required to explain performance by brain-damaged subjects described elsewhere who make seemingly identical types of oral production errors to those of RGB and HW, but, in addition, make comparable errors in writing and comprehension tasks. |
Publication | Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior |
Volume | 26 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 95-122 |
Date | Mar 1990 |
Journal Abbr | Cortex |
ISSN | 0010-9452 |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2354648 |
Accessed | Tue Sep 15 15:15:27 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 2354648 |
Date Added | Tue Sep 15 15:15:27 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Á Kristjánsson |
Author | G. Campana |
Publication | Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics |
Volume | 72 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 5–18 |
Date | 2010 |
Short Title | Where perception meets memory |
URL | http://www.springerlink.com/index/869028817633V44H.pdf |
Accessed | Sun Dec 23 14:27:49 2012 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Dec 23 14:27:49 2012 |
Modified | Sun Dec 23 14:27:49 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Antoni Gomila |
Author | David Travieso |
Author | Lorena Lobo |
Publication | Minds and Machines |
Volume | 22 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 101–115 |
Date | 2012 |
Library Catalog | PhilPapers |
Date Added | Tue Nov 13 23:07:52 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:07:52 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stewart Craig |
Author | Stephan Lewandowsky |
Abstract | There has been growing interest in the relationship between the capacity of a person's working memory and their ability to learn to categorize stimuli. While there is evidence that working memory capacity (WMC) is related to the speed of category learning, it is unknown whether WMC predicts which strategies people use when there are multiple possible solutions to a categorization problem. To explore the relationship between WMC, category learning, and categorization strategy use, 173 participants completed two categorization tasks and a battery of WMC tasks. WMC predicted the speed of category learning, but it did not predict which strategies participants chose to perform categorization. Thus, WMC does not predict which categorization strategies people use but it predicts how well they will use the strategy they select. There has been growing interest in the relationship between the capacity of a person's working memory and their ability to learn to categorize stimuli. While there is evidence that working memory capacity (WMC) is related to the speed of category learning, it is unknown whether WMC predicts which strategies people use when there are multiple possible solutions to a categorization problem. To explore the relationship between WMC, category learning, and categorization strategy use, 173 participants completed two categorization tasks and a battery of WMC tasks. WMC predicted the speed of category learning, but it did not predict which strategies participants chose to perform categorization. Thus, WMC does not predict which categorization strategies people use but it predicts how well they will use the strategy they select. |
Publication | The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology |
Pages | 1-26 |
Date | 2011 |
DOI | 10.1080/17470218.2011.608854 |
ISSN | 1747-0218 |
URL | http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/abs/10.1080/17470218.2011.608854 |
Library Catalog | Taylor&Francis |
Date Added | Fri Feb 3 22:44:18 2012 |
Modified | Fri Feb 3 22:44:18 2012 |
Type | Conference Paper |
---|---|
Author | Joel Ross |
Author | Lilly Irani |
Author | M. Six Silberman |
Author | Andrew Zaldivar |
Author | Bill Tomlinson |
Abstract | Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing system in which tasks are distributed to a population of thousands of anonymous workers for completion. This system is increasingly popular with researchers and developers. Here we extend previous studies of the demographics and usage behaviors of MTurk workers. We describe how the worker population has changed over time, shifting from a primarily moderate-income, U.S.-based workforce towards an increasingly international group with a significant population of young, well-educated Indian workers. This change in population points to how workers may treat Turking as a full-time job, which they rely on to make ends meet. |
Date | 2010 |
Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the 28th of the international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems |
Place | New York, NY, USA |
Publisher | ACM |
Pages | 2863–2872 |
Series | CHI EA '10 |
DOI | 10.1145/1753846.1753873 |
ISBN | 978-1-60558-930-5 |
Short Title | Who are the crowdworkers? |
URL | http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1753846.1753873 |
Accessed | Tue May 29 16:56:46 2012 |
Library Catalog | ACM Digital Library |
Date Added | Tue May 29 16:56:46 2012 |
Modified | Tue May 29 16:56:46 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | MELISSA A. LEA |
Author | Robin D. Thomas |
Author | NATHAN A. LAMKIN |
Author | Aaron Bell |
Abstract | The present research provides evidence that people use facial prototypes when they encounter different names. In Experiment 1, participants created face exemplars for fifteen common male names, subsets of which were endorsed as good examples by a second set of participants. These most typical faces were morphed to create face-name prototypes. In Experiment 2, participants matched one of the names to each of the prototype faces from Experiment 1. Participants' matching choices showed convergence in naming the prototypes for many of the names. Experiment 3 utilized these same prototypes in a learning task designed to investigate if the face-name associations revealed in Experiment 2 impacted the learnability of the names. Participants learned face-name pairings that had a higher association (based on frequencies from Experiment 2) faster than pairings with a low association. Results suggest a more direct relationship between faces and names than has been previously proposed. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 14 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 901-907 |
Date | October 2007 |
DOI | VL - 14 |
Short Title | Who do you look like? |
URL | http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/14/5/901.abstract |
Accessed | Mon Jul 6 08:04:40 2009 |
Library Catalog | Highwire 2.0 |
Date Added | Mon Jul 6 08:04:40 2009 |
Modified | Mon Jul 6 08:04:40 2009 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Caitlin M Fausey |
Author | L. Boroditsky |
Abstract | Does eye-witness memory differ depending on the language one speaks? We examined English and Spanish speakers' descriptions of intentional and accidental events, and their memory for the agents of these events. English and Spanish speakers described intentional events similarly, using mostly agentive language (e.g., "She broke the vase"). However, when it came to accidental events English speakers used more agentive language than did Spanish speakers. Results from a non-linguistic memory task mirrored the patterns in language. English and Spanish speakers remembered the agents of intentional events equally well. However, English speakers remembered the agents of accidental events better than did Spanish speakers. Together these findings demonstrate that there are cross-linguistic differences in event descriptions that have important consequences for eye-witness memory. |
Publication | Psychonomic Bulletin & Review |
Volume | 18 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 150-157 |
Date | Feb 2011 |
Journal Abbr | Psychon Bull Rev |
DOI | 10.3758/s13423-010-0021-5 |
ISSN | 1531-5320 |
Short Title | Who dunnit? |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21327361 |
Accessed | Mon Jan 9 11:58:50 2012 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 21327361 |
Date Added | Mon Jan 9 11:58:50 2012 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Casasanto |
Abstract | hat language shapes the way we think, often associated with Benjamin Whorf, has long been decried as not only wrong but also fundamentally wrong-headed. Yet, experimental evidence has reopened debate about the extent to which language influences nonlinguistic cognition, particularly in the domain of time. In this article, I will first analyze an influential argument against the Whorfian hypothesis and show that its anti-Whorfian conclusion is in part an artifact of conflating two distinct questions: Do we think in language? and Does language shape thought? Next, I will discuss crosslinguistic differences in spatial metaphors for time and describe experiments that demonstrate corresponding differences in nonlinguistic mental representations. Finally, I will sketch a simple learning mechanism by which some linguistic relativity effects appear to arise. Although people may not think in language, speakers of different languages develop distinctive conceptual repertoires as a consequence of ordinary and presumably universal neural and cognitive processes. |
Publication | Language Learning |
Volume | 58 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 63-79 |
Date | 2008 |
Short Title | Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? |
URL | http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1402163 |
Accessed | Tue Mar 1 19:29:29 2011 |
Library Catalog | SSRN |
Date Added | Tue Mar 1 19:29:29 2011 |
Modified | Tue Nov 13 23:22:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. Dennett |
Publication | Journal of Consciousness Studies |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 9-10 |
Pages | 19-30 |
Date | 2003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:02 2008 |
Modified | Sat Apr 7 22:01:54 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A.L. Gilbert |
Author | T. Regier |
Author | P. Kay |
Author | R.B. Ivry |
Abstract | The question of whether language affects perception has been debated largely on the basis of cross-language data, without considering the functional organization of the brain. The nature of this neural organization predicts that, if language affects perception, it should do so more in the right visual field than in the left visual field, an idea unexamined in the debate. Here, we find support for this proposal in lateralized color discrimination tasks. Reaction times to targets in the right visual field were faster when the target and distractor colors had different names; in contrast, reaction times to targets in the left visual field were not affected by the names of the target and distractor colors. Moreover, this pattern was disrupted when participants performed a secondary task that engaged verbal working memory but not a task making comparable demands on spatial working memory. It appears that people view the right (but not the left) half of their visual world through the lens of their native language, providing an unexpected resolution to the language-and-thought debate |
Publication | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Volume | 103 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 489-494 |
Date | January 10, 2006 |
Journal Abbr | Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:07 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:07 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Nigel W. Daw |
Publication | Nature |
Volume | 196 |
Issue | 4860 |
Pages | 1143-1145 |
Date | December 22, 1962 |
Journal Abbr | Nature |
DOI | 10.1038/1961143a0 |
URL | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1961143a0 |
Accessed | Thu Dec 8 09:39:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | Nature |
Date Added | Thu Dec 8 09:39:26 2011 |
Modified | Mon Apr 16 00:18:46 2012 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Author | D.L. Hintzman |
Contributor | W.E. Hockley |
Contributor | S. Lewandowsky |
Book Title | Relating Theory and Data: Essays on Human Memory in Honor of Bennet B. Murdock. ⬚ ⬚ |
Place | Hillsdale, NJ |
Publisher | Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |
Date | 1991 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:33 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:33 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.M. Wolfe |
Author | P. O'Neill |
Author | S.C. Bennett |
Abstract | In standard visual search experiments, observers search for a target item among distracting items. The locations of target items are generally random within the display and ignored as a factor in data analysis. Previous work has shown that targets presented near fixation are, in fact, found more efficiently than are targets presented at, more peripheral locations. This paper proposes that the primary cause of this "eccentricity effect" (Carrasco, Evert, Chang, & Katz, 1995) is an attentional bias that allocates attention preferentially to central items. The first four experiments dealt with the possibility that visual, and not attentional, factors underlie the eccentricity effect. They showed that the eccentricity effect cannot be accounted for by the peripheral reduction in visual sensitivity, peripheral crowding, or cortical magnification. Experiment 5 tested the attention allocation model and also showed that RT X set size effects can be independent of eccentricity effects. Experiment 6 showed that the effective set size in a search task depends, in part, on the eccentricity of the target because observers search from fixation outward |
Publication | Perception & Psychophysics |
Volume | 60 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 140-156 |
Date | January 1998 |
Journal Abbr | Percept.Psychophys. |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:49:47 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | C.M. Sandhofer |
Author | L.B. Smith |
Abstract | An adult simulation study examined why children's learning of color and size terms follow different developmental patterns, one in which word comprehension precedes success in nonlinguistic matching tasks versus one in which matching precedes word comprehension. In 4 experiments, adults teamed artificial labels for values on novel dimensions. Training mimicked that characteristic for children learning either color words or size words. The results suggest that the learning trajectories arise from the different frames in which different dimensions are trained: Using a comparison (size-like) training regimen helps learners pick out the relevant dimension, and using a categorization (color-like) training regimen helps the learner correctly comprehend and produce dimension terms. The results indicate that the training regimen, not the meanings of the terms or the specific dimensions, determines the pattern of learning |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 600-620 |
Date | 2001 |
URL | ISI:000172286300002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:41 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.E. Berk |
Abstract | Although children are often rebujed for talking to themselves out loud, doing so helps them control their behavior and master new skills. ... |
Publication | Scientific American |
Volume | 271 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 78-83 |
Date | November 1994 |
URL | ISI:A1994PM58900022 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J. Huttenlocher |
Author | L.V. Hedges |
Author | J.L. Vevea |
Abstract | The authors tested a model of category effects on stimulus judgment. The model holds that the goal of stimulus judgment is to achieve high accuracy. For this reason, people place inexactly represented stimuli in the context of prior information, captured in categories, combining inexact fine-grain stimulus values with prior (category) information. This process can be likened to a Bayesian statistical procedure designed to maximize the average accuracy of estimation. If people follow the proposed procedure to maximize accuracy, their estimates should be affected by the distribution of instances in a category. In the present experiments, participants reproduced one-dimensional stimuli. Different prior distributions were presented. The experiments verified that people's stimulus estimates are affected by variations in a prior distribution in such a manner as to increase the accuracy of their stimulus reproductions |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology-General |
Volume | 129 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 220-241 |
Date | June 2000 |
URL | ISI:000087511700004 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:40 2008 |
Type | Book Section |
---|---|
Editor | D. Geoffrey Hall |
Editor | S.R. Waxman |
Author | J. Snedeker |
Author | L. Gleitman |
Book Title | Weaving a Lexicon |
Edition | illustrated edition |
Place | Cambridge, MA. |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 2004-02-01 |
Pages | 257-294 |
ISBN | 026258249X |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Fri Jul 10 09:39:38 2009 |
Modified | Fri Jan 20 21:41:29 2012 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Janet W. Astington |
Author | Jodie Alison Baird |
Abstract | "Theory of mind" is the phrase researchers use to refer to children's understanding of people as mental beings, who have beliefs, desires, emotions, and intentions, and whose actions and interactions can be interpreted and explained by taking account of these mental states. The gradual development of children's theory of mind, particularly during the early years, is by now well described in the research literature. What is lacking, however, is a decisive explanation of how children acquire this understanding. Recent research has shown strong relations between children's linguistic abilities and their theory of mind. Yet exactly what role these abilities play is controversial and uncertain. The purpose of this book is to provide a forum for the leading scholars in the field to explore thoroughly the role of language in the development of the theory of mind. This volume will appeal to students and researchers in developmental and cognitive psychology. |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 2005-03-24 |
# of Pages | 369 |
Language | en |
ISBN | 9780195159912 |
Library Catalog | Google Books |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 22:21:30 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 22:21:30 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Daniel Collerton |
Author | Elaine Perry |
Author | Ian McKeith |
Abstract | As many as two million people in the United Kingdom repeatedly see people, animals, and objects that have no objective reality. Hallucinations on the border of sleep, dementing illnesses, delirium, eye disease, and schizophrenia account for 90% of these. The remainder have rarer disorders. We review existing models of recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) in the awake person, including cortical irritation, cortical hyperexcitability and cortical release, top-down activation, misperception, dream intrusion, and interactive models. We provide evidence that these can neither fully account for the phenomenology of RCVH, nor for variations in the frequency of RCVH in different disorders. We propose a novel Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model for RCVH. A combination of impaired attentional binding and poor sensory activation of a correct proto-object, in conjunction with a relatively intact scene representation, bias perception to allow the intrusion of a hallucinatory proto-object into a scene perception. Incorporation of this image into a context-specific hallucinatory scene representation accounts for repetitive hallucinations. We suggest that these impairments are underpinned by disturbances in a lateral frontal cortex-ventral visual stream system. We show how the frequency of RCVH in different diseases is related to the coexistence of attentional and visual perceptual impairments; how attentional and perceptual processes can account for their phenomenology; and that diseases and other states with high rates of RCVH have cholinergic dysfunction in both frontal cortex and the ventral visual stream. Several tests of the model are indicated, together with a number of treatment options that it generates. |
Publication | The Behavioral and brain sciences |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 737-757; discussion 757-794 |
Date | Dec 2005 |
Journal Abbr | Behav Brain Sci |
DOI | 10.1017/S0140525X05000130 |
ISSN | 0140-525X |
Short Title | Why people see things that are not there |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 16372931 |
Date Added | Thu Dec 27 16:17:26 2012 |
Modified | Thu Dec 27 16:17:26 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Yair Neuman |
Author | Ophir Nave |
Abstract | It has been argued that natural language, in the form of inner speech, plays a central role in self-consciousness. However, it is not quite clear why. In this paper, we present a novel answer to the why question. According to the thesis presented in this paper, the brain as a physical system is limited in observing itself and relies on the mediation of natural language for the reconstruction of its phase space trajectory. Drawing on knowledge gathered on the measurement of dynamical systems, we detail the unique properties of natural language that may support this reconstruction. |
Publication | New Ideas in Psychology |
Volume | 28 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 37-48 |
Date | April 2010 |
DOI | 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2009.05.001 |
ISSN | 0732-118X |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0732118X09000312 |
Accessed | Sun Dec 11 22:19:26 2011 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Sun Dec 11 22:19:26 2011 |
Modified | Sun Dec 11 22:19:26 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | J.L. McClelland |
Author | B.L. McNaughton |
Author | R.C. O'Reilly |
Abstract | Damage to the hippocampal system disrupts recent memory but leaves remote memory intact: The account presented here suggests that memories are first stored via synaptic changes in the hippocampal system, that these changes support reinstatement of recent memories in the neocortex, that neocortical synapses change a little on each reinstatement, and that remote memory is based on accumulated neocortical changes. Models that learn via changes to connections help explain this organization. These models discover the structure in ensembles of items if learning of each item is gradual and interleaved with learning about other items. This suggests that the neocortex learns slowly to discover the structure in ensembles of experiences. The hippocampal system permits rapid learning of new items without disrupting this structure, and reinstatement of new memories interleaves them with others to integrate them into structured neocortical memory systems |
Publication | Psychological Review |
Volume | 102 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 419-457 |
Date | July 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol.Rev. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:47 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Jean-Louis Dessalles |
Translator | James Grieve |
Publisher | Oxford University Press, USA |
Date | 2007-03-01 |
# of Pages | 395 |
ISBN | 0199276234 |
Short Title | Why We Talk |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Sun Apr 1 21:18:01 2012 |
Modified | Sun Apr 1 21:18:01 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Kenneth P. Dial |
Abstract | Flapping wings of galliform birds are routinely used to produce aerodynamic forces oriented toward the substrate to enhance hindlimb traction. Here, I document this behavior in natural and laboratory settings. Adult birds fully capable of aerial flight preferentially employ wing-assisted incline running (WAIR), rather than flying, to reach elevated refuges (such as cliffs, trees, and boulders). From the day of hatching and before attaining sustained aerial flight, developing ground birds use WAIR to enhance their locomotor performance through improved foot traction, ultimately permitting vertical running. WAIR provides insight from behaviors observable in living birds into the possible role of incipient wings in feathered theropod dinosaurs and offers a previously unstudied explanation for the evolution of avian flight. |
Publication | Science |
Volume | 299 |
Issue | 5605 |
Pages | 402-404 |
Date | 01/17/2003 |
Journal Abbr | Science |
Language | en |
DOI | 10.1126/science.1078237 |
ISSN | 0036-8075, 1095-9203 |
URL | http://www.sciencemag.org/content/299/5605/402 |
Accessed | Thu Jun 28 14:36:17 2012 |
Library Catalog | www.sciencemag.org |
Date Added | Thu Jun 28 14:36:17 2012 |
Modified | Thu Jun 28 14:36:17 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Emily Balcetis |
Author | David Dunning |
Abstract | Although people assume that they see the surrounding environment as it truly is, we suggest that perception of the natural environment is dependent upon the internal goal states of perceivers. Five experiments demonstrated that perceivers tend to see desirable objects (i.e., those that can fulfill immediate goals-a water bottle to assuage their thirst, money they can win, a personality test providing favorable feedback) as physically closer to them than less desirable objects. Biased distance perception was revealed through verbal reports and through actions toward the object (e.g., underthrowing a beanbag at a desirable object). We suggest that seeing desirable objects as closer than less desirable objects serves the self-regulatory function of energizing the perceiver to approach objects that fulfill needs and goals. |
Publication | Psychological science |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 1 |
Pages | 147-152 |
Date | Jan 2010 |
Journal Abbr | Psychol Sci |
Language | eng |
DOI | 10.1177/0956797609356283 |
ISSN | 1467-9280 |
Short Title | Wishful seeing |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 20424036 |
Date Added | Wed Aug 7 09:26:29 2013 |
Modified | Wed Aug 7 09:26:29 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | George Lakoff |
Publisher | University Of Chicago Press |
Date | 1990-04-15 |
# of Pages | 632 |
ISBN | 0226468046 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Wed Nov 21 19:56:11 2012 |
Modified | Wed Nov 21 19:56:36 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Stuart J. Leask |
Author | Timothy J. Crow |
Abstract | Right hand preference distinguishes Homo sapiens from our closest primate relative, the chimpanzee. Are differences in degrees of handedness associated with differences in the rate of language development? To answer this question, verbal performance is examined in relation to hand skill in a UK national birth cohort dataset. Using 3-D data plots, we show that increasing dominant-hand skill is associated with increasing verbal ability, and stronger lateralization is associated with earlier acquisition of words. Thus, right-handed bias is relevant to the lateralization of language; variation along this dimension may represent species-specific genetic or [`]epigenetic' diversity. |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 5 |
Issue | 12 |
Pages | 513-516 |
Date | December 1, 2001 |
DOI | 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01795-2 |
ISSN | 1364-6613 |
URL | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VH9-44HTDG6-G/2/ab41c4afdf685971c6f880abe9193916 |
Accessed | Wed May 6 17:06:17 2009 |
Library Catalog | ScienceDirect |
Date Added | Wed May 6 17:06:17 2009 |
Modified | Wed May 6 17:06:17 2009 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Willard Van Orman Quine |
Edition | First Edition |
Publisher | The MIT Press |
Date | 1964-03-15 |
# of Pages | 309 |
ISBN | 0262670011 |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Jan 28 18:17:50 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jan 28 18:17:50 2013 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | W. U. Dressler |
Publication | Leitmotifs in Natural Morphology |
Pages | 99-126 |
Date | 1987 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | L.S. Silver |
Author | H. Halpern |
Abstract | Word-finding difficulties are often observed among different types of aphasic patients. This investigation analyzed the word-finding abilities of 30 aphasic subjects (10 Broca's, 10 Wernicke's, and 10 anomic). Forty nouns counter-balanced according to word length and frequency of occurrence in English language usage were used as stimuli and presented through four modalities (oral expression, writing, auditory comprehension, and reading comprehension). It was expected that patterns of word finding abilities would help in the classification of the different types of aphasia. In addition, long words and less frequently occurring words in English language usage should prove more difficult in word-finding ability, regardless of modality. The results of this study found long words and less frequent words were more difficult for aphasic subjects. Among the modalities, long words were significantly harder than short words for the writing modality only. It was also found that semantic errors were the most common errors for all types of aphasic subjects Broca's subjects produced significantly more no response errors in oral expression, Wernicke's subjects produced significantly more semantic and phonemic errors in reading comprehension; and, Wernicke's subjects produced significantly more unrelated errors in both oral expression and reading comprehension. Clinical implications were also discussed |
Publication | Journal of Psycholinguistic Research |
Volume | 21 |
Issue | 5 |
Pages | 317-348 |
Date | 1992 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:42 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | Steven Pinker |
Publisher | Harper Perennial |
Date | 2000-11-01 |
# of Pages | 368 |
Short Title | Words and Rules |
Library Catalog | Amazon.com |
Date Added | Mon Jun 10 22:08:16 2013 |
Modified | Mon Jun 10 22:08:16 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | R. Brown |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Free Press |
Date | 1958 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Sun Sep 5 19:42:48 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | S.R. Waxman |
Author | D.B. Markow |
Abstract | Recent research has documented specific linkages between language and conceptual organization in the developing child. However, most of the evidence for these linkages derives from children who have made significant linguistic and conceptual advances. We therefore focus on the emergence of one particular linkage-the noun-category linkage-in infants at the early stages of lexical acquisition. We propose that when infants embark upon the process of lexical acquisition, they are initially biased to interpret a word applied to an object as referring to that object and to other members of its kind. We further propose that this initial expectation will become increasingly specific over development, as infants begin to distinguish among the grammatical categories as they are marked in their native language and assign them more specific types of meaning. To test this hypothesis, we conducted three experiments using a modified novelty-preference paradigm to reveal whether and how novel words influence object categorization in 12- to 13-month old infants. The data reveal that a linkage between words and object categories emerges early enough to serve as a guide in infants' efforts to map words to meanings. Both nouns and adjectives focused infants' attention on object categories, particularly at the superordinate level. Further, infants' progress in early word learning was associated with their appreciation of this linkage between words and object categories. These results are interpreted within a developmental and cross-linguistic account of the emergence of linkages between linguistic and conceptual organization. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc |
Publication | Cognitive Psychology |
Volume | 29 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 257-302 |
Date | December 1995 |
Journal Abbr | Cogn.Psychol. |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:45 2008 |
Modified | Sat Jan 7 23:07:38 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | E. Kaan |
Publication | Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Volume | 6 |
Issue | 11 |
Pages | 452 |
Date | November 2002 |
Journal Abbr | Trends Cogn.Sci. |
URL | ISI:000179170000003 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:28:44 2008 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Author | A.D. Baddeley |
Place | New York |
Publisher | Oxford University Press |
Date | 1986 |
Date Added | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Modified | Tue Jul 22 13:50:36 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P.A. Carpenter |
Author | M.A. Just |
Author | E.D. Reichle |
Abstract | Traditional theories of working memory and executive function, when mapped in straightforward ways into the neural domain, yield predictions that are only partly supported by the recent neuroimaging studies. Neuroimaging studies suggest that some constituent functions, such as maintaining information in active form and manipulating it, are not discretely localized in prefrontal regions. Some hypothesized executive processes, such as goal management, have effects in several cortical regions, including posterior regions. Such results suggest a more dynamic and distributed view of the cortical organization of working memory and executive functions |
Publication | Current Opinion in Neurobiology |
Volume | 10 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 195-199 |
Date | April 2000 |
URL | ISI:000086593800005 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:01 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | A. D Baddeley |
Author | Dino Chincotta |
Author | Anna Adlam |
Abstract | A series of 7 experiments used dual-task methodology to investigate the role of working memory in the operation of a simple action-control plan or program involving regular switching between addition and subtraction. Lists requiring switching were slower than blocked lists and showed 2 concurrent task effects. Demanding executive tasks impaired performance on both blocked and switched lists, whereas articulatory suppression impaired principally the switched condition. Implications for models of task switching and working memory and for the Vygotskian concept of verbal control of action are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved) |
Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology: General |
Volume | 130 |
Issue | 4 |
Pages | 641-657 |
Date | 2001 |
DOI | doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.641 |
ISSN | 0096-3445 (Print); 1939-2222 (Electronic) |
Short Title | Working memory and the control of action |
URL | http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&uid=2001-05320-004 |
Accessed | Sun Apr 12 09:18:56 2009 |
Library Catalog | APA PsycNET |
Date Added | Sun Apr 12 09:18:56 2009 |
Modified | Tue Feb 23 19:02:41 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Alan Baddeley |
Publication | Nature Reviews. Neuroscience |
Volume | 4 |
Issue | 10 |
Pages | 829-839 |
Date | Oct 2003 |
Journal Abbr | Nat. Rev. Neurosci |
DOI | 10.1038/nrn1201 |
ISSN | 1471-003X |
Short Title | Working memory |
URL | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523382 |
Accessed | Fri May 8 12:58:26 2009 |
Library Catalog | NCBI PubMed |
Extra | PMID: 14523382 |
Date Added | Fri May 8 12:58:26 2009 |
Modified | Mon Oct 29 13:56:14 2012 |
Type | Magazine Article |
---|---|
Author | Richard L. Hasen |
Abstract | The crucial Ohio voting battle you haven't heard about. |
Publication | Slate |
Date | Oct. 1, 2012 |
Language | en-US |
ISSN | 1091-2339 |
URL | http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2012/10/ohio_voter_laws_the_battle_over_disenfranchisement_you_haven_t_heard_about_.html |
Accessed | Mon Nov 12 13:19:24 2012 |
Library Catalog | Slate |
Date Added | Mon Nov 12 13:19:24 2012 |
Modified | Mon Nov 12 13:19:24 2012 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D. L. Payne |
Author | T. E. Payne |
Publication | Handbook of Amazonian Languages |
Volume | 2 |
Pages | 249–474 |
Date | 1990 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Modified | Sun Nov 23 19:58:02 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | P. J. Bayley |
Author | J. T. Wixted |
Author | R. O. Hopkins |
Author | L. R. Squire |
Publication | Journal of cognitive neuroscience |
Volume | 20 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 505–512 |
Date | 2008 |
Library Catalog | Google Scholar |
Date Added | Mon Jan 11 10:11:39 2010 |
Modified | Mon Jan 11 10:11:39 2010 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | D.H. Rakison |
Author | D. Poulin-Dubois |
Abstract | Four experiments utilizing the habituation procedure examined 10- to 18-month-olds' ability to detect and encode correlations among features in a motion event (N = 136). Infants were habituated to two events in which objects-with distinct parts and a distinct body-moved across a screen along a rectilinear or curvilinear motion path. Infants were then tested with one familiar event and three events in which one feature of the object (parts, body, or motion path) was presented in a novel combination with the other features. The results of the experiments revealed that 10-month-olds process independently static features in an event, but do not process correlations among dynamic features; whereas 14-month-olds detect the cot-relation between an object's parts and its motion trajectory, but only when the movement of parts is correlated with the motion of the object. Further, the data show that 18-month-olds detect correlations between all three features when the parts of the object move, but they detect only the relation between parts and motion path when the parts do not move. It is proposed that infants develop representations for the static and dynamic properties of objects through a sensitive perceptual system that detects individual features, whole objects, and movement properties, and a domain-general associative learning mechanism that encodes independent features and correlations among features |
Publication | Child Development |
Volume | 73 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 682-699 |
Date | May 2002 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 23:32:40 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | Douglas H. Clements |
Author | Sudha Swaminathan |
Author | Mary Anne Zeitler Hannibal |
Author | Julie Sarama |
Abstract | <p>We investigated criteria preschool children use to distinguish members of a class of shapes from other figures. We conducted individual clinical interviews of 97 children ages 3 to 6, emphasizing identification and descriptions of shapes and reasons for these identifications. We found that young children initially form schemas on the basis of feature analysis of visual forms. While these schemas are developing, children continue to rely primarily on visual matching to distinguish shapes. They are, however, also capable of recognizing components and simple properties of familiar shapes. Thus, evidence supports previous claims (Clements & Battista, 1992b) that a prerecognitive level exists before van Hiele Level 1 ("visual level") and that Level 1 should be reconceptualized as syncretic (i.e., a synthesis of verbal declarative and imagistic knowledge, each interacting with the other) instead of visual (Clements, 1992). |
Publication | Journal for Research in Mathematics Education |
Volume | 30 |
Issue | 2 |
Pages | 192-212 |
Date | March 01, 1999 |
DOI | 10.2307/749610 |
ISSN | 0021-8251 |
URL | http://www.jstor.org/stable/749610 |
Accessed | Fri Apr 29 14:30:17 2011 |
Library Catalog | JSTOR |
Extra | ArticleType: research-article / Full publication date: Mar., 1999 / Copyright © 1999 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics |
Date Added | Fri Apr 29 14:30:17 2011 |
Modified | Fri Apr 29 14:30:17 2011 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | N. Akhtar |
Author | M. Tomasello |
Abstract | Four studies examined English-speaking children's productivity with word order and verb morphology. Two- and 3-year-olds were taught novel transitive verbs with experimentally controlled argument structures. The younger children neither used nor comprehended word order with these verbs: older children comprehended and used word order correctly to mark agents and patients of the novel verbs, Children as young as 2 years 1 month added -ing but not -ed to verb stems; older children were productive with both inflections. These studies demonstrate that the present progressive inflection is used productively before the regular past tense marker and suggest that productivity with word order may be independent of developments in verb morphology. The findings are discussed in terms of M. Tomasello's (1992a) Verb Island hypothesis and M. Rispoli's (1991) notion of the mosaic acquisition of grammatical relations |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 33 |
Issue | 6 |
Pages | 952-965 |
Date | November 1997 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:00 2008 |
Type | Journal Article |
---|---|
Author | R.M. Golinkoff |
Author | M. Shuffbailey |
Author | R. Olguin |
Author | W.J. Ruan |
Abstract | If young children approached the task of word learning with a specific hypothesis about the meaning of novel count nouns, they could make the problem of word learning more tractable. Six experiments were conducted to test children's hypotheses about how labels map to object categories. Findings indicated that (a) 3- and 4-year-olds function with an antithematic bias; (b) children do not reliably extend novel nouns to superordinate exemplars when perceptual similarity is controlled until approximately age 7; and (c) children expect novel nouns to label taxonomic categories at the basic level, even in the presence of a perceptually compelling distracter. Results are interpreted as supporting the principle of categorical scope (R. M. Golinkoff, C. B. Mervis, & K. Hirsh-Pasek, 1994) |
Publication | Developmental Psychology |
Volume | 31 |
Issue | 3 |
Pages | 494-507 |
Date | May 1995 |
URL | ISI:A1995QX19100019 |
Date Added | Thu Jul 3 22:18:20 2008 |
Modified | Thu Jul 3 22:18:20 2008 |
Type | Web Page |
---|---|
Author | Center for History and New Media |
URL | http://zotero.org/support/quick_start_guide |
Date Added | Tue May 7 14:07:27 2013 |
Modified | Tue May 7 14:07:27 2013 |
Type | Book |
---|---|
Date Added | Sat May 18 01:50:35 2013 |
Modified | Sat May 18 01:50:35 2013 |
Type | Case |
---|---|
Case Name | Tracie Hunter v. Hamilton County Board of Elections |
Court | United States District Court for the Souther District of Ohio Western Division |
Docket Number | 1:10CV820 |
First Page | 6086 |
Date Decided | 2012 |
Date Added | Wed Nov 21 20:11:51 2012 |
Modified | Wed Nov 21 20:13:58 2012 |